<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">kwJ6wGTVH6Km8Dw6dBGBNsk</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2675-312X2026000100601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250086i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Development and Validation of a Predictive Model for Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0842-8223</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and statistical analysis</role>
          <role>acquisition of data</role>
          <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1375-785X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Junqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna de Mattos Ivo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8178-6671</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Drubi</surname>
            <given-names>Stephanie de Azevedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-3613-5790</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>acquisition of data</role>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3676-5502</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Laila Caroline</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8050-4660</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Filgueiras</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Henrique Correia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>illustration</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1465-2339</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guedes</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Andr&#233; Sales Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sales</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Andr&#233; Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0656-8399</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Yuri Xavier de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>illustration</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5129-7639</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mac&#234;do</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Th&#234;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Alexandre Costa Souza &#8226; Hospital S&#227;o Rafael. Avenida S&#227;o Rafael. Postal code: 41253-190. Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: alexandrecostahsr@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>39</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250086</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Identifying atrial etiology in patients with mitral regurgitation remains challenging because the diagnosis is often established by exclusion. The use of a multivariable model may enhance diagnostic accuracy in the context of atrial functional mitral regurgitation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To develop and validate a multivariable logistic regression model based on clinical and echocardiographic characteristics to predict atrial functional mitral regurgitation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This cross-sectional study included patients with significant mitral regurgitation diagnosed by transesophageal echocardiography. The dataset was randomly divided into a training set (70%) and a validation set (30%). Statistical analyses were performed using a significance level of 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 203 patients were included. The median age was 79 years in the atrial group and 72 years in the non-atrial group (p = 0.0022). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated good discriminative performance, with an area under the curve of 0.896 (95% CI, 0.845-0.947) in the training set. In the validation set, the model achieved an area under the curve of 0.946 (95% CI, 0.89-1.00), which indicates high predictive accuracy. Model calibration assessed by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (chi-square test = 5.197; df = 8; p = 0.736) demonstrated good agreement between predicted and observed outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> A multivariable model was derived and validated as a useful tool for predicting atrial etiology in patients with mitral regurgitation, potentially reducing diagnostic variability in clinical practice.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Development and Validation of a Predictive Model for Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Development and Validation of a Predictive Model for Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation. MR: mitral regurgitation; AF: atrial fibrillation; AFMR: atrial functional mitral regurgitation; AUC: area under the curve; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NPV: negative predictive value; PPV: positive predictive value</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/kwJ6wGTVH6Km8Dw6dBGBNsk/e671c5da3e8574e486c250cd8efb50227f41924d.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/kwJ6wGTVH6Km8Dw6dBGBNsk/8a7ee8aabb9698836f57f42ad2a0c88b61741093.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/kwJ6wGTVH6Km8Dw6dBGBNsk/83ef63f1b534bab7b9f7d7527c15d59cf5338e3f.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Statistical Models</kwd>
        <kwd>Logistic Models</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding:</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Mitral regurgitation (MR) is one of the most prevalent valvular heart diseases in clinical practice and is associated with substantial cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Atrial functional MR (AFMR) initially arises from mitral annular dilation secondary to atrial remodeling; however, recent evidence suggests the involvement of multiple mechanisms, including alterations in atrial compliance and changes in the geometry of valvular apparatus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Large echocardiographic registries estimate that AFMR accounts for approximately 40% of cases of moderate to severe functional MR. Early identification of AFMR facilitates the maintenance of sinus rhythm and the timely implementation of interventions, such as catheter ablation, which may attenuate disease progression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In contrast to ventricular functional MR (VFMR), which is primarily associated with left ventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction, AFMR is characterized by isolated atrial remodeling with preserved left ventricular systolic function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>AFMR is marked by left atrial dysfunction resulting from elevated intracavitary pressure, leading to dilation of the left atrium and the mitral annulus, alterations in leaflet concavity (the so-called &#8220;saddle-shaped&#8221; configuration), and planar leaflet coaptation. Posterior displacement of the mitral annulus toward the ventricular inflow tract further contributes to the regurgitant mechanism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> These findings reflect atrial remodeling and dynamic changes of the mitral annulus, commonly observed in clinical settings such as atrial fibrillation (AF) or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Despite these characteristic features, the diagnosis of AFMR is frequently established by exclusion, owing to its overlap with other forms of functional MR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In this context, the development of more structured diagnostic criteria may enhance etiological classification and improve clinical risk stratification in patients with AFMR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The severity of AFMR has been associated with adverse clinical outcomes, including increased mortality, heart failure-related hospitalizations, and the need for valvular interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Patients with AFMR often present with more pronounced symptoms, greater structural remodeling of the left-sided cardiac chambers, and concomitant tricuspid regurgitation, underscoring the increased clinical complexity of this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The current study aimed to develop a multivariable logistic regression model that integrates clinical and echocardiographic variables in order to distinguish AFMR from other causes of MR. Internal validation of the model was performed using an independent dataset from the initial derivation cohort, thereby enhancing methodological rigor and offering the potential to reduce diagnostic variability in clinical practice.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design and population</title>
        <p>This was a prospective, single-center, observational study conducted between October 2022 and January 2025. The study population consisted of 203 consecutive patients with moderate or severe MR who underwent transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) at a tertiary care hospital in Brazil. Patients were included consecutively and by convenience, reflecting routine clinical practice, and were referred for TEE based on clinical indications for reassessment of MR severity or clarification of its etiology.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patient selection</title>
        <p>Eligible participants were adults (&#8805; 18 years) with a clinical indication for TEE as determined by the attending cardiologists, either in outpatient or inpatient settings, for diagnostic evaluation of MR. Patients with a mitral valve prosthesis or those whose MR severity was reclassified as mild on TEE were excluded from the study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic assessment</title>
        <p>All patients underwent comprehensive two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography followed by TEE using a Vivid E95 ultrasound system equipped with a phased-array transducer (M5S) (General Electric, Horten, Norway).</p>
        <p>MR severity was quantified in accordance with the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography, using vena contracta width, regurgitant volume, and effective regurgitant orifice area as objective diagnostic criteria. Qualitative assessment included the proportion of left atrial area occupied by the regurgitant jet and the presence of Coand&#259; effect.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Etiological classification of MR was independently performed by two experienced echocardiographers based on updated diagnostic criteria for AFMR. AFMR was defined by the presence of moderate or severe left atrial enlargement (&gt; 42 mL/m&#178;), mitral annular dilation (&gt; 35 mm in the parasternal long-axis view or &#8805; 36 mm in the apical four-chamber view during systole on transthoracic echocardiography), and the exclusion of diagnostic criteria for alternative MR etiologies.</p>
        <p>Other causes of MR were defined according to established guidelines specific to each etiology, including mitral valve prolapse, chordal rupture, calcific degeneration, mitral cleft, and VFMR. Patients were classified into two main groups: atrial and non-atrial etiology.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analyses were performed using R software (version 4.4.2) within the RStudio environment, using appropriate packages for predictive modeling and model performance assessment. Categorical variables are presented as absolute and relative frequencies (%), while continuous variables are reported as median and interquartile range (IQR), as none demonstrated normal distribution. Normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test.</p>
        <p>Comparisons between the atrial and non-atrial groups were conducted according to variable type. Categorical variables were compared using Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test, as appropriate based on expected cell frequencies. Continuous variables were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. A two-sided significance level of 5% (&#945; = 0.05) was adopted for all analyses.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Predictive model development</title>
        <p>A multivariable logistic regression model was constructed using the presence of AFMR as the dependent variable. Independent variables were selected based on clinical relevance, absence of significant collinearity, and statistical performance in univariable analyses.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Collinearity assessment</title>
        <p>To ensure model stability, collinearity among continuous variables was assessed using the variance inflation factor (VIF). VIF values &lt; 5 were considered indicative of low collinearity and acceptable for inclusion. Values between 5 and 10 were classified as moderate collinearity and required clinical judgment for retention or exclusion, whereas values &gt; 10 indicated severe collinearity and led to variable removal. This process was conducted iteratively to retain only variables with the greatest clinical and statistical relevance.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Model derivation and validation</title>
        <p>To robustly assess predictive performance, the dataset was randomly divided into two independent subsets: 70% of patients were allocated to the training set (n = 143), and the remaining 30% to the test (validation) set (n = 60). The split preserved the proportion of AFMR cases and ensured balanced representation across both datasets.</p>
        <p>Model discrimination was evaluated separately in the training and validation samples using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, with calculation of the area under the curve (AUC) and corresponding 95% CIs.</p>
        <p>In addition to AUC, diagnostic performance metrics including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were assessed across different cutoff points to optimize predictive accuracy.</p>
        <p>Model calibration was evaluated using the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test, assessing agreement between predicted and observed probabilities. Calibration performance was further examined through graphical calibration curves, allowing visualization of the alignment between model predictions and observed outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 203 patients were included in the study, of whom 45 (22.2%) were classified as having AFMR. The cohort was divided into a training set comprising 143 patients (70%) and a test set comprising 60 patients (30%), preserving the proportion of AFMR cases. In the training cohort, 32 patients (22.4%) had AFMR; in the test cohort, 13 patients (21.7%) had AFMR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
      <p>Baseline demographic characteristics in the training cohort demonstrated a median age of 78 years (IQR, 72-84) in the atrial group and 70 years (IQR, 60-78) in the non-atrial group. Male sex was observed in 43.75% of patients in the atrial group and 63.06% in the non-atrial group, although this difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.0799) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical and demographic characteristics of the atrial and non-atrial groups in the training sample</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Variable</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Atrial (n = 32)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Non-atrial (n = 111)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Male sex, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (43.8)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (63.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Previous CAD, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (25.0)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (36.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCI, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (18.8)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (18.0)</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 0.99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Previous MR, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3.1)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (9.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Previous stroke, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (15.6)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (15.3)</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 0.99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (31.3)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (39.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (84.4)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (60.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (81.3)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (56.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Use of beta-blockers, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (53.1)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (54.9)</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 0.99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Use of antiarrhythmic drugs, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (37.5)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (26.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CKD, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (25.0)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (17.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AF, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (71.9)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (44.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Use of anticoagulant, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (68.8)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (42.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pacemaker, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (12.5)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (15.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tricuspid regurgitation, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (40.6)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (30.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CKD treated by dialysis, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3.1)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (9.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.30</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Values with p &lt; 0.05 indicate statistically significant differences. AF: atrial fibrillation; CAD: coronary artery disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; MR: mitral regurgitation; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>To ensure model stability and interpretability, a systematic collinearity analysis was performed using VIF to identify and exclude redundant variables. Variables with VIF &gt; 5 were removed to minimize linear dependencies and improve coefficient stability in the logistic regression model. Among anthropometric variables, height and body surface area (BSA) exhibited strong correlation; therefore, BSA was excluded due to its lower incremental informational value. Similarly, the linear mitral annular diameter was excluded in favor of the mitral annular diameter indexed to BSA, which demonstrated lower collinearity and greater clinical applicability (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Continuous characteristics of the atrial and non-atrial groups in the training sample</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Variable</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Atrial median (P<sub>25</sub> P<sub>75</sub>)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Non-atrial median (P<sub>25</sub> P<sub>75</sub>)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Age, years</td>
                <td align="center">78.0 (72.0-84.0)</td>
                <td align="center">70.0 (60.0-78.0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HR, bpm</td>
                <td align="center">92.0 (74.0-118.0)</td>
                <td align="center">79.0 (69.0-90.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Weight, kg</td>
                <td align="center">70.0 (60.0-80.0)</td>
                <td align="center">72.5 (63.0-82.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.410</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BSA, m&#178;</td>
                <td align="center">1.8 (1.64-1.85)</td>
                <td align="center">1.8 (1.65-1.99)</td>
                <td align="center">0.110</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LA diameter, mm</td>
                <td align="center">46.0 (44.0-49.0)</td>
                <td align="center">45.0 (41.0-49.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.049</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Indexed LA volume, mL/m&#178;</td>
                <td align="center">62.0 (51.0-78.0)</td>
                <td align="center">53.5 (45.0-68.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVEF, %</td>
                <td align="center">61.0 (56.0-64.0)</td>
                <td align="center">48.0 (30.0-64.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/E&#8217; ratio</td>
                <td align="center">16.0 (13.9-18.0)</td>
                <td align="center">17.0 (10.0-21.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.950</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TAPSE, mm</td>
                <td align="center">19.0 (18.0-20.0)</td>
                <td align="center">19.0 (18.0-21.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.650</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Right ventricular S&#8217;, cm/s</td>
                <td align="center">11.0 (10.0-11.0)</td>
                <td align="center">11.0 (9.5-12.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.830</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PASP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">44.0 (40.0-50.0)</td>
                <td align="center">40.0 (33.5-51.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.110</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intercommissural mitral annular diameter, mm</td>
                <td align="center">36.0 (34.0-40.0)</td>
                <td align="center">34.0 (31.0-36.0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Indexed mitral annular diameter, mm/m&#178;</td>
                <td align="center">21.2 (20.2-22.4)</td>
                <td align="center">18.3 (17.0-20.1)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Values with p &lt; 0.05 indicate statistically significant differences. BSA: body surface area; HR: heart rate; LA: left atrium; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>After successive iterations of collinearity assessment, six variables were retained for inclusion in the predictive model: three clinical variables (age, hypertension, and AF) and three echocardiographic variables (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF], indexed left atrial volume, and mitral annular diameter indexed to BSA). All retained variables demonstrated VIF values &lt; 2, indicating negligible collinearity. The most statistically significant predictor was indexed mitral annular diameter <inline-formula id="ii1"><mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>4.81</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>7</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, followed by age (p = 0.0022) and LVEF (p = 0.0067), underscoring their relevance for etiological differentiation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Variables included in the diagnostic predictive model for atrial functional mitral regurgitation</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Variable</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Atrial</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Non-atrial</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Age, years</td>
                <td align="center">78.0 (72.0-84.0)</td>
                <td align="center">70.0 (60.0-78.0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (84.4)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (60.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.020</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AF, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (71.9)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (44.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Indexed mitral annular diameter, mm/m&#178;</td>
                <td align="center">21.2 (20.2-22.4)</td>
                <td align="center">18.3 (17.0-20.1)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LVEF, %</td>
                <td align="center">61.0 (56.0-64.0)</td>
                <td align="center">48.0 (30.0-64.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Indexed LA volume, mL/m&#178;</td>
                <td align="center">62.0 (51.0-78.0)</td>
                <td align="center">53.5 (45.0-68.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Values with p &lt; 0.05 indicate statistically significant associations, according to the applied test. AF: atrial fibrillation; LA: left atrium; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The selection of these predictors was guided by both clinical relevance and statistical significance, ensuring robustness and accuracy of the predictive model (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). This parsimonious set of variables supports improved discrimination of AFMR and may contribute to reduced diagnostic variability and enhanced clinical decision-making.</p>
      <p>In the training cohort, the ROC curve analysis demonstrated an AUC of 0.896 (95% CI, 0.845-0.947), which indicates good discriminative performance (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>. Model calibration assessed by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test yielded &#967;&#178; = 5.197, with 8 degrees of freedom (p = 0.736), which indicates good agreement between predicted and observed outcomes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Discriminative performance of the atrial etiology predictive model.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>AUC: area under the curve; ROC: receiver operating characteristic</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250086-0086i-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Calibration curve of the atrial predictive model.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250086-0086i-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>To compare predictive performance across different variable combinations, ROC curves were constructed for three distinct models: a clinical model (clinical variables only), a structural model (echocardiographic variables only), and a complete model (combined clinical and echocardiographic variables). Corresponding AUC values were 0.7974 (95% CI, 0.7264-0.8685), 0.7922 (95% CI, 0.7214-0.8630), and 0.8961 (95% CI, 0.8454-0.9468), respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Comparison of ROC curves for clinical, echocardiographic, and combined models.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>AUC: area under the curve; ROC: receiver operating characteristic</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250086-0086i-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In the test cohort, the ROC curve analysis demonstrated an AUC of 0.946 (95% CI, 0.8899-1.0000) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 4</xref>). At the selected cutoff point, the model achieved a sensitivity of 97.9%, specificity of 46.2%, PPV of 86.8%, and NPV of 85.7%.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; ROC curve of the atrial predictive model in the test set.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>AUC: area under the curve; ROC: receiver operating characteristic</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250086-0086i-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Mitral annular diameter is widely used in the evaluation of AFMR; however, its diagnostic specificity is limited in the setting of advanced atrial remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Previous studies have demonstrated modest discriminative performance of this isolated parameter, prompting the development of multiparametric approaches.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In the current study, we developed a multivariable logistic regression model integrating clinical and echocardiographic variables, which demonstrated high discriminative performance consistently confirmed by statistical testing. The structured combination of readily available variables overcomes the limitations of isolated echocardiographic parameters and improves etiological classification of AFMR.</p>
      <p>Multiparametric models combining clinical and echocardiographic data have shown value in different contexts of MR. A notable example is the MIDA score, derived from the Mitral Regurgitation International Database, which integrates clinical and imaging variables for prognostic stratification in degenerative MR and has demonstrated consistent performance across multiple internal and external cohorts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Although the MIDA score was designed for prognostic assessment in primary mitral disease, the present model focuses on improving diagnostic performance for differentiating AFMR. By incorporating routinely available variables (e.g., age, cardiac rhythm, LVEF, and indexed mitral annular diameter), the proposed model addresses a clinically relevant gap for which no dedicated diagnostic tool currently exists, as highlighted in recent research on AFMR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Thus, the multiparametric principle appears applicable to both prognostic and diagnostic purposes when appropriately tailored to the clinical context.</p>
      <p>Recent population-based studies further emphasize the importance of early recognition of AFMR. In the National Echocardiography Database Australia (NEDA) cohort, which included more than 5,500 patients with moderate to severe AFMR, atrial etiology accounted for approximately 40% of cases and was associated with slightly lower but still substantial mortality compared with VFMR, with a 5-year mortality rate approaching 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Complementarily, a longitudinal analysis of 635 individuals with mild to moderate AFMR demonstrated that, even in the absence of overt hemodynamic progression, this entity confers an annual mortality risk of 5.9% and is associated with diastolic dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this context, real-time differentiation of AFMR from other forms of MR remains challenging. The proposed score incorporates variables validated in large registries such as NEDA and can be calculated during echocardiographic assessment, thereby standardizing etiological classification and facilitating early referral to electrophysiology or heart team evaluation, particularly in centers lacking advanced three-dimensional imaging or with variable expertise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> As a screening tool, the model may assist in identifying AFMR and guiding clinical decisions, including consideration of rhythm control strategies such as catheter ablation or optimization of therapy for HFpEF, with potential implications for follow-up and clinical outcomes.</p>
      <p>Internal consistency was assessed using a hold-out validation approach, reserving 30% of the sample for independent testing. This strategy allows evaluation of predictive performance in data not used for model derivation, thereby reducing the risk of overfitting and supporting internal generalizability. Nevertheless, reliance on a single cohort limits assessment of coefficient stability and may underestimate variability across different populations. Additional validation in external cohorts will be required to confirm reliability and expand the clinical applicability of the model.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>This study did not incorporate serum biomarkers (e.g., N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide), atrial strain measurements, electrocardiographic parameters, or three-dimensional quantification of mitral annulus. These additional domains may provide incremental information regarding atrial remodeling and hemodynamic burden, potentially enhancing the discriminative performance of the algorithm. Future studies should evaluate the impact of these markers on diagnostic accuracy and model reproducibility across different clinical settings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Furthermore, international guidelines recommend integrating additional variables in the assessment of valvular regurgitation, which underscores their relevance to clinical practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>While several multicenter studies have compared AFMR exclusively with VFMR, the present analysis used all non-atrial etiologies, including primary MR, as the reference group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> This approach was based on two practical considerations: the limited number of isolated VFMR cases, which would have compromised statistical power in both training and test phases, and the intention to evaluate model performance in a real-world scenario characterized by heterogeneous clinical, anatomical, and functional presentations of MR. We acknowledge that such heterogeneity may attenuate the model&#8217;s ability to distinguish subtle differences between functional subtypes, thereby limiting specific pathophysiological inferences.</p>
        <p>From a methodological standpoint, given the number of observed events (45 cases of AFMR) and the number of predictors included in the final model (six variables), the events-per-variable ratio lies at the lower boundary of conventional recommendations for logistic regression, potentially increasing the risk of overfitting. This risk was mitigated through parsimonious selection of predictors with strong clinical and echocardiographic plausibility, as well as systematic collinearity assessment. Additionally, the high AUC observed in the test sample (0.946) should be interpreted with caution since it was derived from a limited number of events in that subset (n = 13), which increases uncertainty and the possibility of performance overestimation. Accordingly, these findings should be regarded as exploratory and require confirmation in independent external cohorts.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The derivation and validation of a multivariable model for predicting AFMR may be clinically useful. Because of the limitations of isolated mitral annular measurements for diagnostic purposes, the integration of echocardiographic and clinical parameters within a unified model demonstrated potential to reduce diagnostic variability, which enables earlier detection and timely interventions that may improve the prognosis and management of patients with AFMR.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Zoghbi WA, Levine RA, Flachskampf F, Grayburn P, Gillam L, Leipsic J, et al. Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation: A JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging Expert Panel Viewpoint. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022;15(11):1870-82. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.08.016.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zoghbi</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levine</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flachskampf</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grayburn</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gillam</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leipsic</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation: A JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging Expert Panel Viewpoint</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1870</fpage>
          <lpage>1882</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.08.016</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Dziadzko V, Dziadzko M, Medina-Inojosa JR, Benfari G, Michelena HI, Crestanello JA, et al. Causes and Mechanisms of Isolated Mitral Regurgitation in the Community: Clinical Context and Outcome. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(27):2194-202. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz314.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dziadzko</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dziadzko</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Medina-Inojosa</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benfari</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Michelena</surname>
              <given-names>HI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crestanello</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Causes and Mechanisms of Isolated Mitral Regurgitation in the Community: Clinical Context and Outcome</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>27</issue>
          <fpage>2194</fpage>
          <lpage>2202</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehz314</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Naser JA, Alexandro FB, Harada T, Michelena HI, Borlaug BA, Eleid MF, et al. The Natural History of Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024;83(16):1495-507. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.02.026.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Naser</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alexandro</surname>
              <given-names>FB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harada</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Michelena</surname>
              <given-names>HI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borlaug</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eleid</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Natural History of Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>83</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>1495</fpage>
          <lpage>1507</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2024.02.026</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Moonen A, Ng MKC, Playford D, Strange G, Scalia GM, Celermajer DS. Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation: Prevalence, Characteristics and Outcomes from the National Echo Database of Australia. Open Heart. 2023;10(1):e002180. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2022-002180.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moonen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ng</surname>
              <given-names>MKC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Playford</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strange</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scalia</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Celermajer</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation: Prevalence, Characteristics and Outcomes from the National Echo Database of Australia</article-title>
          <source>Open Heart</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <elocation-id>e002180</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/openhrt-2022-002180</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Danojevic S, De Raffaele M, Niro L, Delgado V. Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation: Was this New Entity Needed?. REC Interv Cardiol. 2024;6(2):127-9. doi: 10.24875/RECICE.M24000443.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Danojevic</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Raffaele</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Niro</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Delgado</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation: Was this New Entity Needed?</article-title>
          <source>REC Interv Cardiol</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>127</fpage>
          <lpage>129</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24875/RECICE.M24000443</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Gertz ZM, Raina A, Saghy L, Zado ES, Callans DJ, Marchlinski FE, et al. Evidence of Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation due to Atrial Fibrillation: Reversal with Arrhythmia Control. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(14):1474-81. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.06.032.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gertz</surname>
              <given-names>ZM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raina</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saghy</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zado</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Callans</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marchlinski</surname>
              <given-names>FE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evidence of Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation due to Atrial Fibrillation: Reversal with Arrhythmia Control</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1474</fpage>
          <lpage>1481</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2011.06.032</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Silbiger JJ. Does Left Atrial Enlargement Contribute to Mitral Leaflet Tethering in Patients with Functional mitral Regurgitation? Proposed role of Atrogenic Leaflet Tethering. Echocardiography. 2014;31(10):1310-1. doi: 10.1111/echo.12629.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silbiger</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Does Left Atrial Enlargement Contribute to Mitral Leaflet Tethering in Patients with Functional mitral Regurgitation? Proposed role of Atrogenic Leaflet Tethering</article-title>
          <source>Echocardiography</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1310</fpage>
          <lpage>1311</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/echo.12629</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Pretto AS. Insufici&#234;ncia Mitral Funcional Atrial. Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem Cardiovasc. 2024;37(1):e20230097. doi: 10.36660/abcimg.20230097.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pretto</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Insufici&#234;ncia Mitral Funcional Atrial</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem Cardiovasc</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20230097</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20230097</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Farhan S, Silbiger JJ, Halperin JL, Zhang L, Dukkipati SR, Vogel B, et al. Pathophysiology, Echocardiographic Diagnosis, and Treatment of Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;80(24):2314-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.09.046.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Farhan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silbiger</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Halperin</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dukkipati</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vogel</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pathophysiology, Echocardiographic Diagnosis, and Treatment of Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation: JACC State-of-the-Art Review</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>80</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>2314</fpage>
          <lpage>2330</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2022.09.046</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Murata A, Kaneko T, Amano M, Sato Y, Ohno Y, Obokata M, et al. Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation: Analysis from the REVEAL-AFMR Registry. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2025;26(2):299-306. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jeae288.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Murata</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaneko</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amano</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sato</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ohno</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Obokata</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation: Analysis from the REVEAL-AFMR Registry</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2025</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>299</fpage>
          <lpage>306</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ehjci/jeae288</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Zoghbi WA, Adams D, Bonow RO, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E, Grayburn PA, et al. Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2017;30(4):303-71. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.01.007.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zoghbi</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonow</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Enriquez-Sarano</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foster</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grayburn</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>303</fpage>
          <lpage>371</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2017.01.007</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Deferm S, Bertrand PB, Verbrugge FH, Verhaert D, Rega F, Thomas JD, et al. Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(19):2465-76. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.02.061.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Deferm</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bertrand</surname>
              <given-names>PB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verbrugge</surname>
              <given-names>FH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verhaert</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rega</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation: JACC Review Topic of the Week</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>73</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>2465</fpage>
          <lpage>2476</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2019.02.061</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Kagiyama N, Mondillo S, Yoshida K, Mandoli GE, Cameli M. Subtypes of Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation: Imaging Insights Into Their Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13(3):820-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.01.040.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kagiyama</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mondillo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoshida</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mandoli</surname>
              <given-names>GE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cameli</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Subtypes of Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation: Imaging Insights Into Their Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>820</fpage>
          <lpage>835</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.01.040</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Souza AC, Junqueira BMI, Drubi SA, Gomes LC, Freire MV, Pinheiro P, et al. Desempenho do Di&#226;metro do Anel Mitral no Diagn&#243;stico da Etiologia Atrial da Insufici&#234;ncia Mitral: Uma An&#225;lise Comparativa. Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem Cardiovasc. 2025;38(1):e20240134. doi: 10.36660/abcimg.20240134i.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Junqueira</surname>
              <given-names>BMI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drubi</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freire</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Desempenho do Di&#226;metro do Anel Mitral no Diagn&#243;stico da Etiologia Atrial da Insufici&#234;ncia Mitral: Uma An&#225;lise Comparativa</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol: Imagem Cardiovasc</source>
          <year>2025</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20240134</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20240134i</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Vahanian A, Beyersdorf F, Praz F, Milojevic M, Baldus S, Bauersachs J, et al. 2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the Management of Valvular Heart Disease. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(7):561-32. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab395.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vahanian</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beyersdorf</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Praz</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Milojevic</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baldus</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bauersachs</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2021 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the Management of Valvular Heart Disease</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>561</fpage>
          <lpage>532</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehab395</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Mesi O, Gad MM, Crane AD, Ramchand J, Puri R, Layoun H, et al. Severe Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation: Clinical and Echocardiographic Characteristics, Management and Outcomes. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021;14(4):797-808. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.02.008.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mesi</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gad</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crane</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramchand</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Puri</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Layoun</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Severe Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation: Clinical and Echocardiographic Characteristics, Management and Outcomes</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>797</fpage>
          <lpage>808</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.02.008</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Grigioni F, Clavel MA, Vanoverschelde JL, Tribouilloy C, Pizarro R, Huebner M, et al. The MIDA Mortality Risk Score: Development and External Validation of a Prognostic Model for Early and Late Death in Degenerative Mitral Regurgitation. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(15):1281-91. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx465.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grigioni</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clavel</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vanoverschelde</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tribouilloy</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pizarro</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huebner</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The MIDA Mortality Risk Score: Development and External Validation of a Prognostic Model for Early and Late Death in Degenerative Mitral Regurgitation</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>1281</fpage>
          <lpage>1291</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehx465</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Akamatsu K, Abe Y, Matsumura Y, Shimeno K, Naruko T, Takahashi Y, et al. Etiology of Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation: Insights from Transthoracic Echocardiography in 159 Consecutive Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction. Cardiology. 2020;145(8):511-21. doi: 10.1159/000508279.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Akamatsu</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abe</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsumura</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shimeno</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Naruko</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takahashi</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Etiology of Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation: Insights from Transthoracic Echocardiography in 159 Consecutive Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction</article-title>
          <source>Cardiology</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>145</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>511</fpage>
          <lpage>521</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1159/000508279</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Kim K, Kitai T, Kaji S, Pak M, Toyota T, Sasaki Y, Ehara N, et al. Outcomes and Predictors of Cardiac Events in Medically Treated Patients with Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation. Int J Cardiol. 2020;316:195-202. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.06.042.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kitai</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaji</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pak</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Toyota</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sasaki</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ehara</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Outcomes and Predictors of Cardiac Events in Medically Treated Patients with Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>316</volume>
          <fpage>195</fpage>
          <lpage>202</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.06.042</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Okamoto C, Okada A, Nishimura K, Moriuchi K, Amano M, Takahama H, et al. Prognostic Comparison of Atrial and Ventricular Functional Mitral Regurgitation. Open Heart. 2021;8(1):e001574. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2021-001574.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Okamoto</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okada</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nishimura</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moriuchi</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amano</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takahama</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic Comparison of Atrial and Ventricular Functional Mitral Regurgitation</article-title>
          <source>Open Heart</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <elocation-id>e001574</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/openhrt-2021-001574</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Study Association:</label>
        <p> This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Alexandre Costa Souza, from Instituto Dor de ensino e pesquisa (I&#8217;Dor-RJ).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
        <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital S&#227;o Rafael under the protocol number 5722007. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
        <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Availability of Research Data:</label>
        <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Sources of Funding:</label>
        <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250086</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Desenvolvimento e Valida&#231;&#227;o de um Modelo Preditivo para Insufici&#234;ncia Mitral Funcional Atrial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0842-8223</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1375-785X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Junqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna de Mattos Ivo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3275-9762</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Drubi</surname>
            <given-names>Stephanie de Azevedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-3613-5790</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3676-5502</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Laila Caroline</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8050-4660</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Filgueiras</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Henrique Correia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3002">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1465-2339</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guedes</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Andr&#233; Sales Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sales</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Andr&#233; Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0656-8399</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Yuri Xavier de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>ilustra&#231;&#227;o</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5129-7639</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mac&#234;do</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Th&#234;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1002">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2002">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3002">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01002"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Alexandre Costa Souza &#8226; Hospital S&#227;o Rafael. Avenida S&#227;o Rafael. CEP: 41253-190. Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: alexandrecostahsr@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A identifica&#231;&#227;o da etiologia atrial em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral permanece desafiadora, uma vez que o diagn&#243;stico &#233; frequentemente estabelecido por exclus&#227;o. O uso de um modelo multivari&#225;vel pode aumentar a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica no contexto da insufici&#234;ncia mitral funcional atrial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Desenvolver e validar um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivari&#225;vel, baseado em caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, para predizer a insufici&#234;ncia mitral funcional atrial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este estudo transversal incluiu pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral significativa diagnosticada por ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica. O conjunto de dados foi dividido aleatoriamente em um conjunto de treinamento (70%) e um conjunto de valida&#231;&#227;o (30%). As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas adotando-se um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Um total de 203 pacientes foi inclu&#237;do. A mediana de idade foi de 79 anos no grupo atrial e de 72 anos no grupo n&#227;o atrial (p = 0,0022). A an&#225;lise da curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor demonstrou bom desempenho discriminativo, com &#225;rea sob a curva de 0,896 (IC 95%, 0,845-0,947) no conjunto de treinamento. No conjunto de valida&#231;&#227;o, o modelo alcan&#231;ou uma &#225;rea sob a curva de 0,946 (IC 95%, 0,89-1,00), indicando alta acur&#225;cia preditiva. A calibra&#231;&#227;o do modelo, avaliada pelo teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow (teste qui-quadrado = 5,197; gl = 8; p = 0,736), demonstrou boa concord&#226;ncia entre os desfechos previstos e observados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Um modelo multivari&#225;vel foi derivado e validado como uma ferramenta &#250;til para predizer a etiologia atrial em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral, com potencial para reduzir a variabilidade diagn&#243;stica na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f05002">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Desenvolvimento e Valida&#231;&#227;o de um Modelo Preditivo para Insufici&#234;ncia Mitral Funcional Atrial</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Desenvolvimento e Valida&#231;&#227;o de um Modelo Preditivo para Insufici&#234;ncia Mitral Funcional Atrial. AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IM: insufici&#234;ncia mitral; IMFA: IM funcional atrial; VPP: valor preditivo positivo; VPN: valor preditivo negativo</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250086-0086i-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Modelos Estat&#237;sticos</kwd>
        <kwd>Modelos Log&#237;sticos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia mitral (IM) &#233; uma das valvopatias mais prevalentes na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e est&#225; associada a morbidade e mortalidade cardiovasculares substanciais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A IM funcional atrial (IMFA) surge inicialmente a partir da dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral secund&#225;ria ao remodelamento atrial; entretanto, evid&#234;ncias recentes sugerem o envolvimento de m&#250;ltiplos mecanismos, incluindo altera&#231;&#245;es da complac&#234;ncia atrial e mudan&#231;as na geometria do aparato valvar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Grandes registros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos estimam que a IMFA represente aproximadamente 40% dos casos de IM funcional moderada a importante. A identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce da IMFA facilita a manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal e a implementa&#231;&#227;o oportuna de interven&#231;&#245;es, como a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, que podem atenuar a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Em contraste com a insufici&#234;ncia mitral funcional ventricular (IMFV), que est&#225; principalmente associada &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, a IMFA &#233; caracterizada por remodelamento atrial isolado, com preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A IMFA &#233; marcada por disfun&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo decorrente do aumento da press&#227;o intracavit&#225;ria, levando &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo e do anel mitral, a altera&#231;&#245;es na concavidade dos folhetos (configura&#231;&#227;o em &#8220;sela&#8221;) e &#224; coapta&#231;&#227;o folhetar plana. O deslocamento posterior do anel mitral em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; via de entrada ventricular contribui adicionalmente para o mecanismo regurgitante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Esses achados refletem o remodelamento atrial e as altera&#231;&#245;es din&#226;micas do anel mitral, comumente observados em cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos como fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP). Apesar dessas caracter&#237;sticas, o diagn&#243;stico da IMFA &#233; frequentemente estabelecido por exclus&#227;o, devido &#224; sobreposi&#231;&#227;o com outras formas de IM funcional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, o desenvolvimento de crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos mais estruturados pode aprimorar a classifica&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica e melhorar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cl&#237;nico em pacientes com IMFA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A gravidade da IMFA tem sido associada a desfechos cl&#237;nicos adversos, incluindo aumento da mortalidade, hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e necessidade de interven&#231;&#245;es valvares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Pacientes com IM de etiologia atrial frequentemente apresentam sintomas mais pronunciados, maior remodelamento estrutural das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas esquerdas e insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide concomitante, ressaltando a maior complexidade cl&#237;nica dessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O presente estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivari&#225;vel que integre vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas para distinguir a IMFA de outras causas de IM. A valida&#231;&#227;o interna do modelo foi realizada utilizando um conjunto de dados independente da coorte inicial de deriva&#231;&#227;o, aumentando o rigor metodol&#243;gico e oferecendo o potencial de reduzir a variabilidade diagn&#243;stica na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho de estudo e popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Este foi um estudo prospectivo, observacional e unic&#234;ntrico, conduzido entre outubro de 2022 e janeiro de 2025. A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo consistiu em 203 pacientes consecutivos com IM moderada ou importante que foram submetidos &#224; ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica (ETE) em um hospital terci&#225;rio no Brasil. Os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos de forma consecutiva e por conveni&#234;ncia, refletindo a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de rotina, e foram encaminhados para ETE com base em indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas para reavalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da IM ou esclarecimento de sua etiologia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes</title>
          <p>Os participantes eleg&#237;veis foram adultos (&#8805; 18 anos) com indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica para ETE, conforme determinado pelos cardiologistas assistentes, em regime ambulatorial ou hospitalar, para avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica da IM. Pacientes portadores de pr&#243;tese valvar mitral ou aqueles cuja gravidade da IM foi reclassificada como leve na ETE foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica bidimensional completa, seguida de ETE, utilizando um sistema de ultrassonografia Vivid E95 equipado com transdutor de matriz faseada (M5S) (General Electric, Horten, Noruega).</p>
          <p>A gravidade da IM foi quantificada de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia, utilizando a largura da vena contracta, o volume regurgitante e a &#225;rea efetiva do orif&#237;cio regurgitante como crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos objetivos. A avalia&#231;&#227;o qualitativa incluiu a propor&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea do &#225;trio esquerdo ocupada pelo jato regurgitante e a presen&#231;a do efeito Coand&#259;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica da IM foi realizada de forma independente por dois ecocardiografistas experientes, com base em crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos atualizados para IMFA. A IMFA foi definida pela presen&#231;a de dilata&#231;&#227;o moderada ou importante do &#225;trio esquerdo (&gt; 42 ml/m<sup>2</sup>), dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral (&gt; 35 mm na janela paraesternal longitudinal ou &#8805; 36 mm na janela apical de quatro c&#226;maras durante a s&#237;stole na ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica) e exclus&#227;o de crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para outras etiologias de IM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Outras causas de IM foram definidas de acordo com diretrizes estabelecidas espec&#237;ficas para cada etiologia, incluindo prolapso da valva mitral, ruptura de cordoalhas, degenera&#231;&#227;o calc&#237;fica, fenda mitral e IMFV. Os pacientes foram classificados em dois grupos principais: etiologia atrial e n&#227;o atrial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o software R (vers&#227;o 4.4.2), no ambiente RStudio, com o uso de pacotes apropriados para modelagem preditiva e avalia&#231;&#227;o do desempenho do modelo. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas (%), enquanto as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o expressas como mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ), uma vez que nenhuma apresentou distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. A normalidade foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk.</p>
          <p>As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos atrial e n&#227;o atrial foram realizadas de acordo com o tipo de vari&#225;vel. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas utilizando o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson ou o teste exato de Fisher, conforme apropriado com base nas frequ&#234;ncias esperadas das c&#233;lulas. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. Foi adotado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia bicaudal de 5% (&#945; = 0,05) para todas as an&#225;lises.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenvolvimento do modelo preditivo</title>
          <p>Um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivari&#225;vel foi constru&#237;do utilizando a presen&#231;a de IMFA como vari&#225;vel dependente. As vari&#225;veis independentes foram selecionadas com base na relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, aus&#234;ncia de colinearidade significativa e desempenho estat&#237;stico nas an&#225;lises univariadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de colinearidade</title>
          <p>Para garantir a estabilidade do modelo, a colinearidade entre vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi avaliada por meio do fator de infla&#231;&#227;o da vari&#226;ncia (FIV). Valores de FIV &lt; 5 foram considerados indicativos de baixa colinearidade e aceit&#225;veis para inclus&#227;o. Valores entre 5 e 10 foram classificados como colinearidade moderada e exigiram julgamento cl&#237;nico para manuten&#231;&#227;o ou exclus&#227;o, enquanto valores &gt; 10 indicaram colinearidade grave e levaram &#224; remo&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel. Esse processo foi conduzido de forma iterativa, de modo a reter apenas as vari&#225;veis com maior relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Deriva&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o do modelo</title>
          <p>Para avaliar de forma robusta o desempenho preditivo, o conjunto de dados foi dividido aleatoriamente em dois subconjuntos independentes: 70% dos pacientes foram alocados ao conjunto de treinamento (n = 143) e os 30% restantes ao conjunto de teste (valida&#231;&#227;o) (n = 60). A divis&#227;o preservou a propor&#231;&#227;o de casos de IMFA e garantiu representa&#231;&#227;o equilibrada em ambos os conjuntos de dados.</p>
          <p>A discrimina&#231;&#227;o do modelo foi avaliada separadamente nas amostras de treinamento e valida&#231;&#227;o por meio da an&#225;lise da curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (do ingl&#234;s ROC), com c&#225;lculo da &#225;rea sob a curva (do ingl&#234;s AUC) e respectivos ICs de 95%.</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m da AUC, m&#233;tricas de desempenho diagn&#243;stico, incluindo sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e valor preditivo negativo (VPN), foram avaliadas em diferentes pontos de corte para otimizar a acur&#225;cia preditiva.</p>
          <p>A calibra&#231;&#227;o do modelo foi avaliada pelo teste de bondade de ajuste de Hosmer-Lemeshow, examinando a concord&#226;ncia entre as probabilidades previstas e observadas. O desempenho de calibra&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi analisado por meio de curvas gr&#225;ficas de calibra&#231;&#227;o, permitindo a visualiza&#231;&#227;o do alinhamento entre as predi&#231;&#245;es do modelo e os desfechos observados.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Um total de 203 pacientes foi inclu&#237;do no estudo, dos quais 45 (22,2%) foram classificados como portadores de IMFA. A coorte foi dividida em um conjunto de treinamento composto por 143 pacientes (70%) e um conjunto de teste composto por 60 pacientes (30%), preservando a propor&#231;&#227;o de casos de IMFA. Na coorte de treinamento, 32 pacientes (22,4%) apresentavam IMFA; na coorte de teste, 13 pacientes (21,7%) tinham a doen&#231;a (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas basais na coorte de treinamento demonstraram idade mediana de 78 anos (IIQ, 72-84) no grupo atrial e de 70 anos (IIQ, 60-78) no grupo n&#227;o atrial. O sexo masculino foi observado em 43,75% dos pacientes do grupo atrial e em 63,06% do grupo n&#227;o atrial, embora essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o tenha alcan&#231;ado signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,0799) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1002">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas dos grupos atrial e n&#227;o atrial na amostra de treinamento</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Atrial (n = 32)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">N&#227;o atrial (n = 111)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (43,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (63,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DAC pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (25,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (36,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICP, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (18,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (18,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 0,99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IM pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (9,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (15,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (15,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 0,99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes melito, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (31,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (39,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAS, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (84,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (60,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (81,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (56,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de betabloqueadores, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (53,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (54,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 0,99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de antiarr&#237;tmicos, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (37,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (26,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DRC, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (25,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (17,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FA, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (71,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (44,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de anticoagulantes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (68,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (42,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Marcapasso, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (12,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (15,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (40,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (30,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DRC dependente de di&#225;lise, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (9,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1002">
                <p>Valores com p &lt; 0,05 indicam diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas. AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IM: insufici&#234;ncia mitral; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Para garantir a estabilidade e a interpretabilidade do modelo, foi realizada uma an&#225;lise sistem&#225;tica de colinearidade utilizando FIV, com o objetivo de identificar e excluir vari&#225;veis redundantes. Vari&#225;veis com FIV &gt; 5 foram removidas para minimizar depend&#234;ncias lineares e melhorar a estabilidade dos coeficientes no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Entre as vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas, altura e &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal (ASC) apresentaram forte correla&#231;&#227;o; assim, a ASC foi exclu&#237;da devido ao seu menor valor informacional incremental. De forma semelhante, o di&#226;metro linear do anel mitral foi exclu&#237;do em favor do di&#226;metro do anel mitral indexado &#224; ASC, que apresentou menor colinearidade e maior aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2002">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cont&#237;nuas dos grupos atrial e n&#227;o atrial na amostra de treinamento</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Mediana atrial (P<sub>25</sub> P<sub>75</sub>)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Mediana n&#227;o atrial (P<sub>25</sub> P<sub>75</sub>)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">78,0 (72,0-84,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">70,0 (60,0-78,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC, bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">92,0 (74,0-118,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">79,0 (69,0-90,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,015</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso, kg</td>
                  <td align="center">70,0 (60,0-80,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">72,5 (63,0-82,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,410</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ASC, m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,8 (1,64-1,85)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8 (1,65-1,99)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,110</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro do AE, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">46,0 (44,0-49,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">45,0 (41,0-49,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,049</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Volume do AE indexado, ml/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">62,0 (51,0-78,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">53,5 (45,0-68,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">61,0 (56,0-64,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">48,0 (30,0-64,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/E&#8217;</td>
                  <td align="center">16,0 (13,9-18,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,0 (10,0-21,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,950</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TAPSE, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">19,0 (18,0-20,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,0 (18,0-21,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,650</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#8217; do ventr&#237;culo direito, cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">11,0 (10,0-11,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,0 (9,5-12,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,830</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PASP, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">44,0 (40,0-50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">40,0 (33,5-51,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,110</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro intercomissural do anel mitral, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">36,0 (34,0-40,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">34,0 (31,0-36,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro do anel mitral indexado, mm/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">21,2 (20,2-22,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">18,3 (17,0-20,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2002">
                <p>Valores com p &lt; 0,05 indicam diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas. AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; ASC: &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s itera&#231;&#245;es sucessivas da avalia&#231;&#227;o de colinearidade, seis vari&#225;veis foram mantidas para inclus&#227;o no modelo preditivo: tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas (idade, hipertens&#227;o arterial e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial [FA]) e tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas (FEVE, volume do &#225;trio esquerdo indexado e di&#226;metro do anel mitral indexado &#224; ASC). Todas as vari&#225;veis retidas apresentaram valores de FIV &lt; 2, indicando colinearidade desprez&#237;vel. O preditor estatisticamente mais significativo foi o di&#226;metro do anel mitral indexado <inline-formula id="ii2"><mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>4,81</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>7</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> , seguido pela idade (p = 0,0022) e pela FEVE (p = 0,0067), destacando sua relev&#226;ncia para a diferencia&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3002">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das no modelo preditivo diagn&#243;stico para insufici&#234;ncia mitral funcional atrial</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Atrial</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">N&#227;o atrial</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">78.0 (72.0-84.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">70.0 (60.0-78.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAS, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (84.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (60.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.020</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FA, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (71.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (44.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro do anel mitral indexado, mm/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">21.2 (20.2-22.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">18.3 (17.0-20.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">61.0 (56.0-64.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">48.0 (30.0-64.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Volume do AE indexado, ml/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">62.0 (51.0-78.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">53.5 (45.0-68.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3002">
                <p>Valores com p &lt; 0,05 indicam associa&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas, de acordo com o teste aplicado. AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o desses preditores foi guiada tanto pela relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica quanto pela signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, assegurando a robustez e a acur&#225;cia do modelo preditivo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">Tabela 3</xref>). Esse conjunto parcimonioso de vari&#225;veis sustenta uma melhor discrimina&#231;&#227;o da IMFA e pode contribuir para a redu&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade diagn&#243;stica e o aprimoramento da tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>Na coorte de treinamento, a an&#225;lise da curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC) demonstrou uma AUC de 0,896 (IC 95%, 0,845-0,947), indicando bom desempenho discriminativo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>). A calibra&#231;&#227;o do modelo, avaliada pelo teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow, resultou em &#967;<sup>2</sup> = 5,197, com 8 graus de liberdade (p = 0,736), demonstrando boa concord&#226;ncia entre os desfechos previstos e observados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01002">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Desempenho discriminativo do modelo preditivo de etiologia atrial.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva; ROC: caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250086-0086i-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02002">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curva de calibra&#231;&#227;o do modelo preditivo de etiologia atrial.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250086-0086i-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Para comparar o desempenho preditivo entre diferentes combina&#231;&#245;es de vari&#225;veis, curvas ROC foram constru&#237;das para tr&#234;s modelos distintos: um modelo cl&#237;nico (apenas vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas), um modelo estrutural (apenas vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas) e um modelo completo (combina&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas). Os valores correspondentes de AUC foram 0,7974 (IC 95%, 0,7264-0,8685), 0,7922 (IC 95%, 0,7214-0,8630) e 0,8961 (IC 95%, 0,8454-0,9468), respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03002">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o das curvas ROC dos modelos cl&#237;nico, ecocardiogr&#225;fico e combinado.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva; ROC: caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250086-0086i-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Na coorte de teste, a an&#225;lise da curva ROC demonstrou uma AUC de 0,946 (IC 95%, 0,8899-1,0000) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 4</xref>). No ponto de corte selecionado, o modelo alcan&#231;ou sensibilidade de 97,9%, especificidade de 46,2%, VPP de 86,8% e VPN de 85,7%.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04002">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curva ROC do modelo preditivo de etiologia atrial no conjunto de teste.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva; ROC: caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250086-0086i-gf05-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O di&#226;metro do anel mitral &#233; amplamente utilizado na avalia&#231;&#227;o da IMFA; entretanto, sua especificidade diagn&#243;stica &#233; limitada no contexto de remodelamento atrial avan&#231;ado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram desempenho discriminativo modesto desse par&#226;metro isolado, o que motivou o desenvolvimento de abordagens multiparam&#233;tricas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> No presente estudo, desenvolvemos um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivari&#225;vel que integra vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, o qual demonstrou alto desempenho discriminativo, consistentemente confirmado por testes estat&#237;sticos. A combina&#231;&#227;o estruturada de vari&#225;veis prontamente dispon&#237;veis supera as limita&#231;&#245;es de par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos isolados e aprimora a classifica&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica da IMFA.</p>
        <p>Modelos multiparam&#233;tricos que combinam dados cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos t&#234;m demonstrado valor em diferentes contextos da IM. Um exemplo not&#225;vel &#233; o escore MIDA, derivado do <italic>Mitral Regurgitation International Database</italic>, que integra vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e de imagem para estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica na IM degenerativa e apresentou desempenho consistente em m&#250;ltiplas coortes internas e externas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Embora o escore MIDA tenha sido desenvolvido para avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica na doen&#231;a mitral prim&#225;ria, o presente modelo tem como foco o aprimoramento do desempenho diagn&#243;stico na diferencia&#231;&#227;o da IMFA. Ao incorporar vari&#225;veis rotineiramente dispon&#237;veis (por exemplo, idade, ritmo card&#237;aco, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo [FEVE] e di&#226;metro do anel mitral indexado), o modelo proposto aborda uma lacuna clinicamente relevante para a qual n&#227;o existe, at&#233; o momento, uma ferramenta diagn&#243;stica dedicada, conforme destacado em pesquisas recentes sobre IMFA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Assim, o princ&#237;pio multiparam&#233;trico mostra-se aplic&#225;vel tanto a prop&#243;sitos progn&#243;sticos quanto diagn&#243;sticos, quando adequadamente adaptado ao contexto cl&#237;nico.</p>
        <p>Estudos populacionais recentes refor&#231;am a import&#226;ncia do reconhecimento precoce da IMFA. Na coorte do <italic>National Echocardiography Database Australia</italic> (NEDA), que incluiu mais de 5.500 pacientes com IMFA moderada a importante, a etiologia atrial foi respons&#225;vel por aproximadamente 40% dos casos e esteve associada a mortalidade ligeiramente menor, por&#233;m ainda substancial, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a IMFV, com taxa de mortalidade em 5 anos pr&#243;xima de 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> De forma complementar, uma an&#225;lise longitudinal de 635 indiv&#237;duos com IMFA leve a moderada demonstrou que, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de progress&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica evidente, essa entidade confere risco anual de mortalidade de 5,9% e est&#225; associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e &#224; hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nesse contexto, a diferencia&#231;&#227;o em tempo real da IMFA em rela&#231;&#227;o a outras formas de IM permanece desafiadora. O escore proposto incorpora vari&#225;veis validadas em grandes registros, como o NEDA, e pode ser calculado durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, padronizando a classifica&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica e facilitando o encaminhamento precoce para avalia&#231;&#227;o pela eletrofisiologia ou por <italic>heart team</italic>, particularmente em centros sem acesso a imagem tridimensional avan&#231;ada ou com expertise vari&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Como ferramenta de triagem, o modelo pode auxiliar na identifica&#231;&#227;o da IMFA e orientar decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, incluindo a considera&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de controle do ritmo, como a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, ou a otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada, com potenciais implica&#231;&#245;es para o seguimento e os desfechos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
        <p>A consist&#234;ncia interna foi avaliada por meio de uma estrat&#233;gia de valida&#231;&#227;o do tipo <italic>hold-out</italic>, reservando-se 30% da amostra para teste independente. Essa abordagem permite avaliar o desempenho preditivo em dados n&#227;o utilizados na deriva&#231;&#227;o do modelo, reduzindo o risco de sobreajuste e sustentando a generaliza&#231;&#227;o interna. Entretanto, a depend&#234;ncia de uma &#250;nica coorte limita a avalia&#231;&#227;o da estabilidade dos coeficientes e pode subestimar a variabilidade entre diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es. Valida&#231;&#245;es adicionais em coortes externas ser&#227;o necess&#225;rias para confirmar a confiabilidade e ampliar a aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica do modelo.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>4.1 Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Este estudo n&#227;o incorporou biomarcadores s&#233;ricos (por exemplo, pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B N-terminal), medidas de <italic>strain</italic> atrial, par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos ou quantifica&#231;&#227;o tridimensional do anel mitral. Esses dom&#237;nios adicionais podem fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es incrementais sobre o remodelamento atrial e a carga hemodin&#226;mica, com potencial para aprimorar o desempenho discriminativo do algoritmo. Estudos futuros devem avaliar o impacto desses marcadores na acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica e na reprodutibilidade do modelo em diferentes cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Ademais, diretrizes internacionais recomendam a integra&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis adicionais na avalia&#231;&#227;o da regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar, o que refor&#231;a sua relev&#226;ncia para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Embora diversos estudos multic&#234;ntricos tenham comparado a IMFA exclusivamente com a IMFV, a presente an&#225;lise utilizou todas as etiologias n&#227;o atriais, incluindo a insufici&#234;ncia mitral prim&#225;ria, como grupo de refer&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Essa abordagem baseou-se em duas considera&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas: o n&#250;mero limitado de casos isolados de IMFV, que comprometeria o poder estat&#237;stico nas fases de treinamento e teste, e a inten&#231;&#227;o de avaliar o desempenho do modelo em um cen&#225;rio de mundo real, caracterizado por apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, anat&#244;micas e funcionais heterog&#234;neas da IM. Reconhecemos que tal heterogeneidade pode atenuar a capacidade do modelo de distinguir diferen&#231;as sutis entre subtipos funcionais, limitando infer&#234;ncias fisiopatol&#243;gicas espec&#237;ficas.</p>
          <p>Do ponto de vista metodol&#243;gico, considerando o n&#250;mero de eventos observados (45 casos de IMFA) e o n&#250;mero de preditores inclu&#237;dos no modelo final (seis vari&#225;veis), a raz&#227;o eventos-por-vari&#225;vel situa-se no limite inferior das recomenda&#231;&#245;es convencionais para regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, o que pode aumentar o risco de sobreajuste. Esse risco foi mitigado por meio da sele&#231;&#227;o parcimoniosa de preditores com forte plausibilidade cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica, bem como por avalia&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de colinearidade. Al&#233;m disso, a elevada AUC observada na amostra de teste (0,946) deve ser interpretada com cautela, uma vez que foi derivada de um n&#250;mero limitado de eventos nesse subconjunto (n = 13), o que aumenta a incerteza e a possibilidade de superestima&#231;&#227;o do desempenho. Dessa forma, esses achados devem ser considerados explorat&#243;rios e requerem confirma&#231;&#227;o em coortes externas independentes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A deriva&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o de um modelo multivari&#225;vel para predi&#231;&#227;o de IMFA pode ser clinicamente &#250;til. Diante das limita&#231;&#245;es das medidas isoladas do anel mitral para fins diagn&#243;sticos, a integra&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos em um modelo unificado demonstrou potencial para reduzir a variabilidade diagn&#243;stica, permitindo detec&#231;&#227;o mais precoce e interven&#231;&#245;es oportunas que podem melhorar o progn&#243;stico e o manejo de pacientes com IMFA.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica:</label>
          <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Alexandre Costa Souza pela Instituto Dor de ensino e pesquisa (I&#8217;Dor-RJ)</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado:</label>
          <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital S&#227;o Rafael sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 5722007. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
          <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
          <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
          <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
