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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">vh8K5gzPwV9dvcPm6cQZq9n</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2675-312X2026000101408</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250110i</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01408</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Neurological Manifestations of Takayasu Arteritis: A Case Report and Literature Review</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-6194-4327</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rolim</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Antunes Arantes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>acquisition of data and writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-2089-2243</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carneiro</surname>
            <given-names>Tain&#225; C&#226;ndida de Almeida Gontijo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2593-2045</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4430-4984</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Dilson Palhares</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Regional de Sobradinho</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Regional de Sobradinho, Sobradinho, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Amanda Antunes Arantes Rolim</bold> &#8226; Hospital Regional de Sobradinho (HRS). Quadra 12, Conjunto B, lote 38. Postal code: <postal-code>73010-120</postal-code>. Sobradinho, DF - Brazil E-mail: <email>amanda.arantes1412@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Simone Nascimento dos Santos</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>39</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e202500110</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a rare large-vessel vasculitis that primarily involves the aorta and its major branches and predominantly affects women of reproductive age. We report the case of a woman who experienced an ischemic stroke at age 20 and a transient ischemic attack at age 53, with TA diagnosed only after the second cerebrovascular event. Although ischemic stroke is an uncommon initial manifestation of TA, early recognition and timely management are essential to prevent further complications and improve long-term outcomes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Takayasu Arteritis</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
        <kwd>Neurologic Manifestations</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a rare, chronic vasculitis affecting large and medium-sized vessels, primarily the aorta and its major branches. TA predominantly affects women of reproductive age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The disease is characterized by progressive arterial inflammation, which may lead to stenosis, occlusion, and aneurysm formation. Although its exact etiology remains unclear, genetic susceptibility and autoimmune mechanisms, particularly involving Th1 and Th17 lymphocyte pathways, have been implicated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Early manifestations are often nonspecific and may include fever, weight loss, fatigue, and arthralgia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As the disease progresses, vascular findings become more prominent, including diminished or absent upper limb pulses (84%-96%), limb claudication, inter-arm blood pressure discrepancies, systemic hypertension (33%-83%), and arterial bruits (80%-94%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Approximately 10% of patients remain asymptomatic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Cerebrovascular events, including ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA), occur in 10%-20% of patients with TA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and rarely represent the initial manifestation of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In a cohort of 320 patients, 20% experienced cerebrovascular events, of whom 65% had ischemic stroke and 35% had TIA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Identified risk factors included a history of prior ischemic stroke or TIA and delayed diagnosis.</p>
      <p>TA should be suspected in young women presenting with cardiovascular symptoms and cerebrovascular manifestations. Early diagnosis and prompt initiation of immunosuppressive therapy are essential to prevent disease progression, reduce complications, and improve prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> This study reports a case of TA initially presenting with ischemic stroke.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case report</title>
      <p>A 53-year-old woman presented to the emergency department after a fall from standing height caused by sudden weakness of the right lower limb. The episode was accompanied by leftward deviation of the oral commissure and dysarthria. Her medical history was notable for an ischemic stroke at age 20, resulting in persistent right-sided spastic hemiparesis. She had not received medical follow-up since that event. The patient was sedentary and denied smoking, alcohol consumption, or regular use of medicines.</p>
      <p>On physical examination, vital signs were stable, and no additional abnormalities were observed. Laboratory investigations were unremarkable, including a C-reactive protein level of 3.18 mg/L. Initial cranial computed tomography demonstrated sequelae of a lacunar infarction in the left basal ganglia, with no evidence of acute ischemic lesions. Transthoracic echocardiography was normal. Carotid Doppler ultrasonography revealed approximately 31% stenosis of the proximal and mid segments of the left common carotid artery, with wall thickness ranging from 1.2 to 1.4 mm. The right common carotid artery showed 20% stenosis and wall thickness of 1.4 mm. The left vertebral artery was described as hypoplastic.</p>
      <p>A repeat cranial computed tomography performed 48 hours later showed no interval changes. Because the neurological deficits resolved within 3 hours, the clinical diagnosis of TIA was established.</p>
      <p>Given the suspicion of TA, blood pressure was measured in all four limbs, revealing no significant discrepancies. However, a bruit was auscultated over the left carotid artery. The patient denied prior constitutional or ischemic symptoms.</p>
      <p>Cerebral magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) confirmed the previous ischemic stroke sequela in the left cerebral hemisphere. Cervical MRA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>) demonstrated approximately 60% stenosis of the proximal left common carotid artery, marked narrowing of the left internal and external carotid arteries with filiform flow, and diffuse hypoplasia of the left vertebral artery.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cervical magnetic resonance angiography.</title>
        </caption>
        <attrib>Source: Author's personal archive (2025).</attrib>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e202500110-0110i-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Thoracic MRA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) demonstrated a focal fusiform dilation of the descending thoracic aorta.</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Thoracic magnetic resonance angiography.</title>
        </caption>
        <attrib>Source: Author's personal archive (2025).</attrib>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e202500110-0110i-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Abdominal MRA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>) revealed segmental stenosis of the infrarenal abdominal aorta, beginning at the level of the renal artery origins.</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Abdominal magnetic resonance angiography.</title>
        </caption>
        <attrib>Source: Author's personal archive (2025).</attrib>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e202500110-0110i-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <p>The patient was discharged with referrals to rheumatology, neurology, and cardiology outpatient clinics. However, she did not attend the scheduled appointments and remained without disease-specific treatment despite repeated follow-up attempts.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The arteries most commonly affected in TA are large- and medium-caliber supra-aortic vessels, involved in approximately 85% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The subclavian (83.73%) and common carotid (73.22%) arteries are the most frequently affected vessels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Renal artery involvement occurs in 24%-68% of cases,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and intracranial vessel involvement has been reported in 23.7%, particularly affecting the internal carotid artery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Occlusion of the vertebral and carotid arteries is strongly associated with cerebrovascular ischemic events.</p>
      <p>In the present case, the first ischemic event at age 20 likely reflected pre-existing vascular injury. At age 53, the patient presented with a TIA and a left carotid bruit. According to the 2022 American College of Rheumatology/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology classification criteria,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> her clinical and imaging findings were consistent with TA.</p>
      <p>Angiographic findings on MRA classified the disease as Type V according to Hata's angiographic classification<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>), which is the most frequent subtype, followed by Type I.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> This classification primarily assists in surgical planning and does not carry established prognostic value.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Angiographic classification of Takayasu arteritis. The black areas indicate the arteries involved in each type.</title>
        </caption>
        <attrib>Source: Adapted from Hata et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></attrib>
        <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e202500110-0110i-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Risk factors for vascular complications in TA include progressive disease, thoracic aorta involvement, and retinopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> However, outcomes are influenced by multiple variables, and management must be individualized.</p>
      <p>Traditional inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, are insufficient to accurately assess disease activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Additional biomarkers, including matrix metalloproteinases, cytokines, and pentraxins, have been investigated,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> but they are not routinely available in clinical practice.</p>
      <p>Assessment of disease activity remains challenging. Instruments such as the National Institutes of Health criteria, the Disease Extent Index for Takayasu Arteritis, and the Indian Takayasu Clinical Activity Score incorporate clinical, laboratory, and imaging parameters, although their accuracy varies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The Takayasu Arteritis Integrated Disease Activity Index has demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity, but further external validation is required.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Combining biomarkers with advanced imaging modalities may enhance disease monitoring and therapeutic decision-making.</p>
      <p>Treatment strategies depend on disease activity and severity. Active or severe disease requires high-dose glucocorticoids, with intravenous administration reserved for organ-threatening manifestations. In non-severe cases, combination therapy with glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents such as methotrexate, tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, or azathioprine has shown improved efficacy. After 6-12 months of sustained remission, gradual glucocorticoid tapering is recommended. In patients with critical cranial or vertebrobasilar involvement, antiplatelet therapy reduces the risk of ischemic events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Patients without major complications generally have a favorable prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Early initiation of treatment improves long-term outcomes and reduces the risk of accelerated atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Younger patients tend to have lower remission rates, whereas older patients may require less intensive pharmacologic therapy but often exhibit greater functional impairment due to comorbidities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Although rare, TA may lead to severe neurological events, including stroke. Early recognition, particularly in young women presenting with pulse deficits, blood pressure discrepancies, or limb claudication, is essential. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment improve clinical outcomes and reduce the risk of long-term complications.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Sources of Funding</label>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Study Association</label>
        <p>This article is part of the Final Course Project by Amanda Antunes Arantes Rolim for Funda&#231;&#227;o de Ensino e Pesquisa em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (FEPECS), conducted at the Hospital Regional de Sobradinho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Funda&#231;&#227;o de Ensino e Pesquisa em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de under the protocol number 7.812.420. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
        <p>During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used ChatGPT to create <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-not-available">
      <title>Availability of Research Data</title>
      <p>The data cannot be made publicly available because this is a single case report. The study data correspond to information contained in the patient's medical record and therefore require confidentiality, as established by the Research Ethics Committee for this study.</p>
    </sec>
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      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250110</article-id>
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        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Manifesta&#231;&#245;es Neurol&#243;gicas da Arterite de Takayasu: Relato de Caso e Revis&#227;o de Literatura</article-title>
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      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-6194-4327</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rolim</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Antunes Arantes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-2089-2243</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carneiro</surname>
            <given-names>Tain&#225; C&#226;ndida de Almeida Gontijo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2593-2045</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4430-4984</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Dilson Palhares</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Regional de Sobradinho, Sobradinho, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Amanda Antunes Arantes Rolim</bold> &#8226; Hospital Regional de Sobradinho (HRS). Quadra 12, Conjunto B, lote 38. CEP: <postal-code>73010-120</postal-code>. Sobradinho, DF - Brasil E-mail: <email>amanda.arantes1412@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Simone Nascimento dos Santos</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A arterite de Takayasu (AT) &#233; uma vasculite rara de grandes vasos que acomete principalmente a aorta e seus principais ramos e afeta predominantemente mulheres em idade reprodutiva. Relatamos o caso de uma mulher que apresentou um acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE) isqu&#234;mico aos 20 anos e um ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio aos 53 anos, com diagn&#243;stico de AT realizado apenas ap&#243;s o segundo evento cerebrovascular. Embora o AVE isqu&#234;mico seja uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o inicial incomum da AT, o reconhecimento precoce e o manejo oportuno s&#227;o essenciais para prevenir novas complica&#231;&#245;es e melhorar os desfechos a longo prazo.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Arterite de Takayasu</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
        <kwd>Manifesta&#231;&#245;es Neurol&#243;gicas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A arterite de Takayasu (AT) &#233; uma vasculite rara e cr&#244;nica que acomete vasos de grande e m&#233;dio calibre, principalmente a aorta e seus principais ramos. A AT afeta predominantemente mulheres em idade reprodutiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A doen&#231;a &#233; caracterizada por inflama&#231;&#227;o arterial progressiva, que pode levar a estenose, oclus&#227;o e forma&#231;&#227;o de aneurismas. Embora sua etiologia exata permane&#231;a incerta, t&#234;m sido implicadas suscetibilidade gen&#233;tica e mecanismos autoimunes, particularmente envolvendo as vias de linf&#243;citos Th1 e Th17.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As manifesta&#231;&#245;es iniciais s&#227;o frequentemente inespec&#237;ficas e podem incluir febre, perda de peso, fadiga e artralgia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> &#192; medida que a doen&#231;a progride, os achados vasculares tornam-se mais proeminentes, incluindo diminui&#231;&#227;o ou aus&#234;ncia de pulsos em membros superiores (84%-96%), claudica&#231;&#227;o de membros, discrep&#226;ncias de press&#227;o arterial entre os bra&#231;os, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (33%-83%) e sopros arteriais (80%-94%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Aproximadamente 10% dos pacientes permanecem assintom&#225;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Eventos cerebrovasculares, incluindo acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE) isqu&#234;mico e ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio (AIT), ocorrem em 10%-20% dos pacientes com AT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e raramente representam a manifesta&#231;&#227;o inicial da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Em uma coorte de 320 pacientes, 20% apresentaram eventos cerebrovasculares, dos quais 65% tiveram AVE isqu&#234;mico e 35% tiveram AIT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Fatores de risco identificados inclu&#237;ram hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de AVE isqu&#234;mico ou AIT e diagn&#243;stico tardio.</p>
        <p>A AT deve ser suspeitada em mulheres jovens que apresentem sintomas cardiovasculares e manifesta&#231;&#245;es cerebrovasculares. O diagn&#243;stico precoce e o in&#237;cio imediato de terapia imunossupressora s&#227;o essenciais para prevenir a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a, reduzir complica&#231;&#245;es e melhorar o progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Este estudo relata um caso de AT que se apresentou inicialmente com AVE isqu&#234;mico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato de caso</title>
        <p>Uma mulher de 53 anos deu entrada no servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia ap&#243;s queda da pr&#243;pria altura causada por fraqueza s&#250;bita do membro inferior direito. O epis&#243;dio foi acompanhado por desvio da comissura labial para a esquerda e disartria. Seu hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico era not&#225;vel por um AVE isqu&#234;mico aos 20 anos, resultando em hemiparesia esp&#225;stica persistente &#224; direita. Ela n&#227;o havia realizado acompanhamento m&#233;dico desde esse evento. A paciente era sedent&#225;ria e negava tabagismo, consumo de &#225;lcool ou uso regular de medicamentos.</p>
        <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico, os sinais vitais estavam est&#225;veis e n&#227;o foram observadas outras altera&#231;&#245;es. Os exames laboratoriais n&#227;o apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es relevantes, incluindo prote&#237;na C reativa de 3,18 mg/l. A tomografia computadorizada de cr&#226;nio inicial demonstrou sequela de infarto lacunar nos n&#250;cleos da base &#224; esquerda, sem evid&#234;ncia de les&#245;es isqu&#234;micas agudas. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico foi normal. A ultrassonografia Doppler de car&#243;tidas revelou estenose de aproximadamente 31% nos segmentos proximal e m&#233;dio da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum esquerda, com espessura de parede variando de 1,2 a 1,4 mm. A art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum direita apresentava 20% de estenose e espessura de parede de 1,4 mm. A art&#233;ria vertebral esquerda foi descrita como hipopl&#225;sica.</p>
        <p>Uma tomografia computadorizada de cr&#226;nio repetida ap&#243;s 48 horas n&#227;o mostrou altera&#231;&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o ao exame anterior. Como os d&#233;ficits neurol&#243;gicos regrediram em at&#233; 3 horas, foi estabelecido o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de AIT.</p>
        <p>Diante da suspeita de AT, a press&#227;o arterial foi aferida nos quatro membros, sem discrep&#226;ncias significativas. No entanto, foi auscultado sopro sobre a art&#233;ria car&#243;tida esquerda. A paciente negava sintomas constitucionais ou isqu&#234;micos pr&#233;vios.</p>
        <p>A angiorresson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (angio-RM) cerebral confirmou a sequela do AVE isqu&#234;mico pr&#233;vio no hemisf&#233;rio cerebral esquerdo. A angio-RM cervical (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>) demonstrou estenose de aproximadamente 60% da por&#231;&#227;o proximal da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum esquerda, acentuado estreitamento das art&#233;rias car&#243;tida interna e externa esquerdas com fluxo filiforme, e hipoplasia difusa da art&#233;ria vertebral esquerda.</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Angiorresson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cervical.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Fonte: Arquivo pessoal do autor (2025).</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e202500110-0110i-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <p>A angio-RM tor&#225;cica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2</xref>) evidenciou dilata&#231;&#227;o fusiforme focal da aorta tor&#225;cica descendente.</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Angiorresson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica tor&#225;cica.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Fonte: Arquivo pessoal do autor (2025).</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e202500110-0110i-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <p>A ARM abdominal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3</xref>) revelou estenose segmentar da aorta abdominal infrarrenal, iniciando ao n&#237;vel das origens das art&#233;rias renais.</p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Angiorresson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica abdominal.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Fonte: Arquivo pessoal do autor (2025).</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e202500110-0110i-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <p>A paciente recebeu alta com encaminhamentos para ambulat&#243;rios de reumatologia, neurologia e cardiologia. No entanto, n&#227;o compareceu &#224;s consultas agendadas e permaneceu sem tratamento espec&#237;fico para a doen&#231;a, apesar das tentativas repetidas de seguimento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>As art&#233;rias mais comumente acometidas na AT s&#227;o os vasos supra-a&#243;rticos de grande e m&#233;dio calibre, envolvidos em aproximadamente 85% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> As art&#233;rias subcl&#225;via (83,73%) e car&#243;tida comum (73,22%) s&#227;o os vasos mais frequentemente afetados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O acometimento das art&#233;rias renais ocorre em 24%-68% dos casos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e o envolvimento de vasos intracranianos foi relatado em 23,7%, particularmente afetando a art&#233;ria car&#243;tida interna.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A oclus&#227;o das art&#233;rias vertebrais e car&#243;tidas est&#225; fortemente associada a eventos isqu&#234;micos cerebrovasculares.</p>
        <p>No presente caso, o primeiro evento isqu&#234;mico aos 20 anos provavelmente refletiu les&#227;o vascular pr&#233;-existente. Aos 53 anos, a paciente apresentou AIT e sopro carot&#237;deo &#224; esquerda. De acordo com os crit&#233;rios de classifica&#231;&#227;o de 2022 do <italic>American College of Rheumatology</italic>/<italic>European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology</italic>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> seus achados cl&#237;nicos e de imagem foram compat&#237;veis com AT.</p>
        <p>Os achados angiogr&#225;ficos na angio-RM classificaram a doen&#231;a como Tipo V segundo a classifica&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica de Hata<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>), que &#233; o subtipo mais frequente, seguido pelo Tipo I.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Essa classifica&#231;&#227;o auxilia principalmente no planejamento cir&#250;rgico e n&#227;o possui valor progn&#243;stico consolidado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica da arterite de Takayasu. As &#225;reas em preto indicam as art&#233;rias envolvidas em cada tipo.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Fonte: Adaptado de Hata et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-39-01-e202500110-0110i-gf04-pt.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Fatores de risco para complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares na AT incluem doen&#231;a progressiva, acometimento da aorta tor&#225;cica e retinopatia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> No entanto, os desfechos s&#227;o influenciados por m&#250;ltiplas vari&#225;veis, e o manejo deve ser individualizado.</p>
        <p>Marcadores inflamat&#243;rios tradicionais, como prote&#237;na C reativa e velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o, s&#227;o insuficientes para avaliar com precis&#227;o a atividade da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Biomarcadores adicionais, incluindo metaloproteinases da matriz, citocinas e pentraxinas, t&#234;m sido investigados,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> mas n&#227;o est&#227;o rotineiramente dispon&#237;veis na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da atividade da doen&#231;a permanece desafiadora. Instrumentos como os crit&#233;rios do <italic>National Institutes of Health</italic>, o <italic>Disease Extent Index for Takayasu Arteritis</italic> e o <italic>Indian Takayasu Clinical Activity Score</italic> incorporam par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e de imagem, embora sua acur&#225;cia varie.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O <italic>Takayasu Arteritis Integrated Disease Activity Index</italic> demonstrou alta sensibilidade e especificidade, mas ainda requer valida&#231;&#227;o externa adicional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A combina&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores com modalidades avan&#231;adas de imagem pode aprimorar o monitoramento da doen&#231;a e a tomada de decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica.</p>
        <p>As estrat&#233;gias de tratamento dependem da atividade e da gravidade da doen&#231;a. Doen&#231;a ativa ou grave requer glicocorticoides em altas doses, com administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa reservada para manifesta&#231;&#245;es com risco de &#243;rg&#227;o. Em casos n&#227;o graves, a terapia combinada com glicocorticoides e agentes imunossupressores, como metotrexato, inibidores do fator de necrose tumoral ou azatioprina, tem demonstrado maior efic&#225;cia. Ap&#243;s 6-12 meses de remiss&#227;o cont&#237;nua, recomenda-se a redu&#231;&#227;o gradual dos glicocorticoides. Em pacientes com acometimento craniano cr&#237;tico ou vertebrobasilar, a terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria reduz o risco de eventos isqu&#234;micos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Pacientes sem complica&#231;&#245;es maiores geralmente apresentam progn&#243;stico favor&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O in&#237;cio precoce do tratamento melhora os desfechos a longo prazo e reduz o risco de aterosclerose acelerada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Pacientes mais jovens tendem a apresentar menores taxas de remiss&#227;o, enquanto pacientes mais idosos podem necessitar de terapia farmacol&#243;gica menos intensiva, mas frequentemente exibem maior comprometimento funcional devido a comorbidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Embora seja rara, a AT pode levar a eventos neurol&#243;gicos graves, incluindo AVE. O reconhecimento precoce, especialmente em mulheres jovens com d&#233;ficit de pulso, discrep&#226;ncias de press&#227;o arterial ou claudica&#231;&#227;o de membros, &#233; essencial. O diagn&#243;stico oportuno e o tratamento adequado melhoram os desfechos cl&#237;nicos e reduzem o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es a longo prazo.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte do Trabalho de Conclus&#227;o de Curso de Amanda Antunes Arantes Rolim pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Ensino e Pesquisa em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (FEPECS), no Hospital Regional de Sobradinho.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Funda&#231;&#227;o de Ensino e Pesquisa em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 7.812.420. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
          <p>Durante a prepara&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho, o(s) autor(es) usaram ChatGPT para gerar a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>. Ap&#243;s o uso desta ferramenta/servi&#231;o, o(s) autor(es) revisaram e editaram o conte&#250;do conforme necess&#225;rio e assumem total responsabilidade pelo conte&#250;do do artigo publicado.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-not-available">
        <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
        <p>Os dados n&#227;o podem ser disponibilizados publicamente pois trata-se de relato de caso &#250;nico. Os dados do estudo correspondem a informa&#231;&#245;es contidas no prontu&#225;rio da paciente e, portanto, requerem sigilo, conforme estabelecido pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa deste trabalho.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
