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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">7NKrhd5Nty3sqp6QsYtFyqB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2675-312X2026000100605</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260018i</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00605</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Correlation Between Venous Excess Ultrasound and N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Levels in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-9558-4156</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Flores</surname>
            <given-names>Marcella Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0842-8223</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>analysis and interpretation of the data and statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2425-4569</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius Silva Freire de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3927-778X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Morel Vieira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-2980-8754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcante</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;via Rodrigues Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-6454-3535</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8050-4660</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Yuri Xavier de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-6067-1324</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Raisa Mainarte Franco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-0893-387X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lobo</surname>
            <given-names>Clara Talita Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4634-8187</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Chaves de</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Marcella Pereira Flores</bold> &#8226; Hospital S&#227;o Rafael. Avenida S&#227;o Rafael, 2152. Postal code: <postal-code>41253-190</postal-code>. S&#227;o Marcos, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil E-mail: marcellapflavigne@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>39</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260018</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The Venous Excess Ultrasound (VExUS) score has been proposed as an ultrasonographic method for assessing systemic venous congestion in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). However, the relationship between VExUS and the biomarker N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) remains unclear in literature.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the correlation between the VExUS score and serum NT-proBNP levels in patients with ADHF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This retrospective observational study included 117 patients hospitalized with ADHF. Systemic venous congestion was assessed using the VExUS score, and serum NT-proBNP levels were obtained from laboratory records. Comparisons between groups were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn's test for multiple comparisons. The strength of association between variables was analyzed using Spearman's correlation coefficient.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>NT-proBNP levels increased progressively with increasing VExUS severity, with median values of 2,890 pg/mL (VExUS 0), 4,700 pg/mL (VExUS 1), 5,430 pg/mL (VExUS 2), and 13,200 pg/mL (VExUS 3). Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant difference between groups (Kruskal-Wallis: &#967;<sup>2</sup> = 39.18; p &lt; 0.0001). Dunn's test indicated that patients with VExUS 3 had significantly higher NT-proBNP levels compared with the other groups (p &lt; 0.01). A moderate positive correlation was observed between the variables (Spearman's coefficient &#961; = 0.567; p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The results indicate that the VExUS score is associated with NT-proBNP levels and may be integrated into clinical reasoning when assessing venous congestion in patients with ADHF.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correlation Between Venous Excess Ultrasound and N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Levels in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Correlation Between Venous Excess Ultrasound and N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Levels in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure. ADHF: acutely decompensated heart failure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; VExUS: Venous Excess Ultrasound.</attrib>
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      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultrasonics</kwd>
        <kwd>Inpatients</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="23"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) is a highly prevalent condition worldwide, affecting more than 64 million people and associated with significant impact on morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Over the past decades, a continuous increase has been observed in both the incidence and the clinical complexity of HF, accompanied by a higher number of hospitalizations and worse outcomes across different populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Recurrent hospitalizations after episodes of decompensation are common, occurring in approximately half of patients during early follow-up, which increases the demand for specialized care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Early recognition of signs of hypervolemia is essential in the management of acute decompensated HF (ADHF), particularly in emergency departments and specialized cardiology care units. Accurate identification of congestion allows timely therapeutic interventions, reduces the risk of hemodynamic deterioration, and is associated with better clinical outcomes. In the hospital setting, systematic assessment of volume status is crucial to guide decisions related to the use of diuretics, adjustment of perfusion-guided therapies, and the need for advanced support, contributing to greater safety and effectiveness of treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Among the complementary tests used in the evaluation of ADHF, the N-terminal fragment of pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) plays a relevant role in the characterization of congestion and prognostic stratification. Elevated levels of this biomarker are associated with greater clinical severity, increased risk of adverse events, and higher probability of rehospitalization, which reinforces its usefulness in monitoring patients during hospitalization and at the time of discharge.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has emerged as a complementary tool in the assessment of congestion in patients with ADHF, as it allows direct analysis of venous structures and provides additional information to clinical examination and laboratory markers. The Venous Excess Ultrasound (VExUS) score was proposed as a structured method to quantify systemic venous congestion, integrating findings from the inferior vena cava and patterns of hepatic, portal, and renal venous flow.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Recent studies have demonstrated that VExUS may assist in identifying residual congestion and contribute to therapeutic decision-making during hospitalization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In addition, POCUS shows satisfactory interobserver agreement in the evaluation of venous parameters, which reinforces its usefulness in emergency departments and cardiology units.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Despite advances in the use of POCUS and the growing application of the VExUS score in the assessment of systemic venous congestion, the relationship between this method and laboratory markers widely used in clinical practice, such as NT-proBNP, remains poorly explored. Understanding this potential association may contribute to improving the characterization of volume status in patients with ADHF. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the correlation between the VExUS score and serum NT-proBNP levels in patients hospitalized with ADHF.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design and population</title>
        <p>This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted with patients admitted with ADHF. The sample included 117 hospitalized patients, all evaluated for systemic venous congestion using the VExUS score and undergoing serum measurement of the NT-proBNP biomarker.</p>
        <p>Ultrasound assessment and laboratory sampling were performed within the first 24 hours after admission to the emergency department of a tertiary referral hospital in the city of Salvador, state of Bahia, between November 2023 and December 2024.</p>
        <p>Patients without complete records of the ultrasound examination required for VExUS score determination, without available NT-proBNP measurement within the established period, or with a diagnosis of advanced liver disease were excluded because of the potential interference with the venous parameters analyzed. After applying these criteria, the final sample consisted of 117 patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical assessment and definition of variables</title>
        <p>Clinical data were obtained through review of medical records, including age, sex, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and hemodynamic profile at admission according to the Stevenson classification. Other clinical and laboratory variables were used to characterize the sample.</p>
        <p>The main exposure variable was the VExUS score, considered in four categories (0, 1, 2, and 3), corresponding to the grading of systemic venous congestion. The main outcome variable was the serum NT-proBNP level (pg/mL), analyzed as a continuous variable.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ultrasound assessment and Venous Excess Ultrasound score</title>
        <p>Systemic venous congestion was assessed by POCUS using a Vivid&#8482; iq Ultrasound System (GE HealthCare, USA). Different transducers were used according to the evaluation window: a sector transducer for cardiac windows and a convex transducer for evaluation of the abdominal and retroperitoneal venous system.</p>
        <p>Examinations were performed with the patient in the supine position, with the head of the bed elevated to approximately 30&#176;. During acquisition of venous flow signals, brief periods of apnea were attempted whenever clinically feasible to reduce respiratory artifacts and improve the definition of Doppler waveforms, particularly in smaller vessels such as the renal interlobar veins.</p>
        <p>During evaluation of hepatic venous flow, simultaneous electrocardiographic recording was used, allowing more precise identification of the S (systolic) and D (diastolic) waves and ensuring greater uniformity in the interpretation of flow patterns.</p>
        <p>The ultrasound windows analyzed included the inferior vena cava, hepatic venous flow, portal flow, and renal venous flow, according to the VExUS score protocol. The diameter of the inferior vena cava and the venous flow patterns in the three abdominal territories were recorded and classified according to the criteria established for the VExUS system. Based on these findings, patients were classified into VExUS scores 0, 1, 2, or 3, representing increasing degrees of systemic venous congestion.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurement of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide</title>
        <p>Serum NT-proBNP levels were obtained from laboratory tests performed during hospitalization for ADHF, according to the institutional routine of the service. Measurements were performed using standardized immunometric methods in the local laboratory.</p>
        <p>Values were expressed in pg/mL and used in the statistical analyses without additional transformation in the original protocol.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Initially, patients were stratified into four groups according to the VExUS score (0, 1, 2, and 3). Comparison of NT-proBNP levels between groups was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn's test for multiple pairwise comparisons.</p>
        <p>The strength of association between the VExUS score and NT-proBNP levels was evaluated using Spearman's correlation coefficient (&#961;), considering the ordinal nature of VExUS and the expected asymmetric distribution of NT-proBNP values.</p>
        <p>To model the relationship between the VExUS score and NT-proBNP, a Gamma regression model with a logarithmic link function was used, with NT-proBNP as the dependent variable and the VExUS score as the explanatory variable. Model fit was evaluated using McFadden's pseudo R<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>.</p>
        <p>Continuous variables were assessed for distribution using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Given the asymmetry observed in most variables, results were presented as median and interquartile range. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute frequencies and proportions.</p>
        <p>The significance level adopted was 5% (p &lt; 0.05). All analyses were performed using R software, version 4.4.3.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample characteristics</title>
        <p>In the present study, 117 patients hospitalized with ADHF were evaluated. The median age was 79 years. Of the total, 53 patients were female (45.3%) and 64 were male (54.7%).</p>
        <p>Regarding left ventricular function, 68 patients had LVEF &lt; 50%, whereas 49 had LVEF &#8805; 50%. Concerning the hemodynamic profile at admission, profile B (warm and wet) was observed in 110 patients (94.0%), while profile C (cold and wet) was identified in seven patients (6.0%).</p>
        <p>All patients included in the study had a complete ultrasound assessment required for VExUS score classification and serum NT-proBNP measurement performed within the first 24 hours after hospital admission.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Distribution of the Venous Excess Ultrasound score</title>
        <p>Patients were stratified into four groups according to the VExUS score: VExUS 0 (n = 21), VExUS 1 (n = 35), VExUS 2 (n = 31), and VExUS 3 (n = 30). This distribution allowed comparison of serum NT-proBNP levels across different degrees of systemic venous congestion assessed by the score.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels according to the Venous Excess Ultrasound score</title>
        <p>A progressive increase in the median NT-proBNP levels was observed as the VExUS score increased. The medians were 2,890 pg/mL in the VExUS 0 group, 4,700 pg/mL in the VExUS 1 group, 5,430 pg/mL in the VExUS 2 group, and 13,200 pg/mL in the VExUS 3 group.</p>
        <p>Statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test demonstrated a significant difference between groups (&#967;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> = 39.18; p &lt; 0.0001). In the multiple comparisons performed with Dunn's test, statistically significant differences were observed in comparisons involving the VExUS 3 group (p &lt; 0.01).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Correlation between the Venous Excess Ultrasound score and the N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide</title>
        <p>Correlation analysis between the VExUS score and serum NT-proBNP levels demonstrated a moderate positive correlation, with a Spearman coefficient of 0.567 (p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
        <p>In the Gamma regression model with a logarithmic link function, the VExUS score showed a &#946; coefficient of 0.584 (p &lt; 0.0001). The McFadden pseudo R<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> obtained was 0.024.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Using POCUS in the assessment of systemic venous congestion has expanded in the context of cardiovascular diseases, particularly in ADHF. The analysis of hepatic, portal, and renal venous flow patterns, integrated with measurements of the inferior vena cava, has been recognized as an approach that complements clinical examination and provides a more comprehensive assessment of the patient's hemodynamic status.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The VExUS score emerged as a structured method to synthesize ultrasound findings related to venous overload, with increasing application in different clinical settings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Recent reviews indicate that this tool provides a standardized and reproducible evaluation of systemic venous congestion, contributing to the understanding of the hemodynamic impact of increased venous pressures in different clinical conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>NT-proBNP values showed progressively higher distribution across the categories of the VExUS score, as illustrated in the boxplot (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). A gradual increase in medians was observed between groups, accompanied by a greater interquartile range at higher score levels. In the VExUS 3 group, greater variability was observed, with the presence of values higher than those seen in the other categories. This graphical pattern demonstrates an upward trend in the distribution of the biomarker as the degree of systemic venous congestion estimated by VExUS increases, complementing the results obtained in the statistical analyses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of NT-proBNP levels according to VExUS score categories. NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; VExUS: Venous Excess Ultrasound.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260018-0018i-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Graphical analysis also demonstrated an ascending distribution of NT-proBNP values across the categories of the VExUS score. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> presents the scatter plot with the line fitted by Spearman correlation, showing a positive linear trend consistent with the observed coefficient (&#961; = 0.567). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref> illustrates the curve estimated by the Gamma regression model with a logarithmic link function, in which a progressive increase in predicted NT-proBNP values is observed across the different levels of the VExUS score.</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlation between NT-proBNP levels and the VExUS score NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; VExUS: Venous Excess Ultrasound.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260018-0018i-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Relationship between NT-proBNP and the VExUS score estimated by a Gamma regression model. NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; VExUS: Venous Excess Ultrasound.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260018-0018i-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Using Gamma regression with a logarithmic link function allowed appropriate modeling of the asymmetric distribution of NT-proBNP, characterized by wide dispersion and the presence of extreme values at higher levels of congestion. This model captured the exponential relationship between increasing VExUS score and rising biomarker levels, demonstrating a progressive intensification of NT-proBNP values as systemic venous congestion worsens. This approach complements the Spearman analysis by showing that the observed correlation, of moderate magnitude, accompanies the gradual increase in NT-proBNP levels as the VExUS score increases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>This pattern suggests that the VExUS score, by quantifying the hemodynamic impact of increased venous pressures, objectively reflects the severity of volume decompensation, which is physiologically translated into the release of NT-proBNP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Consistent with the prognostic value of isolated congestion markers, the VExUS 3 score has been associated in other cohorts with more unfavorable clinical outcomes, including higher risk of worsening renal function, reduced natriuretic response, and resistance to diuretic therapy, in addition to worse overall prognosis. The ability of VExUS to dynamically monitor systemic venous congestion makes it potentially useful for guiding diuretic therapy, particularly in cases of cardiorenal syndrome, in which higher scores may support continuation of the diuretic strategy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>NT-proBNP predominantly reflects myocardial stress and increased cardiac filling pressures, whereas the VExUS score expresses the hemodynamic consequences of systemic venous congestion by integrating ultrasound signs related to elevated venous pressure and the risk of organ dysfunction. Thus, both methods assess distinct and complementary pathophysiological dimensions of congestion in heart failure and may contribute to a more comprehensive and individualized clinical approach.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations of the study</title>
        <p>This study has some limitations. It is a cross-sectional observational study conducted at a single center, with a final sample of 117 patients. The cross-sectional design limits the ability to infer causal relationships or to evaluate dynamic changes in venous congestion and NT-proBNP levels during hospitalization.</p>
        <p>Although a strategy was adopted to reduce temporal bias, with both VExUS score assessment and NT-proBNP measurement performed within the first 24 hours after hospital admission, this time window, although short, represents a potential limitation considering the dynamic nature of ADHF and the therapeutic interventions initiated during this period.</p>
        <p>The application of the VExUS score also has limitations inherent to its components and the clinical context in which it is used. Interpretation of hepatic vein Doppler may be influenced by the presence of significant tricuspid regurgitation and atrial fibrillation, conditions that may alter the venous flow pattern independently of the degree of congestion. Similarly, pulsatility of portal flow may be observed in young and healthy individuals, whereas its reduction may occur in parenchymal liver diseases. For this reason, patients with relevant structural liver disease were excluded from the analysis. Although integration of different venous territories in the VExUS score reduces dependence on a single parameter, these limitations should be considered when interpreting the findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Future studies, preferably with a longitudinal design, will be necessary to evaluate the dynamic evolution of the VExUS score during hospitalization and its relationship with the therapeutic strategies used. This type of approach may provide a more precise understanding of the role of systemic venous congestion assessed by VExUS in the clinical management of patients with ADHF.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The results of this study indicate that the VExUS score is associated with NT-proBNP levels, reinforcing its potential as a complementary tool in the evaluation of systemic venous congestion in patients with ADHF.</p>
      <p>The integration of VExUS into clinical reasoning and biomarker interpretation may provide a more comprehensive perspective on volume status, contributing to a more individualized diagnostic and therapeutic approach.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Sources of Funding</label>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Study Association</label>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experiments of CONEP under the protocol number 84674724.7.0000.0048.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
        <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Availability of Research Data</title>
      <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
    </sec>
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      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260018</article-id>
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          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Correla&#231;&#227;o Entre o Venous Excess <italic>Ultrasound</italic> e os N&#237;veis de Fragmento N-terminal do Pr&#243;-Pept&#237;deo Natriur&#233;tico Tipo B em Pacientes Com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Agudamente Descompensada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-9558-4156</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Flores</surname>
            <given-names>Marcella Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0842-8223</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2425-4569</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius Silva Freire de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3927-778X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Morel Vieira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-2980-8754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcante</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;via Rodrigues Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-6454-3535</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8050-4660</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Yuri Xavier de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-6067-1324</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Raisa Mainarte Franco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-0893-387X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lobo</surname>
            <given-names>Clara Talita Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4634-8187</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Chaves de</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Marcella Pereira Flores</bold> &#8226; Hospital S&#227;o Rafael. Avenida S&#227;o Rafael, 2152. CEP: <postal-code>41253-190</postal-code>. S&#227;o Marcos, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>marcellapflavigne@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O escore <italic>Venous Excess Ultrasound</italic> (VExUS) tem sido proposto como um m&#233;todo ultrassonogr&#225;fico para avalia&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o venosa sist&#234;mica em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda descompensada (ICAD). Entretanto, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o VExUS e o biomarcador fragmento N-terminal do pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (NT-proBNP) ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claramente estabelecida na literatura.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o escore VExUS e os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NT-proBNP em pacientes com ICAD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo observacional retrospectivo que incluiu 117 pacientes hospitalizados por ICAD. A congest&#227;o venosa sist&#234;mica foi avaliada por meio do escore VExUS, e os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NT-proBNP foram obtidos a partir de registros laboratoriais. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos foi realizada pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis, seguido do teste de Dunn para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas. A for&#231;a de associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis foi analisada pelo coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Houve aumento progressivo dos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP conforme a gravidade do VExUS aumentava, com medianas de 2.890 pg/ml (VExUS 0), 4.700 pg/ml (VExUS 1), 5.430 pg/ml (VExUS 2) e 13.200 pg/ml (VExUS 3). A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica demonstrou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos (Kruskal-Wallis: &#967;<sup>2</sup> = 39.18; p &lt; 0.0001). O teste de Dunn indicou que pacientes com VExUS 3 apresentaram n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP significativamente mais elevados em compara&#231;&#227;o aos demais grupos (p &lt; 0.01). Observou-se correla&#231;&#227;o moderada e positiva entre as vari&#225;veis (coeficiente de Spearman &#961; = 0.567; p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os resultados indicam que o escore VExUS apresenta associa&#231;&#227;o com os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP e pode ser integrado ao racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico na avalia&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o venosa em pacientes com ICAD.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o Entre o Venous Excess Ultrasound e os N&#237;veis de Fragmento N-terminal do Pr&#243;-Pept&#237;deo Natriur&#233;tico Tipo B em Pacientes Com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Agudamente Descompensada</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Correla&#231;&#227;o Entre o Venous Excess Ultrasound e os N&#237;veis de Pept&#237;deo Natriur&#233;tico Tipo B N-Terminal em Pacientes Com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Agudamente Descompensada. FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ICAD: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca agudamente descompensada; NT-proBNP: fragmento N-terminal do pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; VExUS: Venous Excess Ultrasound.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260018-0018i-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultrassom</kwd>
        <kwd>Pacientes Internados</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o altamente prevalente em todo o mundo, afetando mais de 64 milh&#245;es de pessoas e associada a impacto significativo na morbidade, na mortalidade e nos custos em sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, observou-se aumento cont&#237;nuo tanto na incid&#234;ncia quanto na complexidade cl&#237;nica da IC, acompanhado por maior n&#250;mero de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e piores desfechos em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A recorr&#234;ncia de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s epis&#243;dios de descompensa&#231;&#227;o &#233; frequente, ocorrendo em aproximadamente metade dos pacientes durante o seguimento inicial, o que amplia a demanda por acompanhamento especializado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O reconhecimento precoce de sinais de hipervolemia &#233; fundamental no manejo da IC agudamente descompensada (ICAD), especialmente em servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia e em unidades cardiol&#243;gicas de cuidados especializados. A identifica&#231;&#227;o precisa da congest&#227;o permite interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas oportunas, reduz o risco de deteriora&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica e est&#225; associada a melhores desfechos cl&#237;nicos. No ambiente hospitalar, a avalia&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica do estado vol&#234;mico &#233; determinante para orientar decis&#245;es relacionadas ao uso de diur&#233;ticos, ao ajuste de terapias guiadas por perfus&#227;o e &#224; necessidade de suporte avan&#231;ado, contribuindo para maior seguran&#231;a e efetividade do tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Entre os exames complementares utilizados na avalia&#231;&#227;o da ICAD, o fragmento N-terminal do pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (NT-proBNP) desempenha papel relevante na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o e na estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica. N&#237;veis elevados desse biomarcador est&#227;o associados &#224; maior gravidade cl&#237;nica, ao aumento do risco de eventos adversos e &#224; maior probabilidade de re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, o que refor&#231;a sua utilidade no acompanhamento de pacientes durante a interna&#231;&#227;o e no momento da alta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O ultrassom <italic>point-of-care</italic> (POCUS, em ingl&#234;s) tem se destacado como ferramenta complementar na avalia&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o em pacientes com ICAD, pois permite a an&#225;lise direta de estruturas venosas e fornece informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais ao exame cl&#237;nico e aos marcadores laboratoriais. Nesse contexto, o escore <italic>Venous Excess Ultrasound</italic> (VExUS) foi proposto como m&#233;todo estruturado para quantificar a congest&#227;o venosa sist&#234;mica, integrando achados da veia cava inferior e dos padr&#245;es de fluxo venoso hep&#225;tico, portal e renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Estudos recentes demonstram que o VExUS pode auxiliar na identifica&#231;&#227;o de congest&#227;o residual e contribuir para decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas durante a interna&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o POCUS apresenta concord&#226;ncia interobservador satisfat&#243;ria na avalia&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros venosos, o que refor&#231;a sua utilidade em servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia e em unidades cardiol&#243;gicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Apesar dos avan&#231;os no uso do POCUS e da crescente aplica&#231;&#227;o do escore VExUS na avalia&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o venosa sist&#234;mica, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre esse m&#233;todo e marcadores laboratoriais amplamente utilizados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, como o NT-proBNP, ainda &#233; pouco explorada. A compreens&#227;o dessa poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o pode contribuir para aprimorar a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do estado vol&#234;mico em pacientes com ICAD. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o escore VExUS e os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NT-proBNP em pacientes internados por ICAD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo e popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Estudo observacional de corte transversal conduzido com pacientes admitidos por ICAD. A amostra incluiu 117 pacientes hospitalizados, todos avaliados quanto &#224; congest&#227;o venosa sist&#234;mica por meio do escore VExUS e submetidos &#224; dosagem s&#233;rica do biomarcador NT-proBNP.</p>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o ultrassonogr&#225;fica e a coleta laboratorial foram realizadas nas primeiras 24 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o no pronto-socorro de um hospital terci&#225;rio de refer&#234;ncia na cidade de Salvador, estado da Bahia, no per&#237;odo de novembro de 2023 a dezembro de 2024.</p>
          <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes sem registro completo do exame ultrassonogr&#225;fico necess&#225;rio para determina&#231;&#227;o do escore VExUS, sem dosagem dispon&#237;vel de NT-proBNP no per&#237;odo estabelecido ou com diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica avan&#231;ada, devido ao potencial de interfer&#234;ncia nos par&#226;metros venosos analisados. Ap&#243;s aplica&#231;&#227;o desses crit&#233;rios, a amostra final foi composta por 117 pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e defini&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis</title>
          <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos foram obtidos por meio de revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios, incluindo idade, sexo, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) e perfil hemodin&#226;mico na admiss&#227;o, de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Stevenson. As demais vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais foram utilizadas para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra.</p>
          <p>A principal vari&#225;vel de exposi&#231;&#227;o foi o escore VExUS, considerado em quatro categorias (0, 1, 2 e 3), correspondentes &#224; gradua&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o venosa sist&#234;mica. A vari&#225;vel de desfecho principal foi o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de NT-proBNP (pg/ml), analisado como vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ultrassonogr&#225;fica e escore <italic>Venous Excess Ultrasound</italic></title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o venosa sist&#234;mica foi realizada por POCUS utilizando o Vivid&#8482; iq Ultrasound System (GE HealthCare, EUA). Foram utilizados transdutores distintos conforme a janela de avalia&#231;&#227;o: transdutor setorial para janelas card&#237;acas e transdutor convexo para avalia&#231;&#227;o do sistema venoso abdominal e retroperitoneal.</p>
          <p>Os exames foram realizados com o paciente em dec&#250;bito dorsal, com cabeceira elevada a aproximadamente 30&#176;. Durante a aquisi&#231;&#227;o dos fluxos venosos, buscou-se realizar breves per&#237;odos de apneia sempre que clinicamente poss&#237;vel, com o objetivo de reduzir artefatos respirat&#243;rios e melhorar a defini&#231;&#227;o das curvas Doppler, especialmente em vasos de menor calibre, como as veias interlobares renais.</p>
          <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o do fluxo venoso hep&#225;tico, utilizou-se o registro simult&#226;neo da eletrocardiografia, permitindo identificar com maior precis&#227;o as ondas S (sist&#243;lica) e D (diast&#243;lica) e garantindo maior uniformidade na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos padr&#245;es de fluxo.</p>
          <p>As janelas ultrassonogr&#225;ficas analisadas inclu&#237;ram a veia cava inferior, o fluxo venoso hep&#225;tico, o fluxo portal e o fluxo venoso renal, conforme o protocolo do escore VExUS. O di&#226;metro da veia cava inferior e os padr&#245;es de fluxo venoso nos tr&#234;s territ&#243;rios abdominais foram registrados e classificados de acordo com os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos para o sistema VExUS. Com base nesses achados, os pacientes foram classificados nos escores VExUS 0, 1, 2 ou 3, representando grada&#231;&#227;o crescente de congest&#227;o venosa sist&#234;mica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dosagem de fragmento N-terminal do pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B</title>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NT-proBNP foram obtidos a partir de exames laboratoriais realizados durante a interna&#231;&#227;o por ICAD, conforme a rotina institucional do servi&#231;o. As dosagens foram realizadas por m&#233;todos imunom&#233;tricos padronizados no laborat&#243;rio local.</p>
          <p>Os valores foram expressos em pg/ml e utilizados nas an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas sem transforma&#231;&#227;o adicional no protocolo original.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Inicialmente, os pacientes foram estratificados em quatro grupos de acordo com o escore VExUS (0, 1, 2 e 3). A compara&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP entre os grupos foi realizada por meio do teste de Kruskal-Wallis, seguido do teste de Dunn para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas entre pares de grupos.</p>
          <p>A for&#231;a de associa&#231;&#227;o entre o escore VExUS e os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP foi avaliada pelo coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman (&#961;), considerando a natureza ordinal do VExUS e a distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica esperada dos valores de NT-proBNP.</p>
          <p>Para modelar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o escore VExUS e o NT-proBNP, foi empregado um modelo de regress&#227;o Gamma com fun&#231;&#227;o de liga&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica, tendo o NT-proBNP como vari&#225;vel dependente e o escore VExUS como vari&#225;vel explanat&#243;ria. A qualidade de ajuste do modelo foi avaliada por meio do pseudo R<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> de McFadden.</p>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram avaliadas quanto &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Dada a assimetria observada na maior parte das vari&#225;veis, os resultados foram apresentados como mediana e intervalo interquartil. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e propor&#231;&#245;es.</p>
          <p>O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5% (p &lt; 0,05). Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas no software R, vers&#227;o 4.4.3.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra</title>
          <p>No presente estudo, foram avaliados 117 pacientes internados por ICAD. A mediana de idade foi de 79 anos. Do total, 53 pacientes eram do sexo feminino (45,3%) e 64 do sexo masculino (54,7%).</p>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, 68 pacientes apresentavam FEVE &lt; 50%, enquanto 49 apresentavam FEVE &#8805; 50%. Quanto ao perfil hemodin&#226;mico na admiss&#227;o, o perfil B (quente e &#250;mido) foi observado em 110 pacientes (94,0%), enquanto o perfil C (frio e &#250;mido) foi identificado em sete pacientes (6,0%).</p>
          <p>Todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo possu&#237;am avalia&#231;&#227;o ultrassonogr&#225;fica completa necess&#225;ria para classifica&#231;&#227;o do escore VExUS e dosagem s&#233;rica de NT-proBNP realizada nas primeiras 24 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o do escore <italic>Venous Excess Ultrasound</italic></title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram estratificados em quatro grupos de acordo com o escore VExUS: VExUS 0 (n = 21), VExUS 1 (n = 35), VExUS 2 (n = 31) e VExUS 3 (n = 30). Essa distribui&#231;&#227;o permitiu comparar os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NT-proBNP entre diferentes graus de congest&#227;o venosa sist&#234;mica avaliados pelo escore.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>N&#237;veis de fragmento N-terminal do pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B de acordo com o escore <italic>Venous Excess Ultrasound</italic></title>
          <p>Observou-se aumento progressivo da mediana dos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP conforme a eleva&#231;&#227;o do escore VExUS. As medianas foram de 2.890 pg/ml no grupo VExUS 0, 4.700 pg/ml no grupo VExUS 1, 5.430 pg/ml no grupo VExUS 2 e 13.200 pg/ml no grupo VExUS 3.</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica por meio do teste de Kruskal-Wallis demonstrou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos (&#967;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> = 39,18; p &lt; 0,0001). Nas compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas realizadas pelo teste de Dunn, foram observadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas nas compara&#231;&#245;es envolvendo o grupo VExUS 3 (p &lt; 0,01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre o escore Venous Excess Ultrasound e o fragmento N-terminal do pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o entre o escore VExUS e os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NT-proBNP demonstrou correla&#231;&#227;o moderada e positiva, com coeficiente de Spearman igual a 0,567 (p &lt; 0,0001).</p>
          <p>No modelo de regress&#227;o Gamma com fun&#231;&#227;o de liga&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica, o escore VExUS apresentou coeficiente &#946; de 0,584 (p &lt; 0,0001). O pseudo R<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> de McFadden obtido foi de 0,024.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O uso do POCUS na avalia&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o venosa sist&#234;mica tem se expandido no contexto das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, especialmente na ICAD. A an&#225;lise dos padr&#245;es de fluxo venoso hep&#225;tico, portal e renal, integrada &#224;s medidas da veia cava inferior, tem sido reconhecida como abordagem que complementa o exame cl&#237;nico e oferece uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais abrangente do estado hemodin&#226;mico do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Nesse cen&#225;rio, o escore VExUS surgiu como um m&#233;todo estruturado para sintetizar achados ultrassonogr&#225;ficos relacionados &#224; sobrecarga venosa, com aplica&#231;&#227;o crescente em diferentes contextos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Revis&#245;es recentes indicam que essa ferramenta fornece uma avalia&#231;&#227;o padronizada e reprodut&#237;vel da congest&#227;o venosa sist&#234;mica, contribuindo para compreender o impacto hemodin&#226;mico do aumento das press&#245;es venosas em diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os valores de NT-proBNP apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o progressivamente mais elevada ao longo das categorias do escore VExUS, conforme ilustrado no <italic>boxplot</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>). Observou-se aumento gradual das medianas entre os grupos, acompanhado por maior amplitude interquartil nos n&#237;veis mais elevados do escore. No grupo VExUS 3, verificou-se maior variabilidade, com presen&#231;a de valores superiores aos observados nas demais categorias. Esse padr&#227;o gr&#225;fico evidencia uma tend&#234;ncia ascendente na distribui&#231;&#227;o do biomarcador &#224; medida que aumenta o grau de congest&#227;o venosa sist&#234;mica estimado pelo VExUS, complementando os resultados obtidos nas an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP de acordo com as categorias do escore VExUS. NT-proBNP: fragmento N-terminal do pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; VExUS: Venous Excess Ultrasound.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260018-0018i-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <p>A an&#225;lise gr&#225;fica tamb&#233;m demonstrou distribui&#231;&#227;o ascendente dos valores de NT-proBNP ao longo das categorias do escore VExUS. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref> apresenta o diagrama de dispers&#227;o com a reta ajustada pela correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman, evidenciando tend&#234;ncia linear positiva compat&#237;vel com o coeficiente observado (&#961; = 0,567). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref> ilustra a curva estimada pelo modelo de regress&#227;o Gamma com fun&#231;&#227;o de liga&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica, na qual se observa aumento progressivo das predi&#231;&#245;es de NT-proBNP associado aos diferentes n&#237;veis do escore VExUS.</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP e o escore VExUS. NT-proBNP: fragmento N-terminal do pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; VExUS: Venous Excess Ultrasound.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260018-0018i-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre NT-proBNP e o escore VExUS estimada por modelo de regress&#227;o Gamma. NT-proBNP: fragmento N-terminal do pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; VExUS: <italic>Venous Excess Ultrasound</italic>.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260018-0018i-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da regress&#227;o Gamma com fun&#231;&#227;o de liga&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica permitiu modelar adequadamente a distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica do NT-proBNP, caracterizada por ampla dispers&#227;o e pela presen&#231;a de valores extremos em n&#237;veis mais elevados de congest&#227;o. Esse modelo capturou a rela&#231;&#227;o exponencial entre o aumento do escore VExUS e a eleva&#231;&#227;o do biomarcador, evidenciando intensifica&#231;&#227;o progressiva dos valores de NT-proBNP &#224; medida que a congest&#227;o venosa sist&#234;mica se agrava. Essa abordagem complementa a an&#225;lise de Spearman ao demonstrar que a correla&#231;&#227;o observada, de magnitude moderada, acompanha a eleva&#231;&#227;o gradual dos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP conforme aumentam os valores do escore VExUS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Esse padr&#227;o sugere que o escore VExUS, ao quantificar o impacto hemodin&#226;mico do aumento das press&#245;es venosas, reflete de forma objetiva a gravidade da descompensa&#231;&#227;o vol&#234;mica, que &#233; fisiologicamente traduzida pela libera&#231;&#227;o de NT-proBNP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em conson&#226;ncia com o valor progn&#243;stico de marcadores isolados de congest&#227;o, o escore VExUS 3 tem sido associado, em outras coortes, a desfechos cl&#237;nicos mais desfavor&#225;veis, incluindo maior risco de piora da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, redu&#231;&#227;o da resposta natriur&#233;tica e resist&#234;ncia ao tratamento diur&#233;tico, al&#233;m de pior progn&#243;stico global. A capacidade do VExUS de monitorar dinamicamente a congest&#227;o venosa sist&#234;mica o torna potencialmente &#250;til para orientar a terapia diur&#233;tica, especialmente em casos de s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal, nos quais escores mais elevados podem apoiar a continuidade da estrat&#233;gia diur&#233;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O NT-proBNP reflete predominantemente o estresse mioc&#225;rdico e o aumento das press&#245;es de enchimento card&#237;acas, enquanto o escore VExUS expressa a repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica da congest&#227;o venosa sist&#234;mica, integrando sinais ultrassonogr&#225;ficos relacionados ao aumento da press&#227;o venosa e ao risco de disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica. Dessa forma, ambos os m&#233;todos avaliam dimens&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas distintas e complementares da congest&#227;o na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, podendo contribuir para uma abordagem cl&#237;nica mais abrangente e individualizada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Este estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Trata-se de um estudo observacional de corte transversal realizado em um &#250;nico centro, com amostra final de 117 pacientes. O delineamento transversal limita a capacidade de inferir rela&#231;&#245;es causais ou de avaliar mudan&#231;as din&#226;micas na congest&#227;o venosa e nos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP ao longo da interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Embora tenha sido adotada estrat&#233;gia para reduzir vi&#233;s temporal, com realiza&#231;&#227;o tanto da avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo escore VExUS quanto da dosagem de NT-proBNP dentro das primeiras 24 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o hospitalar, essa janela de tempo, ainda que curta, representa uma limita&#231;&#227;o potencial, considerando a natureza din&#226;mica da ICAD e as interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas iniciadas nesse per&#237;odo.</p>
          <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o do escore VExUS tamb&#233;m apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes aos seus componentes e ao contexto cl&#237;nico em que &#233; utilizado. A interpreta&#231;&#227;o do Doppler da veia hep&#225;tica pode ser influenciada pela presen&#231;a de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide significativa e pela fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, condi&#231;&#245;es que podem alterar o padr&#227;o de fluxo venoso independentemente do grau de congest&#227;o. De forma semelhante, a pulsatilidade do fluxo portal pode ser observada em indiv&#237;duos jovens e saud&#225;veis, enquanto sua redu&#231;&#227;o pode ocorrer em doen&#231;as hep&#225;ticas parenquimatosas. Por esse motivo, pacientes com doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica estrutural relevante foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise. Embora a integra&#231;&#227;o dos diferentes territ&#243;rios venosos no escore VExUS reduza a depend&#234;ncia de um &#250;nico par&#226;metro, essas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser consideradas na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos achados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Estudos futuros, preferencialmente com delineamento longitudinal, ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica do escore VExUS ao longo da interna&#231;&#227;o e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com as estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas utilizadas. Esse tipo de abordagem poder&#225; fornecer compreens&#227;o mais precisa do papel da congest&#227;o venosa sist&#234;mica, avaliada pelo VExUS, no manejo cl&#237;nico de pacientes com ICAD.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados deste estudo indicam que o escore VExUS apresenta associa&#231;&#227;o com os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP, refor&#231;ando seu potencial como ferramenta complementar na avalia&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o venosa sist&#234;mica em pacientes com ICAD.</p>
        <p>A integra&#231;&#227;o do VExUS ao racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico e &#224; interpreta&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores pode oferecer uma perspectiva mais abrangente do estado vol&#234;mico, contribuindo para uma abordagem diagn&#243;stica e terap&#234;utica mais individualizada.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal do CONEP sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 84674724.7.0000.0048.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
          <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
        <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
