<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">DQyqNGK4KNVsrsjM7v9bZWg</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2675-312X2026000202205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">02205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260031i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Recurrent Intracardiac Masses in an Orthotopic Heart Transplant Recipient</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5279-9051</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saeed</surname>
            <given-names>Bilal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3721-2459</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Punnanithinont</surname>
            <given-names>Natdanai</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7929-8839</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mansour</surname>
            <given-names>Shareef</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0983-1930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Savoia</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4674-6337</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Suksaranjit</surname>
            <given-names>Promporn</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>chief author</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">University of Iowa Health Care</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Iowa City</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Iowa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, Iowa &#8211; USA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Harbor-UCLA Medical Center</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Torrance</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Calif&#243;rnia</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, Calif&#243;rnia &#8211; USA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">University of Texas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Galveston</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Texas</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">University of Texas, Galveston, Texas &#8211; USA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Bilal Saeed</bold> &#8226; University of Iowa Health Care. 200 Hawkins Drive. Postal code: <postal-code>52242-1007</postal-code>. Iowa City, Iowa &#8211; USA E-mail: <email>bilal-saeed@uiowa.edu</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>39</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260031</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Transplant</kwd>
        <kwd>Left atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Atria</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac MRI</kwd>
        <kwd>X-Ray Computed Tomography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>As long-term survival improves among heart transplant recipients, rare post-transplant complications, including intracardiac masses, are being increasingly recognized.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Severe left atrial (LA) dilation and atrial arrhythmias may further contribute to blood stasis and thrombus formation in transplant recipients. LA thrombi in these patients may mimic neoplastic masses and represent important diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Contributing factors include atrial dilation, arrhythmias, foreign material, and the components of Virchow's triad, namely abnormal blood flow, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>We report a unique case of a heart transplant recipient who developed recurrent LA thrombi over a 15-year period, requiring surgical resection, long-term anticoagulation, and complex therapeutic decision-making due to bleeding complications.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Case report</title>
        <p>A 73-year-old man with a history of orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) with bicaval anastomosis, performed in 2002 at an outside academic institution, established cardiovascular care at our institution in 2009. During outpatient follow-up, an incidental LA mass was identified on transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). The mass measured 5.5 &#215; 5.1 &#215; 4.3 cm and was located along the posterolateral wall of the LA. The patient was asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. His medical history was significant for sick sinus syndrome requiring dual-chamber pacemaker implantation, nonobstructive coronary allograft vasculopathy, and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.</p>
        <p>Annual TTE surveillance over the following 7 years demonstrated progressive enlargement of the mass, reaching a maximum size of 7.9 &#215; 6.2 cm. Cardiac computed tomography (CCT) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) confirmed the presence of two large LA masses. The first mass originated from the posterolateral wall, with partial calcification and extension through the atrial wall. The second mass arose from the roof of the LA.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>CCT demonstrating two LA masses. The larger mass (blue arrow) measured 8 &#215; 6 &#215; 5 cm and exhibited smooth borders with layered calcification. The smaller mass (orange arrow) measured 6 &#215; 5 &#215; 3 cm and was attached to the superior and medial aspects of the left atrium.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260031-0031i-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>After 7 years of imaging surveillance, the patient underwent redo sternotomy with surgical resection of both masses. Histopathological analysis of the first mass demonstrated fibrinopurulent debris with focal dystrophic calcifications, whereas the second mass was confirmed to be thrombotic material. Grocott methenamine silver, periodic acid-Schiff, and Gram staining were all negative. An old epicardial defibrillator pad was also identified, along with an associated thrombus within the pericardial space, which was surgically excised.</p>
        <p>The patient was admitted with hypertensive urgency 1 year later. On presentation, blood pressure was 185/112 mmHg, heart rate was 88 beats/min, SpO<sub>2</sub> was 98% on room air, and body temperature was normal. Electrocardiography demonstrated normal sinus rhythm with right bundle branch block. During hospitalization, repeat TTE demonstrated recurrence of a mass in the posterolateral LA measuring 3.7 &#215; 4.1 cm. The lesion appeared homogeneous and broadly attached to the atrial wall, findings considered consistent with thrombus formation. Anticoagulation with warfarin was initiated, resulting in complete resolution of the mass 1 year later.</p>
        <p>After 4 years of anticoagulation therapy, the patient developed persistent atrial flutter, which was initially managed medically. An additional 2 years later, he underwent electrical cardioversion. Shortly thereafter, he was hospitalized because of a large spontaneous right retroperitoneal hemorrhage and subsequently underwent right renal artery embolization, followed by discontinuation of warfarin therapy. His clinical course was further complicated by acute kidney injury requiring permanent dialysis.</p>
        <p>After hospital discharge, routine TTE demonstrated recurrence of a mass along the roof of the LA measuring 7.3 &#215; 6.3 cm. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) was subsequently performed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>), revealing severe LA dilation and a large heterogeneous broad-based mass attached to the LA roof, measuring 7.9 &#215; 7.1 &#215; 6.1 cm. A second mass was identified within the pericardial space adjacent to the lateral wall, measuring 4.0 &#215; 1.2 &#215; 3.0 cm. No enhancement was observed on first-pass perfusion or late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>), findings that favored thrombi rather than neoplastic lesions. Consequently, warfarin therapy was resumed.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>CMR first-pass perfusion imaging (two-chamber view) demonstrating a hypointense mass attached to the roof of the left atrium with a broad-based attachment and no contrast perfusion. The mass measured 7.9 &#215; 7.1 &#215; 6.1 cm.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260031-0031i-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>CMR cine steady-state free precession sequence (four-chamber view) demonstrating a mass within the pericardial space (orange arrow) adjacent to the lateral wall of the left ventricle, measuring 6.3 &#215; 2.0 cm, along with a large broad-based LA mass (blue arrow) measuring 7.9 &#215; 7.1 &#215; 6.1 cm and exhibiting heterogeneous signal intensity.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260031-0031i-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>High-T1 LGE CMR (three-chamber view) demonstrating a hypointense LA mass with an etched appearance.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260031-0031i-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Following another 8 months, the patient experienced progressive clinical deterioration, including worsening mental status. He ultimately elected hospice care and died several weeks later. Autopsy was declined.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Advances in immunosuppressive therapy and surgical techniques have substantially improved long-term survival after heart transplantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Intracardiac masses remain a rare complication following OHT, and when present, they are typically identified within the first 1-2 years after surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The most common intracardiac masses in this population include organizing thrombi and primary cardiac tumors, particularly myxomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, differentiating among the various etiologies of intracardiac masses remains a significant diagnostic challenge and often requires a multimodality imaging approach.</p>
      <p>The present case illustrates the unusual occurrence of recurrent thrombi in a patient who underwent OHT using the bicaval technique. Serial annual TTE examinations demonstrated progressive enlargement of the LA mass over several years before surgical resection. Additional imaging modalities, including CCT and CMR, played a critical role in anatomical characterization, as TTE alone could not reliably distinguish among thrombus, tumor, or foreign-body-associated lesions.</p>
      <p>In this patient, the initial large LA mass containing fibrinopurulent debris and dystrophic calcification may have represented a reactive process related to the retained epicardial defibrillator pad, contributing to stagnant intra-atrial blood flow in accordance with Virchow's triad.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Denudation of the extracellular matrix may promote conduction abnormalities, fibrosis, and endocardial infiltration, thereby facilitating thrombogenesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The standard biatrial OHT technique, originally popularized by Shumway and colleagues because of its technical simplicity and shorter ischemic times, may result in anatomical and physiological alterations, including enlarged atrial chambers, blood stasis, atrial thrombosis, and valvular regurgitation. Consequently, the bicaval anastomotic technique was developed to better preserve atrial geometry, reduce atrial arrhythmias, and minimize asynchronous contraction between donor and recipient atrial tissue, all of which may contribute to thrombus formation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Despite these theoretical advantages, our patient developed recurrent LA and pericardial thrombi even after removal of the retained surgical material and epicardial defibrillator pad.</p>
      <p>Only a limited number of cases describing atrial thrombi confirmed by surgical resection and histopathological examination have been reported in patients undergoing bicaval OHT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>CMR is particularly valuable for differentiating thrombus from cardiac tumors through tissue characterization. Imaging features favoring thrombus include absence of first-pass perfusion, lack of LGE, low signal intensity on delayed enhancement sequences, and the presence of a layered or "etched" appearance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>We report a rare case of recurrent LA thrombi in an asymptomatic patient who underwent bicaval OHT. The mass was incidentally detected and demonstrated progressive enlargement over a 7-year period. Multimodality imaging, particularly CCT and CMR, was essential for diagnostic assessment, as TTE alone could not reliably differentiate thrombus from neoplasm or foreign-body-associated lesions.</p>
      <p>The initial mass may have been associated with a retained epicardial defibrillator pad, which likely contributed to blood stasis and thrombus formation. Despite surgical resection, thrombus recurrence occurred within months, highlighting the persistent thrombotic risk in this population, even in the absence of atrial arrhythmias.</p>
      <p>This case emphasizes the importance of multimodality imaging, histopathological confirmation when feasible, individualized anticoagulation strategies, and long-term surveillance in heart transplant recipients with intracardiac masses. Further studies are needed to better define thrombotic risk factors and optimal anticoagulation duration following bicaval OHT.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Sources of Funding</label>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Study Association</label>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
        <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Availability of Research Data</title>
      <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
    </sec>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Velleca</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shullo</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dhital</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azeka</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colvin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DePasquale</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) Guidelines for the Care of Heart Transplant Recipients</article-title>
          <source>J Heart Lung Transplant</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>e1</fpage>
          <lpage>e141</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.healun.2022.10.015</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Velleca A, Shullo MA, Dhital K, Azeka E, Colvin M, DePasquale E, et al. The International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) Guidelines for the Care of Heart Transplant Recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2023;42(5):e1-e141. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2022.10.015.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hale</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vann</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Henderson</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harrison</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trehan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Case of a Left Atrial Mass in an Orthotopic Heart Transplant Recipient</article-title>
          <source>CASE</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>33</fpage>
          <lpage>38</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.case.2019.10.011</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Hale A, Vann J, Henderson P, Harrison T, Trehan S. A Case of a Left Atrial Mass in an Orthotopic Heart Transplant Recipient. CASE. 2019;4(1):33-8. doi: 10.1016/j.case.2019.10.011.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lowe</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Virchow's Triad Revisited: Abnormal Flow</article-title>
          <source>Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>455</fpage>
          <lpage>457</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1159/000083845</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Lowe GD. Virchow's Triad Revisited: Abnormal Flow. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb. 2003;33(5):455-7. doi: 10.1159/000083845.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yamashita</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Virchow Triad and Beyond in Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Heart Rhythm</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>2377</fpage>
          <lpage>2378</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.09.007</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Yamashita T. Virchow Triad and Beyond in Atrial Fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2016;13(12):2377-8. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.09.007.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lund</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khush</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cherikh</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldfarb</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kucheryavaya</surname>
              <given-names>AY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levvey</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Thirty-fourth Adult Heart Transplantation Report-2017; Focus Theme: Allograft Ischemic Time</article-title>
          <source>J Heart Lung Transplant</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1037</fpage>
          <lpage>1046</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.healun.2017.07.019</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Lund LH, Khush KK, Cherikh WS, Goldfarb S, Kucheryavaya AY, Levvey BJ, et al. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Thirty-fourth Adult Heart Transplantation Report-2017; Focus Theme: Allograft Ischemic Time. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2017;36(10):1037-46. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2017.07.019.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dell&#8217;Aquila</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mastrobuoni</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bastarrika</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Praschker</surname>
              <given-names>BL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ag&#252;ero</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casta&#241;o</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Bicaval versus Standard Technique in Orthotopic Heart Transplant: Assessment of Atrial Performance at Magnetic Resonance and Transthoracic Echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>457</fpage>
          <lpage>462</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/icvts/ivr084</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Dell&#8217;Aquila AM, Mastrobuoni S, Bastarrika G, Praschker BL, Ag&#252;ero PA, Casta&#241;o S, et al. Bicaval versus Standard Technique in Orthotopic Heart Transplant: Assessment of Atrial Performance at Magnetic Resonance and Transthoracic Echocardiography. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2012;14(4):457-62. doi: 10.1093/icvts/ivr084.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Neuman</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tolstrup</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blanche</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luthringer</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kobal</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miyamoto</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pseudomyxoma Originating from the Interatrial Septum in a Heart Transplant Patient</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <elocation-id>e1</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2004.09.014</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Neuman Y, Tolstrup K, Blanche C, Luthringer D, Kobal S, Miyamoto T, et al. Pseudomyxoma Originating from the Interatrial Septum in a Heart Transplant Patient. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2005;18(7):e1. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2004.09.014.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yousefzai</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trivedi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jain</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheema</surname>
              <given-names>OM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crouch</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thohan</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Expecting the Unexpected: Right Atrial Mass in a Transplant Patient</article-title>
          <source>ESC Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>164</fpage>
          <lpage>167</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ehf2.12065</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Yousefzai R, Trivedi S, Jain R, Cheema OM, Crouch JD, Thohan V, et al. Expecting the Unexpected: Right Atrial Mass in a Transplant Patient. ESC Heart Fail. 2015;2(4):164-7. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.12065.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bartus</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Litwinowicz</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kapelak</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Filip</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wierzbicki</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Giant Left Atrium Associated with Massive Thrombus Formation 14 Years after Orthotopic Heart Transplantation</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1010</fpage>
          <lpage>1012</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21470/1678-9741-2018-0390</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Bartus K, Litwinowicz R, Kapelak B, Filip G, Wierzbicki K, Lee RJ. Giant Left Atrium Associated with Massive Thrombus Formation 14 Years after Orthotopic Heart Transplantation. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2020;35(6):1010-2. doi: 10.21470/1678-9741-2018-0390.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Motwani</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kidambi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herzog</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uddin</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greenwood</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Plein</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>MR Imaging of Cardiac Tumors and Masses: A Review of Methods and Clinical Applications</article-title>
          <source>Radiology</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>268</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>26</fpage>
          <lpage>43</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1148/radiol.13121239</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Motwani M, Kidambi A, Herzog BA, Uddin A, Greenwood JP, Plein S. MR Imaging of Cardiac Tumors and Masses: A Review of Methods and Clinical Applications. Radiology. 2013;268(1):26-43. doi: 10.1148/radiol.13121239.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Weinsaft</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>HW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shah</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klem</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crowley</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brosnan</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Detection of Left Ventricular Thrombus by Delayed-Enhancement Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Prevalence and Markers in Patients with Systolic Dysfunction</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>148</fpage>
          <lpage>157</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2008.03.041</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11 Weinsaft JW, Kim HW, Shah DJ, Klem I, Crowley AL, Brosnan R, et al. Detection of Left Ventricular Thrombus by Delayed-Enhancement Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Prevalence and Markers in Patients with Systolic Dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(2):148-57. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.03.041.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Araoz</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eklund</surname>
              <given-names>HE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Welch</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Breen</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>CT and MR Imaging of Primary Cardiac Malignancies</article-title>
          <source>Radiographics</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1421</fpage>
          <lpage>1434</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1148/radiographics.19.6.g99no031421</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12 Araoz PA, Eklund HE, Welch TJ, Breen JF. CT and MR Imaging of Primary Cardiac Malignancies. Radiographics. 1999;19(6):1421-34. doi: 10.1148/radiographics.19.6.g99no031421.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260031</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Massas Intracard&#237;acas Recorrentes em Receptor de Transplante Card&#237;aco Ortot&#243;pico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5279-9051</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saeed</surname>
            <given-names>Bilal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3721-2459</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Punnanithinont</surname>
            <given-names>Natdanai</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7929-8839</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mansour</surname>
            <given-names>Shareef</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0983-1930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Savoia</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4674-6337</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Suksaranjit</surname>
            <given-names>Promporn</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>autor principal</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Iowa City</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Iowa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">University of Iowa Health Care, Iowa City, Iowa &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Torrance</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Calif&#243;rnia</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, Calif&#243;rnia &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Galveston</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Texas</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">University of Texas, Galveston, Texas &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Bilal Saeed</bold> &#8226; University of Iowa Health Care. 200 Hawkins Drive. CEP: <postal-code>52242-1007</postal-code>. Iowa City, Iowa &#8211; EUA. E-mail: <email>bilal-saeed@uiowa.edu</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Transplante de Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>&#193;trios do Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Imageamento por Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>&#192; medida que a sobrevida em longo prazo melhora entre receptores de transplante card&#237;aco, complica&#231;&#245;es raras p&#243;s-transplante, incluindo massas intracard&#237;acas, v&#234;m sendo reconhecidas com maior frequ&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A dilata&#231;&#227;o grave do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) e as arritmias atriais podem contribuir adicionalmente para estase sangu&#237;nea e forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos em receptores de transplante. Os trombos em AE nesses pacientes podem mimetizar massas neopl&#225;sicas e representam importantes desafios diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Entre os fatores contribuintes est&#227;o dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial, arritmias, material estranho e os componentes da tr&#237;ade de Virchow, nomeadamente fluxo sangu&#237;neo anormal, les&#227;o endotelial e hipercoagulabilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Relatamos um caso &#250;nico de um receptor de transplante card&#237;aco que desenvolveu trombos recorrentes em AE ao longo de um per&#237;odo de 15 anos, necessitando de ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em longo prazo e tomada de decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica complexa devido a complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Relato de caso</title>
          <p>Um homem de 73 anos, com hist&#243;rico de transplante card&#237;aco ortot&#243;pico (TCO) com anastomose bicaval, realizado em 2002 em outra institui&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica, iniciou acompanhamento cardiovascular em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o em 2009. Durante o seguimento ambulatorial, uma massa incidental em AE foi identificada por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ETT). A massa media 5,5 &#215; 5,1 &#215; 4,3 cm e estava localizada ao longo da parede posterolateral do AE. O paciente encontrava-se assintom&#225;tico no momento do diagn&#243;stico. Seu hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico inclu&#237;a s&#237;ndrome do n&#243; sinusal, necessitando de implante de marcapasso bicameral, vasculopatia do aloenxerto coronariano n&#227;o obstrutiva e gamopatia monoclonal de significado indeterminado.</p>
          <p>A vigil&#226;ncia anual por ETT ao longo dos 7 anos seguintes demonstrou aumento progressivo da massa, atingindo tamanho m&#225;ximo de 7,9 &#215; 6,2 cm. A tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca (TCC) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>) confirmou a presen&#231;a de duas grandes massas no AE. A primeira massa originava-se da parede posterolateral, apresentando calcifica&#231;&#227;o parcial e extens&#227;o atrav&#233;s da parede atrial. A segunda massa originava-se do teto do AE.</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>TCC demonstrando duas massas no AE. A maior massa (seta azul) media 8 &#215; 6 &#215; 5 cm e apresentava bordas regulares com calcifica&#231;&#227;o em camadas. A menor massa (seta laranja) media 6 &#215; 5 &#215; 3 cm e estava aderida &#224;s por&#231;&#245;es superior e medial do AE.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260031-0031i-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Ap&#243;s 7 anos de acompanhamento por imagem, o paciente foi submetido a reesternotomia com ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de ambas as massas. A an&#225;lise histopatol&#243;gica da primeira massa demonstrou debris fibrinopurulentos com calcifica&#231;&#245;es distr&#243;ficas focais, enquanto a segunda massa foi confirmada como material tromb&#243;tico. As colora&#231;&#245;es de prata metenamina de Grocott, &#225;cido peri&#243;dico de Schiff e Gram foram todas negativas. Um antigo <italic>patch</italic> desfibrilador epic&#225;rdico tamb&#233;m foi identificado, juntamente com um trombo associado no espa&#231;o peric&#225;rdico, que foi removido cirurgicamente.</p>
          <p>O paciente foi admitido com urg&#234;ncia hipertensiva 1 ano depois. Na admiss&#227;o, a press&#227;o arterial era de 185/112 mmHg, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca era de 88 batimentos/min, a SpO<sub>2</sub> era de 98% em ar ambiente e a temperatura corporal era normal. A eletrocardiografia demonstrou ritmo sinusal normal com bloqueio de ramo direito. Durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, uma nova ETT demonstrou recorr&#234;ncia de uma massa no AE posterolateral medindo 3,7 &#215; 4,1 cm. A les&#227;o apresentava aspecto homog&#234;neo e ampla inser&#231;&#227;o na parede atrial, achados considerados consistentes com forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo. Foi iniciada anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com varfarina, resultando em resolu&#231;&#227;o completa da massa 1 ano depois.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s 4 anos de terapia anticoagulante, o paciente desenvolveu <italic>flutter</italic> atrial persistente, o qual foi tratado clinicamente. Ap&#243;s mais 2 anos, foi submetido &#224; cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica. Pouco tempo depois, foi hospitalizado devido a uma grande hemorragia retroperitoneal espont&#226;nea &#224; direita e, subsequentemente, submetido &#224; emboliza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria renal direita, seguida da suspens&#227;o da terapia com varfarina. Sua evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica foi ainda complicada por les&#227;o renal aguda, necessitando de di&#225;lise permanente.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar, a ETT de rotina demonstrou recorr&#234;ncia de uma massa ao longo do teto do AE medindo 7,3 &#215; 6,3 cm. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) foi posteriormente realizada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">3</xref>) e revelou dilata&#231;&#227;o grave do AE e uma grande massa heterog&#234;nea de ampla base aderida ao teto do AE, medindo 7,9 &#215; 7,1 &#215; 6,1 cm. Uma segunda massa foi identificada no espa&#231;o peric&#225;rdico adjacente &#224; parede lateral, medindo 4,0 &#215; 1,2 &#215; 3,0 cm. N&#227;o foi observado realce na perfus&#227;o de primeira passagem nem nas imagens de realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio (RTG) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>), achados que favoreceram trombos em vez de les&#245;es neopl&#225;sicas. Consequentemente, a terapia com varfarina foi reiniciada.</p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Imagem de perfus&#227;o de primeira passagem por RMC (vista em duas c&#226;maras) demonstrando uma massa hipointensa aderida ao teto do AE, com ampla base de inser&#231;&#227;o e aus&#234;ncia de perfus&#227;o pelo contraste. A massa media 7,9 &#215; 7,1 &#215; 6,1 cm.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260031-0031i-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Sequ&#234;ncia de precess&#227;o livre no estado estacion&#225;rio por RMC (vista em quatro c&#226;maras) demonstrando uma massa no espa&#231;o peric&#225;rdico (seta laranja) adjacente &#224; parede lateral do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, medindo 6,3 &#215; 2,0 cm, juntamente com uma grande massa no AE de ampla base (seta azul), medindo 7,9 &#215; 7,1 &#215; 6,1 cm e apresentando intensidade de sinal heterog&#234;nea.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260031-0031i-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Imagem de RTG em alta pondera&#231;&#227;o T1 por RMC (vista em tr&#234;s c&#226;maras) demonstrando uma massa hipointensa no AE com aspecto gravado.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260031-0031i-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Ap&#243;s mais 8 meses, o paciente apresentou deteriora&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica progressiva, incluindo piora do estado mental. Por fim, optou por cuidados paliativos e faleceu algumas semanas depois. A aut&#243;psia foi recusada.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os avan&#231;os na terapia imunossupressora e nas t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas melhoraram substancialmente a sobrevida em longo prazo ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> As massas intracard&#237;acas permanecem uma complica&#231;&#227;o rara ap&#243;s o TCO e, quando presentes, geralmente s&#227;o identificadas nos primeiros 1-2 anos ap&#243;s a cirurgia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As massas intracard&#237;acas mais comuns nessa popula&#231;&#227;o incluem trombos organizados e tumores card&#237;acos prim&#225;rios, particularmente mixomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Entretanto, diferenciar as diversas etiologias das massas intracard&#237;acas permanece um importante desafio diagn&#243;stico e frequentemente requer uma abordagem de imagem multimodal.</p>
        <p>O presente caso ilustra a ocorr&#234;ncia incomum de trombos recorrentes em um paciente submetido ao TCO utilizando a t&#233;cnica bicaval. Exames seriados anuais de ETT demonstraram aumento progressivo da massa em AE ao longo de v&#225;rios anos antes da ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. M&#233;todos adicionais de imagem, incluindo TCC e RMC, desempenharam papel fundamental na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica, uma vez que a ETT isoladamente n&#227;o conseguia distinguir de forma confi&#225;vel entre trombo, tumor ou les&#245;es associadas a corpo estranho.</p>
        <p>Neste paciente, a massa inicial de grande dimens&#227;o em AE contendo debris fibrinopurulentos e calcifica&#231;&#227;o distr&#243;fica pode ter representado um processo reacional relacionado ao <italic>patch</italic> desfibrilador epic&#225;rdico retido, contribuindo para estase sangu&#237;nea intra-atrial em conformidade com a tr&#237;ade de Virchow.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A desnuda&#231;&#227;o da matriz extracelular pode promover altera&#231;&#245;es de condu&#231;&#227;o, fibrose e infiltra&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica, facilitando assim a trombog&#234;nese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o de TCO biatrial, originalmente popularizada por Shumway e colaboradores devido &#224; sua simplicidade t&#233;cnica e menores tempos de isquemia, pode resultar em altera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas e fisiol&#243;gicas, incluindo aumento das c&#226;maras atriais, estase sangu&#237;nea, trombose atrial e regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar. Consequentemente, a t&#233;cnica de anastomose bicaval foi desenvolvida para melhor preservar a geometria atrial, reduzir arritmias atriais e minimizar a contra&#231;&#227;o ass&#237;ncrona entre os tecidos atriais do doador e do receptor, fatores que podem contribuir para a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Apesar dessas vantagens te&#243;ricas, nosso paciente desenvolveu trombos recorrentes em AE e no peric&#225;rdio mesmo ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o do material cir&#250;rgico retido e do <italic>patch</italic> desfibrilador epic&#225;rdico.</p>
        <p>Apenas um n&#250;mero limitado de casos descrevendo trombos atriais confirmados por ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e exame histopatol&#243;gico foi relatado em pacientes submetidos ao TCO bicaval.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A RMC &#233; particularmente valiosa para diferenciar trombos de tumores card&#237;acos por meio da caracteriza&#231;&#227;o tecidual. Achados de imagem sugestivos de trombo incluem aus&#234;ncia de perfus&#227;o na primeira passagem, aus&#234;ncia de RTG, baixa intensidade de sinal nas sequ&#234;ncias de realce tardio e presen&#231;a de aspecto em camadas ou "gravado".<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Relatamos um caso raro de trombos recorrentes em AE em um paciente assintom&#225;tico submetido ao TCO bicaval. A massa foi detectada incidentalmente e demonstrou aumento progressivo ao longo de um per&#237;odo de 7 anos. A imagem multimodal, particularmente a TCC e a RMC, foi essencial para a avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica, uma vez que a ETT isoladamente n&#227;o conseguia diferenciar de forma confi&#225;vel trombo de neoplasia ou les&#245;es associadas a corpo estranho.</p>
        <p>A massa inicial pode ter estado associada a um patch desfibrilador epic&#225;rdico retido, o qual provavelmente contribuiu para estase sangu&#237;nea e forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo. Apesar da ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, houve recorr&#234;ncia do trombo em poucos meses, destacando o risco tromb&#243;tico persistente nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de arritmias atriais.</p>
        <p>Este caso enfatiza a import&#226;ncia da imagem multimodal, da confirma&#231;&#227;o histopatol&#243;gica quando fact&#237;vel, de estrat&#233;gias individualizadas de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e do seguimento em longo prazo em receptores de transplante card&#237;aco com massas intracard&#237;acas. Estudos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para melhor definir os fatores de risco tromb&#243;tico e a dura&#231;&#227;o ideal da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s TCO bicaval.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
          <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
        <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
