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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">qHPcM4VPySV7WCdsBKkjvJP</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2675-312X2026000102202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">02202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250049i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hemodynamic Impact of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy at Rest and During Supine Bicycle Exercise: Additional Value of Postprandial Assessment</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0780-2922</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Mar&#237;lia Esther Benevides</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9292-2894</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Di&#243;genes</surname>
            <given-names>Tereza Cristina Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-1566-684X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chagas</surname>
            <given-names>Isadora Sucupira Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-7143-5966</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Xerex</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto Moror&#243;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6650-1292</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Sebasti&#227;o De</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Clinic&#225;rdio M&#233;todos Diagn&#243;sticos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Clinic&#225;rdio M&#233;todos Diagn&#243;sticos, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Jos&#233; Sebasti&#227;o De Abreu Clinic&#225;rdio de Fortaleza e Cardioexata. Rua Doutor Jose Louren&#231;o, 500. Postal code: 60115-280. Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>jsabreu10@yahoo.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement" id="fnPotentialConflictofInterest">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Andrea Vilela</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>39</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250049</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>2</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>A patient with severe, symptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) without a significant left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient at rest requires further evaluation. During exercise echocardiography (EE) performed on a supine bicycle, a latent or underestimated dynamic obstruction may be identified in real time, with postprandial assessment being particularly relevant.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Test</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Postprandial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding:</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case report</title>
      <p>A 42-year-old female patient had previous emergency department visits due to precordial discomfort radiating to the back and episodes of presyncope. During one episode, troponin elevation was observed. She subsequently underwent coronary computed tomography angiography, which demonstrated normal epicardial coronary arteries (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Structural and functional characterization in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: coronary computed tomography angiography and multimodal echocardiographic assessment. A) Coronary computed tomography angiography &#8211; three-dimensional reconstruction showing the LMCA and its branches (anterior view); B) coronary computed tomography angiography &#8211; three-dimensional reconstruction showing epicardial coronary arteries and branches (complementary view); C) transthoracic echocardiography in two-dimensional and M-mode demonstrating myocardial morphology and wall thickening; D) transthoracic echocardiography in two-dimensional and M-mode with additional assessment of ventricular dynamics; E) echocardiography with atrial volumetric quantification (biplane method); F) LV GS analysis (polar map/bull&#8217;s-eye). AD: left anterior descending artery; Cx: circumflex artery; Dg1: first diagonal branch; Dg2: second diagonal branch; Dg3: third diagonal branch; GS: global longitudinal strain; LA: left atrium; LMCA: left main coronary artery; LV: left ventricle; Mg1: first marginal branch (obtuse marginal); Mg2: second marginal branch (obtuse marginal); Mg3: third marginal branch (obtuse marginal); PD: posterior descending artery; PV: posterior ventricular branch; RA: right atrium; RCD: right coronary artery; RV: right ventricle.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250049-0049i-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>She had HCM with a septal diastolic thickness of 34 mm. Systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve was absent at rest and under fasting conditions. The left ventricle was hyperdynamic, with an ejection fraction of 69% and global longitudinal strain of &#8722;13%. Atrial volumes were normal, and cardiac valves were competent (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>While receiving propranolol, the patient underwent supine bicycle EE, a method that allows continuous assessment of myocardial contractility and changes in the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient throughout the procedure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2</xref>). The first examination was performed in the morning under fasting conditions. She was then instructed to consume a meal of 1000-1500 kcal, predominantly composed of carbohydrates. On the same day, approximately 30 min after the meal, she returned for a repeat echocardiography (EE) study.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Hemodynamic Impact of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy at Rest and During Supine Bicycle Exercise: Additional Value of Postprandial Assessment.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250049-0049i-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The initial workload was 25 W, with increments of 25 W every 2 min. The test was terminated at 75 W due to exhaustion and fatigue. Heart rate ranged from 56 to 120 bpm, with no chest pain, hypotension, or arrhythmias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). No murmur was audible at rest; however, during exercise, a grade 2/4 systolic murmur emerged at the left sternal border. The highest LVOT gradients were observed during the recovery phase, with heart rate below 100 bpm.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Hemodynamic parameters</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th>Rest</th>
                <th>Exercise (75 W)</th>
                <th>Recovery</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Blood pressure &#8211; fasting</td>
                <td align="center">100 &#215; 80 mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">150 &#215; 90 mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">120 &#215; 80 mmHg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Blood pressure &#8211; postprandial</td>
                <td align="center">100 &#215; 70 mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">160 &#215; 100 mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">100 &#215; 80 mmHg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Heart rate &#8211; fasting</td>
                <td align="center">57 bpm</td>
                <td align="center">123 bpm</td>
                <td align="center">78 bpm</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Heart rate &#8211; postprandial</td>
                <td align="center">68 bpm</td>
                <td align="center">120 bpm</td>
                <td align="center">80 bpm</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Under fasting conditions, the resting LVOT gradient was 8 mmHg, with no SAM. During exercise in the fasting state, the gradient reached 36 mmHg. In the postprandial condition, SAM was already detectable at rest, with a baseline gradient of 16 mmHg and a gradient of 48 mmHg during exercise (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Variation in the left ventricular outflow tract gradient during fasting and postprandial states at rest and during exercise. HR: heart rate.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250049-0049i-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>HCM has an estimated prevalence of 1:200-1:500 in the general population, although only a smaller proportion of cases (10%-20%) are clinically diagnosed. Clinical presentation reflects variations in preload and afterload, which influence dynamic obstruction and symptom expression. Physiological maneuvers may intensify dynamic obstruction and cardiac murmur; however, the postprandial state may produce a meaningful increase in the LVOT gradient both at rest and during exercise, even when additional maneuvers do not demonstrate a significant effect.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The hemodynamic impact of obstructive HCM may vary substantially within the same patient, even under pharmacological therapy. Identification of greater hemodynamic burden may indicate the need for therapeutic optimization or consideration of additional strategies such as septal myectomy, septal ablation (alcohol or radiofrequency), or pacemaker implantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Studies evaluating HCM during exercise frequently use treadmill testing or upright bicycle protocols, with LVOT gradient measurement performed after exercise cessation. In this case, a supine bicycle was used, allowing continuous assessment of cardiac dynamics and real-time gradient measurement without interrupting the examination.</p>
      <p>In a substantial proportion of patients with HCM, the gradient may be exacerbated in the postprandial state. Between 30-60 min after a meal, systemic vascular resistance may decrease, mainly due to mesenteric arterial vasodilation, in addition to reduced venous return and preload. Subsequent adrenergic stimulation promotes increased inotropy and chronotropy. These hemodynamic interactions may intensify a pre-existing gradient or reveal a latent LVOT gradient.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Studies assessing the LVOT gradient in patients with HCM during postprandial exercise generally include comparison with fasting evaluation to demonstrate potential differences. There is no standardized meal type. In general, moderate caloric intake (1000-1500 kcal) is recommended. The ideal composition remains uncertain, although carbohydrate-rich meals are frequently used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In cases of HCM with increased LVOT gradient in the postprandial state, pharmacological therapy may be initiated or adjusted. Patients should be advised to consume smaller, more frequent meals and maintain adequate hydration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In the assessment of HCM severity, postprandial evaluation is relevant both at rest and during exercise, contributing to therapeutic optimization and guidance on lifestyle modifications.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaudhry</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sherrid</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Post-Prandial Upright Exercise Echocardiography in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>61</volume>
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          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2013.02.079</pub-id>
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      </ref>
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        <mixed-citation>7. Gilligan DM, Nihoyannopoulos P, Fletcher A, Sbarouni E, Dritsas A, Oakley CM. Symptoms of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, with Special Emphasis on Syncope and Postprandial Exacerbation of Symptoms. Clin Cardiol. 1996;19(5):371-8. doi: 10.1002/clc.4960190509.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Nihoyannopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Fletcher</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Sbarouni</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Dritsas</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Oakley</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
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        <mixed-citation>8. Kansal MM, Mookadam F, Tajik AJ. Drink More, and Eat Less: Advice in Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2010;106(9):1313-6. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.06.061.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Kansal</surname>
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              <surname>Mookadam</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
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              <surname>Tajik</surname>
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        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Study Association:</label>
        <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
        <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Estadual do Cear&#225; under the protocol number 70990923.6.0000.5534. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
        <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Availability of Research Data:</label>
        <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Sources of Funding:</label>
        <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250049</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Repercuss&#227;o Hemodin&#226;mica da Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica em Repouso e Durante o Esfor&#231;o em Bicicleta Supina: Valor Adicional da Avalia&#231;&#227;o P&#243;s-Prandial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0780-2922</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Mar&#237;lia Esther Benevides</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9292-2894</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Di&#243;genes</surname>
            <given-names>Tereza Cristina Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-1566-684X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chagas</surname>
            <given-names>Isadora Sucupira Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-7143-5966</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Xerex</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto Moror&#243;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6650-1292</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Sebasti&#227;o De</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1002">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Clinic&#225;rdio M&#233;todos Diagn&#243;sticos, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01002"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Jos&#233; Sebasti&#227;o De Abreu Clinic&#225;rdio de Fortaleza e Cardioexata. Rua Doutor Jose Louren&#231;o, 500. CEP: 60115-280. Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brasil E-mail: jsabreu10@yahoo.com.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
          <p> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Andrea Vilela</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>Paciente com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) grave e sintom&#225;tica, sem gradiente expressivo na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VSVE) em repouso, requer avalia&#231;&#227;o adicional. Durante o ecocardiograma sob esfor&#231;o (EE) em bicicleta supina, uma obstru&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica subestimada ou latente pode ser identificada em tempo real, sendo particularmente relevante a avalia&#231;&#227;o em condi&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-prandial.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste Ergom&#233;trico</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>P&#243;s-prandial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato do caso</title>
        <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 42 anos, com atendimentos pr&#233;vios em servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia por desconforto precordial irradiado para dorso e sensa&#231;&#227;o de desfalecimento. Em um desses epis&#243;dios, observou-se eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina. Posteriormente, foi submetida &#224; angiotomografia, que demonstrou art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas normais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01002">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o estrutural e funcional na cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica: angiotomografia coronariana e avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica multimodal. A) Angiotomografia coronariana &#8211; reconstru&#231;&#227;o tridimensional evidenciando TCE e seus ramos (vista anterior); B) angiotomografia coronariana &#8211; reconstru&#231;&#227;o tridimensional evidenciando coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas e ramos (vista complementar); C) ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica em modo bidimensional e modo M demonstrando morfologia e espessamento mioc&#225;rdico; D) ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica em modo bidimensional e modo M com avalia&#231;&#227;o adicional da din&#226;mica ventricular; E) ecocardiografia com quantifica&#231;&#227;o volum&#233;trica atrial (m&#233;todo biplanar); F) an&#225;lise de GS do VE (mapa polar/bull&#8217;s-eye). AD: &#225;trio direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; CD: coron&#225;ria direita; Cx: art&#233;ria circunflexa; DA: art&#233;ria descendente anterior; Dg1: primeiro ramo diagonal; Dg2: segundo ramo diagonal; Dg3: terceiro ramo diagonal; DP: art&#233;ria descendente posterior; GS: strain longitudinal global; Mg1: primeiro ramo marginal (marginal obtuso); Mg2: segundo ramo marginal (marginal obtuso); Mg3: terceiro ramo marginal (marginal obtuso); TCE: tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VP: ramo ventricular posterior.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250049-0049i-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Apresentava cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) com espessura diast&#243;lica septal de 34 mm. O movimento anterior sist&#243;lico (MAS) da valva mitral estava ausente em repouso e em condi&#231;&#227;o de jejum. Observou-se ventr&#237;culo esquerdo hiperdin&#226;mico, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 69% e <italic>strain</italic> global longitudinal de &#8722;13%. Os volumes atriais eram normais e as valvas competentes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>Em uso de propranolol, a paciente foi submetida ao ecocardiograma sob esfor&#231;o (EE) em bicicleta na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, m&#233;todo que permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica e das modifica&#231;&#245;es do gradiente na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VSVE) ao longo de todo o procedimento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 2</xref>). O primeiro exame foi realizado pela manh&#227;, em jejum. Em seguida, foi orientada a realizar almo&#231;o com 1000-1500 kcal, predominantemente composto por carboidratos. No mesmo dia, cerca de 30 min ap&#243;s a refei&#231;&#227;o, retornou para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de novo EE.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02002">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Repercuss&#227;o Hemodin&#226;mica da Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica em Repouso e Durante o Esfor&#231;o em Bicicleta Supina: Valor Adicional da Avalia&#231;&#227;o P&#243;s-Prandial</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250049-0049i-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A carga inicial foi de 25 W, com incrementos de 25 W a cada 2 min. O exame foi interrompido com 75 W devido &#224; exaust&#227;o e fadiga. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca variou de 56 a 120 bpm, sem ocorr&#234;ncia de dor tor&#225;cica, hipotens&#227;o ou arritmias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>). N&#227;o havia sopro aud&#237;vel em repouso; entretanto, durante o EE, surgiu sopro sist&#243;lico ++/4 no bordo esternal esquerdo. Observou-se que os maiores gradientes na VSVE ocorreram na fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o, com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca inferior a 100 bpm.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1002">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>Repouso</th>
                  <th>Esfor&#231;o (75 W)</th>
                  <th>Recupera&#231;&#227;o</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o arterial &#8211; jejum</td>
                  <td align="center">100 &#215; 80 mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">150 &#215; 90 mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">120 &#215; 80 mmHg</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o arterial &#8211; p&#243;s-prandial</td>
                  <td align="center">100 &#215; 70 mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">160 &#215; 100 mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">100 &#215; 80 mmHg</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#8211; jejum</td>
                  <td align="center">57 bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">123 bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">78 bpm</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#8211; p&#243;s-prandial</td>
                  <td align="center">68 bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">120 bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">80 bpm</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Em jejum, o gradiente na VSVE foi de 8 mmHg em repouso, sem MAS. Durante o esfor&#231;o em jejum, o gradiente atingiu 36 mmHg. Em condi&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-prandial, o MAS passou a ser identificado j&#225; em repouso, com gradiente basal de 16 mmHg e gradiente de 48 mmHg durante o esfor&#231;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03002">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Varia&#231;&#227;o do gradiente na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em jejum e p&#243;s-prandial durante repouso e esfor&#231;o. FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250049-0049i-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A CMH apresenta preval&#234;ncia estimada de 1:200-1:500 na popula&#231;&#227;o, por&#233;m apenas uma parcela menor dos casos (10%-20%) &#233; diagnosticada clinicamente. A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica reflete varia&#231;&#245;es de pr&#233;-carga e p&#243;s-carga, que influenciam a obstru&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica e a sintomatologia. Manobras fisiol&#243;gicas podem intensificar a obstru&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica e o sopro card&#237;aco; contudo, a condi&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-prandial pode provocar acentua&#231;&#227;o relevante do gradiente na VSVE, tanto em repouso quanto durante o esfor&#231;o, mesmo quando manobras adicionais n&#227;o demonstram efeito significativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica da CMH obstrutiva pode variar substancialmente em um mesmo paciente, mesmo sob tratamento farmacol&#243;gico. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de maior repercuss&#227;o pode indicar necessidade de otimiza&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica medicamentosa ou considera&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias adicionais, como miomectomia septal, abla&#231;&#227;o septal (alcooliza&#231;&#227;o ou radiofrequ&#234;ncia) ou implante de marcapasso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nos estudos que avaliam CMH durante o esfor&#231;o, s&#227;o frequentemente utilizados testes em esteira ou bicicleta na posi&#231;&#227;o vertical, com mensura&#231;&#227;o do gradiente na VSVE ap&#243;s a interrup&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio. No presente caso, utilizou-se bicicleta supina, permitindo avalia&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua da din&#226;mica card&#237;aca e mensura&#231;&#227;o do gradiente em tempo real, sem interrup&#231;&#227;o do exame.</p>
        <p>Em parcela significativa dos pacientes com CMH, o gradiente pode ser exacerbado em condi&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-prandial. Entre 30-60 min ap&#243;s a refei&#231;&#227;o, pode ocorrer redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica, principalmente por vasodilata&#231;&#227;o arterial mesent&#233;rica, al&#233;m de diminui&#231;&#227;o do retorno venoso e da pr&#233;-carga. A subsequente estimula&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica favorece aumento do inotropismo e do cronotropismo. Essas intera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas podem intensificar um gradiente previamente existente ou revelar gradiente latente na VSVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Estudos que avaliam o gradiente na VSVE em pacientes com CMH durante o esfor&#231;o em condi&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-prandial geralmente incluem compara&#231;&#227;o com avalia&#231;&#227;o em jejum para demonstrar poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as. N&#227;o h&#225; padroniza&#231;&#227;o quanto ao tipo de refei&#231;&#227;o. Recomenda-se, de modo geral, ingest&#227;o moderada (1000-1500 kcal). A composi&#231;&#227;o ideal permanece controversa, embora refei&#231;&#245;es ricas em carboidratos sejam frequentemente utilizadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nos casos de CMH com aumento do gradiente na VSVE em condi&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-prandial, a terap&#234;utica medicamentosa pode ser iniciada ou ajustada. Recomenda-se orientar o paciente a realizar refei&#231;&#245;es mais frequentes e em menores volumes, al&#233;m de manter adequada hidrata&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da CMH, a an&#225;lise em condi&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-prandial &#233; relevante tanto no exame em repouso quanto durante o esfor&#231;o, contribuindo para a otimiza&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica e para a orienta&#231;&#227;o de mudan&#231;as de h&#225;bitos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado:</label>
          <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do(a) Universidade Estadual do Cear&#225; sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 70990923.6.0000.5534. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
          <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
          <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
          <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
