<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">4Ft7SvjJqSM8KNmpjGwVjFL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2675-312X2026000201403</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01403</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260029i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Echocardiographic Assessment of Diastolic Dysfunction in Special Situations</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6569-0776</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Calvilho</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Amador</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>acquisition of data</role>
          <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Sorocaba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Paulista, Sorocaba, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Antonio Amador Calvilho J&#250;nior UNIP Sorocaba, Departamento Medicina. Av Independ&#234;ncia, 210. Postal code: 18087-101. Bairro Iporanga, Sorocaba, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>dr.calvilho@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <season>Apr-Jun</season>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>39</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260029</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Echocardiographic assessment of diastolic function and left ventricular (LV) filling pressures is fundamental to the evaluation of dyspnea and the management of heart failure. However, conventional algorithms have limitations in several special clinical settings in which rhythm disturbances, valvular heart disease, pulmonary hypertension (PH), or structural cardiac abnormalities interfere with the interpretation of Doppler parameters. This article presents a practical approach to assessing diastolic function in conditions such as atrial fibrillation (AF), PH, mitral valve disease, mitral annular calcification, aortic valve disease, conduction disturbances, ventricular pacing, and restrictive cardiomyopathies. The main parameters applicable to each context, the technical aspects of image acquisition, and strategies for preparing a clear and clinically useful echocardiographic report are discussed.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Echocardiographic Assessment of Diastolic Dysfunction in Special Situations</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Proposed framework for the echocardiographic assessment of LV diastolic function in special clinical situations. The figure summarizes the main clinical scenarios in which conventional algorithms may be limited and highlights the adapted diagnostic approaches recommended for each context . AF: Atrial fibrillation; PH: pulmonary hypertension. HFpEF: heart faillure with preserved ejection fraction.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/4Ft7SvjJqSM8KNmpjGwVjFL/71970baf785664d7c568ab636805bf2d966c91a4.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/4Ft7SvjJqSM8KNmpjGwVjFL/d74f18409631e3729f20f8cf9562d9747344ad7d.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/4Ft7SvjJqSM8KNmpjGwVjFL/05f21abb9afad3d2b5f4fe390b6453eaccd596de.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Doppler Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Diastolic Heart Failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding:</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Left ventricular (LV) diastole is not a passive phase of the cardiac cycle. Relaxation, diastolic suction, and ventricular compliance, together with the interactions among the ventricle, left atrium, and pulmonary circulation, determine symptoms, hemodynamics, and prognosis across a range of cardiac conditions.</p>
      <p>In clinical practice, echocardiographic assessment of diastolic function is generally guided by two key questions: (1) Is diastolic dysfunction present? and (2) Are LV filling pressures elevated at the time of assessment?</p>
      <p>The term &#8220;LV filling pressures&#8221; encompasses different invasive measurements that reflect LV pressure behavior during diastole. Right heart catheterization is used to estimate pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP), whereas left heart catheterization allows measurement of mean left atrial pressure (mLAP), pre-A pressure, and LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP). Although these measurements reflect the same underlying pathophysiologic process, they may differ according to the stage and severity of diastolic dysfunction. LVEDP, for example, tends to rise earlier, which has implications for the interpretation of echocardiographic parameters, since some variables correlate better with LVEDP, such as E-wave velocity, whereas others more directly reflect PAWP or pre-A pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In special situations, the correlations between echocardiographic parameters and invasive measurements may be further influenced by factors specific to each clinical condition. A classic example is significant mitral stenosis, in which mLAP and, consequently, pulmonary capillary pressure are elevated without a corresponding increase in LV diastolic pressures. This example illustrates how certain conditions can dissociate atrial and ventricular pressures, reinforcing the need for specific assessment protocols tailored to each clinical context.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Special Situations and Diastolic Assessment</title>
        <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the best-known example of a special situation and probably the most widely debated, as beat-to-beat variability and the absence of the A wave affect the applicability of key echocardiographic measurements. In pulmonary hypertension (PH), tricuspid regurgitation (TR) and pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) are no longer reliable indirect markers of left-sided filling pressure. In heart transplant recipients, atrial remodeling and anastomotic scarring may confound traditional indices. This article focuses on these scenarios and provides a practical framework for echocardiographers dealing with such situations.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment Sequence</title>
        <p>Diastolic function assessment is generally performed at the end of the echocardiographic examination, since special situations must first be excluded, a process that requires a comprehensive study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Illustration</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The checklist proposed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> outlines the most likely scenarios in sequence.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Steps to be assessed before proceeding with echocardiographic evaluation of diastolic function</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Clinical condition</th>
                  <th align="left">Implications for diastolic function assessment</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>What is the presumed or confirmed rhythm (sinus rhythm, AF/flutter, pacemaker rhythm), and does the heart rate allow separation of the E and A waves?</td>
                  <td>In the presence of AF, specific algorithms should be prioritized. In sinus tachycardia with E&#8211;A wave fusion, the assessment should be adapted.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Is there significant mitral valve disease (stenosis, &#8805; moderate failure, prosthesis) or &#8805; moderate mitral annular calcification?</td>
                  <td>If so, the standard algorithm may not be applicable, and condition-specific algorithms should be used.<sup>1</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Is there relevant PH or suspicion of precapillary PH?</td>
                  <td>If so, TR and PASP cannot be used as surrogates for left-sided filling pressure. A specific algorithm is available for assessment in the setting of concomitant precapillary PH.<sup>1</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Do the two-dimensional findings suggest cardiac amyloidosis or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? Has the structural analysis already provided a coherent overall picture (hypertrophy, LA size, valves, RV, pericardium)? The numerical findings must be consistent with the anatomy.</td>
                  <td>If so, a condition-specific algorithm should be used.<sup>1</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>LA: left atrium; AF: atrial fibrillation; PH: pulmonary hypertension; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; TR: tricuspid regurgitation; RV: right ventricle.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Which variables should be used in special situations</title>
        <p>In both routine and special situations, isolated measurements should not be used for diagnosis; instead, integration of multiple echocardiographic variables is required. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> summarizes the main clinical situations and the measurements most appropriate for each context.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Main clinical situations and corresponding applicable measurements</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Condition</th>
                  <th align="left">Echocardiographic indicators of elevated filling pressure</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>AF</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="order">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>DT &lt; 160 ms (reduced LVEF)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Peak acceleration rate of the E-wave velocity &#8805; 1,900 cm/s<sup>2</sup></p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>IVRT &#8804; 65 ms</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>DT of pulmonary venous diastolic flow velocity &#8804; 220 ms</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>E/Vp &#8805; 1.4</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Septal E/e&#8242; &#8805; 11</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Peak TR velocity &gt; 2.8 m/s</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sinus tachycardia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="order">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Early filling pattern (reduced EF)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>IVRT &#8804; 70 ms</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Pulmonary vein systolic fraction &#8804; 40%</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mean E/e&#8242; &gt; 14 5. Use of compensatory beats to separate E and A waves</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="order">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mean E/e&#8242; &gt; 14</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Ar&#8211;A &#8805; 30 ms</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Peak TR velocity &gt; 2.8 m/s</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>LAVI &gt; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup></p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Restrictive cardiomyopathy</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="order">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mean E/e&#8242; &gt; 14</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>DT &lt; 140 ms*</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>E/A &gt; 2.5* 4. IVRT &lt; 50 ms*</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PH</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="order">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>E/A &#8805; 2 &#8594; favors postcapillary PH</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>E/A &#8804; 0.8 &#8594; favors precapillary PH</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>If E/A 0.8&#8211;2: Lateral E/e&#8242; &gt; 13, LAVI &gt; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, and LA reservoir strain &lt; 18% favor postcapillary PH</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mitral stenosis</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="order">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>IVRT &lt; 60 ms*</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Mitral A &gt; 1.5 m/s</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>IVRT / TE&#8211;e&#8242; &lt; 4.2</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mitral regurgitation (MR)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="order">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>IVRT &lt; 60 ms*</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Ar&#8211;A &#8805; 30 ms</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>IVRT / TE&#8211;e&#8242; &lt; 5.6 4. Mean E/e&#8242; &gt; 14 (valid only if reduced EF)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Moderate to severe mitral annular calcification (MAC)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="order">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>E/A &lt; 0.8 &#8594; normal LAP</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>E/A &gt; 1.8 &#8594; elevated LAP</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>E/A between 0.8&#8211;1.8:</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>IVRT &#8805; 80 ms &#8594; normal LAP</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>IVRT &lt; 80 ms &#8594; elevated LAP</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Heart Transplant</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="order">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>1E/e&#8242; &lt; 7 &#8594; normal LAP</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>E/e&#8242; &gt; 14 &#8594; elevated LAP</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>E/e&#8242; 7&#8211;14:</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>E/SR<sub>IVRT</sub> &#8804; 200 cm &#8594; normal LAP</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>E/SR<sub>IVRT</sub> &gt; 200 cm &#8594; elevated LAP</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>If SR<sub>IVRT</sub> is unavailable, use peak TR velocity: <list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>&#8804; 2.8 m/s &#8594; normal LAP</p></list-item><list-item><p>&gt; 2.8 m/s &#8594; elevated LAP</p></list-item></list> </p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>*Variables that are specific but not sensitive for detecting elevated filling pressures in the contexts in which they are presented. Ar&#8211;A: difference between the duration of the pulmonary venous atrial reversal wave and that of the transmitral A wave; AF: atrial fibrillation; PH: pulmonary hypertension; LAP: left atrial pressure; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; TR: tricuspid regurgitation; SR: strain rate; LARS: left atrial reservoir strain; DT: deceleration time; TE&#8211;e&#8242;: time interval between the E and e&#8242; waves; IVRT: isovolumetric relaxation time; RV: right ventricle; LAVI: left atrial volume index; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; EF: ejection fraction. Adapted from Nagueh et al.<sup>1</sup></p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Assessment of diastolic function in special situations encompasses multiple clinical scenarios, which may hinder the systematic application of diagnostic algorithms. It is therefore useful to recognize which parameters have specific limitations &#8212; such as left atrial dimensions in patients with AF &#8212; and which can be applied more consistently across different settings. Among the latter, peak TR velocity, except in cases of precapillary PH, and isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) stand out, as both have high feasibility and are relatively straightforward to interpret.</p>
        <p>AF and PH have specific diagnostic algorithms in the most recent publications that are not based solely on the sequential application of the variables summarized in the table. In contrast, among heart transplant recipients and patients with mitral annular calcification, the algorithms presented in current publications are often presented visually but essentially correspond to the same recommendations summarized in the table. Constrictive pericarditis may also be considered a special situation in the assessment of diastolic function; however, because of its distinct pathophysiologic and diagnostic features, it is traditionally discussed separately and therefore will not be addressed in this review.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Atrial fibrillation</title>
        <p>The absence of the A wave and cycle-length variability reduces the accuracy of echocardiographic measurements in AF. In a multicenter study involving 148 patients, no single parameter showed an adequate correlation with PAWP, prompting Khan et al. to propose a diagnostic algorithm integrating multiple hemodynamic and structural markers. This algorithm, subsequently incorporated into the 2024 British recommendations and the 2025 American guidelines, allows estimation of ventricular filling pressures even in the absence of the organized atrial contraction characteristic of AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The main parameters include E-wave velocity &#8805; 100 cm/s, septal E/e&#8242; &gt; 11, peak TR velocity &gt; 2.8 m/s or PASP &gt; 35 mmHg, E-wave deceleration time &#8804; 160 ms, left atrial reservoir strain &lt; 18%, pulmonary vein S/D ratio &lt; 1, and body mass index &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. The interpretation of these criteria and their diagnostic sequence are illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Algorithm for estimating LAP in patients with AF. Diagnostic algorithm integrating Doppler parameters and clinical variables to estimate LAP in patients with AF. The approach combines immediate hemodynamic markers with structural or functional consequences of chronically elevated filling pressures. Adapted from Khan et al.4 AF: Atrial fibrillation; BMI: body mass index; LAP: left atrial pressure; TR: tricuspid regurgitation; LA: left atrial; LARS: left atrial reservoir strain; DT: deceleration time; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure. *Cutoff value in the original study = 16% (Khan et al.4), modified to 18% in the 2025 American recommendations for diastolic function assessment (Nagueh et al.1).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260029-0029i-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The arrhythmic nature of AF requires additional care when acquiring echocardiographic measurements. To reduce the impact of beat-to-beat variability and improve reproducibility, recording 10 to 15 cardiac cycles at a high sweep speed and averaging multiple beats is recommended. Cycles should be selected with R&#8211;R intervals representative of the mean heart rate, ideally with similar preceding R&#8211;R intervals, while avoiding post-pause beats and very short cycles with wave fusion. The report should also explicitly state that the values represent averages obtained during AF and acknowledge the inherent beat-to-beat variability of this arrhythmia.</p>
        <p>When the algorithm yields an indeterminate classification, the additional variables listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> may be used as supportive elements in the interpretation. In addition, relatively low variability in E-wave velocity between consecutive cycles, despite irregular R&#8211;R intervals, may suggest elevated filling pressures. Although this finding is not formally included in diagnostic algorithms, it represents a qualitative sign that is often useful in the echocardiographic evaluation of patients with AF.</p>
        <p>From a pathophysiologic standpoint, sustained elevation of left atrial pressure (LAP) tends to attenuate the impact of R&#8211;R interval variability on the transmitral gradient. Thus, despite rhythm irregularity, persistently elevated E-wave velocities with relatively little variation between consecutive cycles may provide an additional clue to increased filling pressures.</p>
        <p>Although AF is one of the most common settings in which conventional algorithms for assessing diastolic function have limitations, other clinical scenarios also require specific adaptations in the interpretation of echocardiographic parameters, as discussed in the following sections.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>PH with preserved EF: suspected noncardiac (precapillary) PH</title>
        <p>In precapillary PH, peak TR velocity and PASP are elevated by definition and therefore cannot be used to infer LV filling pressure. The variables presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> are essentially the same as those used in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 2</xref>, but organized as a flowchart based on the work of Inoue et al. and later incorporated into the 2025 American recommendations and the 2024 British recommendations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Echocardiographic approach to the assessment of diastolic function in PH. Interpretive strategy for echocardiographic parameters of diastolic function in patients with PH, highlighting variables that are useful for differentiating elevated left-sided filling pressures from primarily pulmonary vascular disease. Adapted from Inoue et al.5 LAP: left atrial pressure; LARS: left atrial reservoir strain; PH: pulmonary hypertension. *Cutoff value in the original study = 16% (Inoue et al.5), modified to 18% in the 2025 American recommendations for diastolic function assessment (Nagueh et al.1).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260029-0029i-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mitral valve disease and annular calcification</title>
        <p>In mitral valve disease, estimation of filling pressures should rely on integration of the variables presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>, as hemodynamic and structural alterations may affect the interpretation of individual parameters.</p>
        <p>Among these conditions, moderate or severe mitral annular calcification deserves particular attention, as reduced annular motion may limit the interpretation of parameters that depend on mitral annular velocity, such as e&#8242;. In such cases, use of a specific, easy-to-remember, and clinically applicable algorithm is recommended, allowing direct, dichotomous determination of filling pressures and avoiding the undesirable outcome of an indeterminate classification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aortic valve disease (aortic stenosis and aortic regurgitation)</title>
        <p>In aortic valve disease, estimation of filling pressures is usually feasible, and the standard algorithm can generally be applied. However, it should be recognized that ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial remodeling, which are frequently associated with these conditions, may reduce left atrial reservoir strain and e&#8242; before overt elevation of filling pressures occurs. Therefore, interpretation of these parameters should always take into account the clinical context, the severity of the valvular disease, and the presence of symptoms or signs of congestion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Conduction disorders and ventricular pacing (left bundle branch block, ventricular pacing, and cardiac resynchronization therapy)</title>
        <p>Ventricular dyssynchrony alters regional relaxation and the temporal relationship between transmitral flow and tissue Doppler signals, reducing the accuracy of e&#8242; and E/e&#8242;. In first-degree AV block, these variables remain valid only in the absence of E&#8211;A fusion. In advanced AV block, when isolated A waves are present, a peak TR velocity &gt; 2.8 m/s may suggest elevated filling pressures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Restrictive cardiomyopathies and amyloidosis</title>
        <p>When a suggestive structural phenotype is identified&#8212;including increased ventricular wall thickness, characteristic abnormalities in longitudinal strain, LA enlargement, RV involvement, and PH&#8212;a condition-specific assessment is recommended. In these situations, the cutoff values presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> differ from those used in other conditions and are more stringent for characterizing elevated filling pressures.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Other special situations</title>
        <p>The remaining conditions listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> are generally self-explanatory and do not require additional visual algorithms for interpretation. In these settings, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> may serve as a practical guide for selecting the most appropriate variables for each clinical context, thereby facilitating the application of general principles for assessing diastolic function.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Minimum acquisition and report writing (essential elements)</title>
        <p>The 2025 ASE recommendations emphasize that the essential parameters must be included in the report, especially when assessment of filling pressures is requested.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> To avoid confusion for the referring clinician and to maintain internal consistency of the report, the echocardiographer should specify which protocol was used and should primarily report the variables involved in determining filling pressures in that specific context.</p>
        <p>In certain special situations, certain variables traditionally used to assess diastolic function should not be considered when estimating filling pressures. One example is significant mitral annular calcification, in which e&#8242; velocity loses accuracy; reporting it with the same emphasis given in routine settings may mislead the treating physician, particularly because widely used clinical scores for the diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction incorporate this measurement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>On the other hand, some variables may not be used to determine filling pressures in specific contexts, but should still be reported for their diagnostic or prognostic value. Left atrial dimensions, for example, do not reflect filling pressures in patients with AF but retain prognostic value. Similarly, PASP remains an important variable in the evaluation of patients with suspected precapillary PH.</p>
        <p>Although the most recent recommendations still propose a diagnostic framework that first addresses the presence or absence of diastolic dysfunction and then determines filling pressures, the algorithms for special situations are essentially focused on estimating these pressures. In practice, this may create the impression that diastolic dysfunction is always present in such settings, which is not necessarily the case. Moreover, although undesirable, some algorithms applied to special situations may result in an indeterminate classification of filling pressures.</p>
        <p>Therefore, meticulous measurement acquisition and appropriate contextualization of the variables used make the echocardiographic report clearer, help prevent misinterpretation, and allow a more reliable estimation of filling pressures across different clinical scenarios.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The most recent updates have introduced important advances in the echocardiographic assessment of filling pressures, including the incorporation of newly validated markers, such as left atrial reservoir strain, and the development of dedicated algorithms for conditions such as AF, PH, and heart transplantation. Taken together, these changes reflect a shift from a purely checklist-based approach to a more contextualized, pathophysiology-based evaluation, with the potential to reduce the frequency of indeterminate results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In practice, three approaches are particularly helpful: recognizing early when the standard algorithm does not apply; obtaining high-quality measurements from representative cardiac cycles; and reporting the findings clearly and in context, explicitly acknowledging the limitations of the method and recommending complementary testing when appropriate. In this way, echocardiography retains its central role in assessing filling pressures, even in the face of the complexity of special clinical situations.</p>
      <p>Ultimately, the echocardiographer must recognize that, in special situations, the value of the examination lies not only in the application of algorithms, but also in the interpretation of hemodynamic signals in light of the clinical context.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Nagueh SF, Sanborn DY, Oh JK, Anderson B, Billick K, Derumeaux G, et al. Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiography and for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Diagnosis: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2025;38(7):537-69. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2025.03.011.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nagueh</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanborn</surname>
              <given-names>DY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oh</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Billick</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Derumeaux</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiography and for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Diagnosis: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2025</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>537</fpage>
          <lpage>569</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2025.03.011</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, Byrd BF 3rd, Dokainish H, Edvardsen T, et al. Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiography: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29(4):277-314. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2016.01.011.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nagueh</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smiseth</surname>
              <given-names>OA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Appleton</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Byrd</surname>
              <given-names>BF</given-names>
              <suffix>3rd</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dokainish</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Edvardsen</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiography: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>277</fpage>
          <lpage>314</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2016.01.011</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Robinson S, Ring L, Oxborough D, Harkness A, Bennett S, Rana B, et al. The Assessment of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function: Guidance and Recommendations from the British Society of Echocardiography. Echo Res Pract. 2024;11(1):16. doi: 10.1186/s44156-024-00051-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Robinson</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ring</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oxborough</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harkness</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bennett</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rana</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Assessment of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function: Guidance and Recommendations from the British Society of Echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>Echo Res Pract</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">16</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s44156-024-00051-2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Khan FH, Zhao D, Ha JW, Nagueh SF, Voigt JU, Klein AL, et al. Evaluation of Left Ventricular Filling Pressure by Echocardiography in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. Echo Res Pract. 2024;11(1):14. doi: 10.1186/s44156-024-00048-x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Khan</surname>
              <given-names>FH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ha</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nagueh</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Voigt</surname>
              <given-names>JU</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evaluation of Left Ventricular Filling Pressure by Echocardiography in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Echo Res Pract</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">14</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s44156-024-00048-x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Inoue K, Andersen OS, Remme EW, Khan FH, Andreassen AK, Skulstad H, et al. Echocardiographic Evaluation of Left Ventricular Filling Pressure in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2024;17(5):566-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2023.12.004.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Inoue</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andersen</surname>
              <given-names>OS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Remme</surname>
              <given-names>EW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khan</surname>
              <given-names>FH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andreassen</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Skulstad</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Echocardiographic Evaluation of Left Ventricular Filling Pressure in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>566</fpage>
          <lpage>567</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcmg.2023.12.004</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Abudiab MM, Chebrolu LH, Schutt RC, Nagueh SF, Zoghbi WA. Doppler Echocardiography for the Estimation of LV Filling Pressure in Patients with Mitral Annular Calcification. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10(12):1411-20. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.10.017.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abudiab</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chebrolu</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schutt</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nagueh</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zoghbi</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Doppler Echocardiography for the Estimation of LV Filling Pressure in Patients with Mitral Annular Calcification</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1411</fpage>
          <lpage>1420</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.10.017</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Grapsa J, Argulian E, Smiseth OA. Diastolic Dysfunction: A Comparison of 2025 ASE, 2024 BSE and 2022 EACVI Guidelines. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2025;26(11):1725-7. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jeaf269.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grapsa</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Argulian</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smiseth</surname>
              <given-names>OA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diastolic Dysfunction: A Comparison of 2025 ASE, 2024 BSE and 2022 EACVI Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2025</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1725</fpage>
          <lpage>1727</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ehjci/jeaf269</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Rahi W, Lababidi H, Hussain I, Quinones MA, Nagueh SF. Improving the Diagnosis of HFpEF: A Comparison of the H2FPEF Score and the 2025 ASE Diastolic Function Guideline Recommendations Using Invasive Hemodynamics as the Gold Standard. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2026;19(2):166-174. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2025.09.011.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rahi</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lababidi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hussain</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Quinones</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nagueh</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Improving the Diagnosis of HFpEF: A Comparison of the H2FPEF Score and the 2025 ASE Diastolic Function Guideline Recommendations Using Invasive Hemodynamics as the Gold Standard</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2026</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>166</fpage>
          <lpage>174</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcmg.2025.09.011</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Reddy YNV, Carter RE, Obokata M, Redfield MM, Borlaug BA. A Simple, Evidence-Based Approach to Help Guide Diagnosis of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circulation. 2018;138(9):861-70. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034646.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Reddy</surname>
              <given-names>YNV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carter</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Obokata</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redfield</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borlaug</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Simple, Evidence-Based Approach to Help Guide Diagnosis of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>138</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>861</fpage>
          <lpage>870</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034646</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Lababidi H, Rahi W, Smiseth OA, Billick K, Inoue K, Khan FH, et al. New Algorithm for Estimating Left Ventricular Filling Pressure by Echocardiography. Circulation. 2025;152(7):424-35. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.125.074974.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lababidi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rahi</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smiseth</surname>
              <given-names>OA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Billick</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Inoue</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khan</surname>
              <given-names>FH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>New Algorithm for Estimating Left Ventricular Filling Pressure by Echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2025</year>
          <volume>152</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>424</fpage>
          <lpage>435</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.125.074974</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Study Association:</label>
        <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
        <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
        <p> During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used Chat GPT - Open AI for text formatting (grammar and spelling check). After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Availability of Research Data:</label>
        <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Sources of Funding:</label>
        <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260029</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Ecocardiogr&#225;fica da Disfun&#231;&#227;o Diast&#243;lica em Situa&#231;&#245;es Especiais</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6569-0776</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Calvilho</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Amador</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1002">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Paulista, Sorocaba, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01002"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Antonio Amador Calvilho J&#250;nior UNIP Sorocaba, Departamento Medicina. Av Independ&#234;ncia, 210. CEP: 18087-101. Bairro Iporanga, Sorocaba, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: dr.calvilho@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e das press&#245;es de enchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) &#233; fundamental na investiga&#231;&#227;o da dispneia e no manejo da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Entretanto, os algoritmos convencionais apresentam limita&#231;&#245;es em diversas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas especiais, nas quais altera&#231;&#245;es do ritmo card&#237;aco, valvopatias, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP) ou modifica&#231;&#245;es estruturais do cora&#231;&#227;o interferem na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros Doppler. Este artigo apresenta uma abordagem pr&#225;tica para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em cen&#225;rios como fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), HP, doen&#231;a valvar mitral, calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral, valvopatias a&#243;rticas, dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o, estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular e miocardiopatias restritivas. S&#227;o discutidos os principais par&#226;metros aplic&#225;veis em cada contexto, os aspectos t&#233;cnicos da aquisi&#231;&#227;o das medidas e as estrat&#233;gias para a elabora&#231;&#227;o de um laudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico claro e clinicamente &#250;til.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01002">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Ecocardiogr&#225;fica da Disfun&#231;&#227;o Diast&#243;lica em Situa&#231;&#245;es Especiais</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Estrutura proposta para a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE em situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas especiais. A figura resume os principais cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos em que os algoritmos convencionais podem apresentar limita&#231;&#245;es e destaca as abordagens diagn&#243;sticas adaptadas recomendadas para cada contexto. ICFEP: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260029-0029i-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Diast&#243;lica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A di&#225;stole do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) n&#227;o constitui uma fase passiva do ciclo card&#237;aco. O relaxamento, a suc&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e a complac&#234;ncia ventricular, em intera&#231;&#227;o com o ventr&#237;culo, o &#225;trio esquerdo e a circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, determinam os sintomas, a hemodin&#226;mica e o progn&#243;stico em diversas cardiopatias.</p>
        <p>Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica costuma ser orientada por duas perguntas fundamentais: (1) h&#225; disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica? e (2) as press&#245;es de enchimento do VE est&#227;o elevadas no momento da avalia&#231;&#227;o?</p>
        <p>O termo &#8220;press&#245;es de enchimento do VE&#8221; engloba diferentes medidas invasivas que refletem o comportamento press&#243;rico do VE durante a di&#225;stole. Pelo cateterismo card&#237;aco direito, estima-se a press&#227;o de oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar (POAP), enquanto o cateterismo card&#237;aco esquerdo permite mensurar a press&#227;o m&#233;dia do &#225;trio esquerdo (PMAE), a press&#227;o pr&#233;-A e a press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do VE (PDFVE). Embora representem o mesmo fen&#244;meno fisiopatol&#243;gico, essas medidas podem diferir quanto &#224; fase de evolu&#231;&#227;o e &#224; gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. A PDFVE, por exemplo, tende a se elevar mais precocemente, o que tem implica&#231;&#245;es na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, uma vez que algumas vari&#225;veis se correlacionam melhor com a PDFVE, como a velocidade da onda E, enquanto outras refletem mais diretamente a POAP ou a press&#227;o pr&#233;-A.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nas situa&#231;&#245;es especiais, essas correla&#231;&#245;es entre os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e as medidas invasivas podem sofrer influ&#234;ncias adicionais pr&#243;prias de cada condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Um exemplo cl&#225;ssico &#233; a estenose mitral significativa, na qual ocorre eleva&#231;&#227;o da PMAE e, consequentemente, da press&#227;o capilar pulmonar, sem que haja, necessariamente, aumento das press&#245;es diast&#243;licas do VE. Esse exemplo ilustra como determinadas condi&#231;&#245;es podem dissociar as press&#245;es atriais das ventriculares, refor&#231;ando a necessidade de protocolos de avalia&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;ficos e direcionados a cada contexto cl&#237;nico.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Situa&#231;&#245;es especiais e avalia&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica</title>
          <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; o exemplo mais conhecido de situa&#231;&#227;o especial e, provavelmente, o mais debatido, pois a variabilidade dos ciclos e a aus&#234;ncia da onda A modificam a aplicabilidade de importantes medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. Na hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP), a regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide (RT) e a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP) deixam de funcionar como pistas indiretas de press&#227;o esquerda. Em transplantados card&#237;acos, o remodelamento atrial e as cicatrizes da anastomose podem confundir os &#237;ndices tradicionais. Este artigo concentra-se nesses cen&#225;rios e descreve um roteiro pr&#225;tico para o ecocardiografista diante dessas situa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sequ&#234;ncia de avalia&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica constitui, em geral, uma etapa final do exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico, pois, em sua an&#225;lise habitual, &#233; necess&#225;rio primeiramente excluir as situa&#231;&#245;es especiais, o que requer um exame abrangente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura Central</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O <italic>checklist</italic> proposto na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> contempla, em sequ&#234;ncia, as situa&#231;&#245;es mais prov&#225;veis.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1002">
              <label>Tabela 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Etapas a serem avaliadas antes de proceder &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica por ecocardiografia</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</th>
                    <th align="left">Implica&#231;&#227;o na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Qual &#233; o ritmo presumido ou confirmado (sinusal, FA/flutter, marcapasso), e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca permite a separa&#231;&#227;o das ondas E e A?</td>
                    <td>Na presen&#231;a de FA, devem ser priorizados algoritmos espec&#237;ficos. No contexto de taquicardia sinusal com fus&#227;o das ondas E e A, a avalia&#231;&#227;o deve ser adaptada.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>H&#225; valvopatia mitral significativa (estenose, insufici&#234;ncia &#8805; moderada, pr&#243;tese) ou calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral &#8805; moderada?</td>
                    <td>Se sim, o algoritmo padr&#227;o pode n&#227;o ser aplic&#225;vel, devendo-se utilizar algoritmos espec&#237;ficos.<sup>1</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>H&#225; HP relevante ou suspeita de HP pr&#233;-capilar?</td>
                    <td>Se sim, a RT e a PSAP n&#227;o podem ser utilizadas como representantes da press&#227;o esquerda. H&#225; algoritmo espec&#237;fico para avalia&#231;&#227;o na presen&#231;a concomitante de HP pr&#233;-capilar.<sup>1</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Os achados bidimensionais sugerem amiloidose card&#237;aca ou cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica? A an&#225;lise estrutural j&#225; revelou um quadro coerente (hipertrofia, tamanho do AE, valvas, VD, peric&#225;rdio)? Os n&#250;meros precisam ser compat&#237;veis com a anatomia.</td>
                    <td>Se sim, deve ser utilizado um algoritmo espec&#237;fico para a respectiva condi&#231;&#227;o.<sup>1</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1002">
                  <p>AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; HP: hipertens&#227;o pulmonar; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar; RT: regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quais vari&#225;veis utilizar em situa&#231;&#245;es especiais</title>
          <p>Tanto nas situa&#231;&#245;es habituais quanto nas situa&#231;&#245;es especiais, medidas isoladas n&#227;o devem ser utilizadas para o diagn&#243;stico, sendo necess&#225;ria a integra&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplas vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref> resume as principais situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e as respectivas medidas mais apropriadas para cada contexto.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2002">
              <label>Tabela 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Principais situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e respectivas medidas aplic&#225;veis</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Condi&#231;&#227;o</th>
                    <th align="left">Indicadores ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de press&#227;o de enchimento elevada</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>FA</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="order">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>TD &lt; 160 ms (FEVE reduzida)</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Pico da taxa de acelera&#231;&#227;o da velocidade da onda E &#8805; 1.900 cm/s<sup>2</sup></p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>TRIV &#8804; 65 ms</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>TD da velocidade diast&#243;lica do fluxo venoso pulmonar &#8804; 220 ms</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>E/Vp &#8805; 1,4</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>E/e&#8242; septal &#8805; 11</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Pico da velocidade da RT &gt; 2,8 m/s</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Taquicardia sinusal</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="order">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Padr&#227;o de enchimento precoce (FE reduzida)</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>TRIV &#8804; 70 ms</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Fra&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica da veia pulmonar &#8804; 40%</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>E/e&#8242; m&#233;dio &gt; 14</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Uso de batimentos compensat&#243;rios para separar E e A</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>HCM</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="order">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>E/e&#8242; m&#233;dio &gt; 14</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Ar-A &#8805; 30 ms</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Pico da velocidade da RT &gt; 2,8 m/s 4. ViAE &gt; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup></p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Miocardiopatia restritiva</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="order">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>E/e&#8242; m&#233;dio &gt; 14</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>TD &lt; 140 ms*</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>E/A &gt; 2,5*</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>TRIV &lt; 50 ms*</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>HP</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="order">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>E/A &#8805; 2 &#8594; favorece HP p&#243;s-capilar</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>E/A &#8804; 0,8 &#8594; favorece pr&#233;-capilar</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Se E/A 0,8&#8211;2: E/e&#8242; lateral &gt; 13, ViAE &gt; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup>, e SRAE &lt; 18% favorecem o diagn&#243;stico de HP p&#243;s-capilar</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Estenose mitral</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="order">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>TRIV &lt; 60 ms*</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>A mitral &gt; 1,5 m/s</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>TRIV / TE-e&#8242; &lt; 4,2</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>IM</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="order">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>TRIV &lt; 60 ms*</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Ar-A &#8805; 30 ms</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>TRIV / TE-e&#8242; &lt; 5,6 4. E/e&#8242; m&#233;dio &gt; 14 (v&#225;lido somente se FE reduzida)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Calcifica&#231;&#227;o moderada/grave do anel mitral</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="order">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>E/A &lt; 0,8 &#8594; PAE normal</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>E/A &gt; 1,8 &#8594; PAE elevada</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>E/A entre 0,8 &#8211; 1,8:</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>TRIV &#8805; 80 ms &#8594; PAE normal</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>TRIV &lt; 80 ms &#8594; PAE elevada</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Transplante card&#237;aco</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="order">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>E/e&#8242; &lt; 7 &#8594; PAE normal</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>E/e&#8242; &gt; 14 &#8594; PAE elevada</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>E/e&#8242; 7&#8211;14: &#8226; E/SR<sub>TRIV</sub> &#8804; 200 cm &#8594; PAE normal</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                      <list list-type="simple">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>E/SR<sub>TRIV</sub> &gt; 200 cm &#8594; PAE elevada</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Se SR<sub>TRIV</sub> n&#227;o estiver dispon&#237;vel, utilizar o pico da velocidade da RT: <list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>&#8804; 2,8 m/s &#8594; PAE normal,</p></list-item><list-item><p>&gt; 2,8 m/s &#8594; PAE elevada</p></list-item></list> </p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2002">
                  <p>* Vari&#225;veis espec&#237;ficas, por&#233;m pouco sens&#237;veis, para a detec&#231;&#227;o de eleva&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es de enchimento nos contextos em que s&#227;o apresentadas. Ar&#8211;A: diferen&#231;a entre a dura&#231;&#227;o da onda A reversa pulmonar e a dura&#231;&#227;o da onda A transmitral; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; HCM: miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica; HP: hipertens&#227;o pulmonar; IM: insufici&#234;ncia mitral; PAE: press&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar; RT: regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide; SR: strain rate; SRAE: strain de reservat&#243;rio do &#225;trio esquerdo; TD: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o; TE&#8211;e&#8242;: intervalo de tempo entre as ondas E e e&#8242;; TRIV: tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; ViAE: volume indexado do &#225;trio esquerdo. Adaptado de Nagueh et al.<sup>1</sup></p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em situa&#231;&#245;es especiais abrange m&#250;ltiplos cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos, o que pode dificultar a aplica&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica dos algoritmos diagn&#243;sticos. Nesse sentido, &#233; &#250;til reconhecer quais par&#226;metros apresentam limita&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas &#8212; como as dimens&#245;es do &#225;trio esquerdo em pacientes com FA &#8212; e quais podem ser utilizados de maneira mais consistente em diferentes contextos. Entre estes, destacam-se a velocidade do jato de RT, excetuando-se os casos de HP pr&#233;-capilar, e o tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico (TRIV), ambos caracterizados por elevada factibilidade e interpreta&#231;&#227;o relativamente simples.</p>
          <p>A FA e a HP apresentam algoritmos diagn&#243;sticos espec&#237;ficos nas publica&#231;&#245;es mais recentes, os quais n&#227;o se baseiam simplesmente na aplica&#231;&#227;o sequencial das vari&#225;veis resumidas na tabela. Em contraste, nos receptores de transplante card&#237;aco e nos pacientes com calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral, os algoritmos apresentados nas publica&#231;&#245;es atuais s&#227;o frequentemente descritos em formato visual, mas correspondem, em ess&#234;ncia, &#224;s mesmas recomenda&#231;&#245;es resumidas na tabela. A pericardite constritiva tamb&#233;m pode ser considerada uma situa&#231;&#227;o especial na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica; contudo, devido &#224;s suas particularidades fisiopatol&#243;gicas e diagn&#243;sticas, &#233; tradicionalmente discutida de forma separada e, por esse motivo, n&#227;o ser&#225; abordada nesta revis&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</title>
          <p>A aus&#234;ncia da onda A e a variabilidade do ciclo card&#237;aco reduzem a precis&#227;o das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas na FA. Em um estudo multic&#234;ntrico com 148 pacientes, nenhum par&#226;metro isolado apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o adequada com a POAP, levando Khan et al. a proporem um algoritmo diagn&#243;stico baseado na integra&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos marcadores hemodin&#226;micos e estruturais. Esse algoritmo, posteriormente incorporado &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es brit&#226;nicas de 2024 e &#224;s diretrizes americanas de 2025, permite estimar as press&#245;es de enchimento ventricular mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de contra&#231;&#227;o atrial organizada caracter&#237;stica da FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Os principais par&#226;metros utilizados incluem velocidade da onda E &#8805; 100 cm/s, rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; septal &gt; 11, velocidade m&#225;xima da RT &gt; 2,8 m/s ou PSAP &gt; 35 mmHg, tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E &#8804; 160 ms, <italic>strain</italic> de reservat&#243;rio do &#225;trio esquerdo (SRAE) &lt; 18%, rela&#231;&#227;o S/D da veia pulmonar &lt; 1 e &#237;ndice de massa corporal &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. A interpreta&#231;&#227;o desses crit&#233;rios e sua sequ&#234;ncia diagn&#243;stica est&#227;o ilustradas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02002">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Algoritmo para estimativa da PAE em pacientes com FA. Algoritmo diagn&#243;stico que integra par&#226;metros Doppler e vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas para estimativa da PAE em pacientes com FA. A abordagem combina marcadores hemodin&#226;micos imediatos e consequ&#234;ncias estruturais ou funcionais da eleva&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica das press&#245;es de enchimento. Adaptado de Khan et al.4 IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAE: press&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar; RT: regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide; SRAE: strain reservat&#243;rio do &#225;trio esquerdo; TD: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o. *Valor de corte do estudo original = 16% (Khan et al.4) modificado para 18% nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es americanas de di&#225;stole de 2025 (Nagueh et al.1).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260029-0029i-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A natureza arr&#237;tmica da FA exige cuidados adicionais na aquisi&#231;&#227;o das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. Para reduzir o impacto da variabilidade ciclo a ciclo e melhorar a reprodutibilidade, recomenda-se o registro de 10 a 15 ciclos card&#237;acos, com velocidade de varredura elevada, e o c&#225;lculo da m&#233;dia de m&#250;ltiplos batimentos. Devem ser selecionados ciclos com intervalos R&#8211;R representativos da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia, idealmente com intervalos R&#8211;R precedentes semelhantes, evitando-se batimentos p&#243;s-pausa e ciclos muito curtos com fus&#227;o de ondas. O laudo deve ainda explicitar que os valores correspondem a m&#233;dias obtidas em FA, reconhecendo a variabilidade batimento a batimento caracter&#237;stica dessa arritmia.</p>
          <p>Quando o algoritmo resultar em classifica&#231;&#227;o indeterminada, outras vari&#225;veis apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref> podem ser utilizadas como elementos adicionais de interpreta&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, a variabilidade relativamente pequena da velocidade da onda E entre ciclos consecutivos, apesar da irregularidade dos intervalos R&#8211;R, pode sugerir eleva&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es de enchimento. Embora esse achado n&#227;o fa&#231;a parte formalmente dos algoritmos diagn&#243;sticos, trata-se de um sinal qualitativo frequentemente &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica de pacientes com FA.</p>
          <p>Do ponto de vista fisiopatol&#243;gico, a eleva&#231;&#227;o sustentada da press&#227;o atrial esquerda (PAE) tende a reduzir o impacto da variabilidade do intervalo R&#8211;R sobre o gradiente transmitral. Assim, apesar da irregularidade do ritmo, velocidades da onda E persistentemente elevadas e com variabilidade relativamente pequena entre ciclos consecutivos podem constituir um ind&#237;cio adicional de aumento das press&#245;es de enchimento.</p>
          <p>Embora a FA represente uma das situa&#231;&#245;es mais frequentes em que os algoritmos convencionais de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica apresentam limita&#231;&#245;es, outros cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos tamb&#233;m exigem adapta&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, conforme discutido nas se&#231;&#245;es seguintes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>HP com FE preservada: suspeita de HP n&#227;o card&#237;aca (pr&#233;-capilar)</title>
          <p>Na HP pr&#233;-capilar, a velocidade m&#225;xima da RT e a PSAP est&#227;o elevadas por defini&#231;&#227;o e, portanto, n&#227;o podem ser utilizadas para inferir a press&#227;o de enchimento do VE. As vari&#225;veis apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref> s&#227;o essencialmente as mesmas utilizadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 2</xref>, por&#233;m organizadas em forma de fluxograma, com base no trabalho de Inoue et al. e posteriormente incorporadas &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es americanas de 2025 e brit&#226;nicas de 2024.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03002">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Abordagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica na HP. Estrat&#233;gia de interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em pacientes com HP, destacando vari&#225;veis &#250;teis para diferenciar eleva&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es de enchimento esquerdas de doen&#231;a primariamente vascular pulmonar. Adaptado de Inoue et al.5 PAE: press&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo; SRAE: strain de reservat&#243;rio do &#225;trio esquerdo. *Valor de corte do estudo original = 16% (Inoue et al.5) modificado para 18% nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es americanas de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de 2025 (Nagueh et al.1).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260029-0029i-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Doen&#231;a valvar mitral e calcifica&#231;&#227;o anular</title>
          <p>Nas doen&#231;as valvares mitrais, a estimativa das press&#245;es de enchimento deve se basear na integra&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref>, uma vez que altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas e estruturais podem modificar a interpreta&#231;&#227;o isolada de alguns par&#226;metros.</p>
          <p>Entre essas condi&#231;&#245;es, destaca-se a calcifica&#231;&#227;o moderada ou importante do anel mitral, na qual a redu&#231;&#227;o do movimento anular pode limitar a interpreta&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis dependentes da velocidade do anel mitral, como o e&#8242;. Nesses casos, recomenda-se a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um algoritmo espec&#237;fico, de f&#225;cil memoriza&#231;&#227;o e aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica, que permite a determina&#231;&#227;o direta e dicot&#244;mica das press&#245;es de enchimento, evitando o resultado indesejado de classifica&#231;&#227;o indeterminada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Doen&#231;a valvar a&#243;rtica (estenose e insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica)</title>
          <p>Nas valvopatias a&#243;rticas, a estimativa das press&#245;es de enchimento costuma ser fact&#237;vel e, em geral, o algoritmo padr&#227;o pode ser aplicado. Entretanto, deve-se reconhecer que a hipertrofia ventricular e o remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico frequentemente associados a essas condi&#231;&#245;es podem reduzir o SRAE e o e&#8242; antes da eleva&#231;&#227;o franca das press&#245;es de enchimento. Assim, a interpreta&#231;&#227;o desses par&#226;metros deve sempre considerar o contexto cl&#237;nico, a gravidade da valvopatia e a presen&#231;a de sintomas ou sinais de congest&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o e estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular (bloqueio do ramo esquerdo, marcapasso ventricular e terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca)</title>
          <p>A dessincronia ventricular altera o relaxamento regional e o sincronismo entre o fluxo transmitral e o Doppler tecidual, tornando o e&#8242; e a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8242; menos precisos. No bloqueio AV de primeiro grau, as vari&#225;veis permanecem v&#225;lidas apenas na aus&#234;ncia de fus&#227;o entre as ondas E e A. Nos bloqueios AV avan&#231;ados, quando h&#225; ondas A isoladas, a velocidade m&#225;xima da RT &gt; 2,8 m/s pode sugerir eleva&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es de enchimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Miocardiopatias restritivas e amiloidose</title>
          <p>Quando um fen&#243;tipo estrutural sugestivo &#233; identificado &#8212; incluindo aumento da espessura ventricular, altera&#231;&#245;es caracter&#237;sticas do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal, dilata&#231;&#227;o do AE, envolvimento do VD e presen&#231;a de HP &#8212; recomenda-se uma avalia&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica. Nessas situa&#231;&#245;es, os valores apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref> apresentam pontos de corte distintos dos utilizados nas demais condi&#231;&#245;es, sendo mais rigorosos para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da eleva&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es de enchimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Demais situa&#231;&#245;es especiais</title>
          <p>As demais condi&#231;&#245;es apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref> s&#227;o, em geral, autoexplicativas e n&#227;o requerem algoritmos visuais adicionais para sua interpreta&#231;&#227;o. Nessas situa&#231;&#245;es, a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref> pode ser utilizada como guia pr&#225;tico para a sele&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis mais apropriadas em cada contexto cl&#237;nico, facilitando a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos princ&#237;pios gerais de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aquisi&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima e elabora&#231;&#227;o do laudo (o que n&#227;o pode faltar)</title>
          <p>As recomenda&#231;&#245;es da ASE de 2025 refor&#231;am que os par&#226;metros essenciais devem constar no laudo, especialmente quando a avalia&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es de enchimento &#233; solicitada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Para evitar confus&#227;o por parte do cl&#237;nico solicitante e manter a coer&#234;ncia do relat&#243;rio, recomenda-se que o ecocardiografista destaque qual protocolo espec&#237;fico foi utilizado e reporte prioritariamente as vari&#225;veis envolvidas na determina&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es de enchimento naquele contexto.</p>
          <p>Em algumas situa&#231;&#245;es especiais, determinadas vari&#225;veis tradicionalmente utilizadas na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica n&#227;o devem ser consideradas para inferir a press&#227;o de enchimento. Um exemplo &#233; a calcifica&#231;&#227;o significativa do anel mitral, na qual a velocidade e&#8242; perde precis&#227;o; report&#225;-la com o mesmo destaque atribu&#237;do &#224;s situa&#231;&#245;es habituais pode induzir o m&#233;dico assistente a erro, sobretudo considerando que escores cl&#237;nicos amplamente utilizados no diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada incorporam essa medida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Por outro lado, h&#225; vari&#225;veis que n&#227;o participam da determina&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es de enchimento em determinados contextos, mas que ainda assim devem ser reportadas em raz&#227;o de seu valor diagn&#243;stico ou progn&#243;stico. As dimens&#245;es do AE, por exemplo, n&#227;o refletem as press&#245;es de enchimento em pacientes com FA, mas mant&#234;m valor progn&#243;stico. De forma semelhante, a PSAP permanece uma vari&#225;vel importante na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com suspeita de HP pr&#233;-capilar.</p>
          <p>Embora as recomenda&#231;&#245;es mais recentes ainda proponham uma matriz diagn&#243;stica que parte da identifica&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e, em seguida, da determina&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es de enchimento, os algoritmos aplic&#225;veis &#224;s situa&#231;&#245;es especiais concentram-se essencialmente na estimativa dessas press&#245;es. Na pr&#225;tica, isso pode transmitir a impress&#227;o de que a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica est&#225; sempre presente nesses cen&#225;rios, o que nem sempre &#233; verdadeiro. Al&#233;m disso, embora indesej&#225;vel, alguns algoritmos aplicados &#224;s situa&#231;&#245;es especiais podem resultar em classifica&#231;&#227;o indeterminada das press&#245;es de enchimento.</p>
          <p>Dessa forma, a aquisi&#231;&#227;o criteriosa das medidas e a adequada contextualiza&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis utilizadas tornam o laudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico mais claro, evitam interpreta&#231;&#245;es equivocadas e permitem uma estimativa mais confi&#225;vel das press&#245;es de enchimento nas diferentes situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>As atualiza&#231;&#245;es mais recentes trouxeram avan&#231;os importantes na avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica das press&#245;es de enchimento, incluindo a incorpora&#231;&#227;o de novos marcadores validados, como o SRAE, e o desenvolvimento de algoritmos espec&#237;ficos para condi&#231;&#245;es como FA, HP e transplante card&#237;aco. Em conjunto, essas mudan&#231;as refletem a transi&#231;&#227;o de uma abordagem puramente baseada em <italic>checklist</italic> para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais contextualizada e fisiopatol&#243;gica, com potencial para reduzir a frequ&#234;ncia de resultados indeterminados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Na pr&#225;tica, tr&#234;s atitudes s&#227;o particularmente &#250;teis: reconhecer precocemente quando o algoritmo padr&#227;o n&#227;o se aplica; obter medidas de alta qualidade em batimentos representativos; e relatar os achados de forma clara e contextualizada, explicitando as limita&#231;&#245;es do m&#233;todo e sugerindo m&#233;todos complementares quando necess&#225;rio. Dessa forma, a ecocardiografia mant&#233;m seu papel central na avalia&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es de enchimento, mesmo diante da complexidade das situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas especiais.</p>
        <p>Em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, o ecocardiografista deve reconhecer que, nas situa&#231;&#245;es especiais, o valor do exame n&#227;o est&#225; apenas na aplica&#231;&#227;o de algoritmos, mas na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos sinais hemodin&#226;micos &#224; luz do contexto cl&#237;nico.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado:</label>
          <p> Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
          <p> Durante a prepara&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho, o(s) autor(es) usaram Chat GPT - Open AI para formata&#231;&#227;o textual (verificar gram&#225;tica e ortografia). Ap&#243;s o uso desta ferramenta/servi&#231;o, o(s) autor(es) revisaram e editaram o conte&#250;do conforme necess&#225;rio e assumem total responsabilidade pelo conte&#250;do do artigo publicado.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
          <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
          <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
