<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">pBm7Q7ZwqGrsMRcMGkGhTFq</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2675-312X2026000201401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260024i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>My Approach to Assessing Mitral Regurgitation with Splay: What Does It Mean for Severity?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7053-3684</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nishida</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>acquisition of data</role>
          <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1932-2512</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Natasha Soares Sim&#245;es dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>acquisition of data</role>
          <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5153-8420</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Assef</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0056-4378</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vilela</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Gustavo Nishida</bold> &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. Avenida Dr Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal code: <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>. S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>gustavonishida@yahoo.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>39</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260024</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Echocardiographic assessment of mitral regurgitation (MR) is multiparametric and often challenging. The artifact known as splay has been described as an additional tool for estimating the severity of regurgitation. The term refers to a side-lobe artifact that forms a horizontal arc on color Doppler imaging. This same phenomenon can also be observed in other valvular heart diseases, such as aortic regurgitation. In 2020, Wiener et al. reported that splay was present in 81% of cases of significant MR, reaching 93% in eccentric jets, whereas the prevalence was only 16% in mild MR. Verbeke et al. associated the artifact with larger regurgitant volumes. A splay width greater than 29 mm was identified as an independent predictor of adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Although its presence alone does not denote severe MR, splay acts as a red flag, suggesting that regurgitation may be greater than it appears and indicating the need for careful reassessment of the transthoracic echocardiogram or, possibly, complementary transesophageal echocardiography. Further evidence and systematic evaluations are needed to investigate the best strategy for incorporating these data into the multiparametric approach to MR.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Severity of Illness Index</kwd>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f3">
      <caption>
        <title>MR: mitral regurgitation.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260024-0024i-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <sec>
      <title>The challenge of grading mitral regurgitation severity</title>
      <p>Echocardiographic assessment of mitral regurgitation (MR) is multiparametric and often challenging. Especially in the presence of multiple, eccentric, non-homogeneous jets throughout the cardiac cycle or non-circular regurgitant orifices, it is paramount to combine qualitative and quantitative data that can guide the grading of valvular regurgitation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In this context, an artifact has been described as an additional finding in the assessment of MR.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Splay: a valuable artifact</title>
      <p>The term splay refers to a side-lobe artifact that appears as a horizontal arc on color Doppler imaging, dispersing signal and usually observed along the atrial surface of the valve, extending beyond anatomical boundaries<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Splay in MR. On the left, transthoracic echocardiography in the apical 3-chamber view shows evidence of splay on color Doppler at the level of the mitral annulus. On the right, transesophageal echocardiography reveals significant MR with a medially directed eccentric jet.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260024-0024i-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Ultrasound transducers emit energy not only in the main direction (central axis of the beam), but also in lateral directions, forming secondary lobes of lower intensity. When these side lobes encounter highly reflective structures, such as cardiac walls or valves, they may generate echoes that are incorrectly mapped by the imaging system, as if they originated from the main axis, resulting in artifacts on echocardiographic images.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Considering the mechanism that gives rise to this artifact, splay can be documented in other valvular regurgitations, for example, aortic regurgitation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Splay in aortic regurgitation. In the upper images, transthoracic echocardiography in the parasternal long-axis (A) and short-axis (B) views shows evidence of splay, extending beyond anatomical boundaries. In the lower images (C and D), transesophageal echocardiogram reveals an eccentric aortic regurgitant jet originating from the commissural region.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260024-0024i-gf03.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Evidence of diagnostic and prognostic value</title>
      <p>In 2020, Wiener et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> described this artifact as a clue for detecting significant MR. In an analysis of 200 cases of MR documented by transthoracic echocardiography, half with significant regurgitation and half with mild regurgitation, the prevalence of splay was 81% and 16%, respectively. In eccentric jets, the prevalence reached 93% of cases. This sign was observed in proto-, meso-, tele-, and holosystolic jets; on the atrial and ventricular surface of the mitral annulus; in preserved and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction; in different etiologies (prolapse, rheumatic disease, mitral annulus calcification, functional); and using different commercially available echocardiogram brands. It has most frequently been documented in apical views, but it has also been observed in parasternal long- and short-axis views. The origin of the signal appears to be related to blood flow rate per unit area. With higher gain, lower ultrasound frequency, and lower Nyquist limit, higher prevalence and greater extent of splay are observed. In their study, harmonic imaging had little effect on splay.</p>
      <p>In a single-center registry by Verbeke et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> in Ghent, Belgium, a 27% prevalence of color Doppler splay was reported in 469 patients, correlating with greater effective regurgitant orifice area, regurgitant volume, and vena contracta width. They used a Vivid E9 echocardiographic system, GE Healthcare, equipped with an M5Sc-D transducer for all examinations. For color Doppler assessment, the following standardized parameters were applied for all patients: transmission frequency of 2.2 MHz, velocity scale of 3.5 kHz (aliasing velocity of 63 cm/s), and gain adjusted to &#8722;5 dB. Splay was more prevalent and showed greater width in patients with significant MR. In their cohort, splay width greater than 29 mm was an independent predictor of cardiovascular outcomes, with additional prognostic value.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Final considerations</title>
      <p>This is a relatively recent description of an echocardiographic sign that requires further evidence and studies to guide its systematic integration into echocardiographic practice. Although it does not necessarily indicate significant MR and is not indispensable for defining this severity, splay represents a potential tool signaling the possibility that regurgitation is more severe than appears. This red flag prompts careful reassessment of the transthoracic echocardiogram and, when appropriate, complementary transesophageal echocardiography when other findings lead us to suspect significant MR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
      <p>In the words of Bertrand et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> splay is "the artifact that tells the truth," by signaling the possibility of significant MR.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Sources of Funding</label>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Study Association</label>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
        <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Availability of Research Data</title>
      <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
    </sec>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zoghbi</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonow</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Enriquez-Sarano</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foster</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grayburn</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>303</fpage>
          <lpage>371</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2017.01.007</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Zoghbi WA, Adams D, Bonow RO, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E, Grayburn PA, et al. Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2017;30(4):303-71. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.01.007.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grayburn</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Basic Principles of the Echocardiographic Evaluation of Mitral Regurgitation</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>843</fpage>
          <lpage>853</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.06.049</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Grayburn PA, Thomas JD. Basic Principles of the Echocardiographic Evaluation of Mitral Regurgitation. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021;14(4):843-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.06.049.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wiener</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Friend</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bhargav</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Radhakrishnan</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kadem</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pressman</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Color Doppler Splay: A Clue to the Presence of Significant Mitral Regurgitation</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1212.e1</fpage>
          <lpage>1219.e1</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2020.05.002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Wiener PC, Friend EJ, Bhargav R, Radhakrishnan K, Kadem L, Pressman GS. Color Doppler Splay: A Clue to the Presence of Significant Mitral Regurgitation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2020;33(10):1212-9.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2020.05.002.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bertrand</surname>
              <given-names>PB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levine</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Isselbacher</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vandervoort</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fact or Artifact in Two-Dimensional Echocardiography: Avoiding Misdiagnosis and Missed Diagnosis</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>381</fpage>
          <lpage>391</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2016.01.009</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Bertrand PB, Levine RA, Isselbacher EM, Vandervoort PM. Fact or Artifact in Two-Dimensional Echocardiography: Avoiding Misdiagnosis and Missed Diagnosis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29(5):381-91. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2016.01.009.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Verbeke</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kamoen</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calle</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Buyzere</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Timmermans</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Color Doppler Splay in Mitral Regurgitation: Hemodynamic Correlates and Outcomes in a Clinical Cohort</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>933</fpage>
          <lpage>939</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2022.04.006</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Verbeke J, Kamoen V, Calle S, De Buyzere M, Timmermans F. Color Doppler Splay in Mitral Regurgitation: Hemodynamic Correlates and Outcomes in a Clinical Cohort. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2022;35(9):933-9. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2022.04.006.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bertrand</surname>
              <given-names>PB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nagata</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Namasivayam</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levine</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Artifact that Tells the Truth: Color Doppler Splay Unmasking Significant Mitral Regurgitation</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1220</fpage>
          <lpage>1222</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2020.08.003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Bertrand PB, Nagata Y, Namasivayam M, Levine RA. The Artifact that Tells the Truth: Color Doppler Splay Unmasking Significant Mitral Regurgitation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2020;33(10):1220-2. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2020.08.003.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260024</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Como Eu Fa&#231;o a Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Insufici&#234;ncia Mitral com Splay: O que Significa na Gravidade?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7053-3684</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nishida</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1932-2512</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Natasha Soares Sim&#245;es dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5153-8420</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Assef</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0056-4378</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vilela</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Gustavo Nishida</bold> &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. Avenida Dr Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP: <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>. S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>gustavonishida@yahoo.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica da insufici&#234;ncia mitral (IM) &#233; multiparam&#233;trica e frequentemente desafiadora. O artefato conhecido como <italic>splay</italic> tem sido descrito como uma ferramenta adicional para estimar a gravidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o. O termo significa "espalhar" e refere-se a um artefato de lobo lateral que forma um arco horizontal no Doppler colorido. Esse mesmo fen&#244;meno tamb&#233;m pode ser observado em outras valvopatias, como a insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica. Em 2020, Wiener et al. descreveram que o <italic>splay</italic> esteve presente em 81% dos casos de IM importante, chegando a 93% em jatos exc&#234;ntricos, com preval&#234;ncia de apenas 16% na IM discreta. Verbeke et al. associaram o artefato a maiores volumes regurgitantes. Uma largura de <italic>splay</italic> superior a 29 mm foi identificada como preditor independente de desfechos cardiovasculares adversos. Embora sua presen&#231;a isoladamente n&#227;o denote IM grave, o <italic>splay</italic> atua como um sinal de alerta (<italic>red flag</italic>). Ele sugere que a regurgita&#231;&#227;o pode ser maior do que a aparente, indicando a necessidade de uma revis&#227;o cuidadosa do exame transtor&#225;cico ou, eventualmente, complementa&#231;&#227;o com ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico. Maiores evid&#234;ncias e avalia&#231;&#245;es sistematizadas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para estudar a melhor estrat&#233;gia de incorpora&#231;&#227;o desse dado na abordagem multiparam&#233;trica da IM.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>&#205;ndice de Gravidade de Doen&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title/>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>IM: insufici&#234;ncia mitral.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260024-0024i-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <sec>
          <title>O desafio da gradua&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia mitral</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica da insufici&#234;ncia mitral (IM) &#233; multiparam&#233;trica e frequentemente desafiadora. Principalmente na presen&#231;a de jatos m&#250;ltiplos, exc&#234;ntricos, n&#227;o homog&#234;neos ao longo do ciclo card&#237;aco ou com orif&#237;cios regurgitantes n&#227;o circulares, o uso combinado de dados qualitativos e quantitativos que possam direcionar a gradua&#231;&#227;o da regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar &#233; primordial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, um artefato tem sido descrito como um dado adicional na avalia&#231;&#227;o da IM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title><italic>Splay</italic>: um artefato valioso</title>
          <p>O termo <italic>splay</italic> ("espalhar") &#233; um artefato de lobo lateral e remete a um arco horizontal formado pelo Doppler colorido, que se dispersa, sendo usualmente observado ao n&#237;vel do plano valvar atrial, sem respeito aos limites anat&#244;micos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title><italic>Splay</italic> na IM. &#192; esquerda, exame transtor&#225;cico em janela apical de 3 c&#226;maras com evid&#234;ncia do <italic>splay</italic> no Doppler colorido ao n&#237;vel do anel mitral. &#192; direita, exame transesof&#225;gico revela IM significativa com jato exc&#234;ntrico direcionado medialmente.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260024-0024i-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <p>O transdutor de ultrassom n&#227;o emite energia apenas na dire&#231;&#227;o principal (eixo central do feixe), mas tamb&#233;m em dire&#231;&#245;es laterais, formando lobos secund&#225;rios de menor intensidade. Quando esses lobos laterais encontram estruturas altamente refletoras, como paredes card&#237;acas ou v&#225;lvulas, podem gerar ecos que s&#227;o erroneamente posicionados pelo sistema de imagem como se fossem oriundos do eixo principal, resultando em artefatos visuais na imagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Considerado o mecanismo que origina esse artefato, faz-se poss&#237;vel documentar o <italic>splay</italic> em outras regurgita&#231;&#245;es valvares, por exemplo, na insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title><italic>Splay</italic> na insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica. Nos quadros superiores, exame transtor&#225;cico em janela paraesternal de eixo longo (A) e de eixo curto (B) com evid&#234;ncia do splay, sem respeito aos limites anat&#244;micos. Nos quadros inferiores (C e D), exame transesof&#225;gico revela jato regurgitante a&#243;rtico exc&#234;ntrico de origem comissural.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260024-0024i-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evid&#234;ncias de valor diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico</title>
          <p>Em 2020, Wiener et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> descreveram esse artefato como uma pista para a detec&#231;&#227;o de IM significativa. Em an&#225;lise de 200 casos de IM documentados ao ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, metade com regurgita&#231;&#227;o importante e metade com regurgita&#231;&#227;o discreta, a preval&#234;ncia do <italic>splay</italic> foi de 81% e 16%, respectivamente. Sobretudo nos jatos exc&#234;ntricos, a preval&#234;ncia atingiu 93% dos casos. Tal sinal foi observado em jatos proto, meso, tele ou holossist&#243;licos, em face atrial ou ventricular do anel mitral, na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda preservada ou reduzida, nas diferentes etiologias (prolapso, doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica, calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral, funcional) e em diferentes marcas de ecocardiograma comercialmente dispon&#237;veis. Documentou-se mais frequentemente nas janelas apicais, mas foi observado tamb&#233;m na janela paraesternal em eixo longo e eixo curto. A origem do sinal parece estar relacionada &#224; taxa de fluxo sangu&#237;neo por unidade de &#225;rea. Na presen&#231;a de maior ganho, menor frequ&#234;ncia ultrassonogr&#225;fica e menor limite de Nyquist, observam-se maior preval&#234;ncia e extens&#227;o desse artefato. Nesse estudo, a imagem harm&#244;nica teve pouco efeito no <italic>splay</italic>.</p>
          <p>Em registro unic&#234;ntrico de Verbeke et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> em Ghent, B&#233;lgica, documentou-se preval&#234;ncia de 27% do <italic>splay</italic> no Doppler colorido em 469 pacientes, correlacionando-se com valores mais elevados de orif&#237;cio regurgitante efetivo, volume regurgitante e <italic>vena contracta.</italic> Foi utilizado um sistema ecocardiogr&#225;fico Vivid E9, GE Healthcare, equipado com transdutor M5Sc-D para todos os exames. Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o com Doppler colorido, foram aplicados par&#226;metros padronizados em todos os pacientes: frequ&#234;ncia de transmiss&#227;o de 2,2 MHz, escala de velocidade de 3,5 kHz (velocidade de <italic>aliasing</italic> de 63 cm/s) e ganho ajustado para &#8722;5 dB. O <italic>splay</italic> foi mais prevalente e apresentou maior largura nos pacientes com IM importante. Nessa coorte, a largura do <italic>splay</italic> acima de 29 mm foi preditora independente de desfechos cardiovasculares e apresentou valor progn&#243;stico adicional.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es finais</title>
        <p>Trata-se de uma descri&#231;&#227;o relativamente recente de um sinal ecocardiogr&#225;fico que demanda evid&#234;ncias adicionais e estudos que nos indiquem como integr&#225;-lo de forma sistem&#225;tica na pr&#225;tica ecocardiogr&#225;fica. Apesar de n&#227;o indicar necessariamente uma IM importante, nem ser indispens&#225;vel para definir tal gravidade, o <italic>splay</italic> se apresenta como uma ferramenta potencial que sinaliza a possibilidade de uma regurgita&#231;&#227;o maior que a aparente. Esse sinal de alerta (<italic>red flag</italic>) nos direciona para uma cuidadosa revis&#227;o do exame transtor&#225;cico e, eventualmente, para uma complementa&#231;&#227;o transesof&#225;gica na presen&#231;a de outros dados que nos levem &#224; suspeita de uma IM significativa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
        <p>Como referido por Bertrand et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> o <italic>splay</italic> &#233; o artefato que pode nos mostrar a realidade, ao sinalizar a possibilidade de uma IM significativa.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica desse trabalho a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
          <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
        <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
