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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">mkGYGVhvKB6Vnv6TnXgPR5w</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2675-312X2026000102203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250030i</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">02203</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Coexistence of Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection and Coronary Artery Fistulas: A Rare Case Report</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7259-6419</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abdo</surname>
            <given-names>Mourad Haj</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Latsh</surname>
            <given-names>Hussain</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wagner</surname>
            <given-names>Mathias</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>K&#246;nig</surname>
            <given-names>George</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barth</surname>
            <given-names>Sebastian</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Department of Cardiology, RH&#214;N-KLINIKUM Campus Bad Neustadt</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bad Neustadt an der Saale</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="DE">Germany</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, RH&#214;N-KLINIKUM Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt an der Saale &#8211; Germany</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Department of Radiology, RH&#214;N-KLINIKUM Campus Bad Neustadt</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bad Neustadt an der Saale</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="DE">Germany</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Radiology, RH&#214;N-KLINIKUM Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt an der Saale &#8211; Germany</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Mourad Haj Abdo</bold> Rh&#246;n Klinikum AG. Salzburgerleite.1. Postal code: <postal-code>97616</postal-code>. Bad Neustadt an der Saale &#8211; Germany E-mail: <email>moradhajabdo86@hotmail.de</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Tiago Magalh&#227;es</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>39</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250030</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Dyspnoea is a common clinical symptom that frequently prompts hospital admission and is associated with significant morbidity. While it most often results from prevalent cardiopulmonary conditions, rare congenital cardiovascular anomalies can also manifest with dyspnoea. Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (PAPVC) and Coronary Artery Fistulas (CAFs) are uncommon congenital malformations of the cardiovascular system, and their simultaneous presence is exceedingly rare. Early recognition of such anomalies is critical to avoid progressive hemodynamic compromise and to guide appropriate management strategies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Case Presentation</title>
          <p>We present the case of a 55-year-old man who experienced an acute onset of dyspnoea lasting approximately two hours. Initial clinical assessment and routine investigations&#8212;including physical examination, echocardiography, electrocardiography, and right and left heart catheterization&#8212;raised suspicion of an underlying cardiac abnormality, prompting further evaluation. Subsequent cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Multi-Detector Computed Tomography (MDCT) revealed the presence of a Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (PAPVC) accompanied by Coronary Artery Fistulas (CAFs). Given the non-complex characteristics of the shunt in this case, a shared decision was reached with the patient to proceed with conservative management.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Discussion</title>
          <p>PAPVC and Coronary Artery Fistulas CAFs are rare entities that should be considered in the differential diagnosis. However, recommending their evaluation as initial diagnostic hypotheses may result in unnecessary investigations.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Differential Diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Vessels</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>A normal pulmonary venous pattern with four distinct veins is observed in approximately 60&#8211;70% of the population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Developmental anomalies can result in Partial (PAPVC) or Total Aanomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (TAPVC), with anomalous drainage patterns reported in up to 38% of individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> PAPVC may occur in isolation, in association with an Atrial Sseptal Defect (ASD), or as part of complex congenital heart disease, and often remains undiagnosed due to mild or absent symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>PAPVC involves a left-to-right shunt and is usually hemodynamically insignificant. It is often discovered incidentally, for example during imaging for a central venous catheter that appears malpositioned. Despite its subtle presentation, associated anomalies can increase the risk of morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Coronary Artery Fistulas (CAFs) are rare congenital anomalies, with acquired cases being even more uncommon, and are most often detected incidentally. Small CAFs are typically asymptomatic, whereas larger fistulas can lead to cardiac chamber dilation or ischemia if left untreated.</p>
      <p>We report a rare case of coexisting PAPVC and CAFs &#8211; an unusual combination that presents diagnostic challenges. Although each condition is individually rare, their simultaneous occurrence is exceptionally uncommon and has been seldom documented in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Presentation</title>
      <p>A 55-year-old patient presented for further evaluation of dyspnoea. He reported a mild retrosternal burning sensation radiating caudally beneath the left costal arches. The chest discomfort was non-exertional. There was no history of diabetes, connective tissue disorders, other systemic anomalies, or significant family history of disease.</p>
      <p>On physical examination, the patient was afebrile, with no tachypnoea (respiratory rate: 13/min), oxygen saturation of 93%, and blood pressure of 150/95 mmHg. The rest of the physical examination was unremarkable. On the day of admission, the electrocardiogram demonstrated sinus rhythm with a heart rate of 92 bpm. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin levels were elevated, measuring 39 ng/L at baseline and 41 ng/L at one-hour follow-up (reference &lt;14 ng/L), indicating myocardial injury without significant dynamic change. NT-proBNP was 89 pg/mL (normal &lt;227 pg/mL in males aged 50-65 years).</p>
      <p>In this case, left heart catheterization was performed prior to cardiac MRI due to clinical suspicion of a left-to-right shunt and the need to exclude coronary artery anomalies. The invasive procedure enabled precise identification of a coronary artery fistula between the Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD) and the pulmonary trunk, providing essential anatomical details for subsequent therapeutic planning.</p>
      <p>Although MRI offers comprehensive structural evaluation, cardiac catheterization remains the gold standard for direct coronary visualization and hemodynamic assessment in such settings.</p>
      <p>The patient remained largely asymptomatic, without evidence of cyanosis or angina. Following thorough medical consultation, he opted for conservative management with beta-blockers and diuretics. Given the absence of a significant left-to-right shunt, surgical intervention was not indicated.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiography and Electrocardiography</title>
        <p>Echocardiography, which serves as both the gold standard and the primary diagnostic modality in the emergency department, demonstrated signs of right heart dilation. Both right and left ventricular systolic function were preserved, with normal ejection fractions (EF) &#8212; Right Ventricular Internal Diameter at Diastole (RVIDD) basal: 49 mm, RVIDd mid: 27 mm, FAC: 55%, TAPSE: 31 mm. Additionally, there was evidence of mild tricuspid regurgitation (Grade I), with pulmonary artery systolic pressure of 34 mmHg and a Qp:Qs ratio of 1.4. These findings are consistent with right heart volume overload, likely secondary to left-to-right shunting.</p>
        <p>Electrocardiography revealed non-specific changes but supported the echocardiographic evidence of right heart volume overload.</p>
        <p>To further clarify the differential diagnosis, the patient underwent comprehensive hemodynamic assessment, including both right and left heart catheterization.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Right and Left Heart Catheterization</title>
        <p>On the same day, the patient underwent comprehensive cardiac catheterization. During right heart catheterization, direct evidence of a left-to-right shunt was observed. Oxygen saturation measurements revealed higher values in the superior vena cava compared with the inferior vena cava (SVC: 83%, IVC: 79%, RA: 81%, RV: 83%, PA: 85%).</p>
        <p>Left heart catheterization (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) identified a fistula between the LAD artery and the pulmonary trunk. No coronary artery stenosis was detected, which allowed progression to the next step of the evaluation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Coronary angiography showing the left anterior descending artery with a fistulous connection to the pulmonary trunk</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250030-0030i-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>In light of these catheterization findings, cardiac MRI was performed to further clarify the diagnosis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)</title>
        <p>To achieve better visualization of cardiac structures, cardiac MRI was performed. Left ventricular function was normal. Mild right ventricular dysfunction with right vetricular dilatation was observed, without evidence of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). No signs of myocardial inflammation or fibrosis were detected.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle (RV) Volumetry: measurements of the volume of the both ventricle, including end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV), and ejection fraction (EF)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
                <th align="left" colspan="5" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">V- und RV-Volumetry:</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">LV</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">absolut</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Norm (m)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">(w)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LV-EF</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">66</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">56-78</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">57-78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LV-EDV</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">156</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ml</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">77-195</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52-141</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LV-ESV</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">53</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ml</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19-72</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13-51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LV-SV</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">103</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ml</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">51-133</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33-97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LV-Mass</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">138</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">g</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">118-238</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">75-175</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>RV</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>absolut</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Norm (m)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>(w)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">RV-EF</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47-74</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47-80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">RV-EDV</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">286</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ml</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">88-227</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">58-154</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">RV-ESV</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">160</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ml</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23-103</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12-68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">RV-SV</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">126</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">ml</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52-138</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">35-98</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A fistulous network was identified, with connections involving the proximal LAD, the conus arteriosus of the right coronary artery, and the pulmonary trunk (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Maximum intensity projection coronal images from a case of left-sided cardiac partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250030-0030i-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Coronal maximum intensity projection images demonstrating a coronary artery fistula originating from the left anterior descending artery and draining into the pulmonary trunk; the fistulous connection is indicated by the arrow</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250030-0030i-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Stress imaging or physiologic assessment was not performed to evaluate for ischemia attributable to the coronary&#8211;pulmonary fistula. This decision was based on the patient's stable clinical status, the non-complex nature of the shunt, and the absence of ischemic symptoms.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>MDCT (Multi-Detector Computed Tomography)</title>
        <p>As MDCT represents the modality of choice for detailed assessment of cardiac anatomy and structural abnormalities, we elected to perform this study. MDCT revealed anomalous drainage of the upper and partially the lower left pulmonary veins into the left brachiocephalic vein. The left brachiocephalic vein was ectatic, with a maximum diameter of approximately 25 mm. The pulmonary trunk was dilated, measuring 32 mm (normal &#8804;29 mm in men), with associated dilatation of both pulmonary arteries. Dilatation of the right ventricle and right atrium was also noted. In addition, previously identified extensive fistulous connections between the proximal LAD and the pulmonary trunk were confirmed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figures 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">5</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Two volume-rendered images in different orientation of our patient with partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection; the left inferior pulmonary vein is draining at the brachiocephalic vein</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250030-0030i-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Volume-rendered computed tomography images in two different orientations depicting a coronary artery fistula originating from the left anterior descending artery and draining into the pulmonary trunk. The fistulous connection is indicated by the arrow</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250030-0030i-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>PAPVC is a rare congenital defect in which one or more pulmonary veins drain into the systemic venous circulation&#8212;such as the superior vena cava or right atrium&#8212;instead of the left atrium. This results in a partial left-to-right shunt and is often detected incidentally, with a reported prevalence of 0.4&#8211;0.7%.</p>
      <p>Both PAPVC and CAFs are rare anomalies, and their coexistence is extremely uncommon. Clinical presentation varies depending on the severity and location of the abnormal drainage.</p>
      <p>Medium to large or symptomatic CAFs may require transcatheter closure, ideally performed in specialized centers. In cases involving large coronary aneurysms, surgical repair and anticoagulation may be necessary. Follow-up imaging is recommended to monitor for potential recanalization.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>PAPVC and coronary artery fistulas are rare congenital cardiac anomalies, and their coexistence has been scarcely reported in the literature. Clinical presentation varies widely, ranging from incidental findings to symptoms influenced by the extent of abnormal venous drainage, the anatomical site of connection, and any associated cardiac defects.</p>
      <p>Advanced imaging techniques such as MDCTA and MRA play a critical role in the precise delineation of these anomalies. Their ability to provide high-resolution, three-dimensional anatomical detail significantly aids clinicians in diagnosis, clinical assessment, and the development of appropriate management strategies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Sources of Funding</label>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Study Association</label>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
        <p>The authors confirm that consent for submission and pub lication of this case report has been obtained from the patient in line with the COPE o guidance.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
        <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Availability of Research Data</title>
      <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
    </sec>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250030</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Coexist&#234;ncia de Conex&#227;o Venosa Pulmonar An&#244;mala Parcial e F&#237;stulas de Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria: Um Relato de Caso Raro</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7259-6419</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abdo</surname>
            <given-names>Mourad Haj</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Latsh</surname>
            <given-names>Hussain</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wagner</surname>
            <given-names>Mathias</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>K&#246;nig</surname>
            <given-names>George</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barth</surname>
            <given-names>Sebastian</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bad Neustadt an der Saale</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="DE">Alemanha</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, RH&#214;N-KLINIKUM Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt an der Saale &#8211; Alemanha</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bad Neustadt an der Saale</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="DE">Alemanha</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Radiology, RH&#214;N-KLINIKUM Campus Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt an der Saale &#8211; Alemanha</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Mourad Haj Abdo</bold> &#8226; Rh&#246;n Klinikum AG. Salzburgerleite.1. CEP: <postal-code>97616</postal-code>. Bad Neustadt an der Saale &#8211; Alemanha E-mail: <email>moradhajabdo86@hotmail.de</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Tiago Magalh&#227;es</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A dispneia &#233; um sintoma cl&#237;nico comum que frequentemente leva &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e est&#225; associada a significativa morbidade. Embora geralmente resulte de condi&#231;&#245;es cardiopulmonares prevalentes, anomalias cardiovasculares cong&#234;nitas raras tamb&#233;m podem se manifestar com dispneia. A Conex&#227;o Venosa Pulmonar An&#244;mala Parcial (PAPVC) e as F&#237;stulas de Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria (FACs) s&#227;o malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas incomuns do sistema cardiovascular, cuja presen&#231;a simult&#226;nea &#233; extremamente rara. O reconhecimento precoce dessas anomalias &#233; fundamental para evitar comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico progressivo e orientar estrat&#233;gias de manejo adequadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o do Caso</title>
          <p>Apresentamos o caso de um homem de 55 anos que apresentou in&#237;cio agudo de dispneia com dura&#231;&#227;o aproximada de duas horas. A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica inicial e os exames de rotina &#8211; incluindo exame f&#237;sico, ecocardiografia, eletrocardiografia e cateterismo card&#237;aco direito e esquerdo &#8211; levantaram suspeita de uma anomalia card&#237;aca subjacente, motivando investiga&#231;&#227;o adicional. A subsequente Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca (RMC) e a Tomografia Computadorizada Multidetector (TCMD) revelaram a presen&#231;a de uma Conex&#227;o Venosa Pulmonar An&#244;mala Parcial acompanhada de FACs. Dadas as caracter&#237;sticas n&#227;o complexas do shunt neste caso, foi tomada uma decis&#227;o compartilhada com o paciente de prosseguir com tratamento conservador.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
          <p>A PAPVC e as FACs s&#227;o entidades raras que devem ser consideradas no diagn&#243;stico diferencial. No entanto, recomend&#225;-las como hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas iniciais pode resultar em investiga&#231;&#245;es desnecess&#225;rias.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico Diferencial</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasos Coron&#225;rios</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Um padr&#227;o venoso pulmonar normal com quatro veias distintas &#233; observado em aproximadamente 60-70% da popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Anomalias do desenvolvimento podem resultar em Conex&#227;o Venosa Pulmonar An&#244;mala Parcial (PAPVC, do ingl&#234;s <italic>partial anomalous pulmonary venous connections</italic>) ou Total (TAPVC, <italic>total anomalous pulmonary venous connections</italic>), com padr&#245;es de drenagem an&#244;mala relatados em at&#233; 38% dos indiv&#237;duos.&#178; A PAPVC pode ocorrer isoladamente, em associa&#231;&#227;o com um Defeito do Septo Atrial (DSA), ou como parte de uma cardiopatia cong&#234;nita complexa, e frequentemente permanece n&#227;o diagnosticada devido a sintomas leves ou ausentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A PAPVC envolve um <italic>shunt</italic> esquerda-direita e geralmente &#233; hemodinamicamente insignificante. Frequentemente &#233; descoberta de forma incidental, por exemplo, durante exames de imagem realizados para posicionamento de um cateter venoso central que parece mal colocado. Apesar de sua apresenta&#231;&#227;o discreta, anomalias associadas podem aumentar o risco de morbidade e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As F&#237;stulas de Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria (FACs) s&#227;o anomalias cong&#234;nitas raras, sendo os casos adquiridos ainda mais incomuns e, na maioria das vezes, s&#227;o detectadas incidentalmente. FACs pequenas s&#227;o tipicamente assintom&#225;ticas, enquanto f&#237;stulas maiores podem levar &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas ou &#224; isquemia se n&#227;o tratadas.</p>
        <p>Relatamos um caso raro de coexist&#234;ncia de PAPVC e FACs &#8211; uma combina&#231;&#227;o incomum que apresenta desafios diagn&#243;sticos. Embora cada condi&#231;&#227;o seja individualmente rara, sua ocorr&#234;ncia simult&#226;nea &#233; excepcionalmente incomum e raramente documentada na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato do Caso</title>
        <p>Um paciente de 55 anos apresentou-se para avalia&#231;&#227;o adicional de dispneia. Ele relatou uma leve sensa&#231;&#227;o de queima&#231;&#227;o retroesternal irradiando caudalmente abaixo dos arcos costais esquerdos. O desconforto tor&#225;cico n&#227;o era relacionado ao esfor&#231;o. N&#227;o havia hist&#243;rico de diabetes, doen&#231;as do tecido conjuntivo, outras anomalias sist&#234;micas ou antecedentes familiares significativos de doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>No exame f&#237;sico, o paciente estava afebril, sem taquipneia (frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria: 13/min), satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio de 93% e press&#227;o arterial de 150/95 mmHg. Sem altera&#231;&#245;es no restante do exame. No dia da admiss&#227;o, o eletrocardiograma demonstrou ritmo sinusal com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 92 bpm. Os n&#237;veis de troponina card&#237;aca de alta sensibilidade estavam elevados, medindo 39 ng/L na linha de base e 41 ng/L ap&#243;s uma hora (refer&#234;ncia &lt;14 ng/L), indicando les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sem altera&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica significativa. O NT-proBNP foi de 89 pg/mL (normal &lt;227 pg/mL em homens de 50-65 anos).</p>
        <p>Neste caso, o cateterismo card&#237;aco esquerdo foi realizado antes da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca devido &#224; suspeita cl&#237;nica de um shunt esquerda-direita e &#224; necessidade de excluir anomalias das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. O procedimento invasivo permitiu a identifica&#231;&#227;o precisa de uma f&#237;stula da Art&#233;ria Descendente Anterior (ADA) esquerda para o tronco pulmonar, fornecendo detalhes anat&#244;micos essenciais para o planejamento terap&#234;utico subsequente.</p>
        <p>Embora a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica ofere&#231;a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o estrutural abrangente, o cateterismo card&#237;aco continua sendo o padr&#227;o-ouro para a visualiza&#231;&#227;o direta das coron&#225;rias e avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica nesses cen&#225;rios.</p>
        <p>O paciente permaneceu em grande parte assintom&#225;tico, sem evid&#234;ncia de cianose ou angina. Ap&#243;s consulta m&#233;dica detalhada, ele optou por manejo conservador com betabloqueadores e diur&#233;ticos. Dada a aus&#234;ncia de um shunt esquerda-direita significativo, a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica n&#227;o foi indicada.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia e Eletrocardiografia</title>
          <p>A ecocardiografia, que atua tanto como padr&#227;o-ouro quanto como principal modalidade diagn&#243;stica no departamento de emerg&#234;ncia, demonstrou sinais de dilata&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o direito. As fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;licas dos ventr&#237;culos direito e esquerdo estavam preservadas, com fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o normais &#8212; di&#226;metro interno do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) na di&#225;stole (RVIDd) basal: 49 mm, RVIDd m&#233;dio: 27 mm, FAC: 55%, TAPSE: 31 mm. Al&#233;m disso, havia evid&#234;ncia de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide leve (Grau I), com press&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar de 34 mmHg e uma rela&#231;&#227;o Qp:Qs de 1,4. Esses achados s&#227;o compat&#237;veis com sobrecarga de volume do cora&#231;&#227;o direito, provavelmente secund&#225;ria a um shunt esquerda-direita.</p>
          <p>A eletrocardiografia revelou altera&#231;&#245;es inespec&#237;ficas, mas corroborou a evid&#234;ncia ecocardiogr&#225;fica de sobrecarga de volume do cora&#231;&#227;o direito.</p>
          <p>Para esclarecer melhor o diagn&#243;stico diferencial, o paciente foi submetido a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica abrangente, incluindo cateterismo card&#237;aco direito e esquerdo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cateterismo Card&#237;aco Direito e Esquerdo</title>
          <p>No mesmo dia, o paciente realizou cateterismo card&#237;aco abrangente. Durante o cateterismo direito, foi observada evid&#234;ncia direta de um shunt esquerda-direita. As medidas de satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio revelaram valores mais elevados na veia cava superior em compara&#231;&#227;o com a veia cava inferior (SVC: 83%, IVC: 79%, AD: 81%, VD: 83%, AP: 85%).</p>
          <p>O cateterismo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>) identificou uma f&#237;stula entre a ADA esquerda e o tronco pulmonar. N&#227;o foi detectada estenose das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, o que permitiu avan&#231;ar para a pr&#243;xima etapa da avalia&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Angiografia coron&#225;ria mostrando a art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda com uma conex&#227;o fistulosa para o tronco pulmonar.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250030-0030i-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <p>&#192; luz desses achados do cateterismo, foi realizada Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca (RMC) para esclarecer melhor o diagn&#243;stico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca (RMC)</title>
          <p>Para obter melhor visualiza&#231;&#227;o das estruturas card&#237;acas, foi realizada RMC. A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda estava normal. Observou-se disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita leve com dilata&#231;&#227;o do VD, sem evid&#234;ncia de cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica do VD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>). N&#227;o foram detectados sinais de inflama&#231;&#227;o ou fibrose mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Volumetria de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e ventr&#237;culo direito VD &#8211; medidas dos volumes de ambos os ventr&#237;culos, incluindo Volume Diast&#243;lico Final (VDF), Volume Sist&#243;lico Final (VSF), Volume Sist&#243;lico (VS) e Fa&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o (EF)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
                  <th align="left" colspan="5" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Volumetria do VE e do VD</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">VE</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">absoluto</th>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Norm (m)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">(w)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">VE-FE</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">66</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">(%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">56-78</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">57-78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">VE-VDF</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">156</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">mL</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">77-195</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">52-141</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">VE-VSF</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">53</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">mL</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">19-72</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">13-51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">VE-VS</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">103</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">mL</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">51-133</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">33-97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">VE-Massa</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">138</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">g</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">118-238</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">75-175</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C58874">
                  <td align="left" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                    <bold>VD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                    <bold>absoluto</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Norm (m)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                    <bold>(w)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">VD-FE</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">44</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">(%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">47-74</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">47-80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">VD-VDF</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">286</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">mL</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">88-227</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">58-154</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#E8CCBF">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">VD-VSF</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">160</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">mL</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">23-103</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">12-68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">VD-VS</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">126</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">mL</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">52-138</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">35-98</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Foi identificada uma rede fistulosa, com conex&#245;es envolvendo o segmento proximal da ADA esquerda, o cone arterioso da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita e o tronco pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">3</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Imagens coronais de proje&#231;&#227;o de intensidade m&#225;xima de um caso de conex&#227;o venosa pulmonar an&#244;mala parcial card&#237;aca &#224; esquerda</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250030-0030i-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>magens coronais de proje&#231;&#227;o de intensidade m&#225;xima demonstrando uma f&#237;stula de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria originada da art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda e drenando para o tronco pulmonar; a conex&#227;o fistulosa est&#225; indicada pela seta</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250030-0030i-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Imagem de estresse/avalia&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica n&#227;o foi realizada para avaliar isquemia atribu&#237;vel &#224; f&#237;stula coron&#225;rio-pulmonar. Essa decis&#227;o baseou-se no estado cl&#237;nico est&#225;vel do paciente, na natureza n&#227;o complexa do <italic>shunt</italic> e na aus&#234;ncia de sintomas isqu&#234;micos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>TCMD (Tomografia Computadorizada Multidetector)</title>
          <p>Como a TCMD representa a modalidade de escolha para avalia&#231;&#227;o detalhada da anatomia card&#237;aca e das anomalias estruturais, optamos por realizar esse exame. A TCMD revelou drenagem anormal das veias pulmonares superiores e parcialmente das inferiores esquerdas para a veia braquiocef&#225;lica esquerda. A veia braquiocef&#225;lica esquerda apresentava ectasia, com di&#226;metro m&#225;ximo de aproximadamente 25 mm. O tronco pulmonar encontrava-se dilatado, medindo 32 mm (normal &#8804; 29 mm em homens), com dilata&#231;&#227;o associada de ambas as art&#233;rias pulmonares. Tamb&#233;m foi observada dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito e do &#225;trio direito. Al&#233;m disso, foram confirmadas as conex&#245;es fistulosas extensas previamente identificadas entre o segmento proximal da LAD e o tronco pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figuras 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">5</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Duas imagens de renderiza&#231;&#227;o volum&#233;trica em diferentes orienta&#231;&#245;es do nosso paciente com conex&#227;o venosa pulmonar an&#244;mala parcial; a veia pulmonar inferior esquerda drena para a veia braquiocef&#225;lica</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250030-0030i-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Imagens de tomografia computadorizada com renderiza&#231;&#227;o volum&#233;trica em duas orienta&#231;&#245;es diferentes, demonstrando uma f&#237;stula de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria originada da art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda e drenando para o tronco pulmonar; a conex&#227;o fistulosa est&#225; indicada pela seta</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e20250030-0030i-gf05-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A PAPVC &#233; um defeito cong&#234;nito raro em que uma ou mais veias pulmonares drenam para a circula&#231;&#227;o venosa sist&#234;mica &#8212; como a veia cava superior ou o &#225;trio direito &#8212; em vez de para o &#225;trio esquerdo. Isso resulta em um shunt parcial esquerda-direita e frequentemente &#233; detectado de forma incidental, com preval&#234;ncia relatada de 0,4&#8211;0,7%.</p>
        <p>Tanto a PAPVC quanto as FACs s&#227;o anomalias raras, e sua coexist&#234;ncia &#233; extremamente incomum. A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica varia de acordo com a gravidade e a localiza&#231;&#227;o da drenagem an&#244;mala.</p>
        <p>FACs de m&#233;dio a grande porte ou sintom&#225;ticas podem requerer fechamento por via transcateter, idealmente realizado em centros especializados. Em casos envolvendo grandes aneurismas coron&#225;rios, pode ser necess&#225;rio reparo cir&#250;rgico e anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. Recomenda-se acompanhamento por imagem para monitorar poss&#237;vel recanaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A PAPVC e as FACs s&#227;o anomalias card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas raras, cuja coexist&#234;ncia &#233; pouco relatada na literatura. A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica varia amplamente, desde achados incidentais at&#233; sintomas influenciados pela extens&#227;o da drenagem venosa an&#244;mala, pelo local da conex&#227;o anat&#244;mica e por defeitos card&#237;acos associados.</p>
        <p>T&#233;cnicas avan&#231;adas de imagem, como a angiografia por tomografia computadorizada multidetector e a angiografia por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica desempenham papel cr&#237;tico na delimita&#231;&#227;o precisa dessas anomalias. Sua capacidade de fornecer detalhes anat&#244;micos tridimensionais de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o auxilia significativamente os cl&#237;nicos no diagn&#243;stico, na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e na formula&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de manejo adequadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
          <p>Os autores confirmam que o consentimento para submiss&#227;o e publica&#231;&#227;o deste relato de caso foi obtido do paciente, em conformidade com as orienta&#231;&#245;es do COPE.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
          <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
        <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
