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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">VGfq3xMDDnpmK57N35QqcWf</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2675-312X2026000100205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260027i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Standardization of Echocardiographic Assessment in an Era of New Therapies</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8728-4357</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Goulart</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Unifesp EPM</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unifesp EPM, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital 9 de Julho</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital 9 de Julho, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Marcelo Goulart Paiva &#8226;</bold> Unifesp EPM. Rua Periquito, 210, 92B. Postal code: <postal-code>04023-062</postal-code>. S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>mgpaiva123@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>39</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260027</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) has become the most common inherited myocardial disease, with an estimated global prevalence between 1:200 and 1:500. Despite its relatively high frequency in the general population, the disease remains significantly underdiagnosed. Only about 15% of affected individuals are clinically identified, due mainly to the wide variability of phenotypes and clinical manifestations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Slightly more than half of patients may develop progressive symptoms or experience adverse events throughout their lifetime. Early identification, risk stratification, and cardiovascular therapies and interventions have reduced mortality rates to &lt; 1.0% per year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>The pathophysiology of HCM is based on myocardial hypertrophy in the absence of secondary causes, associated with hypercontractility and diastolic dysfunction, resulting from abnormal myosin activation. Approximately 75% of patients present with left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction at rest or after provocative maneuvers. In the absence of an obstructive pattern, the disease course is usually favorable, oligosymptomatic, or asymptomatic, with a minority progressing to advanced stages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is essential for diagnosing HCM. Suspicion should arise in the presence of diastolic myocardial thickness &#8805; 15 mm in the absence of any conditions that justify hypertrophy in a non-dilated ventricle. In patients with a family history of HCM or genetic mutation, diastolic myocardial thickness &#8805; 13 mm is considered sufficient. Other indications for performing TTE include systolic murmur suggestive of dynamic obstruction in the LVOT and suggestive symptoms, such as dyspnea, chest pain, and syncope, related to dehydration, exercise, and the postprandial period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>When HCM is suspected, TTE should contain the relevant information for case management, including the following: indexed left atrial volume; myocardial thickness of the septum and posterior wall; location of the segment with the greatest increase in thickness; left ventricular ejection fraction; global longitudinal strain; analysis of diastolic function; description of apical aneurysm when present; description of the presence and location of intraventricular gradient; description of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve; mitral valve apparatus abnormalities; and mitral regurgitation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Given the labile nature of LVOT gradients, the absence of obstruction at rest does not exclude latent obstructive HCM. Provocative maneuvers such as the Valsalva maneuver or rapid squat-to-stand maneuver should be routinely used to unmask gradients. Furthermore, postprandial echocardiography has emerged as a powerful tool, as mesenteric vasodilation and the adrenergic response after a meal can significantly elevate gradients in more than a third of patients who would be erroneously classified as non-obstructive when fasting. Whenever resting maneuvers are inconclusive, exercise stress echocardiography (ESE) remains the gold standard for assessing the functional relevance of the obstruction and should be performed after a meal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Recent studies have demonstrated the relevance of hemodynamic assessment in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy under different physiological conditions, including rest, physical exertion, fasting, and the postprandial period. After food intake, even at rest, the presence of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve and an increased left ventricular outflow tract gradient were observed, findings that became more pronounced during postprandial exertion. This case highlights the importance of a comprehensive use of the available diagnostic tools for characterizing obstruction, as such an approach contributes to therapeutic optimization and to guiding lifestyle measures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Using TTE and postprandial ESE to study 252 patients with HCM, Massera et al. identified a LVOT gradient &#8805; 50 mmHg in 35.7% of patients without obstruction under baseline conditions, including 15.1% on the postprandial physical stress phase alone. More than 50% of patients undergoing invasive treatment or myosin inhibitors had a LVOT gradient &#8805; 50 mmHg only on postprandial assessment (TTE and ESE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Accordingly, clinical routines should incorporate echocardiography with specific protocols for HCM, including provocative maneuvers and postprandial assessment. However, there is still a lack of standardization regarding the type of diet and the interval between the meal and echocardiographic assessment.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260027</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica: Padroniza&#231;&#227;o da Avalia&#231;&#227;o Ecocardiogr&#225;fica na Era das Novas Terapias</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8728-4357</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Goulart</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unifesp EPM, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital 9 de Julho, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
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      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Marcelo Goulart Paiva &#8226;</bold> Unifesp EPM. Rua Periquito, 210, 92B. CEP: <postal-code>04023-062</postal-code>. S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mgpaiva123@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
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      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Obstru&#231;&#227;o da Via de Sa&#237;da Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
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    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) consolidou-se como a doen&#231;a mioc&#225;rdica heredit&#225;ria mais comum, com uma preval&#234;ncia global estimada entre 1:200 e 1:500. Apesar da frequ&#234;ncia relativamente elevada na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, a doen&#231;a permanece significativamente subdiagnosticada. Apenas cerca de 15% dos indiv&#237;duos afetados s&#227;o identificados clinicamente, o que se deve principalmente &#224; grande variabilidade de fen&#243;tipos e manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas apresentadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Pouco mais da metade dos pacientes podem evoluir com sintomas progressivos ou apresentar eventos adversos ao longo da vida. A identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e o emprego de terapias e interven&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares reduziram as taxas de mortalidade para &lt; 1,0% ao ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A fisiopatologia da CMH baseia-se em hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica na aus&#234;ncia de causas secund&#225;rias, associada &#224; hipercontratilidade e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, decorrentes da ativa&#231;&#227;o anormal da miosina. Cerca de 75% dos pacientes apresentam obstru&#231;&#227;o do trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VSVE) em repouso ou ap&#243;s manobras provocativas. Na aus&#234;ncia do padr&#227;o obstrutivo, a evolu&#231;&#227;o &#233; habitualmente favor&#225;vel, oligossintom&#225;tica ou assintom&#225;tica, com minoria progredindo para quadros avan&#231;ados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) &#233; fundamental para o diagn&#243;stico de CMH. A suspeita se faz na presen&#231;a de espessura mioc&#225;rdica diast&#243;lica &#8805; 15 mm na aus&#234;ncia de quaisquer condi&#231;&#245;es que justifiquem a hipertrofia em um ventr&#237;culo n&#227;o dilatado. Em pacientes com hist&#243;ria familiar de CMH ou muta&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica, uma espessura mioc&#225;rdica diast&#243;lica &#8805; 13 mm &#233; considerada suficiente. Outras indica&#231;&#245;es para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ETT seriam a presen&#231;a de sopro sist&#243;lico sugestivo de obstru&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica na VSVE e sintomas sugestivos, como dispneia, dor tor&#225;cica e s&#237;ncope, relacionados &#224; desidrata&#231;&#227;o, ao exerc&#237;cio e ao per&#237;odo p&#243;s-prandial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na suspeita de CMH, o ETT deve conter informa&#231;&#245;es relevantes na condu&#231;&#227;o do caso, como: volume indexado do &#225;trio esquerdo; espessura mioc&#225;rdica do septo e parede posterior; localiza&#231;&#227;o do segmento de maior aumento da espessura; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global; an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica; descri&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma apical quando presente; descri&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a e localiza&#231;&#227;o de gradiente intraventricular; descri&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de movimento anterior sist&#243;lico da valva mitral; anormalidades do aparelho valvar mitral; e insufici&#234;ncia mitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dada a natureza l&#225;bil dos gradientes na VSVE, a aus&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o em repouso n&#227;o exclui a CMH obstrutiva latente. Manobras provocativas como a manobra de Valsalva ou de agachamento-levante r&#225;pido devem ser usadas de rotina para desmascarar gradientes. Al&#233;m disso, o ecocardiograma p&#243;s-prandial emergiu como uma ferramenta poderosa; a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mesent&#233;rica e a resposta adren&#233;rgica ap&#243;s uma refei&#231;&#227;o podem elevar significativamente os gradientes em mais de um ter&#231;o dos pacientes que seriam erroneamente classificados como n&#227;o obstrutivos em jejum. Quando as manobras em repouso s&#227;o inconclusivas, o ecocardiograma de estresse com esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico (ESF) continua sendo o padr&#227;o-ouro para avaliar a relev&#226;ncia funcional da obstru&#231;&#227;o, devendo inclusive ser realizado ap&#243;s alimenta&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos recentes t&#234;m demonstrado a relev&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica na cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica em diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas, incluindo repouso, esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico, jejum e per&#237;odo p&#243;s-prandial. Ap&#243;s a alimenta&#231;&#227;o, mesmo em repouso, observou-se a presen&#231;a de movimento anterior sist&#243;lico da valva mitral e eleva&#231;&#227;o do gradiente na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, achados que se intensificaram durante o esfor&#231;o p&#243;s-prandial. Esse caso refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia da utiliza&#231;&#227;o abrangente das ferramentas diagn&#243;sticas dispon&#237;veis para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da obstru&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que tal abordagem contribui para a otimiza&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica e para a orienta&#231;&#227;o de medidas de estilo de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudando 252 indiv&#237;duos com CMH, Massera et al., ao utilizarem ETT e ESF p&#243;s-prandial, identificaram gradiente na VSVE &#8805; 50 mmHg em 35,7% dos pacientes sem obstru&#231;&#227;o em condi&#231;&#245;es basais, sendo 15,1% apenas na fase de estresse f&#237;sico p&#243;s-prandial. Mais de 50% dos pacientes submetidos a tratamento invasivo ou inibidores de miosina apresentavam gradiente na VSVE &#8805; 50 mmHg apenas na avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-prandial (ETT e ESF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Assim, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma com protocolos espec&#237;ficos para CMH, que incluam manobras provocativas e avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-prandial, deve ser uma rotina. Entretanto, ainda carecem de padroniza&#231;&#227;o quanto ao tipo de dieta e o tempo entre a refei&#231;&#227;o e a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica.</p>
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