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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">9wSgG6xmhPMn9JdVyNtQWyk</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2675-312X2026000101403</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01403</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260006i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>My Approach to Coronary Flow Assessment With Transthoracic Echocardiography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2214-203X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Del Castillo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-8772-7954</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Shehadeh</surname>
            <given-names>Issam</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola de Ecografia de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Ecografia de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cardiovision</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Esteio</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiovision, Esteio, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Issam Shehadeh ECOPE. Rua Solid&#244;nio Leite, 200. Postal code: 51111-130. Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: issam05@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>39</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260006</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>The assessment of coronary flow reserve is an extremely important step in stress echocardiography, both within and outside the context of coronary artery disease. For some, it is seen as an impossible parameter; for others, it is essential. In any case, everything begins with the proper visualization of the coronary arteries at rest. In this article, we will address theoretical and practical concepts for incorporating coronary flow study into the routine of the echocardiographer.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>My Approach to Coronary Flow Assessment With Transthoracic Echocardiography</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Coronary flow (Q) is regulated by the relationship between perfusion pressure (P) and the resistance offered by the extramural arteries (R1), intramural arterioles (R2), and the compression exerted on the subendocardial arterioles caused by ventricular contraction on the blood inside the LV (R3). Since these resistances are lower during diastole, coronary flow is predominantly diastolic for the left coronary artery and balanced for the right coronary artery, where subendocardial compression is less pronounced</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/9wSgG6xmhPMn9JdVyNtQWyk/979eb3dcc73cb773d0b95555f49a07753a5f7aab.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/9wSgG6xmhPMn9JdVyNtQWyk/a716235303d6b9d0437e386a07b973cc6af7d481.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Doppler Ultrasonography</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia sob Estresse</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding:</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="19"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The study of coronary flow by echocardiography is still considered, by many authors, a utopia. Practically speaking, we learn that coronary assessment is limited to the visualization of their ostia, often only through transesophageal study. However, identification of the flow in the Left Anterior Descending artery (LAD) at rest, in the mid-distal third, is possible in more than 90% of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The incorporation of Coronary Flow Reserve (CFR) assessment into stress echocardiography adds important diagnostic and prognostic information.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Furthermore, coronary flow patterns, even at rest, can be very useful in diagnosing not only Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) but also other diseases.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Pathophysiology of Coronary Flow</title>
        <p>Coronary flow is biphasic, due to changes in resistance that the myocardial vascular system undergoes during the cardiac cycle. Coronary flow (Q) is regulated by the relationship between perfusion pressure (P) and the resistance offered by extramural arteries (R1), intramural arterioles R2), and compression of subendocardial arterioles caused by ventricular contraction on the blood inside the left ventricle. Since these resistances are lower during diastole, coronary flow is predominantly diastolic in the left coronary artery and more balanced in the right coronary artery, where subendocardial compression is less (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
        <p>Thus, two components of coronary flow can be distinguished: capacitance flow, which depends on the ventricular wall decompression of the left ventricle and the dilation of intramural arterioles (vascular tone), and conductance flow, which depends on the resistance to blood passage through the arteriolar-capillary system (vascular resistance). The more compliant the vascular bed, the greater the acceleration of conductance flow; and the lower the resistance to flow passage, the faster the deceleration of the conductance component (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Transthoracic Doppler of coronary flow showing a normal systo-diastolic pattern.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260006-0006i-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Coronary flow supplies oxygen to the myocardium according to demand. When oxygen demand increases &#8211; for example, during exercise &#8211; the coronary arteries increase flow through vasodilation, which leads to increased velocity, especially in epicardial and intramural arteries. The difference in velocity between the resting state and hyperemia (caused by the increased oxygen supply to the myocardium) allows estimation of the so-called CFR. The methods used to measure it, either through hemodynamic study or by obtaining coronary flow via ultrasound, are physical exercise or pharmacologically induced vasodilation (dipyridamole, adenosine, papaverine).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Absence of a specific preset</title>
        <p>Undoubtedly, the main limitation for the study of coronary flow is the absence of a specific preset. Some equipment already provides it by default. However, additional adjustments are often required. Since the coronary artery in the mid-distal third is a very subtle structure and the flow is of low velocity, in general, the following adjustments should be made to color and pulsed Doppler:</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Color Doppler</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Pulsed Doppler</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Frequency in the range of 2.5 to 2.9 MHz</td>
                  <td align="center">Frequency in the range of 2.5 to 2.9 MHz</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PRF around 20 cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">Velocity scale around 50 cm/s</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High gain</td>
                  <td align="center">Reduced low-velocity filter</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High persistence</td>
                  <td align="center">Sample volume between 2 to 4 mm</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High low-velocity filter</td>
                  <td align="center">Low PRF deactivated</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High frame rate</td>
                  <td align="center">Side-by-side&#8221; layout</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sample volume about 1 mm</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Low tissue prioritization</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Although there are variations in these parameters among different devices, this is generally the conceptual approach. It is not mandatory to use a pediatric transducer, since current adult transducers operate across a wide frequency range. If available, the use of a higher-frequency transducer may facilitate coronary visualization.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Technique</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Left Anterior Descending artery in the mid-distal third</title>
          <p>The key point for visualizing the LAD is to identify the anterior interventricular groove. For this purpose, two approaches can be used:</p>
          <p>1. Modified short-axis view</p>
          <p>Starting from the parasternal short-axis view, approximately at the level of the papillary muscles, one should attempt to visualize the anterior interventricular groove, at the transition between the RV and LV, in the subepicardial region of the junction between the anteroseptal and anterior walls, where the mid portion of the LAD passes. Once the flow &#8211; predominantly diastolic&#8212;has been detected, the transducer can be slowly rotated clockwise to better align the ultrasound beam with the anterior interventricular groove, thereby allowing detection of larger segments of the artery.</p>
          <p>2. Modified parasternal long-axis view</p>
          <p>From the traditional parasternal long-axis view, the transducer is slid one or two intercostal spaces lower. Next, the ultrasound beam is angled anteriorly, pointing the transducer toward the patient&#8217;s left shoulder. This maneuver is crucial to remove part of the right ventricle from the image and expose the interventricular groove. If any portion of the right ventricle remains visible in this view, the transducer should be rotated clockwise until this chamber disappears. The resulting image will be a transitional view between the parasternal long-axis and the short-axis. The interventricular groove will then be exposed. Its location is quite superficial in the patient&#8217;s chest, which increases the success rate for visualizing the LAD compared with other coronary arteries.</p>
          <p>After this step, color Doppler should be activated. The LAD is visualized as a small tubular, pulsatile structure, with upward flow (red) and predominantly diastolic. If a circular structure with the same characteristics is identified, the transducer should be subtly rotated clockwise to open the vessel longitudinally (Video 1). It is extremely important, when studying coronary flow, to activate electrocardiographic monitoring.</p>
          <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/9wSgG6xmhPMn9JdVyNtQWyk/0871edb27768db1d77f72b1d7dc3798f15ae51db.mp4">
            <label>Video 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Step-by-step visualization of the LAD. 1.Low parasternal view. 2. Direct the ultrasound beam toward the patient&#8217;s left shoulder. 3. Clockwise rotation to remove the RV from the image and identify the interventricular sulcus. 4. Color Doppler demonstrating a small vessel with diastolic flow. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_01.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_01.mp4</ext-link> </title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Fonte: consectetur adipiscing elit</attrib>
          </media>
          <p>It is often possible to perform a sweep of the LAD over a wide extension, both proximally and distally, which allows the study of flow at different points. It is not uncommon to find areas of aliasing on color Doppler, which may correspond to a stenotic segment.</p>
          <p>On pulsed Doppler, a biphasic flow is identified, with a predominant diastolic component and a trapezoidal appearance. Diastolic velocity is usually approximately twice the systolic velocity. Some authors, instead of evaluating only velocities, study the Velocity-Time Integral (VTI). From a practical standpoint, velocity analysis appears much simpler and faster, especially when used during stress echocardiography.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Posterior Descending Branch of the Right Coronary Artery</title>
      <p>The success rate for visualizing the Posterior Descending branch (PD) is between 60% and 70%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The view used is the modified apical two-chamber. From this plane, the transducer is rotated slightly counterclockwise and the ultrasound beam is directed posteriorly. This produces a transitional view between the two-chamber and three-chamber planes. Along the inferior wall, one should look for a pulsatile, diastolic, upward (red) flow. This flow can be visualized both at the basal level and more apically along the inferior wall. Therefore, it is important to carefully scan the wall in search of this vessel (Video 2). The pulsed Doppler characteristics are similar to those of the LAD, as previously described.</p>
      <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/9wSgG6xmhPMn9JdVyNtQWyk/99555349767c1e9683dbcfc635768b3490332d4f.mp4">
        <label>Video 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; Step-by-step visualization of the PDA. 1. Standard two-chamber view. 2. Intermediate view between the two- and three-chamber views. 3. Posteriorly direct the ultrasound beam. 4. Color Doppler demonstrating a small vessel with diastolic flow in the inferior wall. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_02.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_02.mp4</ext-link> </title>
        </caption>
      </media>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Marginal Branch of the Circumflex Artery</title>
      <p>Among the three coronary arteries, this is technically the most difficult to study, with feasibility below 60%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The examination begins from the apical four-chamber view, rotating the transducer slightly clockwise to adequately expose the lateral wall. A practical tip is to keep the right ventricle widely open on the screen. Then, the ultrasound beam is directed posteriorly, as if studying the coronary sinus. The lateral wall should remain well exposed, even if the image appears out of plane (Video 3). It should be emphasized that these views are specific for studying the coronary arteries and not the left ventricle, which may initially seem unusual.</p>
      <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/9wSgG6xmhPMn9JdVyNtQWyk/8594165b1e067a39ac46e7aa3373fd93a9b88cfa.mp4">
        <label>Video 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; Step-by-step visualization of the Mg. 1. Standard four-chamber view. 2. Counterclockwise rotation to &#8220;open&#8221; the RV. 3. Posteriorly direct the ultrasound beam. 4. Color Doppler demonstrating small vessels with diastolic flow in the lateral wall. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_03.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_03.mp4</ext-link> </title>
        </caption>
      </media>
      <p>Color Doppler will demonstrate one or more small vessels in the lateral wall, pulsatile, upward (red), and diastolic. Again, it is important to highlight that the study should always be performed with electrocardiographic monitoring. The pulsed Doppler characteristics are similar to those of the other coronary arteries, as previously described.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Pitfalls</title>
      <p>During coronary flow assessment, some structures may mimic the LAD. A vessel commonly found in a similar topographic location is the internal thoracic artery. However, its Doppler flow pattern is distinct: predominantly systolic and with higher velocity. Small pericardial effusions may present with a flow resembling that seen on color Doppler; however, pulsed Doppler does not reveal the predominant diastolic pattern. In certain situations, a blue (downward) flow may be identified in the interventricular groove, in contrast to the usual red flow. This may indicate LAD occlusion with retrograde flow or the presence of a septal branch of the LAD itself. The PD flow may be confused with the inflow tract of the right ventricle. Nevertheless, the pulsed Doppler pattern is quite different from the characteristic coronary flow.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical Applications</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Rest</title>
        <p>In general, the diastolic velocity of coronary flow is below 40 cm/s. Obviously, this velocity is influenced by several factors. Hyperkinesia, tachycardia, hypertension, and anemia, for example, may increase it even in the absence of stenosis. The systolic component usually does not exceed 60% of the diastolic velocity.</p>
        <p>According to a recent study by Cortigiani et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> in patients with chronic coronary syndromes and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, a resting coronary flow velocity in the LAD equal to or greater than 32 cm/s was independently associated with worse survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The combination of this resting velocity with a reduced CFR represented the scenario with the poorest prognosis.</p>
        <p>In coronary artery disease, the simple identification of a patent distal LAD flow in a patient with wall motion abnormalities in the same territory adds important clinical information. It is not uncommon to directly visualize points of turbulent, high-velocity flow on Doppler. Some authors suggest a cutoff above 80 cm/s, while others propose above 1 m/s, for the detection of significant obstruction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The identification of a &#8220;velocity jump&#8221; is an interesting parameter that raises the possibility of significant LAD stenosis. This occurs when the diastolic velocity doubles in different regions of the vessel under study (for example, proximal vs. distal). In addition, an increase in the systolic component of coronary flow velocity is another relevant finding. A diastolic-to-systolic velocity ratio below 1.5 shows a sensitivity of 81.8% and a specificity of 85.7% for the diagnosis of coronary stenosis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> (Video 4).</p>
        <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/9wSgG6xmhPMn9JdVyNtQWyk/ac925e2233039b1376013e1f37b6b96400b07d0a.mp4">
          <label>Video 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Identification of pathological LAD flow at rest and velocity step-up. 1. Laminar flow in the mid-distal segment of the LAD. 2. PW Doppler recording showing a diastolic velocity of 30 cm/s and systolic velocity of 24 cm/s, with a ratio of 1.25 (suggestive of stenosis). 3. Turbulent LAD flow when scanning the vessel more proximally. 4. PW Doppler recording showing a velocity of 70 cm/s (2.3-fold increase). Coronary angiography revealed a significant lesion in the left main coronary artery and proximal LAD. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_04.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_04.mp4</ext-link> </title>
          </caption>
        </media>
        <p>The coronary flow pattern with rapid diastolic deceleration, often accompanied by reversed systolic flow, is a strong indicator of the no-reflow phenomenon in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Its pathophysiology lies in damage to the coronary microcirculation, such as endothelial injury and distal embolization, which prevent adequate filling of the vascular bed, increase distal pressure, and accelerate flow deceleration. Studies have shown that the deceleration times significantly shorter in these patients (152 &#177; 109 ms) compared with those without the phenomenon (395 &#177; 128 ms), indicating severe impairment of myocardial perfusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Similarly, in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, coronary Doppler also reveals an atypical flow pattern, characterized by reduction, absence, or inversion of systolic flow.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). This similarity to the pattern observed in no-reflow is attributed to the abnormal increase in intramyocardial pressure during systole, which results in compression of the small intramural vessels and elevation of coronary resistance. In addition, the detection of flow in the septal communicating arteries represents another relevant pattern, being a common finding and particularly prevalent in apical and mixed morphologies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> conferring significant auxiliary value in the differential diagnosis of conditions that may mimic apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (Video 5).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>LAD flow in a patient with HCM. Inversion of the systolic component is observed</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260006-0006i-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/9wSgG6xmhPMn9JdVyNtQWyk/f0c2c0f31d2cb9870157192a626454dd4fb14a74.mp4">
          <label>Video 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Flow in apical communicating branches (blue) in a patient with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_05.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_05.mp4</ext-link> </title>
          </caption>
        </media>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Coronary Flow Reserve</title>
      <p>The incorporation of multiple parameters, in addition to wall motion assessment, transforms stress echocardiography into a powerful and highly versatile clinical tool.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Beyond enhancing its diagnostic power, it also provides relevant and non-redundant prognostic information.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Several publications have demonstrated the importance of CFR evaluation in different clinical scenarios,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and the European Society of Cardiology has recommended its routine use since the 2008 stress echocardiography guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The addition of coronary flow assessment to stress echocardiography, after adequate training, does not significantly increase the examination time. Its interpretation takes only a few seconds and is based on the ratio between coronary velocity during stress and at rest. The discriminatory value of 2.0 separates normal from pathological. All stress modalities allow CFR evaluation. The success rate is highest in studies with vasodilators (above 90%), followed by dobutamine (around 80%) and bicycle exercise (about 70%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Methodology with vasodilatator</title>
      <p>After acquiring all the baseline images, the diastolic velocity of the distal LAD is recorded as far as possible. Without removing the transducer from the patient&#8217;s chest, and maintaining continuous visualization of the coronary artery at the same point and angle, dipyridamole is administered at a dose of 0.84 mg/kg over four minutes. The maximum velocity is then recorded up to one minute after the end of the infusion (fifth minute of the test). Under normal conditions, the LAD velocity doubles within a few minutes after the start of the test.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Methodology with dobutamine</title>
      <p>Unlike the dipyridamole protocol, in which the LAD is continuously monitored, in the dobutamine test the LAD velocity is measured at rest and again after an increment of 50 beats compared with baseline heart rate and/or when 75% of the predicted maximum heart rate is reached, which usually occurs during the high-dose stages of the drug.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>zMethodology with supine bicycle exercise</title>
      <p>The evaluation of CFR during exercise is more challenging. As workload increases, trunk movement and hyperventilation impair the acoustic window and make visualization of the LAD more difficult.</p>
      <p>For less experienced operators, we recommend a strategy similar to the dipyridamole protocol: locate the LAD at rest with color Doppler and ensure its continuous visualization in the imaging sector from the beginning of the test. This approach favors velocity measurement always at the same point and with the same angulation. However, the main limitation of this strategy is the loss of two-dimensional recordings at low workload, which are particularly useful in studies performed with a cycle ergometer.</p>
      <p>Another approach, technically more demanding, is to begin LAD monitoring during exercise immediately after acquiring two-dimensional images at low workload, ensuring that velocity is measured at the same point and with the same angulation used at rest (Video 6).</p>
      <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/9wSgG6xmhPMn9JdVyNtQWyk/3509cd99c7cad489923af0a9a0b35dabf976e695.mp4">
        <label>Video 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; LAD CFR during exercise. 1. Flow at rest. 2. Diastolic velocity of 36 cm/s. 3. Flow during exercise (75 W). 4. Diastolic velocity of 92 cm/s. CFR of 2.55 (normal &gt; 2). Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_06.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_06.mp4</ext-link> </title>
        </caption>
      </media>
      <p>In healthy individuals, coronary velocity doubles already in the early stages of exercise (up to 75 watts). The same concepts applied in the dobutamine protocol regarding heart rate are used for CFR evaluation if this doubling does not occur promptly.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that, although CFR assessment in the LAD is the most commonly used, it can also be performed in the other coronary arteries; however, the success rate tends to be lower.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Coronary flow assessment by echocardiography is no longer a utopia and has already become a reality capable of transforming echocardiography laboratories. At rest or under stress, with vasodilators or during exercise, the possibilities are broad and the information obtained is highly relevant. It is possible to detect significant coronary obstructions at rest and anticipate stress-echo results even before ischemia appears.</p>
      <p>Identifying higher risk in patients with normal segmental wall motion but reduced CFR has a direct clinical impact. Echocardiography, therefore, should not be regarded as a mere adjunct, but rather as the main player.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Study Association:</label>
        <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
        <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
        <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Availability of Research Data:</label>
        <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Sources of Funding:</label>
        <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20260006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Como Eu Fa&#231;o a Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Fluxo Coronariano ao Ecocardiograma Transtor&#225;cico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2214-203X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Del Castillo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-8772-7954</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Shehadeh</surname>
            <given-names>Issam</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1002">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Ecografia de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2002">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiovision, Esteio, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01002"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Issam Shehadeh &#8226; ECODE. Rua Solid&#244;nio Leite, 200. CEP: 51111-130. Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: issam05@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da reserva de fluxo coronariano constitui uma etapa extremamente importante da ecocardiografia de estresse, dentro e fora do contexto da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Para alguns, &#233; vista como um par&#226;metro imposs&#237;vel; para outros, &#233; essencial. De todo modo, tudo come&#231;a com a adequada visualiza&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias em repouso. Neste artigo, abordaremos conceitos te&#243;rico-pr&#225;ticos para a incorpora&#231;&#227;o do estudo do fluxo coronariano &#224; rotina do ecocardiografista.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f03002">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Como Eu Fa&#231;o a Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Fluxo Coronariano ao Ecocardiograma Transtor&#225;cico</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>O fluxo coronariano (Q) &#233; regulado pela rela&#231;&#227;o press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o (P) e resist&#234;ncia oferecida pelas art&#233;rias extramurais (R1), arter&#237;olas intramurais (R2) e compress&#227;o sobre as arter&#237;olas subendoc&#225;rdicas provocada pela contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular sobre o sangue no interior do VE (R3). Como estas resist&#234;ncias s&#227;o menores na di&#225;stole, o fluxo coron&#225;rio &#233; predominantemente diast&#243;lico para a coron&#225;ria esquerda e balanceado para a coron&#225;ria direita, onde a compress&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica &#233; menor</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260006-0006i-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultrassonografia Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Stress Echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O estudo do fluxo coronariano pela ecocardiografia ainda &#233; considerado, por muitos autores, uma utopia. De maneira pr&#225;tica, aprendemos que a avalia&#231;&#227;o das coron&#225;rias se limita &#224; visualiza&#231;&#227;o de seus &#243;stios, muitas vezes apenas ao estudo transesof&#225;gico. No entanto, a identifica&#231;&#227;o do fluxo da Art&#233;ria Descendente Anterior (ADA) em repouso, no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio distal, &#233; poss&#237;vel em mais de 90% dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A incorpora&#231;&#227;o do estudo da Reserva do Fluxo Coronariano (RFC) ao ecocardiograma de estresse adiciona importantes informa&#231;&#245;es, tanto do ponto de vista diagn&#243;stico quanto progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, os padr&#245;es de fluxo coronariano, mesmo que em repouso, podem ser de grande aux&#237;lio no diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o s&#243; da Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana (DAC), mas tamb&#233;m de outras doen&#231;as.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Fisiopatologia do fluxo coronariano</title>
          <p>O fluxo coronariano &#233; bif&#225;sico, devido &#224;s mudan&#231;as de resist&#234;ncia que sofre o sistema vascular mioc&#225;rdico durante o ciclo card&#237;aco. O fluxo coronariano (Q) &#233; regulado pela rela&#231;&#227;o entre a press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o (P) e a resist&#234;ncia oferecida pelas art&#233;rias extramurais (R1), arter&#237;olas intramurais (R2) e pela compress&#227;o sobre as arter&#237;olas subendoc&#225;rdicas, provocada pela contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular sobre o sangue no interior do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (VE) (R3). Como essas resist&#234;ncias s&#227;o menores na di&#225;stole, o fluxo coronariano &#233; predominantemente diast&#243;lico para a coron&#225;ria esquerda e balanceado para a coron&#225;ria direita, onde a compress&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica &#233; menor (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
          <p>Assim, distinguem-se dois componentes no fluxo coronariano: o fluxo de capacit&#226;ncia, que depende da descompress&#227;o parietal do VE e da dilata&#231;&#227;o das arter&#237;olas intramurais (t&#244;nus vascular) e o fluxo de condut&#226;ncia, dependente da resist&#234;ncia oferecida &#224; passagem do sangue pelo sistema arteriolar-capilar (resist&#234;ncia vascular). Quanto mais complacente for o leito vascular, maior a acelera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo de condut&#226;ncia; e quanto menor a resist&#234;ncia oferecida &#224; passagem do fluxo, mais r&#225;pida a desacelera&#231;&#227;o do componente de condut&#226;ncia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01002">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Doppler transtor&#225;cico de fluxo coron&#225;rio com padr&#227;o s&#237;sto-diast&#243;lico normal.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260006-0006i-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>O fluxo coronariano fornece oxig&#234;nio ao mioc&#225;rdio por demanda. Quando h&#225; aumento da demanda de O2, durante o exerc&#237;cio por exemplo, as coron&#225;rias aumentam o fluxo por vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, o que provoca aumento da velocidade, principalmente nas art&#233;rias epic&#225;rdicas e intramurais. A diferen&#231;a de velocidade entre o estado de repouso e a hiperemia (provocada pelo aumento da oferta de O2 para o mioc&#225;rdio) permite estimar a denominada RFC. Os m&#233;todos empregados para medi-la por meio do estudo hemodin&#226;mico ou pela obten&#231;&#227;o do fluxo de coron&#225;rias pela ultrassonografia, s&#227;o o esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico ou a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o induzida por f&#225;rmacos (dipiridamol, adenosina, papaverina).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ajuste de Preset espec&#237;fico</title>
          <p>Sem d&#250;vida, a principal limita&#231;&#227;o para o estudo do fluxo coronariano &#233; a aus&#234;ncia de um preset espec&#237;fico. Alguns equipamentos j&#225; o disponibilizam de f&#225;brica. No entanto, muitas vezes, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios ajustes adicionais. Como a coron&#225;ria no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio distal &#233; uma estrutura muito sutil e o fluxo &#233; de baixa velocidade, de maneira geral, devemos realizar os seguintes ajustes ao Doppler colorido e puls&#225;til:</p>
          <p>Embora existam varia&#231;&#245;es nesses par&#226;metros entre aparelhos, de forma geral, essa &#233; a abordagem conceitual. N&#227;o &#233; obrigat&#243;rio utilizar transdutor pedi&#225;trico, j&#225; que os transdutores adultos atuais trabalham com uma ampla faixa de frequ&#234;ncia. Se dispon&#237;vel, pode ser que o emprego de um transdutor com frequ&#234;ncia mais elevada facilite a visualiza&#231;&#227;o das coron&#225;rias.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1002">
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Doppler Colorido</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Doppler Puls&#225;til</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Frequ&#234;ncia na faixa de 2,5 a 2,9 MHz</td>
                    <td align="center">Frequ&#234;ncia na faixa de 2,5 a 2,9 MHz</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PRF de cerca de 20 cm/s</td>
                    <td align="center">Escala velocidade de cerca de 50 cm/s</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ganho elevado</td>
                    <td align="center">Filtro de baixa velocidade reduzido</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Persist&#234;ncia elevada</td>
                    <td align="center">Volume de amostra entre 2 a 4 mm</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Filtro de baixa velocidade elevado</td>
                    <td align="center">Low PRF desativado</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Velocidade de quadros elevada</td>
                    <td align="center">Layout &#8220;lado a lado&#8221;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Volume de amostra de cerca de 1 mm</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prioriza&#231;&#227;o de tecido baixa</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>T&#233;cnica</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Art&#233;ria descendente anterior no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio distal</title>
            <p>O ponto chave para visualizar a ADA &#233; identificar o sulco interventricular anterior. Para isso, duas abordagens podem ser utilizadas:</p>
            <p>1. Eixo curto modificado</p>
            <p>A partir do corte paraesternal de eixo menor, aproximadamente ao n&#237;vel dos m&#250;sculos papilares, procura-se visualizar o sulco interventricular anterior, na transi&#231;&#227;o entre o VD e o VE, na regi&#227;o subepic&#225;rdica da jun&#231;&#227;o entre as paredes anterosseptal e anterior, onde passa a por&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria descendente anterior. Uma vez detectado o fluxo, predominantemente diast&#243;lico, pode-se girar o transdutor lentamente em sentido hor&#225;rio para melhor alinhar o feixe ultrass&#244;nico com o sulco interventricular anterior e, assim, detectar segmentos maiores da art&#233;ria.</p>
            <p>2. Corte paraesternal longitudinal modificado</p>
            <p>A partir do corte paraesternal longitudinal tradicional, desliza-se o transdutor um ou dois espa&#231;os intercostais abaixo. Em seguida, anterioriza-se o feixe de ultrassom, direcionando o transdutor em dire&#231;&#227;o ao ombro esquerdo do paciente. Essa manobra &#233; crucial para retirar parte do ventr&#237;culo direito da imagem e expor o sulco interventricular. Caso ainda permane&#231;a parte do ventr&#237;culo direito nesse corte, deve-se girar o transdutor no sentido hor&#225;rio at&#233; que essa cavidade desapare&#231;a. O corte obtido ser&#225; uma imagem de transi&#231;&#227;o entre o eixo longo paraesternal e o eixo curto. Assim, o sulco interventricular ser&#225; exposto. Sua localiza&#231;&#227;o &#233; bastante superficial no t&#243;rax do paciente, o que aumenta a taxa de sucesso na visualiza&#231;&#227;o da ADA em compara&#231;&#227;o com as demais coron&#225;rias.</p>
            <p>Ap&#243;s esse passo, deve-se ativar o Doppler colorido. A ADA &#233; visualizada como uma pequena estrutura tubular, puls&#225;til, com fluxo ascendente (vermelho) e predominantemente diast&#243;lico. Caso se identifique uma estrutura circular com as mesmas caracter&#237;sticas descritas anteriormente, deve-se girar sutilmente o transdutor no sentido hor&#225;rio, para abrir longitudinalmente o vaso (Video 1). &#201; de extrema import&#226;ncia, ao estudar o fluxo coronariano, ativar a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica.</p>
            <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/9wSgG6xmhPMn9JdVyNtQWyk/0871edb27768db1d77f72b1d7dc3798f15ae51db.mp4">
              <label>Video 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Passo a passo da visualiza&#231;&#227;o da ADA. 1 Corte paraesternal rebaixado. 2 Direcionar o feixe de US ao ombro esquerdo do paciente. 3 Giro hor&#225;rio para retirar o VD da imagem e identificar o sulco interventricular. 4 Doppler colorido evidenciando pequeno vaso com fluxo diast&#243;lico. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_01.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_01.mp4</ext-link> </title>
              </caption>
            </media>
            <p>Muitas vezes &#233; poss&#237;vel realizar uma varredura da ADA em ampla extens&#227;o, tanto proximal quanto distal, o que permite estudar o fluxo em diferentes pontos. N&#227;o &#233; incomum encontrar &#225;reas com <italic>aliasing</italic> ao Doppler colorido, o que pode corresponder a um segmento esten&#243;tico.</p>
            <p>Ao Doppler puls&#225;til, identifica-se um fluxo bif&#225;sico, com componente diast&#243;lico predominante, de aspecto trapezoidal. A velocidade diast&#243;lica costuma ser aproximadamente o dobro da velocidade sist&#243;lica. Alguns autores, em vez de avaliar apenas as velocidades, estudam o integral de velocidade. Do ponto de vista pr&#225;tico, a an&#225;lise das velocidades parece muito mais simples e r&#225;pida, especialmente quando utilizada durante a ecocardiografia de estresse.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Ramo descendente posterior da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita</title>
            <p>A taxa de sucesso de visualiza&#231;&#227;o do ramo Descendente Posterior (DP) &#233; de entre 60 e 70%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O corte utilizado &#233; o apical duas c&#226;maras modificado. A partir desse plano, o transdutor deve ser girado ligeiramente no sentido anti-hor&#225;rio e o feixe de ultrassom direcionado posteriormente. Trata-se de um plano de transi&#231;&#227;o entre os cortes de duas c&#226;maras e tr&#234;s c&#226;maras. Ao longo da parede inferior, deve-se procurar um fluxo puls&#225;til, diast&#243;lico e ascendente (vermelho). Esse fluxo pode ser identificado tanto no n&#237;vel basal quanto em regi&#245;es mais apicais da parede inferior. Por isso, &#233; importante realizar uma varredura cuidadosa da parede em busca desse vaso (Video 2). As caracter&#237;sticas observadas ao Doppler puls&#225;til s&#227;o semelhantes &#224;s da ADA, conforme descrito anteriormente.</p>
            <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/9wSgG6xmhPMn9JdVyNtQWyk/99555349767c1e9683dbcfc635768b3490332d4f.mp4">
              <label>Video 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Passo a passo da visualiza&#231;&#227;o da DP. 1 Corte duas c&#226;maras tradicional. 2 Corte intermedi&#225;rio entre duas e tr&#234;s c&#226;maras. 3 Posteriorizar o feixe de ultrassom. 4 Doppler colorido evidenciando pequeno vaso com fluxo diast&#243;lico na parede inferior. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_02.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_02.mp4</ext-link> </title>
              </caption>
            </media>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Ramo marginal da art&#233;ria circunflexa</title>
            <p>Dentre as tr&#234;s coron&#225;rias, esta &#233; a tecnicamente mais dif&#237;cil, com factibilidade inferior a 60%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Parte-se do corte apical quatro c&#226;maras, girando o transdutor ligeiramente no sentido hor&#225;rio para expor bem a parede lateral. Uma dica pr&#225;tica &#233; deixar o ventr&#237;culo direito bem aberto na tela. Logo ap&#243;s, posterioriza-se o feixe de ultrassom, como se fossemos estudar o seio coron&#225;rio. A parede lateral deve ficar bem exposta, mesmo que a imagem fique fora de plano (Video 3). Ressalte-se aqui que esses cortes s&#227;o espec&#237;ficos para estudar as coron&#225;rias e n&#227;o o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Isso pode gerar um pouco de estranheza inicialmente.</p>
            <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/9wSgG6xmhPMn9JdVyNtQWyk/8594165b1e067a39ac46e7aa3373fd93a9b88cfa.mp4">
              <label>Video 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Passo a passo da visualiza&#231;&#227;o da Mg. 1 Corte quatro c&#226;maras tradicional. 2 Giro anti-hor&#225;rio para &#8220;abrir&#8221; o VD. 3 Posteriorizar o feixe de ultrassom. 4 Doppler colorido evidenciando pequenos vasos com fluxo diast&#243;lico na parede lateral. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_03.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_03.mp4</ext-link> </title>
              </caption>
            </media>
            <p>O Doppler colorido ir&#225; demonstrar um ou mais pequenos vasos na parede lateral, puls&#225;til, ascendente (vermelho) e diast&#243;lico. Novamente, destaca-se aqui a import&#226;ncia de realizar o estudo sempre com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica. As caracter&#237;sticas ao Doppler puls&#225;til s&#227;o semelhantes &#224;s demais coron&#225;rias, como descritas anteriormente.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Pitfalls</title>
            <p>Durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o do fluxo coronariano, podemos nos deparar com algumas estruturas que simulam a ADA. Um vaso comumente encontrado em topografia semelhante &#233; a art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna. No entanto, o padr&#227;o de fluxo ao Doppler &#233; distinto: predominantemente sist&#243;lico e com maior velocidade. Pequenos derrames peric&#225;rdicos podem ter fluxo semelhante ao Doppler colorido; por&#233;m, ao estudo com o Doppler puls&#225;til n&#227;o se identifica o padr&#227;o diast&#243;lico predominante. Em certas situa&#231;&#245;es, um fluxo azul (descendente) pode ser identificado no sulco interventricular, em oposi&#231;&#227;o ao vermelho habitual; isso pode indicar oclus&#227;o da ADA com fluxo retr&#243;grado ou a identifica&#231;&#227;o de um ramo septal da pr&#243;pria ADA. O fluxo da DP pode ser confundido com o fluxo da via de entrada do ventr&#237;culo direito. Entretanto, o fluxo ao Doppler puls&#225;til &#233; bastante diferente do fluxo coronariano caracter&#237;stico.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aplica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Repouso</title>
          <p>Geralmente, a velocidade diast&#243;lica do fluxo coronariano &#233; inferior a 40 cm/s. Obviamente que essa velocidade &#233; influenciada por diversos fatores. Hiperdinamia, taquicardia, hipertens&#227;o e anemia, por exemplo, podem elev&#225;-la mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de estenose. O componente sist&#243;lico n&#227;o costuma exceder a 60% da velocidade de componente diast&#243;lico.</p>
          <p>De acordo com um recente estudo de Cortigiani et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> em pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias cr&#244;nicas e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada, uma velocidade do fluxo coronariano em repouso na ADA igual ou superior a 32 cm/s foi independentemente associada a uma pior sobrevida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A combina&#231;&#227;o dessa velocidade em repouso com uma RFC reduzida foi, inclusive, o cen&#225;rio de pior progn&#243;stico.</p>
          <p>Na doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, a simples identifica&#231;&#227;o de um fluxo pr&#233;vio da ADA distal em um paciente com altera&#231;&#227;o de motilidade no mesmo territ&#243;rio, adiciona uma importante informa&#231;&#227;o do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico. N&#227;o &#233; infrequente a visualiza&#231;&#227;o direta de pontos com o fluxo turbulento e de alta velocidade ao Doppler. Alguns autores sugerem o ponto de corte acima de 80 cm/s, outros acima de 1 m/s, para detec&#231;&#227;o de obstru&#231;&#227;o significativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o de &#8220;salto de velocidade&#8221; &#233; um interessante par&#226;metro que levanta a possibilidade de estenose importante da ADA. Isso ocorre quando a velocidade diast&#243;lica duplica em diferentes regi&#245;es do vaso estudado (por exemplo proximal x distal). Al&#233;m disso, um incremento na velocidade do componente sist&#243;lico do fluxo coronariano &#233; outro achado relevante. Uma rela&#231;&#227;o da velocidade diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica inferior a 1,5 apresenta sensibilidade de 81,8% e especificidade de 85,7% para o diagn&#243;stico de estenose coron&#225;ria<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> (Video 4).</p>
          <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/9wSgG6xmhPMn9JdVyNtQWyk/ac925e2233039b1376013e1f37b6b96400b07d0a.mp4">
            <label>Video 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Identifica&#231;&#227;o de fluxo patol&#243;gico de ADA em repouso e salto de velocidade. 1 Fluxo laminar da ADA ter&#231;o m&#233;dio distal. 2 Registro de PW evidenciando rela&#231;&#227;o de velocidade diast&#243;lica (30 cm/s) e sist&#243;lica (24 cm/s) de 1,25 (sugestivo de estenose). 3 Fluxo turbulento da ADA ao &#8220;escanear o vaso mais proximalmente&#8221;. 4 Registro de PW evidenciando velocidade de 70 cm/s (incremento de 2,3 vezes). Coronariografia evidenciou les&#227;o importante de tronco e ADA proximal. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href=" http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_04.mp4"> http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_04.mp4</ext-link> </title>
            </caption>
          </media>
          <p>O padr&#227;o de fluxo coronariano com r&#225;pida desacelera&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, frequentemente acompanhado de fluxo sist&#243;lico reverso, &#233; um forte indicador do fen&#244;meno de <italic>no-reflow</italic> em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea. Sua fisiopatologia reside em danos na microcircula&#231;&#227;o coronariana, como les&#227;o endotelial e emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal, que impedem o preenchimento adequado do leito, elevando a press&#227;o distal e acelerando a desacelera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo. Estudos demonstram que o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o &#233; significativamente menor nesses pacientes (152 &#177; 109 ms) em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles sem o fen&#244;meno (395 &#177; 128 ms), indicando grave comprometimento da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
          <p>De forma similar, em pacientes com miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, o Doppler coron&#225;rio tamb&#233;m evidencia um padr&#227;o at&#237;pico de fluxo, marcado pela redu&#231;&#227;o, aus&#234;ncia ou invers&#227;o do fluxo sist&#243;lico<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>). Essa semelhan&#231;a com o padr&#227;o observado no <italic>no-reflow</italic> &#233; atribu&#237;da ao aumento anormal da press&#227;o intramioc&#225;rdica durante a s&#237;stole, que resulta na compress&#227;o dos pequenos vasos intramurais e na eleva&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria. Al&#233;m disso, a detec&#231;&#227;o do fluxo nas art&#233;rias comunicantes septais representa outro padr&#227;o relevante, sendo um achado comum e particularmente prevalente nas morfologias apical e mista,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> conferindo-lhe um valor auxiliar significativo no diagn&#243;stico diferencial de condi&#231;&#245;es que podem mimetizar a cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica apical (Video 5).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02002">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Fluxo de ADA em paciente com MCH. Observa-se invers&#227;o do componente sist&#243;lico .</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20260006-0006i-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/9wSgG6xmhPMn9JdVyNtQWyk/f0c2c0f31d2cb9870157192a626454dd4fb14a74.mp4">
            <label>Video 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxo de ramos comunicantes apicais (azul) em paciente com miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica apical. Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_05.mp4"> http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_05.mp4</ext-link> </title>
            </caption>
          </media>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Reserva de fluxo coronariano</title>
        <p>A incorpora&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos par&#226;metros, al&#233;m da avalia&#231;&#227;o da motilidade parietal, na ecocardiografia de estresse transforma esse m&#233;todo em uma ferramenta cl&#237;nica poderosa e extremamente vers&#225;til.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Al&#233;m de ampliar seu poder diagn&#243;stico, tamb&#233;m acrescenta informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas relevantes e n&#227;o redundantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Diversas publica&#231;&#245;es demonstram a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o da RFC em diferentes cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e a Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia recomenda seu uso rotineiro desde a diretriz de ecocardiografia de estresse de 2008.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A adi&#231;&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o do fluxo coronariano ao ecocardiograma de estresse, ap&#243;s treinamento adequado, n&#227;o aumenta significativamente o tempo de execu&#231;&#227;o do exame. Sua interpreta&#231;&#227;o leva poucos segundos e &#233; baseada na rela&#231;&#227;o entre a velocidade da coron&#225;ria ao estresse e em repouso. O valor discriminat&#243;rio de 2,0 separa o normal do patol&#243;gico. Todas as modalidades de estresse permitem a avalia&#231;&#227;o da RFC. A taxa de sucesso &#233; maior nos estudos com vasodilatador (acima de 90%), seguida da dobutamina (por volta de 80%) e do exerc&#237;cio em bicicleta (cerca de 70%).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Metodologia com vasodilatador</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s realizar a captura de todas as imagens necess&#225;rias para a linha de base, registra-se a velocidade diast&#243;lica da ADA o mais distal poss&#237;vel. Sem retirar o transdutor do t&#243;rax do paciente, mantendo a visualiza&#231;&#227;o da coron&#225;ria continuamente no mesmo ponto e na mesma angula&#231;&#227;o, inicia-se a administra&#231;&#227;o de dipiridamol na dose de 0,84 mg/Kg em quatro minutos. Registra-se, ent&#227;o a velocidade m&#225;xima obtida at&#233; um minuto ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da infus&#227;o (quinto minuto de exame). Em situa&#231;&#245;es normais, a velocidade da ADA duplica poucos minutos ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da prova.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Metodologia com dobutamina</title>
        <p>Diferentemente do protocolo com dipiridamol, no qual a ADA &#233; monitorizada continuamente, no teste com dobutamina a velocidade da ADA &#233; aferida em repouso e, novamente, ap&#243;s um incremento de 50 batimentos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca basal e/ou quando se atinge 75% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima prevista, o que geralmente ocorre nas etapas de altas doses do f&#225;rmaco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Metodologia com exerc&#237;cio em bicicleta supina</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da RFC durante o exerc&#237;cio &#233; mais desafiadora. &#192; medida que a carga aumenta, a movimenta&#231;&#227;o do tronco e a hiperventila&#231;&#227;o prejudicam a janela ac&#250;stica e dificultam a visualiza&#231;&#227;o da ADA.</p>
        <p>Para operadores menos experientes, recomendamos uma estrat&#233;gia an&#225;loga ao protocolo com dipiridamol: localizar a ADA em repouso no Doppler colorido e assegurar sua visualiza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua no setor de imagem desde o in&#237;cio do exame. Essa abordagem favorece a mensura&#231;&#227;o da velocidade sempre no mesmo ponto e com a mesma angula&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, a principal limita&#231;&#227;o dessa abordagem &#233; a perda dos registros do exame bidimensional em baixa carga de esfor&#231;o, particularmente &#250;teis em estudos realizados no cicloerg&#244;metro.</p>
        <p>Outro enfoque, mais dif&#237;cil do ponto de vista t&#233;cnico, &#233; iniciar a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da ADA durante o esfor&#231;o imediatamente ap&#243;s a aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens bidimensionais em carga baixa, garantindo que a velocidade seja mensurada no mesmo ponto e com a mesma angula&#231;&#227;o utilizados em repouso (Video 6).</p>
        <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/9wSgG6xmhPMn9JdVyNtQWyk/3509cd99c7cad489923af0a9a0b35dabf976e695.mp4">
          <label>Video 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; RFC de ADA ao exerc&#237;cio. 1 Fluxo em repouso. 2 Velocidade diast&#243;lica de 36 cm/s. 3 Fluxo ao esfor&#231;o (75W). 4 Velocidade diast&#243;lica de 92 cm/s. RFC de 2,55 (normal acima de 2). Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_06.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2026/3901/2026-0006_video_06.mp4</ext-link> </title>
          </caption>
        </media>
        <p>Em indiv&#237;duos normais, a velocidade da coron&#225;ria duplica j&#225; nas etapas iniciais do exerc&#237;cio (at&#233; 75 watts). Utilizam-se os mesmos conceitos aplicados ao protocolo com dobutamina em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca para avalia&#231;&#227;o da RFC, caso essa duplica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o ocorra rapidamente.</p>
        <p>Vale destacar que, embora a avalia&#231;&#227;o da RFC na ADA seja a mais utilizada, ela tamb&#233;m pode ser realizada nas demais coron&#225;rias; contudo, a taxa de sucesso tende a ser menor.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do fluxo coronariano por ecocardiografia deixou de ser uma utopia e j&#225; se consolidou como uma realidade capaz de transformar os laborat&#243;rios de ecocardiografia. Em repouso ou sob estresse, com vasodilatadores ou durante o exerc&#237;cio, as possibilidades s&#227;o amplas e as informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas, altamente relevantes. &#201; poss&#237;vel detectar obstru&#231;&#245;es coronarianas significativas em repouso e antecipar os resultados do ecoestresse antes mesmo do surgimento de isquemia. Identificar maior risco em pacientes com motilidade segmentar normal, mas com RFC reduzida, tem impacto cl&#237;nico direto. A ecocardiografia, portanto, n&#227;o deve ser tratada como um mero coadjuvante, mas sim como protagonista.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado:</label>
          <p> Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
          <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
          <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
          <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
