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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">MZbbrXNWdMx8MprxDC3W4zd</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2675-312X2026000100602</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00602</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250082i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diagnostic Performance Of Contrast-Enhanced Echocardiography In Differentiating Cardiac Masses: A Systematic Review And Meta-analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-6276-5447</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Guilherme G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>acquisition of data</role>
          <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>statistical analysis</role>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-6639-7381</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Felizardo Jos&#233; Leandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-8495-0362</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcanti</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Lacerda</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>acquisition of data</role>
          <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3004-9791</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stropp</surname>
            <given-names>Renata Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>acquisition of data</role>
          <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-9276-0915</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Giordano Persuhn Rolim de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8809-8783</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1416-6939</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pontes</surname>
            <given-names>Sadrak Lyon Dantas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <role>central illustration</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7046-8707</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Felix</surname>
            <given-names>Alex dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFPB</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Jo&#227;o Pessoa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">UFPB, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">National Institute of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">National Institute of Cardiology, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Jo&#227;o Guilherme G. Pedrosa UFPB. Campus I Lot. Postal Code: 58051-900. Cidade Universitaria, PB &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>joao.guilherme3@academico.ufpb.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>39</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250082</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>9</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Conventional echocardiography often struggles to differentiate intracardiac masses, particularly in patients with poor acoustic windows. Contrast-enhanced Echocardiography (CEE) overcomes this limitation by visualizing perfusion patterns &#8212; distinguishing avascular thrombi from vascularized tumors. We aimed to synthesize existing evidence to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of CEE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of CEE for differentiating cardiac masses in adults, using histopathology as reference and reporting AUC, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Systematic searches of PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE were performed on August 10, 2025. Studies meeting PICOTT criteria were included; extracted data included sensitivity, specificity, AUC, and 2&#215;2 tables. Pooled estimates were obtained using standard bivariate and SROC models for diagnostic meta-analysis. Statistical significance set at P &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Five prospective cohort studies (total n = 381 patients) were included. For tumor vs non-tumor, pooled sensitivity = 100% and specificity = 100% (95% CI 99.5&#8211;100%; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%; heterogeneity P = 0.985), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) = 3,890.65, AUC = 0.989. For malignant vs benign tumors, pooled sensitivity = 94.3% (95% CI 88.5&#8211;97.3%; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%; P = 0.681), specificity = 96.1% (95% CI 91.5&#8211;98.2%; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%; P = 0.970), DOR = 341.71, SROC AUC = 0.976.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> CEE showed very high diagnostic accuracy in the available prospective series. However, the small number of studies and limited sample sizes warrant cautious interpretation; larger prospective multicenter studies with standardized CEE protocols are needed to confirm these results.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diagnostic Performance Of Contrast-Enhanced Echocardiography In Differentiating Cardiac Masses: A Systematic Review And Meta-analysis</title>
            </caption>
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      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Contrast Media</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Neoplasms</kwd>
        <kwd>Systematic Review</kwd>
        <kwd>Meta-Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding:</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="24"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Intracardiac masses represent a diagnostic challenge due to their diverse etiologies, including thrombi, benign tumors (such as myxomas), and malignant lesions, all with significantly different prognoses and treatment strategies. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) remains the initial and most accessible imaging modality in clinical practice, offering real-time assessment of morphology and hemodynamic effects. However, its diagnostic yield is often limited in patients with poor acoustic windows or atypical mass locations, which may lead to underdetection or misclassification of masses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) imaging can improve visualization but still falls short in reliable tissue characterization, especially when compared with cardiac MRI or CT, which provide richer tissue contrast and spatial resolution but are more resource-intensive.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Contrast-enhanced Echocardiography (CEE) has emerged as a compelling adjunct to overcome these limitations. By enhancing perfusion imaging, CEE can differentiate avascular thrombi, mildly perfused benign tumors, and hypervascular malignant lesions based on distinct vascular patterns.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> For instance, the use of ultrasound-enhancing agents can vividly illustrate a mass&#8217;s perfusion characteristics (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref>). This technique can reveal details such as peripheral contrast uptake with a necrotic core in a cardiac paraganglioma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 2</xref>) and enables quantitative analysis that differentiates perfused from non-perfused components (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Examples of the use of an ultrasound-enhancing agent for the evaluation of mass perfusion.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-0082i-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Peripheral contrast uptake in a large mass inside the left atrium, without central uptake (necrosis) in a cardiac paraganglioma.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-0082i-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Subcostal view. Cardiac paraganglioma. Quantitative analysis of the mass perfusion with an ultrasound-enhancing agent (contrast) - in yellow, the peripheral perfusion of the mass; in red, perfusion of the liver tissue for comparison; in blue, the absence of perfusion in the (necrotic) center of the mass.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-0082i-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Initial prospective data have shown that CEE correctly identifies cardiac mass types in 90%&#8211; 97% of cases, even with trainee observers, highlighting its potential for routine clinical use.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Nonetheless, the current evidence base is characterized by small-scale studies, retrospective designs, and case reports, raising concern about generalizability and robustness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The primary objective of this meta-analysis is to establish the pooled sensitivity, specificity, and overall diagnostic accuracy of CEE in distinguishing cardiac tumors from non-tumorous masses. The secondary objective is to evaluate its performance in differentiating malignant from benign tumors. Ultimately, this study seeks to provide evidence to guide clinical decision-making and highlight priorities for future, large-scale prospective research.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocol and Registration</title>
        <p>This systematic review and meta-analysis were developed strictly adhering to the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> (PRISMA 2020) statement, its extension for diagnostic test accuracy studies (PRISMA-DTA), and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The study protocol was submitted to the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> (PROSPERO) under the registration number CRD420251142676.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Design</title>
        <p>Diagnostic accuracy studies with a prospective or retrospective design were included. No time restrictions were applied, including articles from the earliest available date in the databases. Reviews, editorials, case reports, and case series with fewer than ten participants were excluded.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Eligibility Criteria</title>
        <p>Studies were selected based on eligibility criteria defined by the PICOS framework. The eligible population (P) consisted of adult patients with suspected cardiac masses who underwent CEE. The results of the CEE were compared with the reference standard for a definitive diagnosis (Comparator), which was primarily based on histopathological analysis. However, diagnoses confirmed by other robust imaging modalities (e.g., Cardiac Magnetic Resonance) or by unequivocal therapeutic response (e.g., resolution of a thrombus after anticoagulation therapy) were also considered. The primary outcomes (O) of interest were diagnostic accuracy measures, including Area Under the Curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV), and Negative Predictive Value (NPV).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Target Conditions</title>
        <p>The target conditions for this review were the different subtypes of intracardiac masses. The primary condition to be identified was a cardiac tumor (benign or malignant), rather than an intracardiac thrombus.</p>
        <p>Additionally, within the spectrum of tumors, a second target was to differentiate benign tumors (e.g., myxoma, fibroma) from malignant tumors (primary, such as sarcomas, or metastatic). The accuracy analyses were organized into subgroups to assess the test&#8217;s performance for each of these key clinical distinctions.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Index Test</title>
        <p>The index test was defined as CEE, performed to characterize a previously identified or suspected cardiac mass. CEE was considered any echocardiogram that involved the intravenous administration of a microbubble contrast agent to assess the vascularity and perfusion of the mass. The index test result was not simply dichotomous (positive/negative), but rather a classification of the mass based on its perfusion patterns, with findings compared with the reference standard obtained at approximately the same time.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Information Sources and Search Strategy</title>
        <p>A systematic and comprehensive search was conducted in the following electronic databases: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. The search was completed on August 10, 2025.</p>
        <p>The initial search identified 473 articles (123 in PubMed, 234 in Embase, 8 in the Cochrane Library, and 108 in Web of Science) before removing duplicates. Additionally, the reference lists of included studies were manually searched to identify potentially eligible articles not captured in the initial search.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Selection and Data Extraction</title>
        <p>The selection process was managed using the Rayyan software.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Two independent reviewers (JP and AN) screened titles and abstracts, followed by a full-text assessment. Disagreements were resolved by consensus or through adjudication by a third reviewer. Data were extracted using a standardized form, which included study characteristics, population details, intervention specifics, and raw data for the 2x2 contingency table.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Risk of Bias Assessment</title>
        <p>The methodological quality and risk of bias of each included study were independently assessed by two reviewers using the QUADAS-2 tool.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data Synthesis and Analysis</title>
        <p>The accuracy data were synthesized through a meta-analysis using a bivariate random-effects model. From this model, summary estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for sensitivity and specificity were generated; the Summary Receiver Operating Characteristic (SROC) curve was constructed, and the diagnostic odds ratio was calculated. Heterogeneity was evaluated using I<sup>2</sup> statistics, with P &lt; 0.05 from Cochran&#8217;s Q test or I<sup>2</sup> &gt; 50% considered indicative of substantial heterogeneity. Statistical significance set at P &lt; 0.05. Forest plots were used to illustrate individual and pooled effect sizes. Meta-analyses were performed in RStudio (RStudio 2025.09.0+387) for Windows using the &#8220;meta&#8221; and &#8220;mada&#8221; packages for data synthesis and visualization.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Results of the Search</title>
        <p>The initial search yielded 473 results. After removing duplicate records and ineligible studies, 13 remained and were fully reviewed against the inclusion criteria. Of these, 5 studies were included. The process is detailed in the PRISMA flow diagram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; PRISMA flow diagram of study screening and selection.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-0082i-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The number of participants ranged from 32 to 236; all were adults. The studies varied in design, including prospective observational, cross-sectional, and retrospective approaches, and were conducted across both single and multicenter settings.</p>
        <p>All studies employed Contrast-enhanced Echocardiography (CEE) using SonoVue (Bracco, Switzerland) as the contrast agent. The echocardiographic systems used included Philips iE33, in three studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>, and GE Vivid 7 Dimension, in one study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>, with transducers and imaging protocols tailored to each study&#8217;s objectives. One study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> did not report the system used in echocardiography.</p>
        <p>Quantitative parameters assessed across studies included mass area, peak intensity ratios (e.g., A1/A2, A1/A3), contrast enhancement intensity (A), replenishment rate (&#946; or k), and perfusion ratios between cardiac masses and adjacent myocardium. Qualitative assessments encompassed echogenicity, contour, base morphology, mobility, perfusion characteristics, and presence of pericardial or pleural effusion.</p>
        <p>The proportion of male participants ranged from 36.5% to 63.0%, and most studies focused on adult patients presenting with suspected cardiac masses after Transthoracic Echocardiography (TTE). One study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> included patients undergoing surgical treatment for cardiac masses, while another study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> targeted patients referred for myocardial contrast echocardiography.</p>
        <p>Exclusion criteria were consistent across studies and were severe cardiac or systemic conditions (e.g., NYHA class IV heart failure, arrhythmias, hepatic or renal dysfunction), allergies to contrast agents or blood products, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Some studies also excluded patients lost to follow-up or managed conservatively. Other important characteristics of the studies included in this review are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of the included studies.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Study</th>
                  <th>Control diagnosis</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>Age</th>
                  <th>Female</th>
                  <th>Pseudomass</th>
                  <th>Thrombi</th>
                  <th>Malignant tumor</th>
                  <th>Benign tumor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Wang, 2024</td>
                  <td align="center">Confirmed by CMR, TEE, CT, surgery, or biopsy, depending on mass type</td>
                  <td align="center">145</td>
                  <td align="center">59.4 years (IQR: 51.2&#8211;63.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (38.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Li, 2022</td>
                  <td align="center">Confirmed by CMR, TEE, CT, surgery, or biopsy, depending on mass type</td>
                  <td align="center">108</td>
                  <td align="center">61.5 years (IQR: 52.0&#8211;67.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (37.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Xia, 2017</td>
                  <td align="center">Surgical pathology or biopsy (WHO 2015 classification)</td>
                  <td align="center">236</td>
                  <td align="center">49.5 years (range: 0.5 to 83)</td>
                  <td align="center">150 (63.55%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                  <td align="center">196</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Zhou, 2020</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tang, 2015</td>
                  <td align="center">Surgical pathology or resolution after anticoagulation</td>
                  <td align="center">72</td>
                  <td align="center">50 &#177; 15 years (range: 12&#8211;85)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>Every study adopted a 5% statistical significance level.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>We found no publication bias by visually analyzing the funnel plot (Figure S1), a linear regression for the asymmetry of the funnel plot was made by the Deek&#8217;s test, which was not statistically significant (Bias = -3.940, SE = 5.283, t = -0.75, p = 0.509), however because of the low number of included studies, the results should be regarded with care and are by themselves not enough to discard publication bias.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Methodological Quality of Included Studies</title>
        <p>The methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated using the QUADAS-2 tool, which assesses four domains: patient selection, index test, reference standard, and flow &amp; timing. Each domain was judged to be low risk, with some concerns, or high risk of bias. At the individual study level, two studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> were rated as having an overall low risk of bias, while two<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> raised some concerns, particularly regarding patient selection and flow &amp; timing. One study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> was considered at high risk of bias due to inappropriate patient selection and concerns regarding the reference standard (Figure S2). In the domain-level analysis, patient selection and flow &amp; timing were the areas with the highest frequency of concerns. At the same time, the index test and reference standard were generally well-conducted. Overall, the methodological quality of the included studies was considered acceptable, with most studies at low risk of bias, although relevant limitations were identified in specific domains (Figure S3).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Findings</title>
        <sec>
          <title>To Differentiate Tumor from Thrombi</title>
          <p>Every study reported high accuracy in differentiating tumors from thrombi using CEE, resulting in strong diagnostic performance parameters. The estimates for summary sensitivity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figure 5</xref>), specificity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figure 6</xref>), and Diagnostic Odds Ratio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figure 7</xref>) confirm these findings. Due to the 100% accuracy, an SROC curve could not be plotted, but the AUC was 0.989.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Forest plot of sensitivity.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-0082i-gf05.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f07">
              <label>Figure 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Forest plot of specificity.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-0082i-gf06.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f08">
              <label>Figure 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Forest plot of DOR.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-0082i-gf07.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>To Differentiate Malignant Tumor from Benign</title>
          <p>CEE had great results, with high estimates of summary sensitivity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figure 8</xref>) and specificity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 9</xref>). The summary Diagnostic Odds Ratio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 10</xref>) further supports these findings. Additionally, the SROC curve was plotted (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 11</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f09">
              <label>Figure 8</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Forest plot of sensitivity.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-0082i-gf08.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figure 9</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Forest plot of specificity.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-0082i-gf09.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f11">
              <label>Figure 10</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Forest plot of DOR.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-0082i-gf10.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f12">
              <label>Figure 11</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; SROC curve.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-0082i-gf11.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrate that CEE has exceptionally high diagnostic accuracy for characterizing cardiac masses, excelling in two critical clinical distinctions: differentiating tumors from thrombi and malignant from benign tumors.</p>
      <p>The first key finding of our analysis was the <bold>great</bold> pooled sensitivity and specificity (100%) of CEE for distinguishing cardiac tumors from thrombi. This result, while remarkable, is biologically plausible. Thrombi are inherently avascular structures, and the intravascular microbubbles used in CEE provide a stark contrast between the complete absence of perfusion within a thrombus and the variable but present vascularization of tumorous tissue, whether benign or malignant. This creates a binary, highly reliable diagnostic feature that is readily identifiable, even to less experienced operators, as suggested by some of the included studies. The near-perfect AUC of 0.989 resulted from model adjustments to prevent infinite values. Even so, these findings warrant cautious interpretation; the limited number of included studies (5) restricts statistical power and may mask potential small-study effects or reporting bias, despite the lack of observed heterogeneity.</p>
      <p>The second finding concerns the distinction between benign and malignant tumors. Our pooled analysis yielded a sensitivity of 94.3% (95% CI 88.5% to 97.3%) and a specificity of 96.1% (95% CI 91.5% to 98.2%), with a summary AUC of 0.976. This indicates that CEE is not only excellent at identifying vascularization but also at interpreting its pattern &#8212; typically characterized by intense hypervascularity in malignant lesions compared with more moderate, slower perfusion in benign lesions. The high diagnostic odds ratio (DOR = 341.71) signifies a powerful test that can significantly increase or decrease the post-test probability of malignancy, directly informing critical management decisions regarding the urgency of intervention, biopsy planning, or surgical strategy.</p>
      <p>Due to concerns of bias and heterogeneity with one study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> we conducted a <italic>post-hoc</italic> sensitivity analysis by redoing the meta-analysis and leaving the study out; however, it did not significantly alter the results (specificity of 0.952, sensitivity of 0.962, DOR of 374.767), which demonstrates the reliability of the results despite the concerns of bias.</p>
      <p>It is the first meta-analysis, to our knowledge, to specifically synthesize the diagnostic performance of CEE for cardiac masses using a rigorous PRISMA-DTA methodology. Secondly, we employed robust statistical models (bivariate and SROC) specifically designed for diagnostic meta-analyses, which account for the potential correlation between sensitivity and specificity and provide more reliable pooled estimates. Thirdly, the included studies were all prospective cohorts, which strengthens the validity of the findings by minimizing selection and recall bias. Finally, the post hoc sensitivity analysis confirmed that the overall results were not unduly influenced by the study judged to be at high risk of bias, thereby enhancing the reliability of our conclusions.</p>
      <p>Despite these robust findings, our results must be interpreted in light of several important limitations. The most significant limitation is the small number of included studies (n = 5) and the relatively modest total sample size (n = 381). This was due to most studies failing to report the necessary numbers to calculate the performance metrics. We also may have missed potential studies, as diagnostic accuracy studies are poorly tagged in electronic databases. Regarding publication bias, given the small number of studies, the linear regression Deek&#8217;s test did not yield the best results, but a visual analysis of the funnel plot showed no publication bias. While the statistical heterogeneity was negligible (I<sup>2</sup> = 0%), the limited number of primary studies constrains the generalizability of our findings and the power to perform more extensive subgroup analyses (e.g., by tumor type, contrast agent generation, or by quantitative or qualitative analyses).</p>
      <p>Furthermore, as highlighted by the QUADAS-2 assessment, certain methodological concerns were present in some studies, particularly regarding patient selection and the flow and timing between the index test and the reference standard. The <bold>great</bold> accuracy for thrombus differentiation, while compelling, should be viewed with cautious optimism until confirmed in larger, multi-center settings, as real-world performance can be influenced by image quality, interpreter expertise, and specific contrast protocols.</p>
      <p>The clinical implication of our work is substantial. CEE emerges as a highly accurate, accessible, and cost-effective tool that can be integrated into the diagnostic pathway immediately after the initial detection of a mass on conventional echocardiography. It can confidently rule out thrombus, potentially avoiding the need for more expensive and less accessible cross-sectional imaging in many cases. For tumors, it provides a reliable non-invasive indicator of malignancy, helping to triage patients towards urgent intervention or more deliberate planning.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>This meta-analysis provides compelling evidence that CEE is a powerful diagnostic tool with excellent accuracy for characterizing cardiac masses. It effectively differentiates tumors from thrombi and is highly proficient at distinguishing malignant from benign tumors. While limitations inherent in the available literature require cautious interpretation, CEE&#8217;s accessibility, safety, and demonstrated performance support its broader adoption in the standard diagnostic workflow for evaluating intracardiac masses.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="suppl" sec-type="supplementary-material">
      <title>Supplemental Materials</title>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl01" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application">
        <label>Supplemental Materials</label>
        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/MZbbrXNWdMx8MprxDC3W4zd/b955be6cdeb16c00bf79310fdb841760daeaab71.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Study Association:</label>
        <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
        <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Availability of Research Data:</label>
        <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Sources of Funding:</label>
        <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250082</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Performance Diagn&#243;stica Da Ecocardiografia Com Realce Na Diferencia&#231;&#227;o De Massas Card&#237;acas: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica Com Metan&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-6276-5447</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Guilherme G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-6639-7381</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Felizardo Jos&#233; Leandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-8495-0362</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcanti</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Lacerda</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3004-9791</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stropp</surname>
            <given-names>Renata Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-9276-0915</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Giordano Persuhn Rolim de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8809-8783</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1416-6939</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pontes</surname>
            <given-names>Sadrak Lyon Dantas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>figura central</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7046-8707</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Felix</surname>
            <given-names>Alex dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1002">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil </country>
        <institution content-type="original">UFPB, Jo&#227;o Pessoa, PB &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2002">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">National Institute of Cardiology, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01002"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Jo&#227;o Guilherme G. Pedrosa UFPB. Campus I Lot. CEP: 58051-900. Cidade Universitaria, PB &#8211; Brasil E-mail: joao.guilherme3@academico.ufpb.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Marcelo Tavares</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
          <p> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Muitas vezes, a ecocardiografia convencional encontra dificuldade em diferenciar massas intracard&#237;acas, especialmente em pacientes com janelas ac&#250;sticas inadequadas. A Ecocardiografia com Contraste (ECC) supera essa limita&#231;&#227;o ao visualizar padr&#245;es de perfus&#227;o, distinguindo trombos avasculares de tumores vascularizados. Nosso objetivo foi sintetizar as evid&#234;ncias existentes para avaliar a precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica da ECC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar a precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica da ECC na diferencia&#231;&#227;o de massas card&#237;acas em adultos, utilizando a histopatologia como refer&#234;ncia e relatando AUC, sensibilidade, especificidade, VPP e VPN.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Buscas sistem&#225;ticas foram realizadas nas bases de dados PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library e EMBASE at&#233; 10 de agosto de 2025. Foram inclu&#237;dos estudos que atendiam aos crit&#233;rios PICOTT; os dados extra&#237;dos compreenderam sensibilidade, especificidade, AUC e tabelas 2&#215;2. As estimativas agrupadas foram obtidas utilizando modelos bivariados padr&#227;o e modelos SROC para metan&#225;lise diagn&#243;stica. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como P &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos cinco estudos de coorte prospectivos (total n = 381 pacientes). Para tumor versus n&#227;o tumor, a sensibilidade agrupada foi de 100% e a especificidade foi de 100% (IC 95% 99,5&#8211;100%; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%; heterogeneidade P = 0,985), odds ratio diagn&#243;stico (DOR) = 3.890,65, AUC = 0,989. Para tumores malignos versus benignos, a sensibilidade agrupada foi de 94,3% (IC 95% 88,5&#8211;97,3%; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%; P = 0,681), a especificidade foi de 96,1% (IC 95% 91,5&#8211;98,2%; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%; P = 0,970), a DOR foi de 341,71 e a AUC da SROC foi de 0,976.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> A ECC demonstrou uma precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica muito alta nas s&#233;ries prospectivas dispon&#237;veis. No entanto, o n&#250;mero reduzido de estudos e o tamanho limitado das amostras exigem uma interpreta&#231;&#227;o cautelosa; estudos prospectivos multic&#234;ntricos de maior porte, com protocolos padronizados de ECC, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar esses resultados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01002">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Performance Diagn&#243;stica Da Ecocardiografia Com Realce Na Diferencia&#231;&#227;o De Massas Card&#237;acas: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica Com Metan&#225;lise</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-0082i-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Meios de Contraste</kwd>
        <kwd>Neoplasias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Metan&#225;lise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As massas intracard&#237;acas representam um desafio diagn&#243;stico devido &#224; diversidade de suas etiologias, que incluem trombos, tumores benignos (como os mixomas) e les&#245;es malignas, todas associadas a progn&#243;sticos e estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas significativamente distintas. A Ecocardiografia Transtor&#225;cica (ETT) continua sendo a modalidade de imagem inicial e mais acess&#237;vel no fluxo cl&#237;nico, permitindo a avalia&#231;&#227;o em tempo real da morfologia e do impacto hemodin&#226;mico. Entretanto, seu rendimento diagn&#243;stico &#233; frequentemente limitado em pacientes com janela ac&#250;stica inadequada ou em casos de localiza&#231;&#227;o at&#237;pica das massas, o que pode resultar em falhas na detec&#231;&#227;o ou classifica&#231;&#227;o incorreta das les&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A Ecocardiografia Transesof&#225;gica (ETE) pode aprimorar a visualiza&#231;&#227;o, mas ainda apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o tecidual confi&#225;vel, especialmente quando comparada &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca ou &#224; tomografia computadorizada, que oferecem maior contraste tecidual e resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial, embora sejam m&#233;todos mais dispendiosos em termos de recursos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nesse contexto, a Ecocardiografia com Contraste (ECC) surgiu como um adjuvante promissor para superar essas limita&#231;&#245;es. Ao potencializar a avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o, a ECC permite diferenciar trombos avasculares, tumores benignos com perfus&#227;o discreta e les&#245;es malignas hipervascularizadas, com base em padr&#245;es vasculares distintos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Por exemplo, o uso de agentes real&#231;adores de ultrassom pode demonstrar de forma clara as caracter&#237;sticas de perfus&#227;o de uma massa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1</xref>). Essa t&#233;cnica possibilita a identifica&#231;&#227;o de achados como capta&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica do contraste associada a um n&#250;cleo necr&#243;tico em um paraganglioma card&#237;aco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 2</xref>), al&#233;m de permitir uma an&#225;lise quantitativa capaz de diferenciar componentes perfundidos e n&#227;o perfundidos da les&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02002">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Exemplos da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um agente real&#231;ador de ultrassom para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o em massa.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-0082i-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03002">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Capta&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de contraste em uma grande massa dentro do &#225;trio esquerdo, sem capta&#231;&#227;o central (necrose) em um paraganglioma card&#237;aco.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-0082i-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04002">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Vista subcostal. Paraganglioma card&#237;aco. An&#225;lise quantitativa da perfus&#227;o da massa com um agente real&#231;ador de ultrassom (contraste) - em amarelo, a perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica da massa; em vermelho, a perfus&#227;o do tecido hep&#225;tico para compara&#231;&#227;o; em azul, a aus&#234;ncia de perfus&#227;o no centro (necr&#243;tico) da massa.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-0082i-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Dados prospectivos iniciais mostraram que a ECC identifica corretamente os tipos de massa card&#237;aca de 90% a 97% dos casos, mesmo com observadores em treinamento, destacando seu potencial para uso cl&#237;nico rotineiro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No entanto, a base de evid&#234;ncias atual &#233; caracterizada por estudos de pequena escala, desenhos retrospectivos e relatos de casos, levantando preocupa&#231;&#245;es sobre a generaliza&#231;&#227;o e robustez.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O objetivo principal desta metan&#225;lise &#233; estabelecer a sensibilidade agrupada, especificidade e precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica geral da ecocardiografia com contraste na distin&#231;&#227;o entre tumores card&#237;acos e massas n&#227;o tumorais. O objetivo secund&#225;rio &#233; avaliar seu desempenho na diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre tumores malignos e benignos. Em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, o presente estudo busca fornecer evid&#234;ncias para orientar a tomada de decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e destacar prioridades para futuras pesquisas prospectivas em larga escala.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Metodologia</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo e registro</title>
          <p>A presente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise foi desenvolvida seguindo rigorosamente as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da declara&#231;&#227;o Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> (PRISMA 2020), sua extens&#227;o para estudos de precis&#227;o de testes diagn&#243;sticos (PRISMA-DTA) e o Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O protocolo do estudo foi submetido ao International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> (PROSPERO) sob o n&#250;mero de registro CRD420251142676.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos estudos de precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica com delineamento prospectivo ou retrospectivo. N&#227;o foram aplicadas restri&#231;&#245;es de tempo, incluindo artigos desde a data mais antiga dispon&#237;vel nas bases de dados. Revis&#245;es, editoriais, relatos de casos e s&#233;ries de casos com menos de 10 participantes foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade</title>
          <p>Os estudos foram selecionados com base nos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade definidos pela estrutura PICOS. A popula&#231;&#227;o eleg&#237;vel (P) consistiu em pacientes adultos com suspeita de massas card&#237;acas que foram submetidos a ECC. Os resultados da ECC foram comparados com o padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para um diagn&#243;stico definitivo (Comparador), que foi definido principalmente como an&#225;lise histopatol&#243;gica, embora diagn&#243;sticos confirmados por outras modalidades de imagem robustas (por exemplo, Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca) ou por resposta terap&#234;utica inequ&#237;voca (por exemplo, resolu&#231;&#227;o de um trombo ap&#243;s terapia anticoagulante) tamb&#233;m tenham sido considerados. Os principais resultados (O) de interesse foram medidas de precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica, incluindo &#193;rea Sob a Curva (AUC), sensibilidade, especificidade, Valor Preditivo Positivo (VPP) e Valor Preditivo Negativo (VPN).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Condi&#231;&#245;es-alvo</title>
          <p>As condi&#231;&#245;es-alvo desta revis&#227;o foram os diferentes subtipos de massas intracard&#237;acas. A principal condi&#231;&#227;o a ser identificada era a presen&#231;a de um tumor card&#237;aco (benigno ou maligno), em oposi&#231;&#227;o a um trombo intracard&#237;aco.</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, dentro do espectro de tumores, uma segunda condi&#231;&#227;o-alvo foi a diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre tumores benignos (por exemplo, mixoma, fibroma) e tumores malignos (prim&#225;rios, como sarcomas, ou metast&#225;ticos). As an&#225;lises de precis&#227;o foram estruturadas em subgrupos para avaliar o desempenho do teste em cada uma das principais diferencia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exame de &#237;ndice</title>
          <p>O exame &#237;ndice foi definido como ecocardiografia com contraste (ECC), realizada para caracterizar uma massa card&#237;aca previamente identificada ou suspeita. Considerou-se Ecocardiografia com Contraste (ECC) qualquer ecocardiograma que envolvesse a administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de um agente de contraste de microbolhas para avaliar a vasculariza&#231;&#227;o e a perfus&#227;o da massa. O resultado do teste &#237;ndice n&#227;o foi simplesmente dicot&#244;mico (positivo/negativo), mas sim uma classifica&#231;&#227;o da massa com base em seus padr&#245;es de perfus&#227;o, com os achados comparados ao padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia obtido aproximadamente ao mesmo tempo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fontes de informa&#231;&#227;o e estrat&#233;gia de busca</title>
          <p>Foi realizada uma busca sistem&#225;tica e abrangente nas seguintes bases de dados eletr&#244;nicas: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library e Web of Science. A busca foi conclu&#237;da em 10 de agosto de 2025.</p>
          <p>A busca inicial identificou um total de 473 artigos (123 no PubMed, 234 no Embase, 8 na Cochrane Library e 108 no Web of Science) antes da remo&#231;&#227;o de duplicatas. Al&#233;m disso, as listas de refer&#234;ncias dos estudos inclu&#237;dos foram pesquisadas manualmente para identificar artigos potencialmente eleg&#237;veis que n&#227;o foram encontrados na busca inicial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de estudos e extra&#231;&#227;o de dados</title>
          <p>O processo de sele&#231;&#227;o foi gerenciado usando o software Rayyan.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Dois revisores independentes (JP e AN) analisaram os t&#237;tulos e resumos, seguidos de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o do texto completo. As diverg&#234;ncias foram resolvidas por consenso ou por meio da avalia&#231;&#227;o de um terceiro revisor. Os dados foram extra&#237;dos utilizando um formul&#225;rio padronizado, incluindo caracter&#237;sticas do estudo, detalhes da popula&#231;&#227;o, especificidades da interven&#231;&#227;o e os dados brutos para a tabela de conting&#234;ncia 2x2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s</title>
          <p>A qualidade metodol&#243;gica e o risco de vi&#233;s de cada estudo inclu&#237;do foram avaliados independentemente por dois revisores usando a ferramenta QUADAS-2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>S&#237;ntese e an&#225;lise de dados</title>
          <p>Os dados de precis&#227;o foram sintetizados por meio de uma metan&#225;lise utilizando um modelo bivariado de efeitos aleat&#243;rios. A partir desse modelo, foram geradas estimativas resumidas com intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% para sensibilidade e especificidade, a curva SROC (<italic>Summary Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic>) resumida foi constru&#237;da e o <italic>odds ratio</italic> diagn&#243;stico foi calculado. A heterogeneidade foi avaliada usando a estat&#237;stica I<sup>2</sup>, sendo considerado indicativo de heterogeneidade substancial um valor de P &lt; 0,05 no teste Q de Cochran ou I<sup>2</sup> &gt; 50%. Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica definida em P &lt; 0,05. Foram utilizados <italic>forest plots</italic> (gr&#225;ficos de floresta) para ilustrar os tamanhos dos efeitos individuais e agrupados. As metan&#225;lises foram realizadas no RStudio (RStudio 2025.09.0+387) para Windows, utilizando os pacotes &#8220;meta&#8221; e &#8220;mada&#8221; para s&#237;ntese e visualiza&#231;&#227;o de dados.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados da pesquisa</title>
          <p>A busca inicial retornou 473 resultados. Ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o de registros duplicados e estudos ineleg&#237;veis, 13 permaneceram e foram totalmente revisados com base nos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. Desses, um total de cinco estudos foram inclu&#237;dos. O processo est&#225; detalhado no fluxograma PRISMA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05002">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Fluxograma PRISMA da triagem e sele&#231;&#227;o de estudos.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-0082i-gf05-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>O n&#250;mero de participantes variou entre 32 e 236, sendo todos adultos. Os estudos variaram em seu desenho, incluindo abordagens observacionais prospectivas, transversais e retrospectivas, e foram conduzidos em ambientes de centro &#250;nico e multic&#234;ntricos.</p>
          <p>Todos os estudos utilizaram ECC, empregando SonoVue (Bracco, Su&#237;&#231;a) como agente de contraste. Os sistemas de ecocardiografia utilizados inclu&#237;ram o Philips iE33, em tr&#234;s estudos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e o GE Vivid 7 Dimension, em um estudo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> com transdutores e protocolos de imagem adaptados aos objetivos de cada estudo. Um estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> n&#227;o relatou o sistema usado na ecocardiografia.</p>
          <p>Os par&#226;metros quantitativos avaliados nos estudos inclu&#237;ram &#225;rea de massa, raz&#245;es de intensidade de pico (por exemplo, A1/A2, A1/A3), intensidade de realce de contraste (A), taxa de reposi&#231;&#227;o (&#946; ou k) e raz&#245;es de perfus&#227;o entre as massas card&#237;acas e o mioc&#225;rdio adjacente. As avalia&#231;&#245;es qualitativas abrangeram ecogenicidade, contorno, morfologia da base, mobilidade, caracter&#237;sticas de perfus&#227;o e presen&#231;a de derrame peric&#225;rdico ou pleural.</p>
          <p>A propor&#231;&#227;o de participantes do sexo masculino variou de 36,5% a 63,0%, com a maioria dos estudos focando em pacientes adultos que apresentavam suspeita de massas card&#237;acas ap&#243;s Ecocardiografia Transtor&#225;cica (ETT). Um estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> incluiu pacientes submetidos a tratamento cir&#250;rgico para massas card&#237;acas, enquanto outro<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> teve como alvo pacientes encaminhados para ecocardiografia de contraste mioc&#225;rdico.</p>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram consistentes entre os estudos e inclu&#237;am condi&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas ou sist&#234;micas graves (por exemplo, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classe IV da NYHA, arritmias, disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica ou renal), alergias a agentes de contraste ou produtos sangu&#237;neos e dist&#250;rbios neuropsiqui&#225;tricos. Alguns estudos tamb&#233;m exclu&#237;ram pacientes que n&#227;o compareceram ao acompanhamento ou que foram tratados de forma conservadora. Outras caracter&#237;sticas importantes dos estudos inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1002">
              <label>Tabela 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos.</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Estudo</th>
                    <th>Diagn&#243;stico de controle</th>
                    <th>N</th>
                    <th>Idade</th>
                    <th>Feminino</th>
                    <th>Pseudomassa</th>
                    <th>Trombos</th>
                    <th>Tumor maligno</th>
                    <th>Tumor benigno</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Wang, 2024</td>
                    <td align="center">Confirmado por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica, tomografia computadorizada, cirurgia ou bi&#243;psia, dependendo do tipo de massa.</td>
                    <td align="center">145</td>
                    <td align="center">59,4 anos (intervalo interquartil: 51,2&#8211;63,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">55 (38,0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                    <td align="center">43</td>
                    <td align="center">30</td>
                    <td align="center">66</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Li, 2022</td>
                    <td align="center">Confirmado por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica, tomografia computadorizada, cirurgia ou bi&#243;psia, dependendo do tipo de massa.</td>
                    <td align="center">108</td>
                    <td align="center">61,5 anos (intervalo interquartil: 52,0&#8211;67,5)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (37,0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">36</td>
                    <td align="center">36</td>
                    <td align="center">30</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Xia, 2017</td>
                    <td align="center">Patologia cir&#250;rgica ou bi&#243;psia (classifica&#231;&#227;o da OMS de 2015)</td>
                    <td align="center">236</td>
                    <td align="center">49,5 anos (intervalo: 0,5 a 83)</td>
                    <td align="center">150 (63,55%)</td>
                    <td align="center">11</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">29</td>
                    <td align="center">196</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Zhou, 2020</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">32</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">19</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tang, 2015</td>
                    <td align="center">Patologia cir&#250;rgica ou resolu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s anticoagula&#231;&#227;o</td>
                    <td align="center">72</td>
                    <td align="center">50 &#177; 15 anos (intervalo: 12&#8211;85)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (40%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">16</td>
                    <td align="center">30</td>
                    <td align="center">26</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1002">
                  <p>Todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos adotaram um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 5%.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o encontramos vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o ao analisar visualmente o gr&#225;fico de funil (Figura S1). Uma regress&#227;o linear para a assimetria do gr&#225;fico de funil foi realizada pelo teste de Deek, que n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa (Vi&#233;s = -3,940, EP = 5,283; t = -0,75, p = 0,509). No entanto, devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de estudos inclu&#237;dos, os resultados devem ser considerados com cautela e, por si s&#243;, n&#227;o s&#227;o suficientes para descartar o vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
          <p>A qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos estudos inclu&#237;dos foi avaliada utilizando a ferramenta QUADAS-2, que avalia quatro dom&#237;nios: sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, teste &#237;ndice, padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia, e fluxo e tempo. Cada dom&#237;nio foi classificado como de baixo risco, com algumas preocupa&#231;&#245;es ou com alto risco de vi&#233;s. Em n&#237;vel de estudo individual, dois estudos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> foram considerados como tendo um risco geral baixo de vi&#233;s, enquanto outros dois<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> levantaram algumas quest&#245;es, principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes e ao fluxo e tempo. Um estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> foi considerado de alto risco de vi&#233;s devido &#224; sele&#231;&#227;o inadequada de pacientes e preocupa&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia (Figura S2). Na an&#225;lise em n&#237;vel de dom&#237;nio, a sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes e o fluxo e tempo foram as &#225;reas com maior frequ&#234;ncia de preocupa&#231;&#245;es, enquanto o teste &#237;ndice e o padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia foram, em geral, bem conduzidos. De forma geral, a qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos estudos inclu&#237;dos foi considerada aceit&#225;vel, com predomin&#226;ncia de baixo risco de vi&#233;s, embora limita&#231;&#245;es relevantes tenham sido identificadas em dom&#237;nios espec&#237;ficos (Figura S3).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Achados</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre tumores e trombos</title>
            <p>Todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos relataram uma grande precis&#227;o na tentativa de diferenciar tumores de trombos usando ECC, resultando em &#243;timos par&#226;metros de desempenho diagn&#243;stico. As estimativas para sensibilidade geral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06002">Figura 5</xref>), especificidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07002">Figura 6</xref>) e <italic>odds ratio</italic> diagn&#243;stico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08002">Figura 7</xref>) confirmam esses achados. Devido &#224; precis&#227;o de 100%, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel plotar uma curva SROC adequadamente, mas a AUC foi de 0,989.</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f06002">
                <label>Figura 5</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Forest plot de sensibilidade.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-0082i-gf06-pt.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f07002">
                <label>Figura 6</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Forest plot de especificidade.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-0082i-gf07-pt.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f08002">
                <label>Figura 7</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Forest plot de DOR.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-0082i-gf08-pt.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre tumor maligno e benigno.</title>
            <p>A ECC apresentou &#243;timos resultados, com altas estimativas de sensibilidade geral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09002">Figura 8</xref>) e especificidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10002">Figura 9</xref>) resumidas. O resumo do <italic>odds ratio</italic> diagn&#243;stico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11002">Figura 10</xref>) corrobora ainda mais essas descobertas. Al&#233;m disso, a curva SROC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12002">Figura 11</xref>) foi tra&#231;ada.</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f09002">
                <label>Figura 8</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Forest plot de sensibilidade.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-0082i-gf09-pt.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f10002">
                <label>Figura 9</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Forest plot de especificidade.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-0082i-gf10-pt.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f11002">
                <label>Figura 10</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Forest plot de DOR.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-0082i-gf11-pt.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f12002">
                <label>Figura 11</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Curva SROC.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250082-0082i-gf12-pt.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A presente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise demonstra que a ECC apresenta uma precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica excepcionalmente elevada para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de massas card&#237;acas, destacando-se em duas distin&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas cr&#237;ticas: a diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre tumores e trombos e entre tumores malignos e benignos.</p>
        <p>O primeiro achado-chave da nossa an&#225;lise foi a elevada sensibilidade agrupada e especificidade (100%) da ECC na distin&#231;&#227;o entre tumores card&#237;acos e trombos. Esse resultado, embora not&#225;vel, &#233; biologicamente plaus&#237;vel. Os trombos s&#227;o estruturas inerentemente avasculares, e as microbolhas intravasculares utilizadas na ECC proporcionam um contraste marcante entre a aus&#234;ncia completa de perfus&#227;o no interior de um trombo e a vasculariza&#231;&#227;o vari&#225;vel, por&#233;m presente, de qualquer tecido tumoral, seja ele benigno ou maligno. Isso cria uma caracter&#237;stica diagn&#243;stica bin&#225;ria e altamente confi&#225;vel, facilmente identific&#225;vel mesmo por operadores menos experientes, conforme sugerido por alguns dos estudos inclu&#237;dos. A &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) quase perfeita de 0,989 decorreu de ajustes do modelo para evitar valores infinitos. Ainda assim, esses achados devem ser interpretados com cautela; o n&#250;mero limitado de estudos inclu&#237;dos (5) restringe o poder estat&#237;stico e pode mascarar potenciais efeitos de pequenos estudos ou vi&#233;s de relato, apesar da aus&#234;ncia de heterogeneidade observada.</p>
        <p>O segundo achado refere-se &#224; diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre tumores benignos e malignos. A an&#225;lise agrupada resultou em uma sensibilidade de 94,3% (IC 95%: 88,5% a 97,3%) e especificidade de 96,1% (IC 95%: 91,5% a 98,2%), com AUC geral de 0,976. Esses dados indicam que a ECC n&#227;o apenas &#233; altamente eficaz na identifica&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de vasculariza&#231;&#227;o, mas tamb&#233;m na interpreta&#231;&#227;o de seu padr&#227;o, tipicamente caracterizado por hipervasculariza&#231;&#227;o intensa nas les&#245;es malignas, em contraste com a perfus&#227;o mais moderada e lenta observada em tumores benignos. O elevado <italic>odds ratio</italic> diagn&#243;stico (DOR = 341,71) reflete um teste robusto, capaz de aumentar ou reduzir significativamente a probabilidade p&#243;s-teste de malignidade, impactando diretamente decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas cr&#237;ticas relacionadas &#224; urg&#234;ncia da interven&#231;&#227;o, ao planejamento de bi&#243;psias ou &#224; estrat&#233;gia cir&#250;rgica.</p>
        <p>Devido a preocupa&#231;&#245;es quanto a vi&#233;s e heterogeneidade em um dos estudos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade <italic>p&#243;s-hoc</italic>, repetindo-se a metan&#225;lise com a exclus&#227;o desse estudo; entretanto, os resultados n&#227;o foram significativamente alterados (especificidade de 0,952, sensibilidade de 0,962 e DOR de 374,767), demonstrando a robustez dos achados, apesar das preocupa&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas.</p>
        <p>Este &#233;, at&#233; onde sabemos, a primeira metan&#225;lise a sintetizar especificamente o desempenho diagn&#243;stico da ECC para massas card&#237;acas utilizando uma metodologia rigorosa baseada no PRISMA-DTA. Al&#233;m disso, foram empregados modelos estat&#237;sticos robustos (bivariado e SROC), desenvolvidos especificamente para metan&#225;lises de precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica, os quais consideram a poss&#237;vel correla&#231;&#227;o entre sensibilidade e especificidade e fornecem estimativas combinadas mais confi&#225;veis. Outro ponto forte &#233; que todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos foram coortes prospectivos, o que refor&#231;a a validade dos achados ao minimizar vieses de sele&#231;&#227;o e de mem&#243;ria. Por fim, a an&#225;lise de sensibilidade p&#243;s-hoc confirmou que os resultados gerais n&#227;o foram indevidamente influenciados pelo estudo classificado como de alto risco de vi&#233;s, aumentando a confiabilidade das conclus&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Apesar desses achados robustos, os resultados devem ser interpretados &#224; luz de algumas limita&#231;&#245;es importantes. A principal limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; o pequeno n&#250;mero de estudos inclu&#237;dos (n = 5) e o tamanho amostral total relativamente modesto (n = 381), em grande parte devido ao fato de muitos estudos n&#227;o reportarem os dados necess&#225;rios para o c&#225;lculo das m&#233;tricas de desempenho. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; poss&#237;vel que estudos relevantes n&#227;o tenham sido identificados, uma vez que pesquisas de precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica frequentemente s&#227;o mal indexadas nas bases de dados eletr&#244;nicas. No que diz respeito ao vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o, o baixo n&#250;mero de estudos limita o desempenho do teste de regress&#227;o linear de Deek, por&#233;m a an&#225;lise visual do gr&#225;fico de funil n&#227;o sugeriu vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o. Embora a heterogeneidade estat&#237;stica tenha sido negligenci&#225;vel (I<sup>2</sup> = 0%), a escassez de literatura prim&#225;ria limita a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos achados e a capacidade de realizar an&#225;lises de subgrupos mais aprofundadas (por exemplo, por tipo tumoral, gera&#231;&#227;o do agente de contraste ou an&#225;lises quantitativas ou qualitativas).</p>
        <p>Adicionalmente, conforme destacado pela avalia&#231;&#227;o QUADAS-2, algumas preocupa&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas estiveram presentes em determinados estudos, particularmente relacionadas &#224; sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes e ao fluxo e ao intervalo temporal entre o teste &#237;ndice e o padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia. A elevada precis&#227;o na diferencia&#231;&#227;o de trombo, embora bastante promissora, deve ser interpretada com otimismo cauteloso at&#233; que seja confirmada em estudos maiores e multic&#234;ntricos, uma vez que o desempenho no mundo real pode ser influenciado pela qualidade da imagem, pela experi&#234;ncia do examinador e pelos protocolos espec&#237;ficos de contraste.</p>
        <p>As implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas deste trabalho s&#227;o relevantes. A ECC surge como uma ferramenta de alta precis&#227;o, acess&#237;vel e custo-efetiva, que pode ser integrada de forma imediata ao fluxo diagn&#243;stico ap&#243;s a detec&#231;&#227;o inicial de uma massa pela ecocardiografia convencional. Ela permite excluir com seguran&#231;a a presen&#231;a de trombo, potencialmente evitando a necessidade de m&#233;todos de imagem seccionais mais caros e menos acess&#237;veis em muitos casos. No contexto tumoral, fornece um indicador n&#227;o invasivo confi&#225;vel de malignidade, auxiliando na triagem de pacientes para interven&#231;&#245;es urgentes ou para um planejamento terap&#234;utico mais criterioso.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Esta metan&#225;lise fornece evid&#234;ncias convincentes de que a ecocardiografia com contraste &#233; uma ferramenta diagn&#243;stica poderosa, com excelente precis&#227;o na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de massas card&#237;acas. Ela diferencia de forma eficaz tumores de trombos e demonstra elevada capacidade na distin&#231;&#227;o entre tumores malignos e benignos. Embora as limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes &#224; literatura dispon&#237;vel exijam uma interpreta&#231;&#227;o cautelosa, a acessibilidade, a seguran&#231;a e o desempenho demonstrado da ECC sustentam sua ado&#231;&#227;o mais ampla no fluxo diagn&#243;stico padr&#227;o para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de massas intracard&#237;acas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="suppl_pt" sec-type="supplementary-material">
        <title>Material Suplementar</title>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl01_pt" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application">
          <label>Material suplementar</label>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/2675-312X/MZbbrXNWdMx8MprxDC3W4zd/b955be6cdeb16c00bf79310fdb841760daeaab71.pdf"/>
        </supplementary-material>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado:</label>
          <p> Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
          <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
          <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
          <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
