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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Gpq8HHm7KKzNFwpdtV46jFC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2675-312X2026000101402</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01402</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250105i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>My Approach to Differentiating Pericardial Effusion with and without Hemodynamic Repercussions</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Helder Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Halsted Alarc&#227;o Gomes Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Helder Moura Gomes</bold> &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. Doutor Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal code: <postal-code>04.012-180</postal-code>. S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>heldergomes20@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>39</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250105</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Pericardial effusion is a common finding in cardiology practice. It is frequently identified in outpatient and inpatient follow-up examinations, especially during the postoperative period of heart surgery. In clinically stable patients, proper assessment can allow for early detection of signs of clinical deterioration. In patients in shock, careful analysis of pericardial effusion can confirm or rule out this condition as the main cause of hemodynamic instability. Precise identification of the location, anatomical characterization of severity, and analysis of hemodynamic repercussions by means of Doppler are essential elements to guide medical management. In addition to technical assessment, precautions when describing findings in imaging reports are equally important. This is because the hemodynamic repercussions observed on echocardiography do not always correspond to the patient's clinical severity.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Pericardial Effusion</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Inferior Vena Cava</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Tamponade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="26"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="2"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f13">
      <caption>
        <title>RA: right atrium; LA: left atrium; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250105-0105i-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Pericardial effusion (PE) occurs due to accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac. The etiologies include inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic, autoimmune, metabolic, traumatic, and iatrogenic causes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is not always simple to assess the repercussions of PE, because factors such as etiology, speed of onset, and hemodynamic conditions can make this assessment a major challenge in clinical practice. Although several methods can assess and quantify PE, given its inherent characteristics, echocardiography is the most widely applied initial method, providing tools for rapid assessment and decision-making, especially in critical patients.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Anatomical and pathophysiological considerations</title>
        <p>The pericardium is a sac-like structure that contains the heart and adjacent structures, composed of a fibrous and a serous component. The outer fibrous component is mainly composed of collagen fibers with interspersed short elastic fibrils. The fibrous envelope is continuous superiorly with the adventitia of the great vessels and is attached inferiorly to the diaphragm. The serous component consists of a single layer of mesothelium that forms a parietal layer and a visceral layer, surrounding the pericardial cavity. The parietal layer lines the fibrous pericardium, and together these structures form the parietal pericardium. The visceral layer is also known as the epicardium, which lines the heart.</p>
        <p>Between the visceral pericardium and the myocardium, there is a variable amount of epicardial adipose tissue. Epicardial fat is most abundant along the atrioventricular and interventricular sulci and is an important differential diagnosis when assessing PE.</p>
        <p>Under physiological conditions, pericardial space normally contains a small amount of fluid, typically ranging from 10 to 50 mL, with an important function related to lubricating the heart, reducing friction during movement between tissues, and allowing the translational and rotational motion of the heart.</p>
        <p>Slow increases in this volume tend to have a smaller impact on pericardial pressure and its transmission to the heart chambers, due to the maintenance of pericardial compliance. In rapid increases, this does not occur, and pericardial pressure shows a progressive and rapid increase that will interfere with cardiac hemodynamics (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparative image demonstrating increased pericardial pressures in two possible scenarios. Curve A shows a scenario in which the accumulation of pericardial fluid occurs within a short period of time with a rapid increase in pericardial pressures transmitted to the heart chambers. Curve B shows a scenario in which the accumulation of pericardial fluid occurs over a longer period of time, with a slow and gradual increase in pericardial pressures, and pressure transmission to the heart chambers occurs only after a large accumulation of fluid. Adapted from American Society of Echocardiography guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250105-0105i-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The right ventricle (RV) wall is thinner than that of the left ventricle (LV). Consequently, more than half of the diastolic pressure in the RV, under physiological conditions, is due to the pericardium, making it a particularly important chamber in assessing the impact of PE, because it is one of the earliest affected.</p>
        <p>It is essential to understand the phenomenon of ventricular interdependence inherent to cardiac physiology, in order to grasp the changes that guide the diagnosis of PE with hemodynamic repercussions. The RV and LV are pumps that share a wall, the interventricular septum that separates them, and both are contained within the pericardial sac. Therefore, variations in ventricular volumes and filling pressures can lead to bulging of the septum to one side, depending on the pressure conditions. This occurs under normal conditions, including during physiological inspiration and expiration, but it does not have a significant impact on LV filling (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ventricular interdependence demonstrating how the physiological variation of mitral and tricuspid transvalvular flows behaves during inspiration and expiration. Flow variations below 20% are expected in healthy patients. LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250105-0105i-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <p>When there is an increase in pericardial volume and an increase in pressure throughout the heart, RV filling during inspiration can bulge the septum to the left, limiting the volume that fills the left side (reverse Bernheim effect). During expiration, the opposite occurs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In practice, this explains, the paradoxical pulse and the increased variation of mitral and tricuspid flows between inspiration and expiration in extreme cases.</p>
        <p>Given that PE can impact cardiac function, leading to low output, it is essential to understand the tools for evaluating PE and its repercussions. Although PE can also be evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography, echocardiography is a fundamental part of this assessment due to its sensitivity for large-volume effusions, portability, and ease of follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Correct identification of pericardial effusion</title>
        <p>The following discussion is based on the fundamental concept that PE must be correctly diagnosed. A simple, yet accurate parameter for analysis is the location of fluid accumulation (anechoic content).</p>
        <p>If the fluid is predominantly located anterior to the descending thoracic aorta in longitudinal parasternal view, the most likely diagnosis will be PE. If it is located in retroaortic topography, the diagnosis will be left pleural effusion, considering that the aorta in this segment is anterior and to the left of the vertebral column (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Echocardiographic differences between pericardial effusion (Image A) and pleural effusion (Image B), using the descending thoracic aorta as an anatomical reference parameter.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250105-0105i-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Another finding that can lead to incorrect diagnosis is epicardial fat, which differs from effusion insofar as it is more echogenic than the myocardium, moves along with cardiac motion, and does not naturally generate hemodynamic impact (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Echocardiographic images in the parasternal longitudinal and short-axis window of a patient with metabolic syndrome and extensive epicardial fat layer. Differential diagnosis with pericardial effusion is essential due to the difference in complementary investigation and clinical treatment. LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250105-0105i-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic assessment: quantification</title>
        <p>By definition, pericardial fluid volume above 50 mL is considered abnormal<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and should, whenever possible, be described in the final report. Echocardiographic quantification can be performed using size or volume parameters; the former is more commonly used in clinical practice and recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography guidelines, according to their most recent publication. This measurement is performed using two-dimensional echocardiography, and the parameter is described in a semi-quantitative manner, based on the size of the echo-free space seen between the parietal and visceral pericardium at end-diastole. Considering this measurement, we can classify PE as mild (&lt; 10 mm), moderate (10 to 20 mm), and severe (&gt; 20 mm), as described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classification of pericardial effusion according to maximum diastolic diameter and estimated volume</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">ASE/EACVI classification of end-diastolic diameter</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Classification</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Diameter</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Estimated volume</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8226; Normal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Seen only in systole</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10 to 50 mL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8226; Minimal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 5 mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8226; Mild</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 to 9 mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 100 mL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8226; Moderate</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10 to 20 mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">100 to 500 mL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8226; Large</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 20 mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 500 mL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8226; Very large</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 25 mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 700 mL</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Note: The estimation of pericardial effusion volume should be interpreted only as a reference parameter and not as a scientific dogma. ASE: American Society of Echocardiography; PE: pericardial effusion; EACVI: European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref> displays a case of PE of inflammatory etiology, with measurements of the largest diastolic diameters. This assessment should always be performed using multiple echocardiographic windows.</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Very large pericardial effusion assessed through multiple images (A, B, and C), circumferentially involving the heart, with a maximum diameter of 35.5 mm shown in Image C. PE: pericardial effusion; RV: right ventricle.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250105-0105i-gf06.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Another parameter described is the volumetric estimate, considering the correlation between diameters and volumes measured on two-dimensional echocardiography. It is inferred that a mild effusion (&lt; 10 mm) would have between 50 and 100 mL of pericardial fluid, a moderate effusion (10 to 20 mm) between 100 and 500 mL, and a significant effusion (&gt; 20 mm) more than 500 mL<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>. There is limited accuracy between this measurement and the actual volume of surgically drained pericardial fluid. Volumetric assessment measured using Simpson's method, preferably in the subcostal window, as published by DeMaria et al. in the <italic>Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography</italic> in 2019,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> appears to be of greater value. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref> provides an example of how this quantification could be performed in a real-world case.</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Volumetric quantification using Simpson's method. Initially, the pericardium is measured in its outermost component, encompassing all the fluid present, as shown in Image A. In Image B, the cardiac volume is measured during the phase of the cycle in which it presents its largest dimensions and volumes. To obtain the pericardial fluid volume, the simple difference between these two measurements is calculated.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250105-0105i-gf07.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Uniform and homogeneous effusion suggests the possibility of transudate, whereas findings of asymmetrical distribution and heterogeneous content suggest exudate. Clots and effusions during the postoperative period can be a diagnostic challenge, sometimes requiring assessment using other methods.</p>
        <p>During onset of effusion, hemodynamic repercussions occur when pericardial pressure compresses the cardiac chambers, especially those with lower pressure, and limits chamber filling. To assess the repercussions of effusion, analysis seeks signs of pressure overload in the pericardial space.</p>
        <p>Although it is the first-line examination in the assessment of fluid in the pericardial space, it is necessary to take the following limitations into consideration:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Patients with limited acoustic windows (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity, postoperative cardiac surgery</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Operator-dependent</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Low signal-to-noise ratio in pericardial space</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Limited tissue characterization</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Limited assessment in loculated effusions</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic assessment: severity (hemodynamic repercussions)</title>
        <sec>
          <title>One-dimensional assessment: M mode</title>
          <p>Due to its high temporal resolution, this method is still widely used for determining the greatest pericardial fluid diameter, provided that the assessment axis is not oblique in relation to the line of analysis.</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Quantification should be performed following the previously described classification.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The method more accurately identifies the temporality of right atrial (RA) and RV collapse in relation to the cardiac cycle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 7</xref>).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>It allows identification of septal bounce related to increased ventricular interdependence; however, it is necessary to rule out other pathologies that may present the same sign, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diastolic collapse of the right ventricular free wall assessed by M mode, with easy identification of the systolic and diastolic components. In this case, the one-dimensional slice passing through the aortic valve helped to correlate each period with the electrocardiogram, which showed low voltage due to significant pericardial effusion. Ao: aorta; LA: left atrium; RV: right ventricle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250105-0105i-gf08.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Two-dimensional assessment: 2D mode</title>
          <p>Two-dimensional assessment involves analysis of dynamic anatomical parameters, such as inferior vena cava (IVC) distensibility, and RA and RV collapsibility. It also includes study of cavity flows in order to identify early changes related to hemodynamic repercussions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dynamic anatomical assessment of the inferior vena cava and hepatic veins</title>
          <p>In PE, right heart chamber pressures are increased due to compression by the effusion. When there are hemodynamic repercussions, IVC plethora is practically a mandatory parameter; diameter greater than 21 mm and variation less than 50% are expected findings. IVC plethora was found in 92% of patients who required pericardial drainage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> When it is not possible to adequately assess the IVC, the presence of plethora can be inferred based on dilation of the hepatic veins.</p>
          <p>Hepatic vein flow is also altered in effusion with repercussions. Normal hepatic venous flow is biphasic, with systolic velocity greater than diastolic velocity (generally around 50 cm/s), and interrupted (or with reverse reflux) during atrial systole. Flows tend to increase during inspiration. When hemodynamic repercussions occur, velocities initially reduce to 20 to 40 cm/s, with diastolic flow progressively decreasing until it appears only during inspiration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> When systolic flow occurs only during inspiration, cardiac arrest is imminent. This finding, when associated with cardiac chamber analysis, has high positive and negative predictive value for clinical tamponade (82% and 88%, respectively),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> as illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 8</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figure 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Pulsed-wave Doppler of hepatic venous flow velocity in a normal patient (Image A) and in cardiac tamponade (Image B). Velocities below the zero baseline demonstrate flow towards the heart, and those above the baseline represent reverse flow. Reduced anterograde flow reflects decreased venous return. In Image B, during apnea, anterograde flow is only seen during ventricular systole (S). With inspiration, systolic flow predominates, but diastolic flow (D) also exists. In the first flow analysis after expiration, a reversal of diastolic flow (white arrow) occurs, which indirectly equates to exacerbation of ventricular interdependence. PE: pericardial effusion.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250105-0105i-gf09.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dynamic anatomical assessment of right heart chambers</title>
          <p>With increased pericardial pressure, collapse or indentation of the RA and RV (the heart chambers that are most sensitive to external pressure) reflects the extent to which effusion impacts right chamber filling. This analysis is particularly useful in low-pressure tamponade, a context in which there is no significant IVC plethora.</p>
          <p>RA indentation/collapse occurs at the peak of the R wave (atrial diastole). When it lasts for more than one third of the cardiac cycle, it has high sensitivity and specificity for clinical tamponade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Similarly, RV indentation/collapse occurs after the T wave (ventricular diastole), and its presence indicates that pericardial pressure already exceeds RV pressure. Initially, it occurs only during inspiration, persisting throughout the respiratory cycle as effusion develops. The longer the duration, the greater the repercussion,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> as illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 9</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figure 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Systolic and diastolic collapse of the right ventricle secondary to free wall rupture, a rare mechanical complication associated with extensive anterior wall infarction. AMI: acute myocardial infarction; LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250105-0105i-gf10.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Absence of collapse in any chamber has &gt; 90% negative predictive value for effusion with repercussions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> On the other hand, the absence of RV collapse can occur in clinical contexts of high RV pressures (RV hypertrophy, severe pulmonary hypertension, or coexisting LV dysfunction).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>There is a clinical context that deserves even more careful evaluation, namely, when hypovolemia coexists. In these cases, collapse of the right heart chambers and, more rarely, the left chambers occurs earlier due to reduced pressure in the heart chambers. In this scenario, volume expansion and early reassessment of the echocardiographic findings presented are very useful and help guide clinical management, often avoiding surgical intervention.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Hemodynamic assessment: Doppler</title>
          <p>In the assessment of transvalvular flows, an increase in the variation of mitral and tricuspid E wave velocities is observed, which is related to exacerbation of ventricular interdependence. The following formula is used to calculate:</p>
          <disp-formula id="eq1">
            <mml:math display="block" id="m1">
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mtext>Transvalvular flow variation</mml:mtext>
                <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                <mml:mfrac>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mtext>expiration</mml:mtext>
                        <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mtext>inspiration</mml:mtext>
                      </mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mtext>expiration</mml:mtext>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:mfrac>
              </mml:mrow>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
          <p>Transmitral flow during inspiration tends to decrease, whereas tricuspid flow tends to increase during inspiration. Since both are calculated in the same way, the calculation of the variation through the tricuspid valve should result in a negative value. Values above 30% for the mitral valve and 60% for the tricuspid valve are indicative of hemodynamic repercussions<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figures 10</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">11</xref>). When analyzing these variations, care should be taken to reduce the spectral Doppler scan rate, which will help to more accurately identify the variations according to the respiratory cycle and, ideally, analyze them together with the respirometer graph.</p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figure 10</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Echocardiographic formula and parameters for the correct calculation of transvalvular mitral and tricuspid respiratory variation. As demonstrated in the figure, whenever possible and available, it is of fundamental importance to use a respirometer, with correct identification of respiratory phases associated with the parameter of flow variation. If a respirometer is not available, it is considered that the highest velocity of the E wave through the mitral valve occurs during the expiratory phase, whereas, in the tricuspid valve, it occurs during the inspiratory phase. LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; PE: pericardial effusion; RA: right atrium; RV: right ventricle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250105-0105i-gf11.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f11">
            <label>Figure 11</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Respiratory variation above the normal value observed using transvalvular mitral flow in a patient with tamponade secondary to left ventricular free wall rupture. LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; RA: right atrium; RV: right ventricle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250105-0105i-gf12.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Even though it is a useful tool, flow assessment should not be applied in the absence of IVC plethora or collapse of any cardiac chamber, as increased variation can also occur in other clinical contexts (atrial fibrillation, mechanical ventilation).</p>
          <p>As with the mitral and tricuspid valves, flow variations occur through the LV outflow tract, and it is possible to document the phenomenon that we clinically recognize as paradoxical pulse on echocardiography. Although useful, it occurs in very late stages, guiding immediate intervention to avoid possible circulatory collapse.</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 12</xref> summarizes the main echocardiographic parameters that guide identification of possible hemodynamic repercussions.</p>
          <fig id="f12">
            <label>Figure 12</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Main echocardiographic parameters in the assessment of pericardial effusion with hemodynamic repercussions. IVC: inferior vena cava; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; PE: pericardial effusion; RA: right atrium; RV: right ventricle; Sens: sensitivity; Spec: specificity.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250105-0105i-gf13.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Precautions when reporting pericardial effusion</title>
        <p>When reporting findings of PE, it is important to characterize the effusion in terms of appearance, location, size, and signs of hemodynamic repercussion. This characterization is essential, as it allows for comparison over time and identification of hemodynamic repercussions, assisting the care team in decision-making, given that not every case of effusion with echocardiographic signs of hemodynamic repercussions will imply immediate clinical impact. The term "tamponade" should be avoided, because it is, by definition, a clinical diagnosis.</p>
        <p>The following provides a suggested description of PE (hypothetical case):</p>
        <p>"&#8230;Presence of diffuse pericardial effusion, important degree, with a maximum diameter of 27 mm adjacent to the right chambers. Diastolic collapse of the right atrium observed during more than one third of the cardiac cycle, and increased variation of transmitral E wave velocity of 50% identified.</p>
        <p>Taken together, these findings are compatible with important pericardial effusion with echocardiographic signs of hemodynamic repercussions."</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Assessment of PE and its repercussions is routine, especially in critically ill patients. Characterizing the size, identifying IVC plethora, and analyzing hemodynamic implications, whether by observing chamber collapse or increased variation in transvalvular flows, always considering the limitations of each parameter, require attention, and the findings should be considered together. Thus, because it provides rapid information and can be performed at the bedside, echocardiography is an excellent method for characterizing and assessing the repercussions of PE, making it of fundamental importance to support decision-making by the care team.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Sources of Funding</label>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Study Association</label>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
        <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Availability of Research Data</title>
      <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
    </sec>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250105</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Como Eu Fa&#231;o a Diferencia&#231;&#227;o de Derrame Peric&#225;rdico com e sem Repercuss&#227;o Hemodin&#226;mica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Helder Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Halsted Alarc&#227;o Gomes Pereira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Helder Moura Gomes</bold> &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. Doutor Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP: <postal-code>04.012-180</postal-code>. S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>heldergomes20@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>O derrame peric&#225;rdico &#233; um achado comum na pr&#225;tica cardiol&#243;gica, sendo frequentemente identificado em exames de acompanhamento ambulatorial, hospitalar e, sobretudo, no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgias card&#237;acas. Em pacientes clinicamente est&#225;veis, sua avalia&#231;&#227;o adequada pode permitir a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de sinais de deteriora&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. J&#225; em pacientes em estado de choque, a an&#225;lise criteriosa do derrame peric&#225;rdico pode confirmar ou excluir essa condi&#231;&#227;o como causa principal da instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica. A identifica&#231;&#227;o precisa da localiza&#231;&#227;o, a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da gravidade e a an&#225;lise da repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica por meio do Doppler s&#227;o elementos essenciais para orientar a conduta m&#233;dica. Al&#233;m da avalia&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica, &#233; igualmente importante o cuidado na descri&#231;&#227;o dos achados nos laudos de imagem. Isso porque a repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica observada na ecocardiografia nem sempre corresponde &#224; gravidade cl&#237;nica apresentada pelo paciente.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Derrame Peric&#225;rdico</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Veia Cava Inferior</kwd>
        <kwd>Tamponamento Card&#237;aco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <fig id="f26">
        <caption>
          <title>AD: &#225;trio direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VCI: veia cava inferior; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250105-0105i-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O derrame peric&#225;rdico (DP) ocorre devido ao ac&#250;mulo de l&#237;quido no saco peric&#225;rdico. Dentre as etiologias, est&#227;o causas inflamat&#243;rias, infecciosas, neopl&#225;sicas, autoimunes, metab&#243;licas, traum&#225;ticas e iatrog&#234;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A avalia&#231;&#227;o da repercuss&#227;o do DP nem sempre &#233; simples, pois fatores como etiologia, velocidade de instala&#231;&#227;o e condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas podem tornar essa avalia&#231;&#227;o um grande desafio na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Embora v&#225;rios m&#233;todos consigam avaliar e quantificar o DP, dadas as caracter&#237;sticas inerentes ao m&#233;todo, a ecocardiografia &#233; o m&#233;todo inicial mais aplicado, dispondo de ferramentas para avalia&#231;&#227;o e decis&#227;o r&#225;pidas &#8211; sobretudo em pacientes cr&#237;ticos.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas e fisiopatol&#243;gicas</title>
          <p>O peric&#225;rdio &#233; uma estrutura sacular que cont&#233;m o cora&#231;&#227;o e estruturas adjacentes, formado por um componente fibroso e um seroso. O componente fibroso externo &#233; formado principalmente por fibras col&#225;genas com fibrilas el&#225;sticas curtas intercaladas. O envolt&#243;rio fibroso &#233; cont&#237;nuo com a advent&#237;cia dos grandes vasos superiormente e est&#225; fixado ao diafragma inferiormente. O componente seroso consiste em uma &#250;nica camada de mesot&#233;lio que forma uma camada parietal e uma camada visceral, envolvendo a cavidade peric&#225;rdica. A camada parietal reveste o peric&#225;rdio fibroso e, juntas, essas estruturas formam o peric&#225;rdio parietal. A camada visceral tamb&#233;m &#233; conhecida como epic&#225;rdio e reveste o cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Entre o peric&#225;rdio visceral e o mioc&#225;rdio, h&#225; uma quantidade vari&#225;vel de tecido adiposo epic&#225;rdico. A gordura epic&#225;rdica &#233; mais abundante ao longo dos sulcos atrioventriculares e interventriculares, sendo um importante diagn&#243;stico diferencial ao avaliar o DP.</p>
          <p>Em condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas o espa&#231;o peric&#225;rdico normalmente cont&#233;m uma pequena quantidade de fluido, tipicamente variando entre 10 e 50 mL, com importante fun&#231;&#227;o relacionada &#224; lubrifica&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o, reduzindo o atrito durante o movimento entre os tecidos e permitindo os movimentos de transla&#231;&#227;o e rota&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Aumentos lentos nesse volume tendem a ter um impacto menor na press&#227;o peric&#225;rdica e sua transmiss&#227;o &#224;s cavidades card&#237;acas, devido &#224; manuten&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia do peric&#225;rdio. Em aumentos r&#225;pidos isso n&#227;o ocorre e a press&#227;o peric&#225;rdica apresenta um aumento progressivo e r&#225;pido que ir&#225; interferir na hemodin&#226;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f14">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Imagem demonstrando comparativamente o aumento das press&#245;es peric&#225;rdicas em dois cen&#225;rios poss&#237;veis. Na curva A, evidencia-se um cen&#225;rio em que o ac&#250;mulo de l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico ocorre em um curto per&#237;odo de tempo com r&#225;pido incremento das press&#245;es peric&#225;rdicas com transmiss&#227;o &#224;s cavidades card&#237;acas. Na curva B, evidencia-se um cen&#225;rio em que o ac&#250;mulo de l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico ocorre em um per&#237;odo mais longo de tempo com lento e gradativo incremento das press&#245;es peric&#225;rdicas e apenas ap&#243;s um grande ac&#250;mulo de fluido ocorre a transmiss&#227;o press&#243;rica &#224;s cavidades card&#237;acas. Adaptado da Diretriz Americana de Ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250105-0105i-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <p>A parede ventricular direita &#233; mais fina que a do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE); por esse fato, mais da metade da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica no ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), em condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas, deve-se ao peric&#225;rdio, tornando-o uma c&#226;mara particularmente importante na avalia&#231;&#227;o da repercuss&#227;o do DP por ser uma das mais precocemente acometidas.</p>
          <p>O entendimento do fen&#244;meno de interdepend&#234;ncia ventricular, inerente &#224; fisiologia card&#237;aca, &#233; essencial para a compreens&#227;o das altera&#231;&#245;es que norteiam o diagn&#243;stico do DP com repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica. O VD e o VE s&#227;o bombas que compartilham uma mesma parede, o septo interventricular que os separa, e ambos est&#227;o contidos no saco peric&#225;rdico. Portanto, varia&#231;&#245;es nos volumes e press&#245;es de enchimento dos ventr&#237;culos podem gerar abaulamento do septo para um dos lados a depender das condi&#231;&#245;es de press&#227;o. Isso ocorre em condi&#231;&#245;es normais, inclusive durante a inspira&#231;&#227;o e a expira&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica, mas sem impacto significativo no enchimento do VE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f15">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Interdepend&#234;ncia ventricular demonstrando como se comporta a varia&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica do fluxo transvalvar mitral e tric&#250;spide durante a inspira&#231;&#227;o e expira&#231;&#227;o. Varia&#231;&#245;es de fluxo menores que 20% s&#227;o esperados em pacientes saud&#225;veis. VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250105-0105i-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Quando h&#225; aumento do volume peric&#225;rdico e aumento da press&#227;o em todo o cora&#231;&#227;o, o enchimento ventricular direito durante a inspira&#231;&#227;o pode abaular o septo para o lado esquerdo, limitando o volume que preencher&#225; o lado esquerdo (efeito Bernheim reverso). Durante a expira&#231;&#227;o, o inverso ocorre.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Na pr&#225;tica, isso explica, em casos extremos, o pulso paradoxal e o aumento na varia&#231;&#227;o dos fluxos mitral e tric&#250;spide entre a inspira&#231;&#227;o e a expira&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Dado que o DP pode impactar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, levando ao baixo d&#233;bito, &#233; essencial conhecer as ferramentas para avalia&#231;&#227;o do DP e sua repercuss&#227;o. Embora o DP possa ser avaliado tamb&#233;m pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica e tomografia, o ecocardiograma &#233; parte fundamental nessa avalia&#231;&#227;o devido &#224; sua sensibilidade para derrames volumosos, portabilidade e facilidade de acompanhamento evolutivo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Identifica&#231;&#227;o correta do derrame peric&#225;rdico</title>
          <p>Toda a discuss&#227;o que ocorrer&#225; a seguir fundamenta-se no conceito prim&#225;rio de que o diagn&#243;stico de DP est&#225; correto. Um simples, por&#233;m acurado par&#226;metro de an&#225;lise &#233; a localiza&#231;&#227;o do ac&#250;mulo de l&#237;quido (conte&#250;do anec&#243;ico).</p>
          <p>No caso em que o l&#237;quido se localizar predominantemente em posi&#231;&#227;o anterior &#224; aorta tor&#225;cica descendente na janela paraesternal longitudinal, o diagn&#243;stico mais prov&#225;vel ser&#225; de DP. Se o mesmo estiver em topografia retroa&#243;rtica, o diagn&#243;stico ser&#225; de derrame pleural esquerdo, considerando que a aorta neste segmento se apresenta anterior e &#224; esquerda da coluna vertebral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f16">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diferen&#231;as ecocardiogr&#225;ficas entre o derrame peric&#225;rdico (Imagem A) e o derrame pleural (Imagem B), avaliando como par&#226;metro anat&#244;mico de refer&#234;ncia a aorta tor&#225;cica descendente.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250105-0105i-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Outro achado que pode levar a um diagn&#243;stico equivocado &#233; a gordura epic&#225;rdica, que difere do derrame por ser mais ecog&#234;nico que o mioc&#225;rdio, se move acompanhando o movimento card&#237;aco e naturalmente n&#227;o gera impacto hemodin&#226;mico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f17">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas na janela paraesternal longitudinal e eixo curto de um paciente com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e extensa camada de gordura epic&#225;rdica. O diagn&#243;stico diferencial com derrame peric&#225;rdico &#233; essencial devido a diferen&#231;a na investiga&#231;&#227;o complementar e tratamento cl&#237;nico. AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250105-0105i-gf05-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica: quantifica&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Por defini&#231;&#227;o, um volume de l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico acima de 50 mL &#233; considerado anormal<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e deve, sempre que poss&#237;vel, ser descrito no laudo final. Sua quantifica&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica pode ser realizada atrav&#233;s de par&#226;metros dimensionais ou volum&#233;tricos, sendo o primeiro mais comumente utilizado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e recomendado segundo a diretriz da American Society of Echocardiography, em sua &#250;ltima publica&#231;&#227;o. Essa medida &#233; realizada pela ecocardiografia bidimensional, sendo um par&#226;metro descrito de forma semiquantitativa e com base no tamanho do espa&#231;o livre de eco visto entre o peric&#225;rdio parietal e visceral no final da di&#225;stole. Considerando essa medida, podemos classificar o DP em discreto (&lt; 10 mm), moderado (10 a 20 mm) e importante ou volumoso (&gt; 20 mm), conforme descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o do derrame peric&#225;rdico segundo o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico m&#225;ximo e o volume estimado</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Classifica&#231;&#227;o ASE/EACVI &#8211; Di&#226;metro no final da di&#225;stole</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Classifica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Di&#226;metro</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Volume estimado</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8226; Normal</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Observado apenas na s&#237;stole</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10 &#8211; 50 mL</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8226; M&#237;nimo</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 5 mm</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8226; Discreto</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5 &#8211; 9 mm</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 100 mL</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8226; Moderado</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10 &#8211; 20 mm</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">100 &#8211; 500 mL</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8226; Volumoso</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 20 mm</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 500 mL</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">&#8226; Muito volumoso</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 25 mm</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 700 mL</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>Observa&#231;&#227;o: A estimativa do volume do DP deve ser interpretada apenas como um par&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia e n&#227;o como um dogma cient&#237;fico. ASE: American Society of Echocardiography; DP: derrame peric&#225;rdico; EACVI: European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f18">Figura 5</xref> apresenta um caso de DP de etiologia inflamat&#243;ria, com as medidas dos maiores di&#226;metros diast&#243;licos, avalia&#231;&#227;o que deve sempre ser realizada atrav&#233;s de m&#250;ltiplas janelas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas.</p>
          <fig id="f18">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Derrame peric&#225;rdico muito volumoso avaliado atrav&#233;s de m&#250;ltiplas imagens (A, B e C), envolvendo circunferencialmente o cora&#231;&#227;o, com di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo de 35,5 mm apresentado na Imagem C. DP: derrame peric&#225;rdico; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250105-0105i-gf06-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Outro par&#226;metro descrito &#233; a estimativa volum&#233;trica considerando a correla&#231;&#227;o entre di&#226;metros e volumes medido no ecocardiograma bidimensional. Infere-se que um derrame considerado discreto (&lt; 10 mm) teria entre 50 e 100 mL de l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico, moderado (10 a 20 mm) entre 100 e 500 mL e importante (&gt; 20 mm) mais de 500 mL<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>. Existe limitada acur&#225;cia entre essa medida e o volume real de l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico drenado cirurgicamente. A avalia&#231;&#227;o volum&#233;trica aferida considerando a medida atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo de Simpson, preferencialmente na janela subcostal como publicado por DeMaria et al. no <italic>Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography</italic> em 2019,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> parece ser de maior valia. Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f19">Figura 6</xref>, podemos observar como essa quantifica&#231;&#227;o poderia ser realizada em um caso real.</p>
          <fig id="f19">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Quantifica&#231;&#227;o volum&#233;trica atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo de Simpson. Inicialmente &#233; realizado a medida do peric&#225;rdio em seu componente mais externo englobando todo o l&#237;quido presente, como demonstrado na Imagem A. Na Imagem B, &#233; realizado a medida do volume card&#237;aco na fase do ciclo em que o mesmo se apresenta com maiores dimens&#245;es e volumes. Para o c&#225;lculo do volume do l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico, &#233; realizada a simples diferen&#231;a entre essas duas medidas.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250105-0105i-gf07-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Um derrame uniforme e homog&#234;neo sugere a possibilidade de transudato, assim como achados de distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica e conte&#250;do heterog&#234;neo sugerem exsudato. Co&#225;gulos e derrames durante o p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio podem ser um desafio diagn&#243;stico, por vezes necessitando de avalia&#231;&#227;o com outros m&#233;todos.</p>
          <p>Durante a instala&#231;&#227;o do derrame, a repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica ocorre quando a press&#227;o peric&#225;rdica comprime as cavidades card&#237;acas &#8211; sobretudo as de menor press&#227;o, e limita o enchimento das cavidades. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da repercuss&#227;o do derrame, a an&#225;lise buscar&#225; os sinais de sobrecarga press&#243;rica no espa&#231;o peric&#225;rdico.</p>
          <p>Apesar de ser o exame de primeira linha na avalia&#231;&#227;o de l&#237;quido no espa&#231;o peric&#225;rdico algumas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser lembradas:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Pacientes com janelas ac&#250;sticas limitadas (doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, obesos, p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca)</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Operador dependente</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Baixa raz&#227;o sinal-ru&#237;do (<italic>signal-to-noise ratio</italic>) no espa&#231;o peric&#225;rdico</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Limitada caracteriza&#231;&#227;o tecidual</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Limitada avalia&#231;&#227;o em derrames loculados</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica: gravidade (repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica)</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o unidimensional: modo M</title>
            <p>Devido &#224; alta resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal, esse m&#233;todo ainda &#233; bastante utilizado na determina&#231;&#227;o do maior di&#226;metro de l&#237;quido peric&#225;rdico, desde que o eixo de avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o esteja obl&#237;quo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; linha de an&#225;lise.</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>A quantifica&#231;&#227;o ser&#225; realizada considerando a classifica&#231;&#227;o descrita previamente.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>M&#233;todo que identifica de forma mais acurada a temporalidade do colapso do &#225;trio direito (AD) e do VD em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ciclo card&#237;aco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f20">Figura 7</xref>).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Permite a identifica&#231;&#227;o do "<italic>bounce</italic>" septal relacionado ao aumento da interdepend&#234;ncia ventricular, por&#233;m deve-se excluir outras patologias que possam apresentar o mesmo sinal, como a doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <fig id="f20">
              <label>Figura 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Colabamento diast&#243;lico da parede livre do VD avaliado pelo modo M com f&#225;cil identifica&#231;&#227;o do componente sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico. Neste caso o corte unidimensional passando pela valva a&#243;rtica ajudou a correlacionar cada per&#237;odo com o eletrocardiograma que se apresentava com baixa voltagem devido ao derrame peric&#225;rdico significativo. AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; Ao: aorta; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250105-0105i-gf08-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o bidimensional: modo 2D</title>
            <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o bidimensional ir&#225; envolver a an&#225;lise de par&#226;metros anat&#244;micos din&#226;micos como a distensibilidade da veia cava inferior (VCI), colapsabilidade do AD e VD e tamb&#233;m adicionar&#225; o estudo de fluxos cavit&#225;rios para identificar precocemente altera&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica din&#226;mica da veia cava inferior e veias hep&#225;ticas</title>
            <p>No DP, as press&#245;es das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas est&#227;o aumentadas devido &#224; compress&#227;o pelo derrame. Quando h&#225; repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, a pletora da VCI &#233; par&#226;metro praticamente obrigat&#243;rio e o achado esperado &#233; um di&#226;metro acima de 21 mm e varia&#231;&#227;o menor que 50%. A pletora da VCI esteve presente em 92% dos pacientes que necessitaram de drenagem peric&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Quando n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel avaliar a VCI adequadamente, pode-se inferir a presen&#231;a da pletora da mesma pela dilata&#231;&#227;o das veias hep&#225;ticas.</p>
            <p>O fluxo das veias hep&#225;ticas tamb&#233;m se modifica no derrame com repercuss&#227;o. O fluxo venoso hep&#225;tico normal &#233; bif&#225;sico, com velocidade sist&#243;lica maior que a diast&#243;lica (em geral em torno de 50 cm/s), e interrompido (ou com refluxo reverso) na s&#237;stole atrial. Os fluxos tendem a aumentar na inspira&#231;&#227;o. Quando h&#225; repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, inicialmente as velocidades reduzem para 20 a 40 cm/s, com o fluxo diast&#243;lico reduzindo progressivamente at&#233; aparecer apenas na inspira&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Quando o fluxo sist&#243;lico ocorre apenas na inspira&#231;&#227;o, a parada card&#237;aca &#233; iminente. Esse achado, quando associado &#224; an&#225;lise das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas, tem alto valor preditivo positivo e negativo para tamponamento cl&#237;nico (82% e 88%, respectivamente),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f21">Figura 8</xref>.</p>
            <fig id="f21">
              <label>Figura 8</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Doppler de onda pulsada da velocidade do fluxo venoso hep&#225;tico em um paciente normal (Imagem A) e em um tamponamento card&#237;aco (Imagem B). Velocidades abaixo da linha de base zero est&#227;o demonstrando fluxo em dire&#231;&#227;o ao cora&#231;&#227;o e aquelas acima da linha de base representam do fluxo reverso. O fluxo anter&#243;grado reduzido reflete a diminui&#231;&#227;o do retorno venoso. Na Imagem, B observa-se que durante a apneia, o fluxo anter&#243;grado &#233; visto apenas durante a s&#237;stole ventricular (S). Com a inspira&#231;&#227;o, o fluxo sist&#243;lico predomina, mas o fluxo diast&#243;lico (D) tamb&#233;m existe. Na primeira an&#225;lise de fluxo ap&#243;s a expira&#231;&#227;o, h&#225; uma revers&#227;o do fluxo diast&#243;lico (seta branca), o que indiretamente equivale a exacerba&#231;&#227;o da interdepend&#234;ncia ventricular. DP: derrame peric&#225;rdico.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250105-0105i-gf09-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica din&#226;mica das cavidades card&#237;acas direitas</title>
            <p>Com o aumento da press&#227;o no peric&#225;rdio, o colapso ou indenta&#231;&#227;o do AD e VD (c&#226;maras card&#237;acas mais sens&#237;veis &#224; press&#227;o externa) refletem o quanto o derrame impacta o enchimento das cavidades direitas. Essa an&#225;lise &#233; particularmente &#250;til no tamponamento de baixa press&#227;o, contexto em que n&#227;o h&#225; pletora significativa da VCI.</p>
            <p>A indenta&#231;&#227;o/colapso do AD ocorre no pico da onda R (di&#225;stole atrial), e quando tem dura&#231;&#227;o acima de um ter&#231;o do ciclo card&#237;aco, tem alta sensibilidade e especificidade para tamponamento cl&#237;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
            <p>De modo an&#225;logo, a indenta&#231;&#227;o/colapso do VD ocorre ap&#243;s a onda T (di&#225;stole ventricular) e sua presen&#231;a denota que a press&#227;o peric&#225;rdica j&#225; supera a press&#227;o no VD. Inicialmente ocorre apenas durante a inspira&#231;&#227;o, perdurando durante todo o ciclo respirat&#243;rio &#224; medida que o derrame se instala. Quanto maior a dura&#231;&#227;o, maior a repercuss&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f22">Figura 9</xref>.</p>
            <fig id="f22">
              <label>Figura 9</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Colapso sistodiast&#243;lico do VD secund&#225;rio &#224; rotura da parede livre, uma rara complica&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica associada a um extenso infarto de parede anterior. IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250105-0105i-gf10-pt.tif"/></fig>
            <p>A aus&#234;ncia de colapso de qualquer c&#226;mara tem &gt; 90% de valor preditivo negativo para derrame com repercuss&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Por outro lado, a aus&#234;ncia de colapso do VD pode ocorrer em contextos cl&#237;nicos de elevadas press&#245;es no VD (hipertrofia do VD, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar severa, ou disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE coexistente).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
            <p>H&#225; um contexto cl&#237;nico que merece avalia&#231;&#227;o ainda mais cuidadosa: quando coexiste hipovolemia. Nesses casos, o colapso das cavidades card&#237;acas direitas e, mais raramente, das cavidades esquerdas ocorre mais precocemente devido &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o nas c&#226;maras card&#237;acas. Nesse cen&#225;rio, a expans&#227;o vol&#234;mica e a reavalia&#231;&#227;o precoce dos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos apresentados s&#227;o de grande utilidade e ajudam na orienta&#231;&#227;o da conduta cl&#237;nica, muitas vezes evitando uma interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica: Doppler</title>
            <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos fluxos transvalvares, observa-se aumento da varia&#231;&#227;o das velocidades da onda E mitral e tric&#250;spide, a qual est&#225; relacionada &#224; exacerba&#231;&#227;o da interdepend&#234;ncia ventricular. Para o c&#225;lculo, usa-se a f&#243;rmula seguinte:</p>
            <disp-formula id="eq2">
              <mml:math display="block" id="m2">
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mtext>Varia&#231;&#227;o do fluxo transvalvar</mml:mtext>
                  <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mfrac>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mtext>expira&#231;&#227;o</mml:mtext>
                          <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mtext>inspira&#231;&#227;o</mml:mtext>
                        </mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mtext>expira&#231;&#227;o</mml:mtext>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mfrac>
                </mml:mrow>
              </mml:math>
            </disp-formula>
            <p>O fluxo transmitral na inspira&#231;&#227;o tende a diminuir, enquanto o fluxo pela tric&#250;spide tende a aumentar na inspira&#231;&#227;o. Como ambos s&#227;o calculados do mesmo modo, o c&#225;lculo da varia&#231;&#227;o pela valva tric&#250;spide dever&#225; resultar em valor negativo. Valores acima de 30% para a valva mitral e de 60% para a valva tric&#250;spide s&#227;o indicativos de repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f23">Figuras 10</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f24">11</xref>). Ao analisar essas varia&#231;&#245;es, deve-se ter a precau&#231;&#227;o de reduzir a velocidade de varredura do Doppler espectral, o que ajudar&#225; a identificar de forma mais acurada as varia&#231;&#245;es conforme o ciclo respirat&#243;rio e, idealmente, analis&#225;-las junto ao gr&#225;fico do respir&#244;metro.</p>
            <fig id="f23">
              <label>Figura 10</label>
              <caption>
                <title>F&#243;rmula e par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos para o correto c&#225;lculo da varia&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria transvalvar mitral e tric&#250;spide. Como demonstrado na figura, &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia, sempre que poss&#237;vel e dispon&#237;vel, o uso do respir&#244;metro com a correta identifica&#231;&#227;o das fases respirat&#243;rias associado ao par&#226;metro de varia&#231;&#227;o dos fluxos. No caso de n&#227;o existir a possibilidade do respir&#244;metro, considera-se que a maior velocidade da onda E atrav&#233;s da valva mitral ocorre na fase expirat&#243;ria, enquanto na valva tric&#250;spide ocorre na fase inspirat&#243;ria. AD: &#225;trio direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; DP: derrame peric&#225;rdico; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VR: varia&#231;&#227;o respirof&#225;sica.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250105-0105i-gf11-pt.tif"/></fig>
            <fig id="f24">
              <label>Figura 11</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Observa-se a varia&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria acima do valor de normalidade, atrav&#233;s do fluxo transvalvar mitral, em um paciente com tamponamento secund&#225;rio a rotura de parede livre do AD: &#225;trio direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VR: varia&#231;&#227;o respirof&#225;sica.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250105-0105i-gf12-pt.tif"/></fig>
            <p>Embora seja uma ferramenta &#250;til, a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos fluxos n&#227;o deve ser usada na aus&#234;ncia de pletora da VCI ou colapso de alguma c&#226;mara card&#237;aca, j&#225; que o aumento da varia&#231;&#227;o pode ocorrer tamb&#233;m em outros contextos cl&#237;nicos (fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica).</p>
            <p>Assim como nas valvas mitral e tric&#250;spide, ocorre varia&#231;&#227;o no fluxo pela via de sa&#237;da do VE, sendo poss&#237;vel documentar ecocardiograficamente o fen&#244;meno que clinicamente reconhecemos como pulso paradoxal. Embora &#250;til, ocorre em fases muito tardias, orientando uma interven&#231;&#227;o imediata para evitar um poss&#237;vel colapso circulat&#243;rio.</p>
            <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f25">Figura 12</xref>, s&#227;o resumidos os principais par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos que orientam para uma poss&#237;vel repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica.</p>
            <fig id="f25">
              <label>Figura 12</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Principais par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos na avalia&#231;&#227;o de um derrame peric&#225;rdico com repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica. AD: &#225;trio direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; DP: derrame peric&#225;rdico; Espec: especificidade; Sens: sensibilidade; VCI: veia cava inferior; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VR: varia&#231;&#227;o respirof&#225;sica.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250105-0105i-gf13-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cuidados ao reportar o derrame peric&#225;rdico</title>
          <p>Ao relatar o achado de DP &#233; importante caracterizar o derrame com aspecto, localiza&#231;&#227;o, tamanho, e sinais de repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica. Essa caracteriza&#231;&#227;o &#233; essencial, pois possibilita a compara&#231;&#227;o evolutiva e a identifica&#231;&#227;o da repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, auxiliando a equipe assistente na tomada de decis&#227;o, j&#225; que nem todo derrame com sinais ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica implicar&#225; em repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica imediata. O termo "tamponamento" deve ser evitado uma vez que, por defini&#231;&#227;o, &#233; de diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico.</p>
          <p>Abaixo uma sugest&#227;o para descri&#231;&#227;o de um DP (caso hipot&#233;tico):</p>
          <p>"&#8230;Presen&#231;a de derrame peric&#225;rdico difuso, de grau importante, com di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo de 27 mm adjacente &#224;s cavidades direitas. Observa-se colapso diast&#243;lico do &#225;trio direito durante mais de um ter&#231;o do ciclo card&#237;aco, e identificado aumento da varia&#231;&#227;o da velocidade da onda E transmitral de 50%.</p>
          <p>O conjunto de achados descritos &#233; compat&#237;vel com derrame peric&#225;rdico importante com sinais ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica."</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do DP e de sua repercuss&#227;o &#233; rotineira, especialmente em pacientes cr&#237;ticos. A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do tamanho, a identifica&#231;&#227;o da pletora da VCI e a an&#225;lise das implica&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas, seja pela observa&#231;&#227;o do colapso de cavidades ou pelo aumento da varia&#231;&#227;o dos fluxos transvalvares, sempre considerando as limita&#231;&#245;es de cada par&#226;metro, exigem aten&#231;&#227;o e devem ser considerados o conjunto dos achados. Assim, por fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es r&#225;pidas e poder ser realizada &#224; beira do leito, a ecocardiografia &#233; um m&#233;todo de excel&#234;ncia para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o e a avalia&#231;&#227;o da repercuss&#227;o do DP, sendo de fundamental import&#226;ncia para embasar a tomada de decis&#227;o da equipe assistente.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
          <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
        <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
