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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">K8wT85p4J8Qn44MBP9vYB6L</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2675-312X2026000201407</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01407</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260026i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>My Approach to Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Ventricular Filling Pressures: From Ambiguity to Precision With New Guidelines</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0794-7339</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Stephan Lofrano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>acquisition of data</role>
          <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3403-7528</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vosgerau</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>acquisition of data</role>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-4244-9444</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dreckmann</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Vitola</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>acquisition of data</role>
          <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7386-1619</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto D&#180;&#193;vila</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0415-6008</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zanlorensi</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udia Biondo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5539-3823</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bonotto</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>acquisition of data</role>
          <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">SEMEC</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">SEMEC, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Marco Stephan Lofrano Alves</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;. RUA Mateus Leme, 3945, apt 504, 2. Postal code: <postal-code>82200-000</postal-code>. Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>mslalves@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>39</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260026</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>The echocardiographic estimation of left ventricular (LV) filling pressures is a cornerstone in the assessment of heart failure, particularly in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The 2016 American Society of Echocardiography/European Association of cardiovascular Imaging algorithm standardized this evaluation using key variables, but a substantial proportion of cases remained indeterminate in clinical practice. The recent update of the American guideline reorganized the approach into a hierarchical framework, incorporating age-related adjustments and formalizing the role of left atrial strain (LAS) as a tie-breaking parameter, while also providing a more detailed characterization of special clinical scenarios. In parallel, the 2024 British Society of Echocardiography guideline emphasizes the pathophysiological interpretation of ventricular filling, complementing the operational framework proposed by the American document. Multicenter studies with invasive validation support these updates, establishing LAS as a robust marker of increased filling pressures. In this article, we present My Approach to echocardiographic assessment of LV filling pressures, based on an initial morphofunctional evaluation, followed by structured screening (Step 1) and further refinement (Step 2) incorporating LAS and additional parameters. We also provide a comparison between guidelines, discuss common pitfalls and algorithm limitations, and include case-based videos for practical application.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Left Ventricular Function</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular (LV) filling pressures has evolved from a mitral Doppler-centered approach to an integrated model incorporating both morphological and functional parameters, supported by increasingly structured algorithms. The 2016 American Society of Echocardiography (ASE)/European Association of cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) guideline for assessing LV diastolic function by echocardiography marked a pivotal step in this transition by proposing a simplified framework based on four core variables;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> however, a substantial proportion of examinations remained indeterminate with respect to filling pressure estimation. This limits diagnostic accuracy, particularly in conditions such as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).</p>
      <p>In addition, specific clinical conditions (e.g., atrial fibrillation [AF], pulmonary hypertension, and valvular heart disease) have continued to pose challenges to the applicability and interpretation of these parameters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Recent updates have advanced this field along two complementary directions. The 2024 British Society of Echocardiography guideline for assessing LV diastolic function<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> reinforces the pathophysiological basis of ventricular filling and formalizes left atrial strain (LAS) as a refinement tool. In parallel, the ASE 2025 update reorganizes the decision-making process, incorporates age-related adjustments, and integrates atrial strain in a similar manner,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> supported by multicenter studies with invasive validation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison between guidelines and recent evidence</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Domain</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">ASE/EACVI (2016)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">ASE(2025)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">BSE(2024)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">My Approach to integration in practice</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Objective</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Standardization and simplification</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Reduction of discordance and indeterminate cases; hierarchical framework</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Emphasis on pathophysiology and interpretation</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Integration of the 2025 framework with BSE physiological principles, using the 2016 model as the foundation</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">LAS</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Not formally included</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Formalized as a refinement parameter</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Formalized as a refinement parameter</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Preferred tie-breaking parameter</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Age adjustment</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Limited</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Explicit incorporation</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Recognized</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Avoid overdiagnosis in older patients</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">LAVI</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Core parameter</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Supportive parameter; marker of chronicity</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Structural parameter</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Contextual support; not used in isolation</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Gray zone</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Frequent</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Structured resolution strategy</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Physiological interpretation</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Step 2 refinement(LAS, IVRT, pulmonary venous flow)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>ASE: American Society of Echocardiography; BSE: British Society of Echocardiography; EACVI: European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging; IVRT: isovolumetric relaxation time; LAS: left atrial strain; LAVI: LA volume index; PV: pulmonary vein.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>This article translates these advances into daily clinical practice through My Approach to echocardiographic assessment of LV filling pressures, an approach designed to be practical, reproducible, and clinically meaningful while preserving a strong physiological foundation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <caption>
          <title>Integration and hierarchical application of parameters and techniques for the evaluation of LV filling pressures. The strategy begins with morphofunctional assessment and structured screening, followed by targeted refinement in indeterminate or discordant cases (Step 2), in which LAS and complementary parameters play a decisive role in the final diagnostic classification. AF: atrial fibrillation; DT: deceleration time; ED: end-diastole; HR: heart rate; IVRT: isovolumetric relaxation time; LAS: left atrial strain; LAScd: left atrial conduit strain; LASct: left atrial contraction strain; LASr: left atrial reservoir strain; LAVI: left atrial volume index; LV: left ventricular; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; TDI: tissue Doppler imaging; TRV: tricuspid regurgitation velocity.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260026-0026i-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <sec>
        <title>Before the algorithm: the integrated view of the echocardiographer</title>
        <p>The assessment of diastolic function should always begin with clinical contextualization (e.g., age, symptoms, cardiac rhythm, valvular heart disease, and hemodynamic status) because the algorithm addresses a specific clinical question and should not be applied indiscriminately.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Before applying any flowchart, a two-dimensional morphofunctional assessment allows the echocardiographer to rapidly integrate patterns of hypertrophy, LA size, ventricular geometry, mitral annular motion, signs of pulmonary hypertension, and the overall visual impression of ventricular compliance. This approach enables the clinician to position the patient within a probable phenotype: low, intermediate, or high likelihood of increased filling pressures.</p>
        <p>This initial impression does not replace the algorithm; rather, it prevents both the mechanical application of numerical thresholds and conclusions drawn without objective criteria. It serves as a conceptual framework that guides interpretation and may be refined or corrected by the structured model.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Strategy overview: two steps, one clinical question</title>
        <p>The assessment should be structured to answer a simple and clinically meaningful question: Is there consistent evidence of increased LV filling pressures? <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> summarizes the parameters used for this evaluation.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Reference parameters for the assessment of LV filling pressures</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Parameter</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Abnormal threshold</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Clinical interpretation/Action</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Septal e&#8242; velocity</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8804; 6 cm/s</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Decreased values suggest impaired relaxation; should be interpreted alongside other parameters.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Lateral e&#8242; velocity</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8804; 7 cm/s</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Same interpretation as septal e&#8242;; should be interpreted alongside other parameters.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">E/A ratio</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8804; 0.8 or &#8805; 2.0</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">E/A &lt; 0.8 suggests impaired relaxation; E/A &#8805; 2.0 suggests a restrictive filling pattern (should be interpreted alongside other parameters).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Average E/e&#8242; ratio</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8805; 14</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Supports the presence of increased filling pressures.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PASP/TR velocity</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8805; 35 mmHg / &#8805; 2.8 m/s</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">When increased, supports increased filling pressures in the absence of pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LASr</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&lt; 18%</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Decreased values favor increased filling pressures; primary tie-breaking parameter.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LASct</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&lt; 8%</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Marked decrease supports sustained increase of filling pressures; normal values may help exclude increased pressures (particularly when LASct &gt; 14% and GLS &#8805; 18%).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IVRT</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&lt; 70 ms</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Shortened IVRT suggests increased filling pressures.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">S/D ratio (pulmonary vein)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&lt; 0.67</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diastolic predominance supports increased filling pressures; stronger association in decreased LVEF.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ar-A difference (pulmonary vein)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&gt; 30 ms</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Suggests increased filling pressures, particularly in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and MR.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LAVI</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&gt; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Indicates chronic exposure to increased filling pressures; not diagnostic in isolation.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diastolic stress echocardiography</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Exercise E/e&#8242; &gt; 14;TR velocity &gt; 2.8 m/s</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Indicated when resting echocardiography does not explain symptoms; supports dynamic increase of filling pressures.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LUS/VExUS (adjunctive)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IVC &gt; 2 cm; reversed hepatic/portal flow; B-line grading 0-3</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Complementary assessment when clinical and imaging findings are discordant and resting echocardiography is inconclusive.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>GLS: global longitudinal strain; IVC: inferior vena cava; IVRT: isovolumetric relaxation time; LASct: left atrial contractile strain; LASr: left atrial reservoir strain; LAVI: left atrial volume index; LUS: lung ultrasound; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; TR: tricuspid regurgitation; VExUS: venous excess ultrasound score; MR: mitral regurgitation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Step 1: initial screening</title>
          <p>Updated guidelines emphasize that aging is associated with a physiological decline in myocardial relaxation. As a result, values considered abnormal in younger individuals may be expected in older people. Therefore, an isolated reduction in e&#8242;, particularly in older people, should not be automatically interpreted as indicative of increased filling pressures. Age-adjusted reference values are essential to support this interpretation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
          <list list-type="roman-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <bold>
                  <italic>e&#8217; velocity: relaxation with age adjustment</italic>
                </bold>
              </p>
              <p>Both septal and lateral e&#8242; velocities should be routinely assessed. A decreased e&#8242; suggests impaired relaxation but does not necessarily indicate increased filling pressures, particularly in older individuals, in whom lower values are common and may occur in the presence of normal pressures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Thus, e&#8242; is highly informative for characterizing relaxation but must be interpreted in conjunction with other parameters.</p>
              <p>New/current concept: the 2025 guideline refines normal reference thresholds and acknowledges that septal e&#8242; &#8804; 6 cm/s or lateral e&#8242; &#8804; 7 cm/s is frequently observed in individuals aged &gt; 60-70 years and, in isolation, does not define increased filling pressures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <bold>
                  <italic>E/e&#8242; ratio: useful but not definitive</italic>
                </bold>
              </p>
              <p>The E/e&#8242; ratio remains a cornerstone parameter due to its practicality; however, it should be interpreted as supportive evidence rather than a standalone determinant.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
              <p>New/current concept: an average E/e&#8242; &#8805; 14 supports the presence of increased filling pressures, whereas lower values make this less likely. However, an intermediate "gray zone" (particularly 8-14) is common and, according to the 2025 guideline, requires further refinement using additional parameters. Limitations must also be recognized in the presence of significant mitral valve disease, irregular rhythms without adequate beat averaging, and ventricles with preserved ejection fraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <bold>
                  <italic>Tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV): a link to pulmonary hemodynamics</italic>
                </bold>
              </p>
              <p>When adequately measured, TRV provides an indirect estimate of pulmonary pressure and may support the presence of increased LV filling pressures (post-capillary), provided that primary pulmonary disease (pre-capillary) is excluded. The cutoff of &#8805; 2.8 m/s remains consistent across recent guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
              <p>New/current concept: the ASE update also considers an estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) &#8805; 35 mmHg as suggestive of increased filling pressures, provided that right atrial pressure estimation based on inferior vena cava parameters is technically reliable.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Step 2: refinement &#8212; where the recent updates have truly shifted practice</title>
          <p>Step 2 focuses on the assessment of LA/LV remodeling markers and indicators of increased filling pressures.</p>
          <list list-type="roman-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <bold>
                  <italic>E/A ratio and deceleration time (DT): the mitral pattern still matters</italic>
                </bold>
              </p>
              <p>The E/A ratio remains a central physiological marker of transmitral filling, guiding the distinction between impaired relaxation and decreased compliance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> An E/A ratio &#8804; 0.8 suggests impaired relaxation (common with aging), whereas E/A &#8805; 2.0 combined with DT &lt; 160 ms (particularly in patients with decreased LVEF) indicates a restrictive filling pattern and increased pressures.</p>
              <p>The main limitation is pseudonormalization (E/A 0.8-2.0 in the presence of increased pressures), which underscores that E/A should never be interpreted in isolation.</p>
              <p>New/current concept: the 2016 guideline emphasized its role in grading diastolic dysfunction, and the 2025 update preserves its physiological relevance while prioritizing a more objective and reproducible decision-making framework.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <bold>
                  <italic>Left atrial volume index (LAVI): a marker of chronic exposure rather than current pressure</italic>
                </bold>
              </p>
              <p>LAVI &gt; 34 mL/m<sup>2</sup> is a well-established marker of chronic LA exposure to increased filling pressures, with important diagnostic and prognostic value in HF, AF, valvular heart disease, and cardiomyopathies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
              <p>New/current concept: in the 2025 update, LAVI is no longer a central parameter but assumes a supportive role since it reflects chronic remodeling rather than current hemodynamic status. Therefore, it should be interpreted alongside markers that are less influenced by transient changes.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <bold>
                  <italic>Left atrial strain (LAS) (reservoir and contractile): the key contemporary tie-breaker</italic>
                </bold>
              </p>
              <p>Recent studies have demonstrated a strong correlation between LAS and invasive measures of filling pressure, establishing left atrial reservoir strain (LASr) as a marker of increased pressures and left atrial contractile strain (LASct) as a tool to exclude them.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
              <p>New/current concept: atrial strain represents the most relevant practical innovation in current guidelines since it captures both LA function and hemodynamic history. LASr &lt; 18% (particularly &lt; 16%) suggests increased filling pressures by reflecting decreased atrial compliance, whereas LASct &gt; 14% in patients with preserved EF effectively excludes increased pressures, even in the presence of borderline E/e&#8242; values.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
              <p>Technical acquisition: LAS should be measured in apical four- and two-chamber views, with the R-R interval defining the cardiac cycle. Adequate frame rates (&gt; 60 fps), appropriate depth, and optimized image acquisition are essential. Speckle-tracking analysis should exclude pulmonary veins and the LA appendage. The average of both views should be reported (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="other" rid="f3">Video 1</xref>).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <bold>
                  <italic>Isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT): useful in discordant or challenging scenarios</italic>
                </bold>
              </p>
              <p>IVRT corresponds to the interval between aortic valve closure and mitral valve opening, reflecting early active ventricular relaxation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
              <p>New/current concept: initially described as an auxiliary parameter in the 2009 guidelines and maintained as a complementary measure in 2016, IVRT has regained relevance as a refinement tool in discordant cases. Although not part of the primary decision-making core, a shortened IVRT (&#8804; 70 ms) suggests increased filling pressures, particularly when associated with a restrictive filling pattern or decreased atrial strain. It is especially useful when tissue Doppler measurements are unreliable, such as in AF or mitral annular calcification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <bold>
                  <italic>Pulmonary venous flow (S/D and Ar-A): when additional confirmation is needed</italic>
                </bold>
              </p>
              <p>Pulmonary venous flow assessment can be technically challenging but provides valuable information when adequately acquired. A diastolic predominance (S/D &#8804; 0.67) supports increased filling pressures. However, patients with preserved LVEF may exhibit S/D &gt; 0.67 despite increased pressures, requiring confirmation with additional parameters.</p>
              <p>An Ar-A duration difference &gt; 30 ms may be useful in selected conditions, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and mitral regurgitation (MR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <bold>
                  <italic>Additional supplementary parameters</italic>
                </bold>
              </p>
              <p>When primary and refinement parameters are unavailable or unreliable, additional measures may support clinical interpretation. These include: peak diastolic pulmonary regurgitation velocity &#8805; 2 m/s; pulmonary artery diastolic pressure &#8805; 16 mmHg; mitral inflow L-wave velocity &#8805; 50 cm/s; Ar-A duration &gt; 30 ms; &#8805; 50% reduction in mitral E/A during the Valsalva maneuver; E/Vp &#8805; 2.5; A-wave transit time &#8804; 45 ms; and IVRT/TE e&#8242; &lt; 2.</p>
              <p>In addition, an LV mass index &gt; 95 g/m<sup>2</sup> in women or &gt; 115 g/m<sup>2</sup> in men may indicate structural remodeling consistent with diastolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Role of LAS in refining the assessment of LV filling pressure. Assessment of LA deformation using speckle-tracking echocardiography. A) LASr, LAScd, and LASct measurements in a normal subject, with values of 49%, &#8722;36%, and &#8722;12%, respectively; B) corresponding strain curves from a patient with increased filling pressures, showing values of 15%, &#8722;5.1%, and &#8722;9.8%, respectively. LA: left atrium; LAS: LA strain; LAScd: LA conduit strain; LASct: LA contractile strain; LASr: LA reservoir strain; LV: left ventricle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260026-0026i-gf02.tif"/></fig>
          <media id="f3" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/K8wT85p4J8Qn44MBP9vYB6L/8b3b427d1414e2588f3f3eb0485efc4f0e431f7e.mp4">
            <label>Video 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>HFpEF with inconclusive resting assessment, clarified by LAS. In: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_1.mp4</ext-link> </title>
            </caption>
          </media>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Interpretation and integration of parameters (algorithm-based approach)</title>
          <p>If all primary parameters assessed in Step 1 (e&#8242;, TRV, and E/e&#8242;) are within normal limits, LV filling pressures are considered normal. Conversely, if all three parameters are abnormal, increased filling pressures are present.</p>
          <p>When e&#8242; is decreased (based on age-adjusted reference values) and the E/A ratio is &#8804; 0.8, this pattern is consistent with grade I diastolic dysfunction and normal filling pressures.</p>
          <p>Diagnostic uncertainty arises in intermediate or discordant scenarios, including cases in which only e&#8242; is decreased with E/A &gt; 0.8, isolated increase of TRV/PASP or E/e&#8242;, or when any two primary variables are abnormal. In these situations, refinement using Step 2 parameters becomes essential.</p>
          <p>These include LASr, IVRT, S/D, LAVI, and additional supplementary parameters. If one or more of these refinement markers are abnormal, increased filling pressures are confirmed. An E/A ratio &lt; 2 supports the classification of grade II diastolic dysfunction, whereas E/A &#8805; 2 indicates grade III diastolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref> shows the application of the algorithm.</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Decision algorithm for estimating LV filling pressures. Practical flowchart based on the 2025 ASE guideline. Step 1 relies on core parameters of myocardial relaxation and filling pressure assessment. In cases of discordance (e.g., a single abnormal parameter or borderline values), Step 2 is applied, prioritizing LASr and IVRT. Integration of these findings allows both grading of diastolic dysfunction and definitive classification of LV filling pressure status. ASE: American Society of Echocardiography; IVRT: isovolumetric relaxation time; LASr: left atrial reservoir strain; LAVI: left atrial volume index; LV: left ventricle; LVMI: LV mass index; PADP: pulmonary artery diastolic pressure; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; TR: tricuspid regurgitation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260026-0026i-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Special situations</title>
          <p>The 2025 guideline reinforces that a "one-size-fits-all" approach is not applicable. Specific clinical scenarios require adaptation of both acquisition and interpretation strategies (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical conditions requiring adaptation of the standard diastolic function algorithm</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Clinical condition</th>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Key considerations for assessing LV filling pressure</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">AF</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Average 5-10 consecutive beats at a controlled heart rate. Consider E &#8805; 100 cm/s, septal E/e&#8242; &#8805; 11, TR velocity &#8805; 2.8 m/s, and DT &#8804; 160 ms. LASr &lt; 18% supports increased filling pressures. LA volume alone is not diagnostic.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Mitral stenosis</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">E/e&#8242; should not be used. Prioritize IVRT, TE-e&#8242; ratio, and mitral A-wave velocity. Filling pressures should be interpreted cautiously due to transmitral obstruction.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">MR</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">The E wave is often increased due to volume overload rather than increased pressure. E/e&#8242; may overestimate filling pressures. Ar-A duration and IVRT may provide supportive information.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Mitral annular calcification</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Mechanical restriction reduces the reliability of e&#8242;. Greater emphasis should be placed on IVRT and the overall filling pattern rather than E/e&#8242; alone.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Cardiac amyloidosis</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Markedly decreased annular velocities ("5-5-5" sign: s&#8242;, e&#8242;, a&#8242; &lt; 5 cm/s) combined with a restrictive transmitral pattern. Apical sparing on longitudinal strain supports the diagnosis.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Sinus tachycardia/high-output states</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Increased transmitral velocities may reflect increased cardiac output rather than increased filling pressures. IVRT and E/e&#8242; should be interpreted within the clinical context.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Heart transplantation</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Altered atrial geometry, denervation, and frequent sinus tachycardia modify Doppler patterns. Early diastolic predominance may be physiological, particularly in younger donors.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LVAD</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Continuous-flow physiology alters conventional Doppler indices. E/A, E/e&#8242;, and pulmonary pressures should be interpreted in the context of device settings and clinical status.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Restrictive cardiomyopathy vs constrictive pericarditis</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Preserved or increased medial e&#8242; (&gt; 8 cm/s) favors constriction, whereas decreased e&#8242; (&lt; 6 cm/s) supports restrictive cardiomyopathy. Assess for annulus reversus and respiratory variation.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LVOT obstruction and significant mitral regurgitation may increase LA pressure. Ar-A duration, LAVI, and TR velocity should be integrated into the assessment.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Pulmonary hypertension</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Septal E/e&#8242; may be misleading in RV pressure overload. Prefer lateral e&#8242; and LAS to differentiate pre- vs post-capillary mechanisms.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Conduction abnormalities (LBBB, RV pacing, CRT)</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Abnormal septal motion reduces the reliability of e&#8242; and E/e&#8242;. Greater weight should be given to TR velocity, LA size, and LAS.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Athlete's heart</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Physiological chamber enlargement and increased diastolic volume may mimic diastolic dysfunction. Emphasize absence of symptoms, normal natriuretic peptides, and preserved LAS. Avoid automatic grading.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy; DT: deceleration time; IVRT: isovolumetric relaxation time; LA: left atrium; LAS: LA strain; LASct: LA contractile strain; LASr: LA reservoir strain; LAVI: left atrial volume index; LBBB: left bundle branch block; LVAD: left ventricular assist device; LVOT: left ventricular outflow tract; RV: right ventricle; TR: tricuspid regurgitation; AF: atrial fibrillation; MR: mitral regurgitation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <list list-type="roman-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <bold>
                  <italic>AF</italic>
                </bold>
              </p>
              <p>Beat-to-beat variability increases the risk of measurement error; therefore, averaging multiple cardiac cycles is essential. Ideally, measurements should be obtained at a controlled heart rate &lt; 100 bpm. Patients with decreased variability in mitral inflow tend to have increased filling pressures (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 3</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
              <p>My Approach to AF: the assessment follows a two-step framework. In Step 1, the following parameters are considered: E &#8805; 100 cm/s, septal E/e&#8242; &#8805; 11, TRV &gt; 2.8 m/s or PASP &gt; 35 mmHg, and DT &#8804; 160 ms.</p>
              <p>If none or only one parameter is abnormal, filling pressures are considered normal. If &#8805; three parameters are abnormal, filling pressures are increased. If two parameters are abnormal, refinement is required using Step 2 markers, including LASr &lt; 18% and S/D &lt; 1. BMI &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> further supports the diagnosis of HFpEF.</p>
              <p>An average of 5-10 cardiac cycles should be used. If none of the parameters are abnormal, filling pressures are normal. If two of the three refinement parameters are abnormal, increased filling pressures are present. If only one parameter is abnormal or data are unavailable, the result should be considered indeterminate.</p>
              <p>Caution: LASct is not present in AF; however, LASr remains informative. Very low values (&lt; 16%) indicate decreased atrial compliance and increased filling pressures (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f6">Video 2</xref>).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <bold>
                  <italic>Mitral valve disease</italic>
                </bold>
              </p>
              <p>In mitral stenosis, the E/e&#8242; ratio should not be used. In significant MR, the E-wave may be increased due to volume overload rather than increased filling pressures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
              <p>My Approach to mitral valve disease: in MR, greater emphasis should be placed on pulmonary venous flow patterns and IVRT. LAS should be interpreted cautiously, as regurgitant volume may artificially increase LASr.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <bold>
                  <italic>Cardiac amyloidosis</italic>
                </bold>
              </p>
              <p>In this setting, isolated numerical values may fail to capture the underlying pathophysiology; the two-dimensional phenotype and overall functional pattern are key determinants. The presence of increased LV wall thickness associated with an "apical sparing" pattern on longitudinal strain should prompt evaluation for a restrictive diastolic filling pattern.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
              <p>My Approach to cardiac amyloidosis: a characteristic dissociation is often observed, with markedly decreased e&#8242; velocities (septal and lateral &lt; 5 cm/s) in contrast to a high mitral E-wave and shortened DT. This classic restrictive pattern strongly supports the presence of increased filling pressures, often obviating the need for complex algorithmic assessment.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <bold>
                  <italic>Pulmonary hypertension</italic>
                </bold>
              </p>
              <p>The E/e&#8242; ratio, particularly the septal measurement, may be misleading in pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension. In such cases, greater emphasis should be placed on the lateral E/e&#8242; and on LAS, especially when distinguishing pre- from post-capillary mechanisms in borderline scenarios<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f7">Video 3</xref>).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Algorithm for estimating mean LA in AF. Initial assessment is based on four parameters: mitral E velocity &#8805; 100 cm/s, septal E/e&#8242; &gt; 11, TR velocity &gt; 2.8 m/s (or PASP &gt; 35 mmHg), and DT &#8804; 160 ms. The presence of none or only one abnormal parameter suggests normal LAP. When two parameters are abnormal, additional markers, including LASr &lt; 18%, S/D &lt; 1, and BMI &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, are used to refine classification as normal, increased, or indeterminate LAP. BMI: body mass index; DT: deceleration time; LA: left atrium; LAP: LA pressure; LASr: LA reservoir strain; LV: left ventricle; LVEF: LV ejection fraction; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; TR: tricuspid regurgitation; AF: atrial fibrillation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260026-0026i-gf04.tif"/></fig>
          <media id="f6" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/K8wT85p4J8Qn44MBP9vYB6L/6ba96be76998c7e814342c7a03f24e10e3a728b3.mp4">
            <label>Video 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>AF: importance of beat averaging and the use of IVRT and LAS for refinement. In: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_2.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_2.mp4</ext-link> </title>
            </caption>
          </media>
          <media id="f7" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/K8wT85p4J8Qn44MBP9vYB6L/7ea1f0c60d45d768a1803e0716077d4c9054cf19.mp4">
            <label>Video 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension with borderline parameters and preserved LAS. In: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_3.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_3.mp4</ext-link> </title>
            </caption>
          </media>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>The role of diastolic stress testing and invasive hemodynamic assessment</title>
        <p>In patients with exertional dyspnea (New York Heart Association classes II and III) and a resting echocardiography that is normal or indeterminate, even after incorporation of LAS, evaluation should not be discontinued.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Diastolic stress echocardiography using a supine bicycle or treadmill is recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Maneuvers that increase LV preload, such as passive leg raising, may also help unmask increased filling pressures in patients with decreased ventricular compliance. These approaches may serve as alternatives when formal exercise testing is unavailable, although a negative result does not exclude clinically significant diastolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Some studies have also proposed handgrip stress to increase afterload.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In selected cases, stress echocardiography may be combined with simultaneous invasive hemodynamic assessment to confirm dynamic increases in pulmonary capillary pressure, thereby supporting the diagnosis of HFpEF when noninvasive findings are inconclusive.</p>
        <p>My Approach to stress testing: I assess changes in the E/e&#8242; ratio and TRV at peak exercise. An increase in average E/e&#8242; &gt; 14 or TRV &gt; 2.8 m/s (or &gt; 3.2 m/s in some studies to improve specificity) during exertion indicates dynamic increase of filling pressures and supports the diagnosis of HFpEF not evident at rest (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>; <xref ref-type="other" rid="f8">Video 4</xref>; <xref ref-type="other" rid="f9">Video 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Indications for diastolic stress testing and invasive hemodynamic assessment</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Clinical condition</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Indication/Purpose</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Dyspnea with indeterminate HF despite baseline refinement</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Clarify LV filling pressure behavior under stress conditions</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Exercise intolerance (NYHA class II/III) with normal or inconclusive resting echocardiography</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Detect dynamic elevation of LV filling pressures</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Persistent symptoms after mitral valve repair or TEER</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Evaluate residual or exercise-induced increase of filling pressures</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Subtle clinical findings discordant with a "normal" resting echocardiography</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Reproduce symptoms and assess hemodynamic response under stress</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">When to consider invasive hemodynamic assessment</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Purpose</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Indeterminate echocardiographic findings with high pre-test probability</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Confirm diagnosis through cardiac catheterization</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Persistent clinical suspicion despite noninvasive testing</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Document dynamic increase of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>HF: heart failure; LV: left ventricle; NYHA: New York Heart Association; TEER: transcatheter edge-to-edge repair.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <media id="f8" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/K8wT85p4J8Qn44MBP9vYB6L/e3b4de79d5ba3118bdb8212521949f8df0baafe0.mp4">
          <label>Video 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Passive leg raising demonstrating increased filling pressures in a patient with exertional dyspnea. In: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_4.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_4.mp4</ext-link> </title>
          </caption>
        </media>
        <media id="f9" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/K8wT85p4J8Qn44MBP9vYB6L/b727fcbae2f659c94a602ec543ac4ff76bc3dbfe.mp4">
          <label>Video 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diastolic stress testing with handgrip confirming increased filling pressures in unexplained dyspnea. In: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_5.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_5.mp4</ext-link> </title>
          </caption>
        </media>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Lung ultrasound (LUS) and venous excess ultrasound</title>
        <p>LUS and the venous excess ultrasound (VExUS) score have emerged as complementary tools for the assessment of congestion. LUS identifies B-lines as markers of interstitial edema, whereas VExUS integrates inferior vena cava assessment with Doppler interrogation of intra-abdominal veins to characterize systemic venous congestion.</p>
        <p>Although these methods do not replace diastolic function analysis, they expand bedside hemodynamic evaluation and may reinforce the suspicion of increased filling pressures in complex clinical scenarios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Artificial intelligence (AI) in the assessment of LV diastolic function</title>
        <p>AI has emerged as a promising tool in the assessment of diastolic dysfunction and HFpEF, particularly due to its ability to integrate multiple echocardiographic and clinical variables into predictive models that outperform isolated parameters.</p>
        <p>Machine learning algorithms can identify subtle phenotypic patterns, reduce the rate of indeterminate cases, and improve the estimation of filling pressures. Although still undergoing broad validation, AI is expected to function primarily as a decision-support tool, refining traditional algorithms without replacing the clinical judgment of the echocardiographer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>What should be included in the report?</title>
        <p>The echocardiographic report of diastolic function should address a clear clinical question rather than simply reproduce an algorithm. Classification as grade I, II, III, or indeterminate is insufficient on its own; it is essential to explicitly state whether there is consistent evidence of increased filling pressures and to describe the reasoning underlying this conclusion.</p>
        <p>The echocardiographer should integrate available parameters and clearly articulate the interpretative logic, presenting key data alongside a direct and accountable conclusion. A high-quality report is one that informs clinical management: technical rigor has value only when it translates into clarity and actionable insight.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The assessment of LV filling pressures has evolved from a rigid, algorithm-driven exercise to an integrated physiological interpretation. The 2025 ASE update provides greater flexibility, allowing adaptation of the assessment according to age and comorbidities.</p>
      <p>Rather than representing a purely mechanical application of predefined criteria, this evaluation should be understood as the structured integration of physiological data in support of clinical decision-making. We measure velocities and deformation, but our ultimate goal is to understand the hemodynamic mechanisms underlying symptoms.</p>
      <p>When performed with technical rigor and contextualized interpretation, echocardiography not only estimates filling pressures but also elucidates underlying mechanisms. This ability to translate quantitative data into clinically meaningful insight underpins its central role in contemporary cardiology practice.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Sources of Funding</label>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Study Association</label>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
        <p>During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used ChatGPT to improve the readability and language quality of the manuscript. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Availability of Research Data</title>
      <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
    </sec>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260026</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Como Eu Fa&#231;o a Avalia&#231;&#227;o Ecocardiogr&#225;fica das Press&#245;es de Enchimento do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo: Da Ambiguidade &#224; Precis&#227;o com Novas Diretrizes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0794-7339</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Stephan Lofrano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3403-7528</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vosgerau</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-4244-9444</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dreckmann</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Vitola</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7386-1619</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto D&#180;&#193;vila</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0415-6008</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zanlorensi</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udia Biondo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5539-3823</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bonotto</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">SEMEC, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Marco Stephan Lofrano Alves</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;. RUA Mateus Leme, 3945, apt 504, 2. CEP: <postal-code>82200-000</postal-code>. Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mslalves@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A estimativa ecocardiogr&#225;fica das press&#245;es de enchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) &#233; um pilar na avalia&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, particularmente em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp). O algoritmo da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> (ASE)/<italic>European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging</italic> (EACVI) de 2016 padronizou essa avalia&#231;&#227;o utilizando vari&#225;veis-chave, mas uma propor&#231;&#227;o substancial de casos permaneceu indeterminada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. A atualiza&#231;&#227;o recente da diretriz americana reorganizou a abordagem em um modelo hier&#225;rquico, incorporando ajustes relacionados &#224; idade e formalizando o papel do <italic>strain</italic> atrial esquerdo (SAE) como par&#226;metro de desempate, al&#233;m de fornecer uma caracteriza&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada de cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos especiais. Em paralelo, a diretriz de 2024 da <italic>British Society of Echocardiography</italic> enfatiza a interpreta&#231;&#227;o fisiopatol&#243;gica do enchimento ventricular, complementando o modelo operacional proposto pelo documento americano. Estudos multic&#234;ntricos com valida&#231;&#227;o invasiva sustentam essas atualiza&#231;&#245;es, estabelecendo o SAE como um marcador robusto de press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas. Neste artigo, apresentamos Como Eu Fa&#231;o a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica das press&#245;es de enchimento do VE, baseada em uma avalia&#231;&#227;o morfofuncional inicial, seguida por uma triagem estruturada (Etapa 1) e refinamento adicional (Etapa 2), incorporando o SAE e par&#226;metros adicionais. Tamb&#233;m apresentamos uma compara&#231;&#227;o entre diretrizes, discutimos armadilhas comuns e limita&#231;&#245;es dos algoritmos, e inclu&#237;mos v&#237;deos baseados em casos para aplica&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica das press&#245;es de enchimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) evoluiu de uma abordagem centrada no Doppler mitral para um modelo integrado que incorpora par&#226;metros morfol&#243;gicos e funcionais, apoiado por algoritmos cada vez mais estruturados. A diretriz de 2016 da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> (ASE)/<italic>European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging</italic> (EACVI) para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE por ecocardiografia marcou um passo fundamental nessa transi&#231;&#227;o ao propor um modelo simplificado baseado em quatro vari&#225;veis centrais;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> no entanto, uma propor&#231;&#227;o substancial dos exames permaneceu indeterminada quanto &#224; estimativa das press&#245;es de enchimento. Isso limita a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica, particularmente em condi&#231;&#245;es como a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp).</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas espec&#237;ficas (p. ex., fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial [FA], hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e doen&#231;a valvar) continuam a representar desafios para a aplicabilidade e interpreta&#231;&#227;o desses par&#226;metros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Atualiza&#231;&#245;es recentes avan&#231;aram esse campo em duas dire&#231;&#245;es complementares. A diretriz de 2024 da <italic>British Society of Echocardiography</italic> para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> refor&#231;a a base fisiopatol&#243;gica do enchimento ventricular e formaliza o <italic>strain</italic> atrial esquerdo (SAE) como ferramenta de refinamento. Em paralelo, a atualiza&#231;&#227;o da ASE de 2025 reorganiza o processo de tomada de decis&#227;o, incorpora ajustes relacionados &#224; idade e integra o <italic>strain</italic> atrial de forma semelhante,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> sustentada por estudos multic&#234;ntricos com valida&#231;&#227;o invasiva (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre diretrizes e evid&#234;ncias recentes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Dom&#237;nio</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">ASE/EACVI (2016)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">ASE (2025)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">BSE (2024)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Como Eu Fa&#231;o a integra&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Objetivo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Padroniza&#231;&#227;o e simplifica&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Redu&#231;&#227;o de discord&#226;ncias e casos indeterminados; modelo hier&#225;rquico</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#202;nfase na fisiopatologia e interpreta&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Integra&#231;&#227;o do modelo de 2025 com os princ&#237;pios fisiol&#243;gicos da BSE, utilizando o modelo de 2016 como base</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">SAE</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o inclu&#237;do formalmente</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Formalizado como par&#226;metro de refinamento</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Formalizado como par&#226;metro de refinamento</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Principal par&#226;metro de desempate</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ajuste para idade</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Limitado</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Incorpora&#231;&#227;o expl&#237;cita</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Reconhecido</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Evitar sobrediagn&#243;stico em pacientes idosos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IVAE</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Par&#226;metro central</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Par&#226;metro de suporte; marcador de cronicidade</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Par&#226;metro estrutural</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Suporte contextual; n&#227;o utilizado isoladamente</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Zona cinzenta</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Frequente</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Estrat&#233;gia estruturada de resolu&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Interpreta&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Refinamento na Etapa 2<break/> (SAE, TRIV, fluxo venoso pulmonar)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>ASE: American Society of Echocardiography; BSE: British Society of Echocardiography; EACVI: European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging; IVAE: &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo; SAE: strain atrial esquerdo; TRIV: tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico; VP: veia pulmonar.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Este artigo traduz esses avan&#231;os para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria por meio de Como Eu Fa&#231;o a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica das press&#245;es de enchimento do VE, uma abordagem desenvolvida para ser pr&#225;tica, reprodut&#237;vel e clinicamente relevante, preservando uma base fisiol&#243;gica robusta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f10">
          <caption>
            <title>Integra&#231;&#227;o e aplica&#231;&#227;o hier&#225;rquica de par&#226;metros e t&#233;cnicas para a avalia&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es de enchimento do VE. A estrat&#233;gia inicia-se com a avalia&#231;&#227;o morfofuncional e triagem estruturada, seguida por refinamento direcionado em casos indeterminados ou discordantes (Etapa 2), nos quais o SAE e par&#226;metros complementares desempenham papel decisivo na classifica&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica final. DF: di&#225;stole final; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; IVAE: &#237;ndice de volume atrial esquerdo; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar; SAE: <italic>strain</italic> atrial esquerdo; SAEcd: <italic>strain</italic> de condu&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerdo; SAEct: <italic>strain</italic> contr&#225;til atrial esquerdo; SAEr: <italic>strain</italic> de reservat&#243;rio atrial esquerdo; TD: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o; TRIV: tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VRT: velocidade de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260026-0026i-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <sec>
          <title>Antes do algoritmo: a vis&#227;o integrada do ecocardiografista</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica deve sempre come&#231;ar com a contextualiza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (p. ex., idade, sintomas, ritmo card&#237;aco, doen&#231;a valvar e estado hemodin&#226;mico), pois o algoritmo responde a uma quest&#227;o cl&#237;nica espec&#237;fica e n&#227;o deve ser aplicado de forma indiscriminada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Antes da aplica&#231;&#227;o de qualquer fluxograma, uma avalia&#231;&#227;o morfofuncional bidimensional permite ao ecocardiografista integrar rapidamente padr&#245;es de hipertrofia, tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE), geometria ventricular, movimento do anel mitral, sinais de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e a impress&#227;o visual global da complac&#234;ncia ventricular. Essa abordagem possibilita posicionar o paciente dentro de um fen&#243;tipo prov&#225;vel: baixa, intermedi&#225;ria ou alta probabilidade de press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas.</p>
          <p>Essa impress&#227;o inicial n&#227;o substitui o algoritmo; ao contr&#225;rio, evita tanto a aplica&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica de limiares num&#233;ricos quanto conclus&#245;es baseadas apenas em julgamento subjetivo. Ela funciona como um arcabou&#231;o conceitual que orienta a interpreta&#231;&#227;o e pode ser refinado ou corrigido pelo modelo estruturado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vis&#227;o geral da estrat&#233;gia: duas etapas, uma pergunta cl&#237;nica</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o deve ser estruturada para responder a uma pergunta simples e clinicamente significativa: h&#225; evid&#234;ncia consistente de press&#245;es de enchimento do VE elevadas? A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref> resume os par&#226;metros utilizados nessa avalia&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Par&#226;metros de refer&#234;ncia para a avalia&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es de enchimento do VE</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Par&#226;metro</th>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Limite anormal</th>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Interpreta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica/A&#231;&#227;o</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Velocidade e&#8242; septal</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8804; 6 cm/s</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Valores reduzidos sugerem relaxamento prejudicado; devem ser interpretados em conjunto com outros par&#226;metros.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Velocidade e&#8242; lateral</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8804; 7 cm/s</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Mesma interpreta&#231;&#227;o da e&#8242; septal; deve ser interpretada em conjunto com outros par&#226;metros.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Rela&#231;&#227;o E/A</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8804; 0,8 ou &#8805; 2,0</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">E/A &lt; 0,8 sugere relaxamento prejudicado; E/A &#8805; 2,0 sugere padr&#227;o restritivo de enchimento (deve ser interpretada em conjunto com outros par&#226;metros).</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8242; m&#233;dia</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8805; 14</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Apoia a presen&#231;a de press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">PSAP/velocidade de RT</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8805; 35 mmHg / &#8805; 2,8 m/s</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Quando aumentada, apoia press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas na aus&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar pr&#233;-capilar.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">SAEr</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&lt; 18%</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Valores reduzidos favorecem press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas; principal par&#226;metro de desempate.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">SAEct</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&lt; 8%</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Redu&#231;&#227;o acentuada apoia aumento sustentado das press&#245;es de enchimento; valores normais podem ajudar a exclu&#237;-las (particularmente quando SAEct &gt; 14% e SLG &#8805; 18%).</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">TRIV</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&lt; 70 ms</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">TRIV reduzido sugere press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Rela&#231;&#227;o S/D (veia pulmonar)</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&lt; 0,67</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Predomin&#226;ncia diast&#243;lica apoia press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas; associa&#231;&#227;o mais forte em FEVE reduzida.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Diferen&#231;a Ar-A (veia pulmonar)</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&gt; 30 ms</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Sugere press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas, particularmente em cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e RM.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">IVAE</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&gt; 34 ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Indica exposi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica a press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas; n&#227;o &#233; diagn&#243;stico isoladamente.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Ecocardiografia de estresse diast&#243;lico</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">E/e&#8242; no exerc&#237;cio &gt; 14; velocidade de RT &gt; 2,8 m/s</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Indicada quando a ecocardiografia de repouso n&#227;o explica os sintomas; apoia aumento din&#226;mico das press&#245;es de enchimento.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">USP/VExUS (adjunto)</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">VCI &gt; 2 cm; fluxo hep&#225;tico/portal reverso; gradua&#231;&#227;o de linhas B 0-3</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Avalia&#231;&#227;o complementar quando h&#225; discord&#226;ncia entre achados cl&#237;nicos e de imagem e a ecocardiografia de repouso &#233; inconclusivo.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>IVAE: &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo; IVRT: tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico; SAEct: strain contr&#225;til do &#225;trio esquerdo; SAEr: strain de reservat&#243;rio do &#225;trio esquerdo; SLG: strain longitudinal global; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar; RT: regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide; USP: ultrassonografia pulmonar; VExUS: escore de ultrassonografia de excesso venoso; VCI: veia cava inferior; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; RM: regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <sec>
            <title>Etapa 1: triagem inicial</title>
            <p>As diretrizes atualizadas enfatizam que o envelhecimento est&#225; associado a um decl&#237;nio fisiol&#243;gico do relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico. Como resultado, valores considerados anormais em indiv&#237;duos mais jovens podem ser esperados em pessoas mais velhas. Portanto, uma redu&#231;&#227;o isolada de e&#8242;, particularmente em pessoas mais velhas, n&#227;o deve ser automaticamente interpretada como indicativa de press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas. Valores de refer&#234;ncia ajustados para a idade s&#227;o essenciais para apoiar essa interpreta&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
            <list list-type="roman-lower">
              <list-item>
                <p>
                  <bold>
                    <italic>Velocidade e&#8242;: relaxamento com ajuste para a idade</italic>
                  </bold>
                </p>
                <p>As velocidades e&#8242; septal e lateral devem ser avaliadas rotineiramente. Uma e&#8242; reduzida sugere relaxamento comprometido, mas n&#227;o indica necessariamente press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas, particularmente em indiv&#237;duos mais velhos, nos quais valores mais baixos s&#227;o comuns e podem ocorrer na presen&#231;a de press&#245;es normais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Assim, a e&#8242; &#233; altamente informativa para caracterizar o relaxamento, mas deve ser interpretada em conjunto com outros par&#226;metros.</p>
                <p>Conceito novo/atual: a diretriz de 2025 refina os limiares de refer&#234;ncia normais e reconhece que e&#8242; septal &#8804; 6 cm/s ou e&#8242; lateral &#8804; 7 cm/s &#233; frequentemente observada em indiv&#237;duos com idade &gt; 60-70 anos e, isoladamente, n&#227;o define press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>
                  <bold>
                    <italic>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8242;: &#250;til, mas n&#227;o definitiva</italic>
                  </bold>
                </p>
                <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8242; permanece um par&#226;metro central devido &#224; sua praticidade; no entanto, deve ser interpretada como evid&#234;ncia de apoio, e n&#227;o como determinante isolado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
                <p>Conceito novo/atual: uma E/e&#8242; m&#233;dia &#8805; 14 apoia a presen&#231;a de press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas, enquanto valores mais baixos tornam essa possibilidade menos prov&#225;vel. No entanto, uma "zona cinzenta" intermedi&#225;ria (particularmente 8-14) &#233; comum e, de acordo com a diretriz de 2025, requer refinamento adicional com par&#226;metros complementares. As limita&#231;&#245;es tamb&#233;m devem ser reconhecidas na presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a mitral significativa, ritmos irregulares sem m&#233;dia adequada dos batimentos e ventr&#237;culos com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>
                  <bold>
                    <italic>Velocidade de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide (VRT): uma liga&#231;&#227;o com a hemodin&#226;mica pulmonar</italic>
                  </bold>
                </p>
                <p>Quando adequadamente medida, a VRT fornece uma estimativa indireta da press&#227;o pulmonar e pode apoiar a presen&#231;a de press&#245;es de enchimento do VE elevadas (p&#243;s-capilares), desde que doen&#231;a pulmonar prim&#225;ria (pr&#233;-capilar) seja exclu&#237;da. O ponto de corte de &#8805; 2,8 m/s permanece consistente entre as diretrizes recentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
                <p>Conceito novo/atual: a atualiza&#231;&#227;o da ASE tamb&#233;m considera uma press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP) estimada &#8805; 35 mmHg como sugestiva de press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas, desde que a estimativa da press&#227;o atrial direita baseada nos par&#226;metros da veia cava inferior seja tecnicamente confi&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Etapa 2: refinamento &#8212; onde as atualiza&#231;&#245;es recentes realmente modificaram a pr&#225;tica</title>
            <p>A Etapa 2 concentra-se na avalia&#231;&#227;o de marcadores de remodelamento AE/VE e indicadores de press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas.</p>
            <list list-type="roman-lower">
              <list-item>
                <p>
                  <bold>
                    <italic>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/A e tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o (TD): o padr&#227;o mitral ainda importa</italic>
                  </bold>
                </p>
                <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o E/A permanece um marcador fisiol&#243;gico central do enchimento transmitral, orientando a distin&#231;&#227;o entre relaxamento prejudicado e complac&#234;ncia reduzida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Uma rela&#231;&#227;o E/A &#8804; 0,8 sugere relaxamento prejudicado (comum com o envelhecimento), enquanto E/A &#8805; 2,0 combinada com TD &lt; 160 ms (particularmente em pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo [FEVE] reduzida) indica padr&#227;o restritivo de enchimento e press&#245;es elevadas.</p>
                <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; a pseudonormaliza&#231;&#227;o (E/A entre 0,8-2,0 na presen&#231;a de press&#245;es elevadas), o que refor&#231;a que a E/A nunca deve ser interpretada isoladamente.</p>
                <p>Conceito novo/atual: a diretriz de 2016 enfatizava seu papel na gradua&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, e a atualiza&#231;&#227;o de 2025 preserva sua relev&#226;ncia fisiol&#243;gica enquanto prioriza um modelo de tomada de decis&#227;o mais objetivo e reprodut&#237;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>
                  <bold>
                    <italic>&#205;ndice de volume atrial esquerdo (IVAE): marcador de exposi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica, n&#227;o de press&#227;o atual</italic>
                  </bold>
                </p>
                <p>O IVAE &gt; 34 ml/m<sup>2</sup> &#233; um marcador bem estabelecido de exposi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica do AE a press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas, com importante valor diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, FA, doen&#231;a valvar e cardiomiopatias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
                <p>Conceito novo/atual: na atualiza&#231;&#227;o de 2025, o IVAE deixa de ser um par&#226;metro central e assume papel de suporte, uma vez que reflete remodelamento cr&#244;nico e n&#227;o o estado hemodin&#226;mico atual. Portanto, deve ser interpretado em conjunto com marcadores menos influenciados por altera&#231;&#245;es transit&#243;rias.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>
                  <bold>
                    <italic>SAE (reservat&#243;rio e contr&#225;til): o principal crit&#233;rio de desempate contempor&#226;neo</italic>
                  </bold>
                </p>
                <p>Estudos recentes demonstraram forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre o SAE e medidas invasivas de press&#227;o de enchimento, estabelecendo o <italic>strain</italic> de reservat&#243;rio do AE (SAEr) como marcador de press&#245;es elevadas e o <italic>strain</italic> contr&#225;til do AE (SAEct) como ferramenta para exclu&#237;-las.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
                <p>Conceito novo/atual: o <italic>strain</italic> atrial representa a inova&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica mais relevante nas diretrizes atuais, pois integra fun&#231;&#227;o atrial e hist&#243;rico hemodin&#226;mico. SAEr &lt; 18% (especialmente &lt; 16%) sugere press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas ao refletir redu&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia atrial, enquanto SAEct &gt; 14% em pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada exclui de forma eficaz press&#245;es elevadas, mesmo na presen&#231;a de valores lim&#237;trofes de E/e&#8242;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
                <p>Aquisi&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica: o SAE deve ser medido nas janelas apicais de quatro e duas c&#226;maras, com o intervalo R-R definindo o ciclo card&#237;aco. Taxas de quadros adequadas (&gt; 60 fps), profundidade apropriada e aquisi&#231;&#227;o otimizada da imagem s&#227;o essenciais. A an&#225;lise por <italic>speckle tracking</italic> deve excluir as veias pulmonares e o ap&#234;ndice do AE. A m&#233;dia das duas janelas deve ser reportada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="other" rid="f12">V&#237;deo 1</xref>).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>
                  <bold>
                    <italic>Tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico (TRIV): &#250;til em cen&#225;rios discordantes ou desafiadores</italic>
                  </bold>
                </p>
                <p>O TRIV corresponde ao intervalo entre o fechamento da valva a&#243;rtica e a abertura da valva mitral, refletindo o relaxamento ventricular ativo precoce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
                <p>Conceito novo/atual: inicialmente descrito como par&#226;metro auxiliar nas diretrizes de 2009 e mantido como medida complementar em 2016, o TRIV recupera relev&#226;ncia como ferramenta de refinamento em casos discordantes. Embora n&#227;o fa&#231;a parte do n&#250;cleo prim&#225;rio de decis&#227;o, um TRIV reduzido (&#8804; 70 ms) sugere press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas, especialmente quando associado a padr&#227;o restritivo de enchimento ou redu&#231;&#227;o do <italic>strain</italic> atrial. &#201; particularmente &#250;til quando as medidas de Doppler tecidual s&#227;o pouco confi&#225;veis, como na FA ou na calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>
                  <bold>
                    <italic>Fluxo venoso pulmonar (S/D e Ar-A): quando confirma&#231;&#227;o adicional &#233; necess&#225;ria</italic>
                  </bold>
                </p>
                <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do fluxo venoso pulmonar pode ser tecnicamente desafiadora, mas fornece informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas quando adequadamente obtida. A predomin&#226;ncia diast&#243;lica (S/D &#8804; 0,67) apoia press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas. No entanto, pacientes com FEVE preservada podem apresentar S/D &gt; 0,67 mesmo com press&#245;es elevadas, exigindo confirma&#231;&#227;o com par&#226;metros adicionais.</p>
                <p>Uma diferen&#231;a de dura&#231;&#227;o Ar-A &gt; 30 ms pode ser &#250;til em condi&#231;&#245;es selecionadas, como cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (RM).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>
                  <bold>
                    <italic>Par&#226;metros suplementares adicionais</italic>
                  </bold>
                </p>
                <p>Quando os par&#226;metros principais e de refinamento n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis ou s&#227;o pouco confi&#225;veis, medidas adicionais podem apoiar a interpreta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Entre elas: velocidade de regurgita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar diast&#243;lica de pico &#8805; 2 m/s; press&#227;o diast&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar &#8805; 16 mmHg; velocidade da onda L do fluxo mitral &#8805; 50 cm/s; dura&#231;&#227;o Ar-A &gt; 30 ms; redu&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 50% da rela&#231;&#227;o E/A mitral durante a manobra de Valsalva; E/Vp &#8805; 2,5; tempo de tr&#226;nsito da onda A &#8804; 45 ms; e TRIV/TE e&#8242; &lt; 2.</p>
                <p>Al&#233;m disso, um &#237;ndice de massa do VE &gt; 95 g/m<sup>2</sup> em mulheres ou &gt; 115 g/m<sup>2</sup> em homens pode indicar remodelamento estrutural compat&#237;vel com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <fig id="f11">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Papel do SAE no refinamento da avalia&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es de enchimento do VE. Avalia&#231;&#227;o da deforma&#231;&#227;o do AE por meio da ecocardiografia com <italic>speckle tracking</italic>. A) Medidas de SAEr, SAEcd e SAEct em um indiv&#237;duo normal, com valores de 49%, &#8722;36% e &#8722;12%, respectivamente; B) curvas de <italic>strain</italic> correspondentes de um paciente com press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas, mostrando valores de 15%, &#8722;5,1% e &#8722;9,8%, respectivamente.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260026-0026i-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
            <media id="f12" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/K8wT85p4J8Qn44MBP9vYB6L/8b3b427d1414e2588f3f3eb0485efc4f0e431f7e.mp4">
              <label>V&#237;deo 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>ICFEp com avalia&#231;&#227;o de repouso inconclusiva, esclarecida pelo SAE. V&#237;deo em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_1.mp4</ext-link> </title>
              </caption>
            </media>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Interpreta&#231;&#227;o e integra&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros (abordagem baseada em algoritmo)</title>
          <p>Se todos os par&#226;metros prim&#225;rios avaliados na Etapa 1 (e&#8242;, VRT e E/e&#8242;) estiverem dentro dos limites normais, as press&#245;es de enchimento do VE s&#227;o consideradas normais. Por outro lado, se os tr&#234;s par&#226;metros estiverem alterados, h&#225; presen&#231;a de press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas.</p>
          <p>Quando o e&#8242; est&#225; reduzido (com base em valores de refer&#234;ncia ajustados para a idade) e a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A &#233; &#8804; 0,8, esse padr&#227;o &#233; compat&#237;vel com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica grau I e press&#245;es de enchimento normais.</p>
          <p>A incerteza diagn&#243;stica surge em cen&#225;rios intermedi&#225;rios ou discordantes, incluindo casos em que apenas o e&#8242; est&#225; reduzido com E/A &gt; 0,8, aumento isolado da VRT/PSAP ou da E/e&#8242;, ou quando quaisquer duas vari&#225;veis prim&#225;rias est&#227;o alteradas. Nessas situa&#231;&#245;es, o refinamento com os par&#226;metros da Etapa 2 torna-se essencial.</p>
          <p>Esses incluem SAEr, TRIV, S/D, IVAE e par&#226;metros suplementares adicionais. Se um ou mais desses marcadores de refinamento estiverem alterados, confirmam-se press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas. Uma rela&#231;&#227;o E/A &lt; 2 apoia a classifica&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica grau II, enquanto E/A &#8805; 2indica disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica grau III.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 2</xref> demonstra a aplica&#231;&#227;o do algoritmo.</p>
          <fig id="f13">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Algoritmo de decis&#227;o para estimativa das press&#245;es de enchimento do VE. Fluxograma pr&#225;tico baseado na diretriz da ASE de 2025. A Etapa 1 baseia-se em par&#226;metros centrais de relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico e avalia&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es de enchimento. Em casos de discord&#226;ncia (por exemplo, um &#250;nico par&#226;metro alterado ou valores lim&#237;trofes), aplica-se a Etapa 2, priorizando SAEr e TRIV. A integra&#231;&#227;o desses achados permite tanto a gradua&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica quanto a classifica&#231;&#227;o definitiva do estado das press&#245;es de enchimento do VE. ASE: <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic>; IMVE: &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IVAE: &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo; PADP: press&#227;o diast&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar; SAE: <italic>strain</italic> atrial esquerdo; SAEr: <italic>strain</italic> de reservat&#243;rio do &#225;trio esquerdo; TR: regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide; TRIV: tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260026-0026i-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Situa&#231;&#245;es especiais</title>
          <p>A diretriz de 2025 refor&#231;a que uma abordagem "tamanho &#250;nico" n&#227;o &#233; aplic&#225;vel. Cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos espec&#237;ficos exigem adapta&#231;&#227;o tanto das estrat&#233;gias de aquisi&#231;&#227;o quanto de interpreta&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas que exigem adapta&#231;&#227;o do algoritmo padr&#227;o de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</th>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Considera&#231;&#245;es-chave para a avalia&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es de enchimento do VE</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">FA</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">M&#233;dia de 5-10 batimentos consecutivos com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca controlada. Considerar E &#8805; 100 cm/s, E/e&#8242; septal &#8805; 11, velocidade de RT &#8805; 2,8 m/s e TD &#8804; 160 ms. SAEr &lt; 18% apoia press&#245;es elevadas. O volume do AE isoladamente n&#227;o &#233; diagn&#243;stico.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Estenose mitral</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">A rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8242; n&#227;o deve ser utilizada. Priorizar TRIV, rela&#231;&#227;o TE-e&#8242; e velocidade da onda A mitral. As press&#245;es de enchimento devem ser interpretadas com cautela devido &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o transmitral.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">RM</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">A onda E frequentemente est&#225; aumentada por sobrecarga de volume, e n&#227;o por aumento de press&#227;o. E/e&#8242; pode superestimar as press&#245;es. Dura&#231;&#227;o Ar-A e TRIV podem fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es complementares.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Restri&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica reduz a confiabilidade do e&#8242;. Deve-se dar maior &#234;nfase ao TRIV e ao padr&#227;o global de enchimento, em vez de E/e&#8242; isoladamente.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Amiloidose card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Velocidades anulares marcadamente reduzidas ("sinal 5-5-5": s&#8242;, e&#8242;, a&#8242; &lt; 5 cm/s) associadas a padr&#227;o transmitral restritivo. Apical sparing no strain longitudinal apoia o diagn&#243;stico.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Taquicardia sinusal/estados de alto d&#233;bito</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Velocidades transmitrais aumentadas podem refletir aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e n&#227;o das press&#245;es de enchimento. TRIV e E/e&#8242; devem ser interpretados no contexto cl&#237;nico.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Transplante card&#237;aco</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Geometria atrial alterada, desnerva&#231;&#227;o e taquicardia sinusal frequente modificam os padr&#245;es Doppler. Predomin&#226;ncia diast&#243;lica precoce pode ser fisiol&#243;gica, especialmente em doadores jovens.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">DAVE</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">A fisiologia de fluxo cont&#237;nuo altera os &#237;ndices Doppler convencionais. E/A, E/e&#8242; e press&#245;es pulmonares devem ser interpretados conforme os par&#226;metros do dispositivo e o estado cl&#237;nico.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Cardiomiopatia restritiva vs pericardite constritiva</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">e&#8242; medial preservado ou aumentado (&gt; 8 cm/s) favorece constri&#231;&#227;o, enquanto e&#8242; reduzido (&lt; 6 cm/s) apoia cardiomiopatia restritiva. Avaliar annulus reversus e varia&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Obstru&#231;&#227;o da VSVE e regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral significativa podem aumentar a press&#227;o do AE. Dura&#231;&#227;o Ar-A, IVAE e velocidade de RT devem ser integradas &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">E/e&#8242; septal pode ser enganoso na sobrecarga de press&#227;o do VD. Preferir e&#8242; lateral e SAE para diferenciar mecanismos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-capilares.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Altera&#231;&#245;es de condu&#231;&#227;o (BRE, estimula&#231;&#227;o de VD, TRC)</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Movimento septal anormal reduz a confiabilidade de e&#8242; e E/e&#8242;. Maior peso deve ser dado &#224; velocidade de RT, tamanho do AE e SAE.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Cora&#231;&#227;o de atleta</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Aumento fisiol&#243;gico das c&#226;maras e do volume diast&#243;lico pode simular disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Valorizar aus&#234;ncia de sintomas, pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos normais e SAE preservado. Evitar classifica&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; DAVE: dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda; IVAE: &#237;ndice de volume do AE; SAE: <italic>strain</italic> do AE; SAEct: <italic>strain</italic> contr&#225;til do AE; SAEr: <italic>strain</italic> de reservat&#243;rio do AE; TR: regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide; TRC: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca; TRIV: tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VSVE: via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; RM: regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <list list-type="roman-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <bold>
                  <italic>FA</italic>
                </bold>
              </p>
              <p>A variabilidade batimento a batimento aumenta o risco de erro de medida; portanto, a m&#233;dia de m&#250;ltiplos ciclos card&#237;acos &#233; essencial. Idealmente, as medidas devem ser obtidas com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca controlada &lt; 100 bpm. Pacientes com menor variabilidade no fluxo mitral tendem a apresentar press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 3</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
              <p>Como Eu Fa&#231;o na FA: a avalia&#231;&#227;o segue um modelo em duas etapas. Na Etapa 1, consideram-se os seguintes par&#226;metros: E &#8805; 100 cm/s, E/e&#8242; septal &#8805; 11, VRT &gt; 2,8 m/s ou PSAP &gt; 35 mmHg, e TD &#8804; 160 ms.</p>
              <p>Se nenhum ou apenas um par&#226;metro estiver alterado, as press&#245;es de enchimento s&#227;o consideradas normais. Se &#8805; tr&#234;s par&#226;metros estiverem alterados, h&#225; press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas. Se dois par&#226;metros estiverem alterados, &#233; necess&#225;rio refinamento utilizando marcadores da Etapa 2, incluindo SAEr &lt; 18% e S/D &lt; 1. IMC &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> refor&#231;a o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEp.</p>
              <p>Deve-se utilizar a m&#233;dia de 5-10 ciclos card&#237;acos. Se nenhum dos par&#226;metros estiver alterado, as press&#245;es s&#227;o normais. Se dois dos tr&#234;s par&#226;metros de refinamento estiverem alterados, h&#225; press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas. Se apenas um par&#226;metro estiver alterado ou os dados n&#227;o estiverem dispon&#237;veis, o resultado deve ser considerado indeterminado.</p>
              <p>Cuidado: SAEct n&#227;o est&#225; presente na FA; no entanto, o SAEr permanece informativo. Valores muito baixos (&lt; 16%) indicam redu&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia atrial e press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f15">V&#237;deo 2</xref>).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <bold>
                  <italic>Doen&#231;a valvar mitral</italic>
                </bold>
              </p>
              <p>Na estenose mitral, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8242; n&#227;o deve ser utilizada. Na RM significativa, a onda E pode estar aumentada devido &#224; sobrecarga de volume, e n&#227;o necessariamente por aumento das press&#245;es de enchimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
              <p>Como Eu Fa&#231;o na doen&#231;a valvar mitral: na RM, maior &#234;nfase deve ser dada aos padr&#245;es de fluxo venoso pulmonar e ao TRIV. O SAE deve ser interpretado com cautela, pois o volume regurgitante pode aumentar artificialmente o SAEr.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <bold>
                  <italic>Amiloidose card&#237;aca</italic>
                </bold>
              </p>
              <p>Nesse contexto, valores num&#233;ricos isolados podem n&#227;o refletir adequadamente a fisiopatologia subjacente; o fen&#243;tipo bidimensional e o padr&#227;o funcional global s&#227;o determinantes centrais. A presen&#231;a de aumento da espessura da parede do VE associada a padr&#227;o de <italic>apical sparing</italic> no <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal deve motivar a avalia&#231;&#227;o de um padr&#227;o restritivo de enchimento diast&#243;lico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
              <p>Como Eu Fa&#231;o na amiloidose card&#237;aca: frequentemente observa-se uma dissocia&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;stica, com velocidades e&#8242; marcadamente reduzidas (septal e lateral &lt; 5 cm/s) em contraste com onda E mitral elevada e TD reduzido. Esse padr&#227;o restritivo cl&#225;ssico apoia fortemente a presen&#231;a de press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas, muitas vezes dispensando avalia&#231;&#227;o algor&#237;tmica complexa.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <bold>
                  <italic>Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</italic>
                </bold>
              </p>
              <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8242;, particularmente a medida septal, pode ser enganosa na hipertens&#227;o pulmonar pr&#233;-capilar. Nesses casos, deve-se dar maior &#234;nfase ao E/e&#8242; lateral e ao SAE, especialmente na distin&#231;&#227;o entre mecanismos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-capilares em cen&#225;rios lim&#237;trofes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="other" rid="f16">V&#237;deo 3</xref>).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <fig id="f14">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Algoritmo para estimativa da press&#227;o m&#233;dia do AE na FA. A avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial baseia-se em quatro par&#226;metros: velocidade E mitral &#8805; 100 cm/s, E/e&#8242; septal &gt; 11, velocidade de RT &gt; 2,8 m/s (ou PASP &gt; 35 mmHg) e TD &#8804; 160 ms. A aus&#234;ncia de par&#226;metros alterados ou a presen&#231;a de apenas um par&#226;metro anormal sugere press&#227;o atrial esquerda normal. Quando dois par&#226;metros est&#227;o alterados, marcadores adicionais, incluindo SAEr &lt; 18%, S/D &lt; 1 e IMC &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, s&#227;o utilizados para refinar a classifica&#231;&#227;o como PAE normal, elevada ou indeterminada. AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar; SAE: <italic>strain</italic> do AE; SAEr: <italic>strain</italic> de reservat&#243;rio do AE; TD: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o; TR: regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PAE: press&#227;o do AE.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260026-0026i-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <media id="f15" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/K8wT85p4J8Qn44MBP9vYB6L/6ba96be76998c7e814342c7a03f24e10e3a728b3.mp4">
            <label>V&#237;deo 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>FA: import&#226;ncia da m&#233;dia de batimentos e do uso do TRIV e do SAE para refinamento. V&#237;deo em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_2.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_2.mp4</ext-link> </title>
            </caption>
          </media>
          <media id="f16" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/K8wT85p4J8Qn44MBP9vYB6L/7ea1f0c60d45d768a1803e0716077d4c9054cf19.mp4">
            <label>V&#237;deo 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar pr&#233;-capilar com par&#226;metros lim&#237;trofes e SAE preservado. V&#237;deo em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_3.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_3.mp4</ext-link> </title>
            </caption>
          </media>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>O papel do teste de estresse diast&#243;lico e da avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica invasiva</title>
          <p>Em pacientes com dispneia aos esfor&#231;os (classes II e III da classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>) e ecocardiografia de repouso normal ou indeterminado, mesmo ap&#243;s a incorpora&#231;&#227;o do SAE, a avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o deve ser interrompida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A ecocardiografia de estresse diast&#243;lico com bicicleta ergom&#233;trica em posi&#231;&#227;o supina ou esteira &#233; recomendada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Manobras que aumentam a pr&#233;-carga do VE, como eleva&#231;&#227;o passiva dos membros inferiores, tamb&#233;m podem ajudar a evidenciar press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas em pacientes com complac&#234;ncia ventricular reduzida. Essas abordagens podem servir como alternativas quando o teste de exerc&#237;cio formal n&#227;o est&#225; dispon&#237;vel, embora um resultado negativo n&#227;o exclua disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica clinicamente relevante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Alguns estudos tamb&#233;m propuseram o <italic>handgrip</italic> para aumentar a p&#243;s-carga.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Em casos selecionados, a ecocardiografia de estresse pode ser combinada com avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica invasiva simult&#226;nea para confirmar aumentos din&#226;micos da press&#227;o capilar pulmonar, apoiando o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEp quando os achados n&#227;o invasivos s&#227;o inconclusivos.</p>
          <p>Como Eu Fa&#231;o no teste de estresse: avalio as altera&#231;&#245;es na rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8242; e na VRT no pico do exerc&#237;cio. Um aumento da E/e&#8242; m&#233;dia &gt; 14 ou da VRT &gt; 2,8 m/s (ou &gt; 3,2 m/s em alguns estudos para aumentar a especificidade) durante o esfor&#231;o indica aumento din&#226;mico das press&#245;es de enchimento e apoia o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEp n&#227;o evidente em repouso (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>; <xref ref-type="other" rid="f17">V&#237;deo 4</xref>; <xref ref-type="other" rid="f18">V&#237;deo 5</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Indica&#231;&#245;es para teste de estresse diast&#243;lico e avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica invasiva</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</th>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Indica&#231;&#227;o/Objetivo</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Dispneia com IC indeterminada, apesar do refinamento basal</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Esclarecer o comportamento das press&#245;es de enchimento do VE sob condi&#231;&#245;es de estresse</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio (classes II/III da NYHA) com ecocardiografia de repouso normal ou inconclusivo</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Detectar eleva&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica das press&#245;es de enchimento do VE</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Sintomas persistentes ap&#243;s reparo valvar mitral ou RBBT</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Avaliar aumento residual ou induzido pelo exerc&#237;cio das press&#245;es de enchimento</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Achados cl&#237;nicos sutis discordantes com ecocardiografia de repouso "normal"</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Avaliar aumento residual ou induzido pelo exerc&#237;cio das press&#245;es de enchimento</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Quando considerar avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica invasiva</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Objetivo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos indeterminados com alta probabilidade pr&#233;-teste</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Confirmar o diagn&#243;stico por meio de cateterismo card&#237;aco</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Suspeita cl&#237;nica persistente apesar de testes n&#227;o invasivos</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Documentar aumento din&#226;mico da press&#227;o capilar pulmonar</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; NYHA: New York Heart Association; RBBT: reparo borda a borda transcateter; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <media id="f17" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/K8wT85p4J8Qn44MBP9vYB6L/e3b4de79d5ba3118bdb8212521949f8df0baafe0.mp4">
            <label>V&#237;deo 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Eleva&#231;&#227;o passiva dos membros inferiores demonstrando aumento das press&#245;es de enchimento em paciente com dispneia aos esfor&#231;os. V&#237;deo em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_4.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_4.mp4</ext-link> </title>
            </caption>
          </media>
          <media id="f18" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/K8wT85p4J8Qn44MBP9vYB6L/b727fcbae2f659c94a602ec543ac4ff76bc3dbfe.mp4">
            <label>V&#237;deo 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Teste de estresse diast&#243;lico com handgrip confirmando aumento das press&#245;es de enchimento em dispneia sem causa definida. V&#237;deo em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_5.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3902/ABCImag-2026-0026_AR_Video_5.mp4</ext-link> </title>
            </caption>
          </media>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ultrassonografia pulmonar (USP) e ultrassonografia de excesso venoso</title>
          <p>A USP e o escore de ultrassonografia de excesso venoso (VExUS) emergiram como ferramentas complementares para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de congest&#227;o. A USP identifica linhas B como marcadores de edema intersticial, enquanto o VExUS integra a avalia&#231;&#227;o da veia cava inferior com a an&#225;lise Doppler de veias intra-abdominais para caracterizar a congest&#227;o venosa sist&#234;mica.</p>
          <p>Embora esses m&#233;todos n&#227;o substituam a an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, eles ampliam a avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica &#224; beira do leito e podem refor&#231;ar a suspeita de press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas em cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos complexos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Intelig&#234;ncia artificial (IA) na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE</title>
          <p>A IA tem emergido como uma ferramenta promissora na avalia&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e da ICFEp, particularmente por sua capacidade de integrar m&#250;ltiplas vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas em modelos preditivos que superam par&#226;metros isolados.</p>
          <p>Algoritmos de aprendizado de m&#225;quina podem identificar padr&#245;es fenot&#237;picos sutis, reduzir a taxa de casos indeterminados e melhorar a estimativa das press&#245;es de enchimento. Embora ainda em processo de valida&#231;&#227;o ampla, espera-se que a IA atue principalmente como ferramenta de suporte &#224; decis&#227;o, refinando algoritmos tradicionais sem substituir o julgamento cl&#237;nico do ecocardiografista.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>O que deve ser inclu&#237;do no laudo?</title>
          <p>O laudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica deve responder a uma pergunta cl&#237;nica clara, em vez de apenas reproduzir um algoritmo. A classifica&#231;&#227;o como grau I, II, III ou indeterminado, isoladamente, &#233; insuficiente; &#233; essencial declarar explicitamente se h&#225; evid&#234;ncia consistente de press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas e descrever o racioc&#237;nio que fundamenta essa conclus&#227;o.</p>
          <p>O ecocardiografista deve integrar os par&#226;metros dispon&#237;veis e explicitar claramente a l&#243;gica interpretativa, apresentando os dados-chave juntamente com uma conclus&#227;o direta e respons&#225;vel. Um laudo de alta qualidade &#233; aquele que orienta a conduta cl&#237;nica: o rigor t&#233;cnico s&#243; tem valor quando se traduz em clareza e aplicabilidade pr&#225;tica.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es de enchimento do VE evoluiu de um exerc&#237;cio r&#237;gido, baseado em algoritmos, para uma interpreta&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica integrada. A atualiza&#231;&#227;o da ASE de 2025 oferece maior flexibilidade, permitindo adaptar a avalia&#231;&#227;o conforme idade e comorbidades.</p>
        <p>Mais do que a aplica&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica de crit&#233;rios predefinidos, essa avalia&#231;&#227;o deve ser compreendida como a integra&#231;&#227;o estruturada de dados fisiol&#243;gicos para apoiar a tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Medimos velocidades e deforma&#231;&#227;o, mas o objetivo final &#233; compreender os mecanismos hemodin&#226;micos subjacentes aos sintomas.</p>
        <p>Quando realizada com rigor t&#233;cnico e interpreta&#231;&#227;o contextualizada, a ecocardiografia n&#227;o apenas estima as press&#245;es de enchimento, mas tamb&#233;m elucida os mecanismos subjacentes. Essa capacidade de traduzir dados quantitativos em informa&#231;&#227;o clinicamente relevante fundamenta seu papel central na pr&#225;tica cardiol&#243;gica contempor&#226;nea.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
          <p>Durante a prepara&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho, o(s) autor(es) usaram ChatGPT para melhorar a legibilidade e a qualidade da linguagem do manuscrito. O autor revisou e editou o conte&#250;do conforme necess&#225;rio e assume total responsabilidade pelo conte&#250;do do artigo publicado. Ap&#243;s o uso desta ferramenta/servi&#231;o, o(s) autor(es) revisaram e editaram o conte&#250;do conforme necess&#225;rio e assumem total responsabilidade pelo conte&#250;do do artigo publicado.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
        <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
