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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">YwhDwnWvWvdPgqGsQMgQtLK</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2675-312X2026000201402</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01402</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260020i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>My Approach to Transcatheter Closure of Atrial Septal Defect: Step-by-Step and Current Contraindications</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9027-1936</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mattoso</surname>
            <given-names>Angele Azevedo Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8343-6410</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sena</surname>
            <given-names>Joberto Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8379-6192</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Gilson Soares</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-0562-8816</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Maria L&#250;cia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Izabel</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Izabel, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica Proal&#237;vio Day Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Proal&#237;vio Day Hospital, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Angele Azevedo Alves Mattoso</bold> Hospital Santa Izabel - SCMBA. Pra&#231;a Conselheiro Almeida Couto. Postal code: 40050-410. Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>angelealves@bol.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <season>Apr-Jun</season>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>39</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260020</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>9</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>All patients who are candidates for transcatheter closure of an ostium secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) should undergo a detailed echocardiographic assessment using 2D transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) prior to the procedure. It is essential for a comprehensive analysis of interatrial septal anatomy and for determining defect eligibility for the procedure. The type, number, size, location and morphology of the ASD, as well as the quality of the surrounding septal tissue and its relationship with adjacent cardiac structures, should be carefully assessed. 3D TEE may complement this assessment by providing additional relevant anatomical information. During the procedure, TEE plays a fundamental role in real-time guidance, allowing proper deployment of the septal occluder device as well as immediate assessment of the result and early detection of potential complications. This article presents a practical approach to transcatheter closure of ostium secundum ASD, with emphasis on echocardiographic aspects in the pre-procedural, intraprocedural, and post-procedural phases.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>My Approach to Transcatheter Closure of Atrial Septal Defect: Step-by-Step and Current Contraindications</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Images obtained by TEE illustrate the anatomical assessment of ostium secundum ASD and its suitability for transcatheter closure. The central images show the 3D frontal (en face, zoom mode) view of the ASD and IAS in the recommended anatomical orientation, highlighting adjacent structures from the perspectives of the right and left atria, respectively. The 2D images show the standardized planes for defect measurement: A) four-chamber view; B) bicaval view; C) aortic valve short-axis view. These views allow assessment of ASD diameter and its rims (yellow, blue, and green arrows) as well as IAS length (white arrows). The dashed lines overlaid on the frontal 3D image indicate the cutting planes used to obtain the 2D images. AO: aorta; ASD: atrial septal defect; CS: coronary sinus; IAS: interatrial septum; IVC: inferior vena cava; LA: left atrium; RA: right atrium; RSPV: right superior pulmonary vein; SVC: superior vena cava; TEE: transesophageal echocardiography.</attrib>
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      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Septal Defects, Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheterization</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding:</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
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        <fig-count count="10"/>
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        <ref-count count="6"/>
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  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Ostium secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) is the most common form of interatrial septal defect (IASD) and can often be treated with percutaneous transcatheter closure. Currently, this method is the preferred approach when anatomy is favorable.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Pre-procedural transthoracic echocardiography is usually sufficient in most pediatric patients. However, in adults, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is recommended for better characterization of septal anatomy. This examination is generally performed in patients previously identified as candidates for closure, based on the following indications:</p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>Isolated ostium secundum ASD with a pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio (Q<sub>P</sub>/Q<sub>S</sub>) &gt; 1.5;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Signs of right ventricular (RV) volume overload;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Absence of cyanosis;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Absence of significant or irreversible pulmonary hypertension.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Guidelines from the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association recommend ASD closure in patients with RV dilation, regardless of symptom presence (Class I). On the other hand, small defects (diameter &lt; 5 mm), in the absence of RV dilation, do not require intervention, as they are not considered hemodynamically significant nor capable of altering the clinical course.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In addition, it is essential to exclude the presence of associated congenital anomalies that would indicate surgical correction, such as anomalous pulmonary venous connections, as well as the presence of intracardiac thrombi.</p>
      <p>The main aspects of transcatheter closure of ostium secundum ASD will be described below, with emphasis on echocardiographic findings and the role of echocardiography at different stages of the procedure.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Anatomy of the interatrial septum</title>
        <p>A detailed understanding of cardiac anatomy is essential for performing structural interventions. Ostium secundum ASD corresponds to a true discontinuity, single or multiple, in the embryonic septum primum, which forms the floor of the fossa ovalis. This structure is located in the central portion of the IAS.</p>
        <p>The fossa ovalis is surrounded by the septum secundum, an invagination of the atrial roof filled with epicardial fat. It is considered a &#8220;false septum,&#8221; as this adipose layer lies outside the atrial cavities. Ostium secundum defects are bounded by rims of septal tissue adjacent to the limiting structures of the right atrium (RA).</p>
        <p>Among the most relevant adjacent structures are the aortic root, located anteriorly, and the venous inflows draining into the RA, including the superior vena cava (SVC), inferior vena cava (IVC), and the coronary sinus. These structures maintain a close anatomical relationship with the left atrium (LA)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
        <p>The size of the defect and the integrity of the septal rims are determinants of successful transcatheter ASD closure.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Size and shape of ostium secundum atrial septal defect</title>
        <p>Ostium secundum ASDs show wide variation in size and morphology, and may present as elliptical, round, slit-like, or slightly irregular shapes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref>). In some cases, persistent septum primum strands may cross the defect, resulting in multiple communications and the formation of fenestrations. In large defects, the septum primum is often reduced or nearly absent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; 3D transesophageal echocardiography images, in zoom mode, illustrate representative examples of different sizes and shapes of ostium secundum ASD, obtained from en face views of the interatrial septum.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260020-0020i-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The size of these communications may range from a few millimeters to more than 30 mm in diameter. Large defects, defined as &gt; 20 mm in children or &gt; 30 mm in adults, represent greater technical complexity and are often associated with deficient septal rims, which may require modified closure strategies.</p>
        <p>Defect measurement is recommended during both systole and diastole. An ASD is considered dynamic when it shows at least a 50% variation in its dimension throughout the cardiac cycle. In general, the size of the septal occluder device (SOD) is determined based on the largest linear diameter of the defect, usually obtained during diastole.</p>
        <p>Assessment of ASD size should preferably be performed using 2D echocardiography combined with color Doppler. In addition, these defects may progressively enlarge over time, following cardiac growth and aging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dimension and quality of ostium secundum atrial septal defect rims</title>
        <p>Ostium secundum ASD may be located in different regions of the fossa ovalis, either centrally or peripherally (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 2</xref>, Panels A and B). This variability determines the amount of surrounding septal tissue, known as rims, that delimit the defect. A detailed assessment of such rims is essential to determine eligibility for transcatheter closure, as this is the tissue where the SOD will be anchored.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Examples of TEE images of ostium secundum ASDs. A) ASD located in the anterosuperior region of the IAS, visualized by 3D TEE from the RA perspective and by 2D TEE (arrow); B) ASD located in the posteroinferior region of the IAS, demonstrated by 3D TEE from multiple perspectives and by 2D TEE (arrow); C) Image of the posterior rim showing multiple small fenestrations, observed on 2D TEE and with greater detail on 3D TEE. Ao: aorta; ASD: atrial septal defect; IAS: interatrial septum; IVC: inferior vena cava; LA: left atrium; Post: posterior; RSPV: right superior pulmonary vein; SVC: superior vena cava; TEE: transesophageal echocardiography.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260020-0020i-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Rims are named according to adjacent anatomical structures and are classified as follows<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Illustration</xref>):</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Aortic rim (anterosuperior): between the ASD and the aortic valve annulus and aortic root;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Atrioventricular valve rim (anteroinferior): between the ASD and the atrioventricular valves;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Superior vena cava rim (posterosuperior): between the ASD and the SVC;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Inferior vena cava rim (posteroinferior): between the ASD and the IVC;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Posterior rim: between the ASD and the posterior atrial walls.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Additionally, the rim related to the right superior pulmonary vein (RSPV), located posteriorly between the ASD and such a vein, may also be assessed.</p>
        <p>By convention, a rim length &gt; 5 mm is considered adequate, representing a favorable feature for transcatheter closure. Rims measuring 3-5 mm are classified as deficient, whereas those &lt; 3 mm are considered insufficient. The presence of rims &lt; 5 mm may make the procedure more challenging and require specific technical strategies, although it is not an absolute contraindication.</p>
        <p>The integrity of the posterosuperior, posteroinferior, and anteroinferior rims is particularly relevant for procedural success. In contrast, deficiency of the aortic rim, although associated with a potential risk of erosion, is not a contraindication, and adaptation of the SOD to the aorta is often desirable.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In addition to length, the structural quality of the rims should also be assessed. Thin and redundant rims, especially in the posterior and posteroinferior regions, may be associated with additional fenestrations, characterizing multiple defects (Figure 2C).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>General imaging protocol of the interatrial septum</title>
        <sec>
          <title>2D transesophageal echocardiography</title>
          <p>2D TEE forms the basis of imaging assessment of the IAS. Since ostium secundum ASD may be located anywhere within the fossa ovalis, image acquisition should begin at 0&#176; and the transducer angle should be progressively increased in 15&#176; increments up to approximately 120&#176;, allowing complete septal evaluation.</p>
          <p>2D images should be optimized before applying color Doppler. The color Doppler scale may be adjusted to lower values (&#8776; 35-40 cm/s) to facilitate detection of low-velocity flows, such as in small fenestrations or smaller defects.</p>
          <p>Most standard views are obtained at the mid-esophageal level, including:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Four-chamber view (0&#176;-30&#176;): allows assessment of the posterior rim and atrioventricular valves;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Inflow-outflow or aortic valve short-axis view (45&#176;-60&#176;): demonstrates the posterior and aortic (anterosuperior) rims;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Bicaval view (90&#176;-120&#176;): allows evaluation of the posterosuperior (SVC) and posteroinferior (IVC) rims.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Clockwise rotation of the probe from the aortic valve short-axis view (45&#176;-60&#176;) enables visualization of the right pulmonary veins. Withdrawing the probe to the upper esophagus, combined with progressive angular sweep from 0&#176;, allows better assessment of the superior portion of the septum.</p>
          <p>In the bicaval view at 120&#176;, in cases of superiorly located ASD, the posterosuperior rim can be visualized. Additional clockwise rotation allows identification of right pulmonary venous drainage, aiding in the differentiation between superior sinus venosus defect and superiorly located ostium secundum ASD.</p>
          <p>When the posteroinferior rim is not adequately visualized in the bicaval view, maneuvers such as probe retroflexion or gradual angle reduction to approximately 60&#176; may bring the IVC into the imaging field. This rim is often the most difficult to delineate by TEE, but its assessment is essential, as its deficiency, observed in approximately 3.3% of cases, is associated with a higher risk of SOD dysfunction. Nevertheless, in selected cases, percutaneous closure may be performed with appropriate technical adjustments.</p>
          <p>The deep transgastric position may also be used to obtain a sagittal bicaval view. Initially, the RV inflow is identified at 90&#176;, followed by increasing the angle to 100&#176;-120&#176; and slight clockwise rotation of the probe.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3D transesophageal echocardiography</title>
          <p>The IAS has a complex 3D anatomy, and 3D TEE provides additional relevant anatomical information. This modality allows acquisition of en face views of the ASD from both RA and LA perspectives, enabling detailed evaluation of defect rims and their relationship with adjacent structures.</p>
          <p>In addition, 3D TEE allows real-time characterization of defect shape (especially in elliptical or multiple defects) and measurement of its minimum and maximum dimensions throughout the cardiac cycle. It also enables direct visualization of the SOD after implantation, as well as immediate assessment of its positioning and potential complications.</p>
          <p>The technique also allows biplanar or triplanar acquisition, with simultaneous display of orthogonal planes (e.g., aortic valve short-axis and bicaval views), with high temporal resolution, which is particularly useful for guiding transcatheter procedures (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 4</xref>, Panel D).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; mages obtained during the transcatheter closure procedure of ostium secundum ASD. A) 3D TEE image demonstrating the guidewire crossing the IAS; B) 2D TEE image showing the catheter positioned in the LSPV (yellow arrow); C) Measurement of the stretched ASD diameter by TEE (upper panel) and fluoroscopy (lower panel); D) Multiplanar reconstruction by 3D TEE demonstrating the positioning of the Amplatzer septal occluder device in the IAS; E) Schematic illustration of the Amplatzer device; F) Formation of the left atrial disc of a non-self-centering device in the LA, with a &#8220;tulip-like&#8221; appearance, visualized by 3D TEE; G) Profile view of the device; H) Frontal view of the device; I) 2D TEE image of the implanted device; J) Illustration of a non-self-centering device. RA: right atrium; LA: left atrium; LAA: left atrial appendage; Ao: aorta; ASD: atrial septal defect; TEE: transesophageal echocardiography; IAS: interatrial septum; LSPV: left superior pulmonary vein.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260020-0020i-gf03.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>3D volumetric acquisition is performed from standard 2D projections, such as the aortic short-axis or bicaval views. Before 3D acquisition, it is essential to optimize the 2D image. Proper gain adjustment is critical to avoid artifacts that may falsely simulate multiple defects, which cannot be corrected during post-processing.</p>
          <p>3D TEE offers different acquisition modes, particularly real-time (narrow-angle) and wide-sector zoom modes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3D display</title>
          <p>According to anatomical convention, in the en face view, the IAS and ASD should be rotated so that the SVC is positioned at approximately the 11 o&#8217;clock position, the IVC along the inferior vertical axis, and the aorta anteriorly, directed toward the upper right corner of the image, from the RA perspective.</p>
          <p>From the LA perspective, the 3D image is inverted along the superior-inferior axis. In this configuration, the RSPV, adjacent to the SVC, is positioned superiorly (approximately at the 1 o&#8217;clock position), the aortic root occupies the anterosuperior left region, and the mitral valve is located in the anteroinferior portion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
          <p>These orientations should be used as an initial reference for systematic image interpretation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Complex ostium secundum atrial septal defect</title>
      <p>Morphological variables may make transcatheter closure of ostium secundum ASD more challenging (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 3</xref>). ASD is considered complex, with potential surgical indication, in the following situations:</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Examples of images obtained by TEE of complex ostium secundum ASDs. A) 3D frontal view demonstrating ASD associated with an IAS aneurysm (yellow arrow); B) 3D TEE frontal view showing ASD associated with an aneurysmal and multifenestrated IAS (black arrows); C) 2D TEE images (upper panel, yellow arrows) and 3D TEE images (lower panel) demonstrating an IAS with two ASDs; D) 2D TEE images (right panel, yellow arrow) and 3D TEE images (left panel) showing ASD with absence of the posteroinferior rim. RA: right atrium; LA: left atrium; Asc Ao: ascending aorta; ASD: atrial septal defect; TEE: transesophageal echocardiography; IAS: interatrial septum; IVC: inferior vena cava; SVC: superior vena cava; MV: mitral valve.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260020-0020i-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>Large ASD: diameter &gt; 30 mm;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Multiple ASDs or multifenestrated IAS: multiple fenestrations are present in approximately 2.7% of cases and are often associated with IAS aneurysm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Characterization of the number, size, and location of the defects is essential for SOD selection and for anticipating procedural complexity;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>IAS aneurysm: may compromise SOD stability and positioning, influencing device selection;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Deficient or non-firm rims (thin and redundant): may impair proper device anchoring.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>These anatomical variations may favor the use of specific devices for multiple fenestrations or, in some cases, require implantation of more than one SOD. Defects exceeding the size of available devices may require surgical management.</p>
      <p>In addition, measurement of IAS length (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Illustration</xref>) is recommended, as devices with an occluder disc larger than 90% of this length may be associated with a higher risk of cardiac erosion.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Septal occluder device</title>
      <p>Several SODs are available for percutaneous transcatheter closure of ostium secundum ASD. The Amplatzer-type device consists of two self-expanding discs connected by a self-centering waist, made of nitinol mesh, allowing recapture and repositioning during implantation. The LA disc has a larger diameter due to higher pressure in this chamber compared to the RA. The main reference for device selection is the waist diameter, which should correspond to the defect size (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 4</xref>, Panel E).</p>
      <p>Non-self-centering devices, specifically developed for multifenestrated IAS, consist of two discs of equal diameter connected by a thin waist positioned at the central defect. In this configuration, the disc size on both sides of the septum maximizes coverage of multiple fenestrations. In these cases, the central ASD is the main reference for sizing, and disc diameter is the most relevant parameter (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 4</xref>, Panel J).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Transcatheter closure of ostium secundum atrial septal defect</title>
      <p>Echocardiography provides essential information at all stages of the procedure, including patient selection, SOD choice, intraprocedural guidance, complication monitoring, and outcome assessment.</p>
      <p>A key step during the procedure is ASD measurement. This evaluation is performed by echocardiography, as previously described, and complemented by angiography using a sizing balloon.</p>
      <p>Balloon sizing is based on the concept of stretched diameter, in which the ASD diameter measured by TEE is smaller than the diameter obtained after balloon inflation. Although TEE is essential for rim assessment, it does not allow precise determination of their structural composition. The sizing balloon is therefore crucial to expand the septal rims until they provide adequate resistance for device anchoring. This measurement defines the minimum SOD size required for proper fixation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Measurement of stretched diameter is performed using the stop-flow technique. This technique consists of gradual balloon inflation until interruption of left-to-right flow, which should be confirmed by echocardiography with color Doppler. Ideally, the balloon presents a central constriction (&#8220;waist&#8221;), indicating proper positioning and centering within the defect (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 4</xref>, Panel C). The balloon waist corresponds to the reference for the diameter of the device to be implanted.</p>
      <p>The selected balloon should have a diameter larger than initially estimated to allow adequate septal stretching. In general, an increase of approximately 30%-35% compared with the initial measurement is observed. Inflation should not exceed the point of flow interruption or the balloon&#8217;s maximum volume to avoid excessive defect distension. The presence of a waist without flow interruption may indicate multiple communications within the fossa ovalis.</p>
      <p>After determining defect diameter, SOD size may be selected according to different criteria: diameter equal to the defect, one size larger, stretched diameter plus 0-2 mm, or, in cases of thick and firm rims, 20%-30% larger than the measurement obtained by TEE.</p>
      <p>Step-by-step guidance for transcatheter closure of ostium secundum atrial septal defect</p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>Initially, TEE should be used to assess the ASD in terms of morphology, location, and rim characteristics;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Venous access is generally obtained via the IVC, visualized in the bicaval view. At this stage, the guidewire is directed superiorly toward the IAS, aiming to cross the defect and reach the LA. The course of the wire should be clearly identified in the RA to avoid entry into the RA appendage, a structure adjacent to the SVC and a potential site of atrial perforation. It is also important to check for the presence of a Chiari network due to the risk of wire entanglement; therefore, complex maneuvers within the RA should be avoided;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>The guidewire is then advanced to cross the IAS (Figure 4A);</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Once in the LA, the wire is directed posteriorly toward the left superior pulmonary vein (LSPV), a structure considered safe for stabilization. TEE confirms appropriate positioning of the wire in the LSPV and excludes its passage into the left atrial appendage (LAA), a trabeculated, thin-walled structure at risk of perforation (Figure 4, Panel B);</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>The sizing balloon is then advanced;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>The balloon should be inflated with its center aligned with the defect. Confirmation of the stop-flow technique is performed by TEE, with measurement of the stretched ASD diameter;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>The SOD is selected;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>The balloon should only be removed after the selected SOD has been properly prepared for implantation;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Subsequently, the guidewire and delivery sheath are advanced through the IAS to the ideal position, usually within the LA body or the LSPV, with confirmation by TEE;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>The dilator and guidewire are then removed, maintaining the sheath positioned within the LA. The SOD is then advanced through the sheath;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Next, the delivery sheath is repositioned in the LA body, and the left atrial disc is deployed under echocardiographic guidance, ensuring that the device remains away from the LAA, mitral valve, and atrial free wall. The LA disc is then pulled back until it is positioned against the IAS at the level of the defect, while the connecting waist is released with continuous traction toward the RA;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Finally, the right atrial disc is deployed on the right side of the IAS (Figure 4, Panel D);</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>When using an Amplatzer-type SOD, a stability test (&#8220;tug test&#8221;) may be performed under echocardiographic and fluoroscopic monitoring to confirm device stability;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>After confirming positioning and stability, the SOD is released.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>In the case of non-self-centering devices, the procedure follows the same general principles as standard ASD closure, with the difference that device selection is primarily guided by echocardiography. In this situation, balloon use is not necessarily mandatory, as defect sealing does not depend on the device waist but rather on its discs. The ratio between SOD diameter and defect diameter should be greater than 2:1, and the selected device diameter should not exceed 90% of the measured septal length.</p>
      <p>In these cases, the left atrial disc is initially formed within the LA body under fluoroscopic and echocardiographic guidance (Figure 4F). Once formed, TEE is used to guide its positioning against the left atrial surface of the IAS. The LA disc is kept supported against the septum while the delivery catheter is pulled toward the RA, allowing formation of the right atrial disc (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 4</xref>, Panels G, H and I).</p>
      <p>In cases of multifenestrated ASD, 2D TEE, and especially 3D TEE, should be used to measure the distance between the center of the main defect and the most distant defect, corresponding to the radius. This value is then multiplied by 2 in order to obtain the required device diameter. To verify that the selected SOD will not interfere with adjacent structures, the following should be measured:</p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>From the center of the central defect to the aortic root;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>From the center of the central defect to the SVC rim;</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>If the required SOD size exceeds the safely permitted size, the device should not be implanted.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Assessment of final result</title>
      <p>Assessment by 2D and 3D TEE of the SOD, IAS, and adjacent structures should be performed from multiple windows before device release, allowing recapture and repositioning if necessary.</p>
      <p>Proper positioning of the SOD should be confirmed, as well as the presence of interposed septal tissue between the discs, evidenced by slight separation of the discs on profile view. The device and its rims should be carefully evaluated using color Doppler to detect residual shunts.</p>
      <p>Small residual shunts tend to decrease or disappear with progressive endothelialization of the device over a few months; however, they may persist in approximately 3% of cases after 1 year of implantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In many cases, residual flow is observed along the retroaortic rim immediately after implantation and before device release. This finding results from tension exerted by the delivery cable, which displaces the RA disc inferiorly, separating it from the septum.</p>
      <p>This tension and residual flow tend to resolve after the SOD is released from the delivery cable. However, the operator must ensure that residual leakage is not due to device undersizing or slippage from the LA to the RA, especially in the presence of a deficient retroaortic rim.</p>
      <p>Interference with pulmonary veins, the coronary sinus, atrioventricular valve function, and potential deformation of the aortic root should be carefully evaluated and excluded before device release. After SOD release, all these assessments should be systematically repeated.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Study Association:</label>
        <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
        <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
        <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Availability of Research Data:</label>
        <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Sources of Funding:</label>
        <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260020</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Como Eu Fa&#231;o Fechamento Transcateter da Comunica&#231;&#227;o Interatrial: Passo a Passo e Contraindica&#231;&#245;es Atuais</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9027-1936</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mattoso</surname>
            <given-names>Angele Azevedo Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8343-6410</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sena</surname>
            <given-names>Joberto Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8379-6192</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Gilson Soares</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-0562-8816</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Maria L&#250;cia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1002">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Izabel, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2002">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Proal&#237;vio Day Hospital, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01002"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label>Angele Azevedo Alves Mattoso Hospital Santa Izabel - SCMBA. Pra&#231;a Conselheiro Almeida Couto. CEP: 40050-410. Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil E-mail: angelealves@bol.com.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn>
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes candidatos ao fechamento transcateter da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (CIA) do tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic> devem ser submetidos, previamente, a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica detalhada por meio do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ETE) 2D. Esse exame &#233; essencial para a an&#225;lise abrangente da anatomia do septo interatrial e para a determina&#231;&#227;o da elegibilidade do defeito ao procedimento. Devem ser criteriosamente avaliados o tipo, o n&#250;mero, o tamanho, a localiza&#231;&#227;o e a morfologia da CIA , bem como a qualidade do tecido septal adjacente e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com estruturas card&#237;acas adjacentes. O ETE 3D pode complementar essa avalia&#231;&#227;o ao fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas adicionais relevantes. Durante o procedimento, o ETE desempenha papel fundamental na orienta&#231;&#227;o em tempo real, permitindo a adequada libera&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo oclusor septal, al&#233;m da avalia&#231;&#227;o imediata do resultado e da detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es. Este artigo apresenta uma abordagem pr&#225;tica do fechamento transcateter da CIA do tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic>, com &#234;nfase nos aspectos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos nas fases pr&#233;-procedimento, intraprocedimento e p&#243;s-procedimento.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01002">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Como Eu Fa&#231;o Fechamento Transcateter da Comunica&#231;&#227;o Interatrial: Passo a Passo e Contraindica&#231;&#245;es Atuais</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Imagens obtidas por ETE ilustram a avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da CIA do tipo ostium secundum e sua adequa&#231;&#227;o para o fechamento transcateter. As imagens centrais apresentam a vis&#227;o frontal 3D (en face, modo zoom) da CIA e do SIA em posi&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica recomendada, evidenciando as estruturas adjacentes sob as perspectivas dos &#225;trios direito e esquerdo, respectivamente. As imagens 2D mostram os planos padronizados para mensura&#231;&#227;o do defeito: A) vis&#227;o de quatro c&#226;maras; B) vis&#227;o bicaval; C) vis&#227;o em eixo curto da valva a&#243;rtica. Esses cortes permitem a avalia&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro da CIA e de suas bordas (setas amarelas, azuis e verdes), bem como do comprimento do SIA (setas brancas). As linhas tracejadas sobrepostas &#224; imagem 3D frontal indicam os eixos de corte utilizados para a obten&#231;&#227;o das imagens 2D. AD: &#225;trio direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; AO: aorta; CIA: comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial; ETE: ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico; SIA: septo interatrial; SC: seio coronariano; VCI: veia cava inferior; VCS: veia cava superior; VPSD: veia pulmonar superior direita.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260020-0020i-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Interatrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Cateterismo</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (CIA) do tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic> &#233; a forma mais comum de defeito do septo interatrial (SIA) e, frequentemente, pode ser tratada por fechamento percut&#226;neo transcateter. Atualmente, esse m&#233;todo constitui a abordagem de escolha quando a anatomia &#233; favor&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico pr&#233;-procedimento costuma ser suficiente na maioria dos pacientes pedi&#225;tricos. No entanto, em adultos, o ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ETE) &#233; recomendado para melhor caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da anatomia septal. Esse exame &#233;, em geral, realizado em pacientes previamente identificados como candidatos ao fechamento, com base nas seguintes indica&#231;&#245;es:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>CIA do tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic> isolada com rela&#231;&#227;o entre fluxo pulmonar e sist&#234;mico (Q<sub>P</sub>/Q<sub>S</sub>) &gt; 1,5;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Sinais de sobrecarga volum&#233;trica do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Aus&#234;ncia de cianose;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Aus&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar significativa ou irrevers&#237;vel.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>As diretrizes do <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic>/<italic>American Heart Association</italic> recomendam o fechamento da CIA em pacientes com dilata&#231;&#227;o do VD, independentemente da presen&#231;a de sintomas (classe I). Por outro lado, defeitos pequenos (di&#226;metro &lt; 5 mm), na aus&#234;ncia de dilata&#231;&#227;o do VD, n&#227;o requerem interven&#231;&#227;o, pois n&#227;o s&#227;o considerados hemodinamicamente significativos nem capazes de alterar o curso cl&#237;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, &#233; fundamental excluir a presen&#231;a de anomalias cong&#234;nitas associadas que indiquem corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, como conex&#245;es an&#244;malas de veias pulmonares, bem como a presen&#231;a de trombos intracard&#237;acos.</p>
        <p>A seguir, ser&#227;o descritos os principais aspectos do fechamento transcateter da CIA do tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic>, com &#234;nfase nos achados e no papel do ecocardiograma nas diferentes etapas do procedimento.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Anatomia do septo interatrial</title>
          <p>O conhecimento detalhado da anatomia card&#237;aca &#233; fundamental para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#245;es estruturais. A CIA do tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic> corresponde a uma descontinuidade verdadeira, &#250;nica ou m&#250;ltipla, no <italic>septum primum</italic> embrion&#225;rio, que forma o assoalho da fossa oval. Essa estrutura localiza-se na por&#231;&#227;o central do SIA.</p>
          <p>A fossa oval &#233; circundada pelo <italic>septum secundum</italic>, uma invagina&#231;&#227;o do teto atrial preenchida por gordura epic&#225;rdica. Trata-se de um &#8220;falso septo&#8221;, uma vez que essa camada adiposa se encontra fora das cavidades atriais. Os defeitos do tipo ostium secundum s&#227;o delimitados por bordas de tecido septal adjacentes &#224;s estruturas lim&#237;trofes do &#225;trio direito (AD).</p>
          <p>Entre as estruturas adjacentes de maior relev&#226;ncia, destacam-se a raiz da aorta, em posi&#231;&#227;o anterior, e os fluxos venosos que desembocam no AD, incluindo a veia cava superior (VCS), a veia cava inferior (VCI) e o seio coronariano. Essas estruturas mant&#234;m &#237;ntima rela&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica com o &#225;trio esquerdo (AE)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
          <p>O tamanho do defeito e a integridade das bordas septais s&#227;o determinantes para o sucesso do fechamento transcateter da CIA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tamanho e forma da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial do tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic></title>
          <p>As CIAs do tipo ostium secundum apresentam ampla varia&#231;&#227;o quanto ao tamanho e &#224; morfologia, podendo assumir formatos el&#237;pticos, arredondados, em fenda ou discretamente irregulares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1</xref>). Em alguns casos, podem estar presentes filamentos persistentes do <italic>septum primum</italic> que atravessam o defeito, resultando em m&#250;ltiplas comunica&#231;&#245;es e forma&#231;&#227;o de fenestra&#231;&#245;es. Nos defeitos de grandes dimens&#245;es, o <italic>septum primum</italic> encontra-se frequentemente reduzido ou praticamente ausente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02002">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Imagens de ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico 3D, em modo zoom, ilustram exemplos representativos de diferentes tamanhos e formatos de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial do tipo ostium secundum, obtidas em vis&#245;es frontais do septo interatrial.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260020-0020i-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>O tamanho dessas comunica&#231;&#245;es pode variar desde poucos mil&#237;metros at&#233; mais de 30 mm de di&#226;metro. Defeitos de grande dimens&#227;o, definidos como &gt; 20 mm em crian&#231;as ou &gt; 30 mm em adultos, representam maior complexidade t&#233;cnica e, frequentemente, est&#227;o associados a bordas septais deficientes, podendo exigir estrat&#233;gias modificadas para o fechamento.</p>
          <p>Recomenda-se a mensura&#231;&#227;o do defeito tanto na s&#237;stole quanto na di&#225;stole. Considera-se CIA din&#226;mica aquela que apresenta varia&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 50% em sua dimens&#227;o ao longo do ciclo card&#237;aco. De modo geral, o tamanho do dispositivo oclusor septal (DOS) &#233; determinado com base no maior di&#226;metro linear do defeito, usualmente obtido na di&#225;stole.</p>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do tamanho da CIA deve ser realizada preferencialmente com ecocardiograma 2D associado ao Doppler colorido. Al&#233;m disso, esses defeitos podem aumentar progressivamente ao longo do tempo, acompanhando o crescimento card&#237;aco e o envelhecimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dimens&#227;o e qualidade das bordas da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial do tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic></title>
          <p>A CIA do tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic> pode localizar-se em diferentes regi&#245;es da fossa oval, seja em posi&#231;&#227;o central ou perif&#233;rica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 2</xref>, Pain&#233;is A e B). Essa variabilidade determina a quantidade de tecido septal circundante, denominado bordas, que delimita o defeito. A avalia&#231;&#227;o detalhada dessas bordas &#233; fundamental para determinar a elegibilidade ao fechamento transcateter, uma vez que &#233; nesse tecido que o DOS ser&#225; ancorado.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03002">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Exemplos de imagens obtidas por ETE de CIAs do tipo ostium secundum. A) CIA localizada na regi&#227;o anterossuperior do SIA, visualizada ao ETE 3D sob a perspectiva do AD e ao ETE 2D (seta); B) CIA localizada na regi&#227;o posteroinferior do SIA, demonstrada ao ETE 3D em m&#250;ltiplas perspectivas e ao ETE 2D (seta); C) Imagem da borda posterior evidenciando m&#250;ltiplas pequenas fenestra&#231;&#245;es, observadas ao ETE 2D e com maior detalhamento ao ETE 3D. AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; Ao: aorta; CIA: comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial; ETE: ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico; Post: posterior; SIA: septo interatrial; VCI: veia cava inferior; VCS: veia cava superior; VPSD: veia pulmonar superior direita.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260020-0020i-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>As bordas s&#227;o nomeadas de acordo com as estruturas anat&#244;micas adjacentes, sendo classificadas da seguinte forma<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura Central</xref>):</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Borda a&#243;rtica (anterossuperior): entre a CIA e o anel da valva a&#243;rtica e a raiz da aorta;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Borda da valva atrioventricular (anteroinferior): entre a CIA e as valvas atrioventriculares;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Borda da veia cava superior (posterossuperior): entre a CIA e a VCS;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Borda da veia cava inferior (posteroinferior): entre a CIA e a VCI;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Borda posterior: entre a CIA e as paredes atriais posteriores.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Adicionalmente, pode-se avaliar a borda relacionada &#224; veia pulmonar superior direita (VPSD), localizada posteriormente, entre a CIA e essa veia.</p>
          <p>Por conven&#231;&#227;o, considera-se comprimento de borda &gt; 5 mm como adequado, representando caracter&#237;stica favor&#225;vel para o fechamento transcateter. Bordas com extens&#227;o de 3-5 mm s&#227;o classificadas como deficientes, enquanto aquelas com &lt; 3 mm s&#227;o consideradas insuficientes. A presen&#231;a de bordas &lt; 5 mm pode dificultar o procedimento e exigir estrat&#233;gias t&#233;cnicas espec&#237;ficas, embora n&#227;o constitua contraindica&#231;&#227;o absoluta.</p>
          <p>A integridade das bordas posterossuperior, posteroinferior e anteroinferior &#233; particularmente relevante para o sucesso do procedimento. Por outro lado, a defici&#234;ncia da borda a&#243;rtica, apesar de associada a potencial risco de eros&#227;o, n&#227;o representa contraindica&#231;&#227;o, sendo inclusive desej&#225;vel que o DOS se adapte &#224; aorta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Al&#233;m do comprimento, a qualidade estrutural das bordas tamb&#233;m deve ser avaliada. Bordas finas e redundantes, especialmente nas regi&#245;es posterior e posteroinferior, podem estar associadas &#224; presen&#231;a de fenestra&#231;&#245;es adicionais, caracterizando defeitos m&#250;ltiplos (Figura 2C).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo geral de imagem do septo interatrial</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico 2D</title>
            <p>O ETE 2D constitui a base da avalia&#231;&#227;o por imagem do SIA. Como a CIA do tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic> pode localizar-se em qualquer ponto da fossa oval, recomenda-se iniciar a aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens em 0&#176; e aumentar progressivamente o &#226;ngulo do transdutor, em incrementos de 15&#176;, at&#233; aproximadamente 120&#176;, permitindo a an&#225;lise completa do septo.</p>
            <p>As imagens 2D devem ser previamente otimizadas, com posterior aplica&#231;&#227;o do Doppler colorido. A escala do Doppler colorido pode ser ajustada para valores mais baixos (&#8776; 35-40 cm/s), a fim de facilitar a detec&#231;&#227;o de fluxos de baixa velocidade, como em pequenas fenestra&#231;&#245;es ou defeitos de menor dimens&#227;o.</p>
            <p>A maioria das proje&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o &#233; obtida ao n&#237;vel do es&#244;fago m&#233;dio, incluindo:</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Vis&#227;o de quatro c&#226;maras (0&#176;-30&#176;): permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o das bordas posterior e das valvas atrioventriculares;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Vis&#227;o da via de entrada e sa&#237;da ou eixo curto da valva a&#243;rtica (45&#176;-60&#176;): evidencia as bordas posterior e a&#243;rtica (anterossuperior);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Vis&#227;o bicaval (90&#176;-120&#176;): permite a an&#225;lise das bordas posterossuperior (VCS) e posteroinferior (VCI).</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p>A rota&#231;&#227;o no sentido hor&#225;rio da sonda, a partir da vis&#227;o em eixo curto da valva a&#243;rtica (45&#176;-60&#176;), possibilita a visualiza&#231;&#227;o das veias pulmonares direitas. A retra&#231;&#227;o da sonda para o es&#244;fago alto, com varredura angular progressiva a partir de 0&#176;, permite melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o da por&#231;&#227;o superior do septo.</p>
            <p>Na vis&#227;o bicaval a 120&#176;, nos casos de CIA localizada superiormente, &#233; poss&#237;vel visualizar a borda posterossuperior. A rota&#231;&#227;o hor&#225;ria adicional permite identificar a drenagem das veias pulmonares direitas, auxiliando na diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre defeito do seio venoso superior e CIA do tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic> em posi&#231;&#227;o superior.</p>
            <p>Quando a borda posteroinferior n&#227;o &#233; adequadamente visualizada na vis&#227;o bicaval, manobras como retroflex&#227;o da sonda ou redu&#231;&#227;o gradual do &#226;ngulo para cerca de 60&#176; podem trazer a VCI ao campo de imagem. Essa borda &#233; frequentemente a mais dif&#237;cil de delinear ao ETE, mas sua avalia&#231;&#227;o &#233; essencial, uma vez que sua defici&#234;ncia, observada em aproximadamente 3,3% dos casos, est&#225; associada a maior risco de disfun&#231;&#227;o do DOS. Ainda assim, em casos selecionados, o fechamento percut&#226;neo pode ser realizado com ajustes t&#233;cnicos apropriados.</p>
            <p>A posi&#231;&#227;o transg&#225;strica profunda tamb&#233;m pode ser utilizada para obten&#231;&#227;o de uma vis&#227;o bicaval sagital. Inicialmente, identifica-se a via de entrada do VD a 90&#176;, com posterior aumento do &#226;ngulo para 100&#176;-120&#176; e leve rota&#231;&#227;o hor&#225;ria da sonda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico 3D</title>
            <p>O SIA apresenta anatomia complexa e 3D, e o ETE 3D fornece informa&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas adicionais relevantes. Essa modalidade permite a obten&#231;&#227;o de vis&#245;es frontais (<italic>en face</italic>) da CIA sob as perspectivas do AD e do AE, possibilitando a avalia&#231;&#227;o detalhada das bordas do defeito e de sua rela&#231;&#227;o com estruturas adjacentes.</p>
            <p>Al&#233;m disso, o ETE 3D permite caracterizar, em tempo real, a forma do defeito (especialmente em casos el&#237;pticos ou m&#250;ltiplos) e medir suas dimens&#245;es m&#237;nima e m&#225;xima ao longo do ciclo card&#237;aco. Tamb&#233;m possibilita a visualiza&#231;&#227;o direta do DOS ap&#243;s o implante, bem como a avalia&#231;&#227;o imediata de seu posicionamento e de eventuais complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
            <p>A t&#233;cnica permite ainda aquisi&#231;&#227;o biplanar ou triplanar, com exibi&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea de planos ortogonais (por exemplo, eixo curto da valva a&#243;rtica e vis&#227;o bicaval), com alta resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal, sendo particularmente &#250;til na orienta&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos transcateter (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 4</xref>, Painel D).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f05002">
                <label>Figura 4</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Imagens obtidas durante o procedimento de fechamento transcateter da CIA do tipo ostium secundum. A) Imagem 3D ao ETE demonstrando a passagem do fio-guia atrav&#233;s do SIA; B) imagem 2D ao ETE evidenciando o cateter posicionado na VPSE (seta amarela); C) mensura&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro estirado da CIA ao ETE (painel superior) e &#224; fluoroscopia (painel inferior); D) reconstru&#231;&#227;o multiplanar ao ETE 3D demonstrando o posicionamento do dispositivo oclusor septal tipo Amplatzer no SIA; E) ilustra&#231;&#227;o esquem&#225;tica do dispositivo tipo Amplatzer; F) forma&#231;&#227;o do disco atrial esquerdo de dispositivo n&#227;o autocentrante no AE, com aspecto em &#8220;tulipa&#8221;, visualizado ao ETE 3D; G) visualiza&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo em perfil; H) visualiza&#231;&#227;o frontal do dispositivo; I) imagem ao ETE 2D do dispositivo implantado; J) ilustra&#231;&#227;o de dispositivo n&#227;o autocentrante. AD: &#225;trio direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; AAE: ap&#234;ndice do &#225;trio esquerdo; Ao: aorta; CIA: comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial; ETE: ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico; SIA: septo interatrial; VPSE: veia pulmonar superior esquerda.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260020-0020i-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>A aquisi&#231;&#227;o volum&#233;trica 3D &#233; realizada a partir de proje&#231;&#245;es 2D padr&#227;o, como a vis&#227;o em eixo curto da aorta ou a vis&#227;o bicaval. Antes da aquisi&#231;&#227;o 3D, &#233; fundamental otimizar a imagem 2D. O ajuste adequado do ganho &#233; essencial para evitar artefatos que possam simular falsamente defeitos m&#250;ltiplos, os quais n&#227;o podem ser corrigidos no p&#243;s-processamento.</p>
            <p>O ETE 3D oferece diferentes modos de aquisi&#231;&#227;o, com destaque para o modo em tempo real (&#226;ngulo estreito) e o modo zoom de setor amplo.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Exibi&#231;&#227;o 3D</title>
            <p>De acordo com a conven&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica, na vis&#227;o frontal (<italic>en face</italic>), o SIA e a CIA devem ser rotacionados de forma que a VCS esteja posicionada aproximadamente &#224;s 11 horas, a VCI ao longo do eixo vertical inferior e a aorta anteriormente, direcionada ao canto superior direito da imagem, na perspectiva do AD.</p>
            <p>Na perspectiva do AE, a imagem 3D &#233; invertida ao longo do eixo superior-inferior. Nessa configura&#231;&#227;o, a VPSD, adjacente &#224; VCS, posiciona-se superiormente (aproximadamente &#224;s 1 hora), a raiz a&#243;rtica ocupa a regi&#227;o anterossuperior &#224; esquerda e a valva mitral situa-se na por&#231;&#227;o anteroinferior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
            <p>Essas orienta&#231;&#245;es devem ser utilizadas como refer&#234;ncia inicial para a interpreta&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica das imagens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial do tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic> complexa</title>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis morfol&#243;gicas podem dificultar o fechamento transcateter da CIA do tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 3</xref>). Considera-se CIA complexa, com potencial indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, nas seguintes situa&#231;&#245;es:</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04002">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Exemplos de imagens obtidas por ETE de CIAs do tipo ostium secundum complexas. A) Vis&#227;o frontal 3D demonstrando CIA associada a aneurisma do SIA (seta amarela); B) Vis&#227;o frontal ao ETE 3D evidenciando CIA associada a SIA aneurism&#225;tico e multifenestrado (setas pretas); C) Imagens ao ETE 2D (painel superior, setas amarelas) e ao ETE 3D (painel inferior) demonstrando SIA com duas CIAs; D) Imagens ao ETE 2D (painel direito, seta amarela) e ao ETE 3D (painel esquerdo) evidenciando CIA com aus&#234;ncia da borda posteroinferior. AD: &#225;trio direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; Ao ASC: aorta ascendente; CIA: comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial; ETE: ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico; SIA: septo interatrial; VCI: veia cava inferior; VCS: veia cava superior; VM: valva mitral.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-02-e20260020-0020i-gf05-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>CIA de grande dimens&#227;o: di&#226;metro &gt; 30 mm;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>CIAs m&#250;ltiplas ou SIA multifenestrado: m&#250;ltiplas fenestra&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o presentes em aproximadamente 2,7% dos casos e frequentemente se associam a aneurisma do SIA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero, tamanho e localiza&#231;&#227;o dos defeitos &#233; essencial para a escolha do DOS e para a antecipa&#231;&#227;o da complexidade do procedimento;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Aneurisma do SIA: pode comprometer a estabilidade e o posicionamento do DOS, influenciando sua sele&#231;&#227;o;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Bordas deficientes ou n&#227;o firmes (finas e redundantes): podem prejudicar a adequada ancoragem do dispositivo.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Essas varia&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas podem favorecer o uso de dispositivos espec&#237;ficos para m&#250;ltiplas fenestra&#231;&#245;es ou, em alguns casos, exigir a implanta&#231;&#227;o de mais de um DOS. Defeitos com dimens&#245;es superiores aos dispositivos dispon&#237;veis podem demandar abordagem cir&#250;rgica.</p>
        <p>Adicionalmente, recomenda-se a mensura&#231;&#227;o do comprimento do SIA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura Central</xref>), uma vez que dispositivos com disco oclusor maior que 90% desse comprimento podem estar associados a maior risco de eros&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dispositivo oclusor septal</title>
        <p>Diversos DOS est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis para o fechamento percut&#226;neo transcateter da CIA do tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic>. O dispositivo tipo Amplatzer &#233; composto por dois discos autoexpans&#237;veis interligados por uma cintura autocentrante, confeccionados em malha de nitinol, o que permite recaptura e reposicionamento durante o implante. O disco do AE apresenta maior di&#226;metro em raz&#227;o da maior press&#227;o nessa c&#226;mara em compara&#231;&#227;o ao AD. A principal refer&#234;ncia para sua escolha &#233; o di&#226;metro da cintura, que deve corresponder ao tamanho do defeito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 4</xref>, Painel E).</p>
        <p>Os dispositivos n&#227;o autocentrantes, desenvolvidos especialmente para SIAs multifenestrados, s&#227;o constitu&#237;dos por dois discos de mesmo di&#226;metro conectados por uma cintura delgada, posicionada no defeito central. Nessa configura&#231;&#227;o, o tamanho dos discos, dispostos em ambos os lados do septo, maximiza a cobertura das m&#250;ltiplas fenestra&#231;&#245;es. Nesses casos, a CIA central &#233; a principal refer&#234;ncia para o dimensionamento, sendo o di&#226;metro do disco o par&#226;metro mais relevante (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 4</xref>, Painel J).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fechamento transcateter da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial do tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic></title>
        <p>O ecocardiograma fornece informa&#231;&#245;es essenciais em todas as etapas do procedimento, incluindo a sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, a escolha do DOS, a orienta&#231;&#227;o intraprocedimento, o monitoramento de complica&#231;&#245;es e a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos resultados.</p>
        <p>Um passo fundamental durante o procedimento &#233; a mensura&#231;&#227;o da CIA. Essa avalia&#231;&#227;o &#233; realizada por ecocardiograma, conforme descrito anteriormente, e complementada por angiografia com o uso de bal&#227;o medidor.</p>
        <p>A mensura&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o baseia-se no conceito de di&#226;metro estirado, no qual o di&#226;metro da CIA medido previamente ao ETE &#233; inferior ao di&#226;metro obtido ap&#243;s a distens&#227;o com o bal&#227;o. Embora o ETE seja essencial para a avalia&#231;&#227;o das bordas, ele n&#227;o permite determinar com precis&#227;o sua composi&#231;&#227;o estrutural. O bal&#227;o medidor &#233;, portanto, fundamental para expandir as bordas septais at&#233; o ponto em que apresentam resist&#234;ncia adequada para ancoragem do dispositivo. Essa medida define o tamanho m&#237;nimo necess&#225;rio do DOS para adequada fixa&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A mensura&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro estirado &#233; realizada por meio da t&#233;cnica de interrup&#231;&#227;o de fluxo (<italic>stop-flow</italic>). Essa t&#233;cnica consiste na insufla&#231;&#227;o gradual do bal&#227;o at&#233; a interrup&#231;&#227;o do fluxo da esquerda para a direita, o que deve ser confirmado por ecocardiograma com Doppler colorido. Idealmente, o bal&#227;o apresenta uma constri&#231;&#227;o central (&#8220;cintura&#8221;), indicando que est&#225; adequadamente posicionado e centralizado no defeito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 4</xref>, Painel C). A cintura do bal&#227;o corresponde &#224; refer&#234;ncia para o di&#226;metro do dispositivo a ser implantado.</p>
        <p>O bal&#227;o selecionado deve ter di&#226;metro superior ao inicialmente estimado, a fim de permitir adequada distens&#227;o do septo. Em geral, observa-se aumento de aproximadamente 30%-35% em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; medida inicial. A insufla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o deve ultrapassar o ponto de interrup&#231;&#227;o do fluxo nem o volume m&#225;ximo do bal&#227;o, para evitar distens&#227;o excessiva do defeito. A presen&#231;a de cintura sem interrup&#231;&#227;o do fluxo pode indicar a exist&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplas comunica&#231;&#245;es na fossa oval.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a determina&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro do defeito, o tamanho do DOS pode ser selecionado de acordo com diferentes crit&#233;rios: di&#226;metro igual ao defeito, uma unidade maior, di&#226;metro estirado acrescido de 0-2 mm ou, em casos de bordas espessas e firmes, 20%-30% maior que a medida obtida no ETE.</p>
        <p>Passo a passo para guiar o fechamento transcateter da CIA do tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic></p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Inicialmente, o ETE deve ser utilizado para avaliar a CIA quanto &#224; morfologia, &#224; localiza&#231;&#227;o e &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas das bordas;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O acesso venoso &#233;, em geral, obtido pela VCI, visualizada na incid&#234;ncia bicaval. Nessa etapa, o fio-guia &#233; direcionado superiormente em dire&#231;&#227;o ao SIA, com o objetivo de atravessar o defeito e alcan&#231;ar o AE. O trajeto do fio deve ser claramente identificado no AD, a fim de evitar sua entrada no ap&#234;ndice do AD, estrutura adjacente &#224; VCS e potencial local de perfura&#231;&#227;o atrial. Tamb&#233;m &#233; importante verificar a presen&#231;a de rede de Chiari, devido ao risco de emaranhamento do fio; por essa raz&#227;o, manobras complexas no AD devem ser evitadas;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Ap&#243;s isso, o fio-guia &#233; avan&#231;ado at&#233; atravessar o SIA (Figura 4A);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Uma vez no AE, o fio &#233; direcionado posteriormente at&#233; a veia pulmonar superior esquerda (VPSE), estrutura considerada segura para sua estabiliza&#231;&#227;o. O ETE confirma o posicionamento adequado do fio na VPSE e afasta sua passagem pelo ap&#234;ndice do AE (AAE), estrutura trabeculada, de parede fina e com risco de perfura&#231;&#227;o (Figura 4, Painel B);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Em seguida, avan&#231;a-se o bal&#227;o medidor;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O bal&#227;o deve ser insuflado com o centro alinhado ao defeito. A confirma&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica <italic>stop-flow</italic> &#233; realizada ao ETE, com a mensura&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro estirado da CIA;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Seleciona-se o DOS;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O bal&#227;o deve ser retirado somente depois que o DOS escolhido estiver devidamente preparado para o implante;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Na sequ&#234;ncia, o fio-guia e a bainha de libera&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o avan&#231;ados atrav&#233;s do SIA at&#233; a posi&#231;&#227;o ideal, geralmente no corpo do AE ou na VPSE, com confirma&#231;&#227;o pelo ETE;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Retiram-se, ent&#227;o, o dilatador e o fio-guia, mantendo-se a bainha posicionada no AE. Em seguida, o DOS &#233; avan&#231;ado pela bainha;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Posteriormente, a bainha de introdu&#231;&#227;o &#233; reposicionada no corpo do AE, e o disco atrial esquerdo &#233; implantado sob orienta&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, assegurando que o dispositivo permane&#231;a afastado do AAE, da valva mitral e da parede livre atrial. O disco do AE &#233; ent&#227;o tracionado at&#233; posicionar-se junto ao SIA, ao n&#237;vel do defeito, enquanto a cintura de conex&#227;o &#233; liberada com tra&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua em dire&#231;&#227;o ao AD;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Por fim, o disco atrial direito &#233; implantado na face direita do SIA (Figura 4, Painel D);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Quando se utiliza um DOS do tipo Amplatzer, pode-se realizar o teste de tra&#231;&#227;o, monitorado por ecocardiograma e fluoroscopia, para confirma&#231;&#227;o da estabilidade do dispositivo;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Ap&#243;s confirmar o posicionamento e a estabilidade, o DOS &#233; liberado.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>No caso dos dispositivos n&#227;o autocentrantes, o procedimento segue os mesmos princ&#237;pios gerais do fechamento das CIAs usuais, com a diferen&#231;a de que sua sele&#231;&#227;o &#233; guiada principalmente pelo ecocardiograma. Nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, o uso do bal&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; necessariamente obrigat&#243;rio, uma vez que o selamento dos orif&#237;cios n&#227;o depende da cintura do dispositivo, mas de seus discos. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre o di&#226;metro do DOS e o di&#226;metro do defeito deve ser superior a 2:1, e o di&#226;metro do dispositivo selecionado n&#227;o deve ultrapassar 90% do comprimento septal medido.</p>
        <p>Nesses casos, o disco atrial esquerdo &#233; inicialmente formado no corpo do AE, com base na orienta&#231;&#227;o fluorosc&#243;pica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica (Figura 4F). Uma vez formado, o ETE &#233; empregado para guiar seu posicionamento contra a face atrial esquerda do SIA. O disco do AE &#233; mantido apoiado sobre o septo enquanto o cateter de libera&#231;&#227;o &#233; tracionado em dire&#231;&#227;o ao AD, permitindo a forma&#231;&#227;o do disco atrial direito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 4</xref>, Pain&#233;is G, H e I).</p>
        <p>Nos casos de CIA multifenestrada, o ETE 2D, e especialmente o ETE 3D, deve ser utilizado para medir a dist&#226;ncia entre o centro do defeito principal e o defeito mais distante, correspondente ao raio. Esse valor &#233; ent&#227;o multiplicado por 2 para obten&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro necess&#225;rio do dispositivo. Para verificar se o DOS selecionado n&#227;o interferir&#225; com estruturas adjacentes, deve-se:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Medir do centro do defeito central &#224; raiz a&#243;rtica;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Medir do centro do defeito central &#224; borda da VCS;</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Se o tamanho desejado do DOS exceder o tamanho permitido com seguran&#231;a, o dispositivo n&#227;o deve ser implantado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do resultado final</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o por ETE 2D e 3D do DOS, do SIA e das estruturas adjacentes deve ser realizada em m&#250;ltiplas janelas antes da libera&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo, permitindo sua recaptura e reposicionamento, se necess&#225;rio.</p>
        <p>Deve-se confirmar o adequado posicionamento do DOS, bem como a presen&#231;a de tecido septal interposto entre os discos, evidenciada por discreta separa&#231;&#227;o dos discos na visualiza&#231;&#227;o em perfil. O dispositivo e suas bordas devem ser cuidadosamente avaliados com Doppler colorido para detec&#231;&#227;o de <italic>shunts</italic> residuais.</p>
        <p>Pequenos <italic>shunts</italic> residuais tendem a reduzir ou desaparecer com a endoteliza&#231;&#227;o progressiva do dispositivo ao longo de alguns meses; no entanto, podem persistir em cerca de 3% dos casos ap&#243;s 1 ano do implante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Em muitos casos, observa-se fluxo residual ao longo da borda retroa&#243;rtica imediatamente ap&#243;s o implante e antes da libera&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo. Esse achado decorre da tens&#227;o exercida pelo cabo de libera&#231;&#227;o, que desloca o disco do AD inferiormente, afastando-o do septo.</p>
        <p>Essa tens&#227;o e o fluxo residual tendem a desaparecer ap&#243;s a libera&#231;&#227;o do DOS do cabo de libera&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, o operador deve assegurar que o vazamento residual n&#227;o decorra de subdimensionamento do dispositivo ou de seu deslizamento do AE para o AD, especialmente na presen&#231;a de borda retroa&#243;rtica deficiente.</p>
        <p>Interfer&#234;ncias com as veias pulmonares, o seio coronariano, a fun&#231;&#227;o das valvas atrioventriculares e poss&#237;vel deforma&#231;&#227;o da raiz a&#243;rtica devem ser cuidadosamente avaliadas e exclu&#237;das antes da libera&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo. Ap&#243;s a libera&#231;&#227;o do DOS, todas essas avalia&#231;&#245;es devem ser repetidas de forma sistem&#225;tica.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado:</label>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
          <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
          <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
          <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
