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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250098i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Infective Endocarditis in Brazil: A Narrative Review and Critical Analysis of Population and Hospital Case Data</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5250-9453</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Diego Augusto Medeiros</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9964-3289</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
						<given-names>Flávio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0371-4060</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fernandes</surname>
						<given-names>João Ricardo Cordeiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1565-3915</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Paixão</surname>
						<given-names>Milena Ribeiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1955-1008</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Strabelli</surname>
						<given-names>Tânia Mara Varejão</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8348-4623</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Köohler</surname>
						<given-names>Karen Francine</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6904-3039</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mansur</surname>
						<given-names>Alfredo José</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5413-7091</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Siciliano</surname>
						<given-names>Rinaldo Focaccia</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>statistical analysis</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Coração</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil </country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label> Diego Augusto Medeiros Santos Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração. Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal code: 05403-000. São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>diego_ams90@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>12</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>38</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20250098</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>4</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date>
					<day>15</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date>
					<day>15</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Infective endocarditis remains a serious condition with high morbidity and mortality rates despite advances in diagnostic and therapy. While the Global North has seen a shift toward older patients with prosthetic valve infections, Brazil’s understanding of the disease is hindered by reliance on fragmented, hospital-based data, primarily from the Southeast region. This narrative review synthesizes recent evidence to outline the national panorama. Population studies indicate an increase in incidence and mortality, primarily affecting men and the elderly, but with marked regional heterogeneity. Analyses of hospital case series reveal an epidemiological profile characterized by patients younger than international averages, with a high prevalence of comorbidities, underlying structural heart disease, and prosthetic valves. The microbiological landscape is diverse, with no consistent predominance between staphylococci and streptococci. Nevertheless, a particularly concerning finding is the high incidence of negative blood cultures. Severe complications are frequent, and variability exists in surgical intervention rates and in-hospital mortallity across studies. In light of this scenario, the authors propose a set of strategic actions to guide future advances: the creation of a Brazilian Registry of Infective Endocarditis, the development of Contextualized National Guidelines, the strengthening of multidisciplinary teams (Endocarditis Teams), and the implementation of measures with the potential to reduce regional disparities, such as telemedicine and the regionalization of care. The consolidation of these initiatives has the potential to transform the current landscape by enhancing epidemiological knowledge, standardizing care practices, and ultimately improving clinical outcomes nationwide.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Endocarditis</kwd>
				<kwd>Unified Health System</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Valve Diseases</kwd>
				<kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>&gt;Sources of Funding:</bold>There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="50"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Central Illustration:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Infective Endocarditis in Brazil: A Narrative Review and Critical Analysis of Population and Hospital Case Data</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250098-gf01.tif"/>
						<attrib>Overview of Infective Endocarditis in Brazil: Epidemiology, Challenges, and Future Perspectives</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Infective endocarditis (IE) is a severe systemic disease of high clinical complexity, presenting significant challenges for management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> It predominantly affects individuals with pre-existing valvular heart disease and, despite scientific advances, remains associated with a high risk of complications and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In recent decades, the epidemiological profile of endocarditis has undergone a significant transformation, primarily described in the Global North. It has evolved into a condition that predominantly affects elderly individuals, those with multiple comorbidities, with an increasing number of cases related to cardiac device use.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This epidemiological shift has been driven mainly by the greater availability of cardiac procedures, including prosthetic valves, pacemakers, and the use of intravascular catheters. Consequently, the disease has assumed a more acute character, affecting older individuals with comorbidities, who constitute a group at higher risk for complications and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In contrast, studies from the Global South indicate that the disease affects younger patients, often associated with valvular sequelae of rheumatic fever and streptococcal infections.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, some case series describe a different profile, with many cases occurring in individuals with congenital heart disease,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and the epidemiological transition observed in the Global North appears to be underway in other parts of the world as well.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In 2019, an estimated 1,090,530 cases of the disease and 66,320 deaths occurred globally.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Population-based studies indicate that the incidence of IE has been increasing in recent decades,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> along with its lethality. On a global scale, the incidence of IE also demonstrates considerable heterogeneity, with reported rates ranging from 4.9 to 10.2 cases per 100,000 inhabitants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
			<p>This epidemiological variability is further reflected in risk factors, microbiology, surgical indications, and disease outcomes. For example, marked differences are observed in the proportion of cases associated with intravenous drug use,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> the percentage of negative blood cultures,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> rates of surgical indication,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> the spectrum of complications, and lethality, which can range from 14.9% to 45.8%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> These indicators vary widely across regions and populations, underscoring the complexity of the disease.</p>
			<p>Brazil likely exhibits marked particularities, as distinct epidemiological realities coexist within the same territory, ranging from large, developed urban centers to regions with limited access to healthcare.</p>
			<p>Given this scenario, the objective of this narrative review is to integrate global data, population estimates, and recent Brazilian hospital case series, providing a critical analysis of the national landscape of IE and proposing practical recommendations to improve disease management in Brazil.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methodology</title>
			<p>For the development of this narrative review, a comprehensive bibliographic search was conducted in major national and international scientific databases, including PubMed, MEDLINE, the Virtual Health Library (BVS), LILACS, and Google Scholar. The search strategy utilized the descriptors “infective endocarditis,” “endocarditis,” “bacterial endocarditis,” “Brazil,” and “Duke criteria,” combined using the Boolean operators AND and OR.</p>
			<p>The search focused on publications from the last six years (2020-2025) in Portuguese or English, including original articles, reviews, cohort studies, meta-analyses, and other relevant documents. Classic Brazilian studies were intentionally included to complement the initial search results. The selection process involved identification, screening of titles and abstracts, and assessment for eligibility through full-text reading.</p>
			<p>To avoid duplication of case series, a single publication per cohort was selected based on the most comprehensive study. Case series restricted to specific subgroups were excluded to maintain a broad overview of the disease within the national context.</p>
			<p>As this is a narrative review, no meta-analysis was conducted, nor was a standardized risk-of-bias assessment tool applied. Evidence extracted from the selected studies was synthesized descriptively and comparatively, with the aim of highlighting consistent trends, knowledge gaps, and the particularities of IE in the Brazilian context.</p>
			<p>Thirteen Brazilian publications reporting hospital-based case series of IE from January 2020 to November 2025 were identified. Of these, seven cohorts containing clinical, microbiological, and outcome data were selected for tabular synthesis (Tables 1–3).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>Results and Discussion</title>
			<p>To synthesize the key interrelationships between epidemiology, clinical presentation, care challenges, and proposed solutions discussed in this review, the Central Figure provides a comprehensive visual overview. The following sections will provide a detailed critical analysis of each of these components, beginning with population-based data.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Baseline characteristics and comorbidities in Brazilian infective endocarditis cohorts</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Year</th>
								<th>Location</th>
								<th>N</th>
								<th>Age (median)</th>
								<th>Male sex</th>
								<th>Community acquired</th>
								<th>Rheumatic valve disease</th>
								<th>Congenital heart disease</th>
								<th>Prosthetic valve</th>
								<th>Previous endocarditis</th>
								<th>SAH</th>
								<th>T2DM</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>2025</td>
								<td align="center">São Paulo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">530</td>
								<td align="center">56</td>
								<td align="center">63.6%</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">35.1%</td>
								<td align="center">4.1%</td>
								<td align="center">53%</td>
								<td align="center">16.9%</td>
								<td align="center">52%</td>
								<td align="center">18%</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>2024</td>
								<td align="center">Minas Gerais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46"><sup>46</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">263</td>
								<td align="center">52</td>
								<td align="center">60.5%</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">30%</td>
								<td align="center">9%</td>
								<td align="center">26%</td>
								<td align="center">8.5%</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">14%</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>2024</td>
								<td align="center">São Paulo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">204</td>
								<td align="center">53</td>
								<td align="center">57%</td>
								<td align="center">37.7%</td>
								<td align="center">9%</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">12%</td>
								<td align="center">9.3%</td>
								<td align="center">64%</td>
								<td align="center">27%</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>2024</td>
								<td align="center">Rio de Janeiro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"><sup>48</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">502</td>
								<td align="center">48</td>
								<td align="center">65%</td>
								<td align="center">64.7%</td>
								<td align="center">30.7%</td>
								<td align="center">13.9</td>
								<td align="center">31%</td>
								<td align="center">12.6%</td>
								<td align="center">50%</td>
								<td align="center">15%</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>2023</td>
								<td align="center">Rio de Janeiro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">240</td>
								<td align="center">55</td>
								<td align="center">57%</td>
								<td align="center">46%</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">22%</td>
								<td align="center">8%</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">21%</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>2023</td>
								<td align="center">Rio Grande do Sul<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">179</td>
								<td align="center">57</td>
								<td align="center">70%</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">12%</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">51%</td>
								<td align="center">20%</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>2021</td>
								<td align="center">Minas Gerais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>50</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">211</td>
								<td align="center">48</td>
								<td align="center">70.6%</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">30%</td>
								<td> </td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>* Subtitle - SAH - Systemic arterial hypertension; T2DM - Type 2 diabetes mellitus; (-) - Data not reported.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Table 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Valve Involvement, Echocardiographic Findings, Complications, and In-Hospital Outcomes in Brazilian Infective Endocarditis Cohorts</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Location</th>
								<th>Mitral valve</th>
								<th>Aortic valve</th>
								<th>TEE</th>
								<th>HF</th>
								<th>Perivalvular Abscess</th>
								<th>Surgical Treatment</th>
								<th>In-Hospital Mortality</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>São Paulo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">52%</td>
								<td align="center">54%</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">40%</td>
								<td align="center">12.9%</td>
								<td align="center">56%</td>
								<td align="center">30.2%</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Minas Gerais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46"><sup>46</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">28%</td>
								<td align="center">57.5%</td>
								<td align="center">34.2%</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>São Paulo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">44%</td>
								<td align="center">20%</td>
								<td align="center">100%</td>
								<td align="center">29.1%</td>
								<td align="center">30%</td>
								<td align="center">34%</td>
								<td align="center">44.6%</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Rio de Janeiro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"><sup>48</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">44%</td>
								<td align="center">38%</td>
								<td align="center">78%</td>
								<td align="center">58%</td>
								<td align="center">21%</td>
								<td align="center">83.6%</td>
								<td align="center">25%</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Rio de Janeiro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">43.8%</td>
								<td align="center">22%</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">29%</td>
								<td align="center">45.8%</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Rio Grande do Sul<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">33%</td>
								<td align="center">38%</td>
								<td align="center">81%</td>
								<td align="center">54%</td>
								<td align="center">10%</td>
								<td align="center">38%</td>
								<td align="center">22.3%</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Minas Gerais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>50</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">41%</td>
								<td align="center">26%</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">22.3%</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>*Abbreviations: TEE - Transesophageal Echocardiography; HF - Heart Failure; (-) - Data not reported.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Population-Based Studies</title>
				<p>The understanding of IE in Brazil is largely derived from hospital-based cohorts in tertiary centers, with a notable concentration in the Southeast region. Robust population-based studies on incidence and prevalence are lacking nationwide. To address this gap, large hospital databases, such as the DATASUS systems, including the Mortality Information System (SIM) and the Hospital Information System (SIH), have been employed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Among the available epidemiological surveys, the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is the most comprehensive. Although it does not provide a publication dedicated exclusively to Brazil, data from this source<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> indicate that the incidence rate of the disease increased from 9.15 to 17.14 cases per 100,000 inhabitants between 1993 and 2023. Additionally, mortality associated with the disease reached 2,958 recorded deaths in 2023.</p>
				<p>This apparent growth in incidence may not solely reflect a true increase in cases. Factors such as improved access to healthcare services, advances in diagnostic methods (like the wider availability of echocardiography), the adoption of electronic medical records, and potential changes in disease coding may have significantly contributed to enhanced detection and reporting, thereby inflating the observed rates.</p>
				<p>According to SIM data,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> a total of 52,055 deaths from IE were reported between 2000 and 2019. The mortality profile was predominantly male, within the 60–79-year age group, and concentrated in the Southeast region. Cluster analysis identified three distinct mortality profiles: (a) women aged 80 years or older, with endocrine and circulatory diseases, concentrated in the South and Southeast; (b) men aged between 30 and 79 years, with infectious and genitourinary diseases, also predominant in the South and Southeast; and (c) individuals aged 0 to 29 years of both sexes, with respiratory diseases, showing a higher proportion of deaths in the North, Northeast, and Central-West regions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Brazilian Hospital Case Series</title>
				<p>While population-based studies help to frame the problem on a large scale, a detailed understanding of the clinical presentation, microbiological profile, and outcomes of IE in Brazil relies predominantly on case series and cohorts conducted in tertiary reference hospitals. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref>,<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref> summarize the selected Brazilian studies.</p>
				<p>The following section provides a synthesis of these publications. The analysis is organized according to the main risk factors and predisposing conditions, followed by the characterization of etiological agents, specifics of valve involvement, and associated complications. In addition, surgical rates and in-hospital mortality are evaluated.</p>
				<p>It is important to note that most studies were conducted in tertiary centers with access to cardiac surgery. Considerable heterogeneity is observed in the study periods, as well as in the number of cases from each center.</p>
				<p>The selected studies encompass a broad temporal spectrum, with inclusion periods ranging from 2000 to 2023, and most reported follow-up periods exceeding ten years. Nevertheless, heterogeneity in recruitment windows and the absence of systematic overlap between study periods limit the ability to perform a consistent temporal analysis of the evolution of IE in Brazil.</p>
				<p>The studies also differ in their methodological objectives. These include publications aimed at validating predictive risk scores, assessing long-term neurological outcomes, and conducting descriptive analyses of individual case series.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Diagnostic Criteria and Presenting Symptoms</title>
				<p>All analyzed studies employed the Modified Duke Criteria<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> for the case definition of IE. Beginning in 2024, the incorporation of the new Duke-ISCVID criteria<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> was observed in two publications, reflecting the recent update in international guidelines.</p>
				<p>The reporting of signs and symptoms related to endocarditis was not always consistent across studies. Fever upon admission was documented in 67.5% to 90.6% of cases, and a new cardiac murmur was reported in 50.7% to 74.8% of patients.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Demographic Profile of Patients</title>
				<p>The aggregate analysis of the seven published studies from Brazilian tertiary centers (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref>,<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>) revealed a median age ranging from 45 to 57 years. These values are generally lower than those documented in case series from the Global North, where median ages frequently exceed 60 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
				<p>The predominance of male sex (57% to 70%) is consistent with the international literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Despite a lower incidence of the disease, women present with a higher risk of death and lower rates of cardiac surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Presence of Comorbidities</title>
				<p>Systemic arterial hypertension stands out as the most prevalent comorbidity, present in 50-64% of patients across the centers that reported this data. Diabetes mellitus shows a prevalence ranging from 9.5% to 27% among the different cohorts.</p>
				<p>The prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension is close to 50% in various international case series,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> and the Brazilian studies are consistent with this finding. Regarding the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, approximately 20-30% of patients in Global North countries present with this condition,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> values slightly higher than those observed in the Brazilian studies.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Valve Involvement and Predisposing Factors</title>
				<p>The analysis of risk factors reveals a diverse profile of predisposing conditions. Prosthetic valve endocarditis was described in 12-53% of cases, cases related to cardiac electronic devices in 6.9-29.3%, and congenital heart disease in 4.1-13.9%. A personal history of a previous episode of IE was documented in 8% to 16.9% of cases.</p>
				<p>Cases related to illicit intravenous drug use were infrequent. This scenario contrasts with some countries where the condition constitutes a public health challenge,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> and accounts for up to 23.5% of IE cases, as observed in the study by Jordal et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> This is a complex problem with impacts on individual health and psychosocial well-being, requiring multidisciplinary care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Structural valvular disease due to rheumatic fever was documented in only four studies, with a variable frequency of 9% to 35%. This heterogeneity likely reflects differences in the referral profile and specialization of the services, as some centers are references for patients with pre-existing valvular disease or those who have undergone cardiac surgery.</p>
				<p>Regarding the most frequently affected valve, data varies between the aortic (20-54%) and mitral (26-52%) valves. Globally, these are the most commonly affected valves, with discrepancies among studies as to which is predominant.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Tricuspid valve endocarditis appears in third place in frequency, and its involvement is considered a factor related to socioeconomic vulnerability, also due to its correlation with intravenous drug use.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Population-based studies indicate that rheumatic heart disease has shown a reduction in its incidence in Brazil in recent decades, although with a trend towards stabilization of its prevalence. This contrasts with the increase in prevalence estimates and crude mortality for non-rheumatic valvular heart diseases, especially in older ages, driven by degenerative conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Microbiological Profile</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Most Frequently Involved Microorganisms</title>
					<p>The microbiological analysis of Brazilian cohorts reveals a disparity in the predominance between staphylococcal (10% to 37%) and streptococcal (14.7% to 38%) infections, as described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. One center reported an atypical prevalence of 78% for <italic>Staphylococcus</italic> sp., constituting an outlier value, possibly related to specific characteristics of the served population or methodological particularities.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t2">
							<label>Table 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Microbiological profile in Brazilian Infective Endocarditis Cohorts</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Location</th>
										<th><italic>Staphylococcus sp</italic></th>
										<th><italic>Streptococcus sp</italic></th>
										<th><italic>Enterococcus sp</italic></th>
										<th>HACEK *</th>
										<th>Culture negative</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>São Paulo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref>
										</td>
										<td align="center">11.5%</td>
										<td align="center">26%</td>
										<td align="center">7.7%</td>
										<td align="center">1.1%</td>
										<td align="center">21%</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Minas Gerais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46"><sup>46</sup></xref>
										</td>
										<td align="center">35%</td>
										<td align="center">14%</td>
										<td align="center">7.6%</td>
										<td align="center">0.4%</td>
										<td align="center">33.8%</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>São Paulo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref>
										</td>
										<td align="center">78%</td>
										<td align="center">14.6%</td>
										<td align="center">7%</td>
										<td align="center">0%</td>
										<td align="center">18%</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Rio de Janeiro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"><sup>48</sup></xref>
										</td>
										<td align="center">10%</td>
										<td align="center">15%</td>
										<td align="center">12.8%</td>
										<td align="center">&lt;5%</td>
										<td align="center">33%</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Rio de Janeiro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>
										</td>
										<td align="center">37%</td>
										<td align="center">38%</td>
										<td align="center">18%</td>
										<td align="center">0.8%</td>
										<td align="center">19%</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Rio Grande do Sul<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref>
										</td>
										<td align="center">22%</td>
										<td align="center">15%</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">14%</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Minas Gerais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>50</sup></xref>
										</td>
										<td align="center">19%</td>
										<td align="center">14.7%</td>
										<td align="center">6.6%</td>
										<td align="center">-</td>
										<td align="center">33.3%</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN2">
									<p>* HACEK - Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, and Kingella; (-) - Data not reported.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>More recent case series show a preponderance of <italic>S. aureus</italic> infections globally,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> and some temporal series indicate that staphylococcal infections have been increasing in recent decades,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> with additional concern for the rise in infections caused by methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
					<p>In third place are infections by <italic>Enterococcus</italic> sp., a pathogen typically associated with infections in older individuals with comorbidities and linked to worse clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A Brazilian study that specifically evaluated the elderly population identified enterococci as the most frequently isolated pathogens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Culture-Negative Endocarditis</title>
					<p>A particularly relevant finding is the high proportion of negative blood cultures, which ranged from 14% to 36% across different centers. The absence of microbial growth in blood cultures primarily reflects the prior use of antimicrobials and infections caused by fastidious microorganisms or those that do not grow in conventional culture media.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Its occurrence is related to therapeutic challenges and worse clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
					<p>The rates of negative blood cultures in IE vary widely worldwide, from 7.5% to 50% of cases,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> reflecting population heterogeneity and disparities in access to healthcare services across regions.</p>
					<p>In addition to optimizing the diagnostic workup by encouraging blood culture collection <italic>prior</italic> to antimicrobial administration, the investigation of fastidious pathogens such as <italic>Bartonella</italic> sp., <italic>Coxiella burnetii</italic>, and <italic>Brucella</italic> sp. is essential. National publications have previously discussed these infections individually.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Although there are no systematic Brazilian studies documenting these disparities at a national level, clinical experience, combined with the wide variation observed in the published data, indicates that this is a relevant challenge in clinical practice.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Imaging Exams: Access and Application in the National Scenario</title>
			<p>Imaging evaluation plays a central role in the diagnosis and management of IE. International guidelines systematically recommend performing a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) in all patients with suspected endocarditis, followed by a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) when the TTE is inconclusive, in patients with prosthetic valves or intracardiac devices, and whenever the clinical probability of the disease remains high.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In the Brazilian cohorts analyzed in this article, the use of TEE is frequent but not uniform, ranging from 78% to 100%. On the other hand, in some large cohorts, the use of TEE was not reported or could not be quantified in a standardized manner, suggesting heterogeneity both in practice and in the systematic recording of exams.</p>
			<p>This scenario is compatible with the perception that, in large tertiary services, access to echocardiography – including TEE – is usually broad and relatively agile, allowing for integrated diagnostic confirmation, risk stratification, and surgical planning. In contrast, in smaller hospitals and regions with a lower density of specialists, the evaluation is often likely restricted to TTE, with greater difficulty in documenting small vegetations, abscesses, and prosthetic dehiscence, although there is a lack of published systematic data quantifying these disparities.</p>
			<p>Additional modalities, such as cardiac computed tomography (CT) and 18F-FDG PET-CT, are being incorporated as complementary tools for detecting perivalvular complications, assessing prosthetic endocarditis, and investigating extracardiac embolic foci.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In Brazil, despite the wide availability of cardiac CT in tertiary centers and the recognized utility of PET-CT in specific scenarios, these exams remain poorly incorporated into the routine care of IE. This limitation stems from structural, logistical, and professional training factors, directly impacting the early detection of perivalvular complications and diagnostic confirmation in prosthetic valves.</p>
			<p>The Brazilian case series analyzed here do not describe, in a standardized way, the routine use of these imaging exams. Practical experience suggests that these exams remain concentrated in high-complexity centers and private services, with limited supply and unequal access in the public network. This restriction may contribute to the underdiagnosis of structural complications, delays in surgical indication, and a reduced ability to identify distant embolic foci, especially in contexts where TEE is inconclusive or technically limited.</p>
			<p>Cardiac CT is an additional tool for detecting perivalvular complications, including abscesses, pseudoaneurysms, fistulas, and valve dehiscence. According to the ESC 2023 guidelines,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> its role is complementary to echocardiography, being particularly valuable when TEE is inconclusive or limited – whether due to prosthetic artifacts, unfavorable anatomy, or persistent clinical suspicion without definitive echocardiographic documentation.</p>
			<p>CT is useful in both native and prosthetic valves, although its contribution is even greater in prostheses due to the acoustic limitations of TEE. Despite its wide availability and more accessible cost compared to PET-CT, the use of CT in the national context can still be expanded. Some factors that may influence its utilization include the clinical request in the initial management, the definition of institutional routines, and the refinement of specific imaging protocols for endocarditis. When not considered early, there is a possibility that significant structural complications are identified in more advanced stages of management, sometimes during the surgical procedure.</p>
			<p>18F-FDG PET-CT, in contrast, plays a role in demonstrating active inflammation, with high accuracy in patients with prosthetic valves. According to the ESC 2023 guidelines,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> it is considered a Class I recommendation for the assessment of prosthetic endocarditis more than three months after implantation, especially when clinical suspicion persists despite a negative or inconclusive TEE. In these scenarios, PET-CT provides significant diagnostic value, and contributes to the identification of distant embolic foci.</p>
			<p>Its use, however, remains limited in Brazil due to cost, restricted availability in the public healthcare system, and the need for specialized training of nuclear medicine teams. Nevertheless, national data, including experience from a tertiary center, demonstrate relevant clinical impact in prosthetic valves and other complex scenarios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Thus, CT and PET-CT are complementary methods, each with strengths in different diagnostic dimensions:</p>
			<list list-type="bullet">
				<list-item>
					<p>CT: is especially effective in identifying structural complications and is usually more accessible, although it depends on early request and radiological expertise.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>PET-CT: is extremely useful in cases involving prosthetic valves, especially when clinical suspicion persists. However, its use is limited by high cost and lower availability.</p>
				</list-item>
			</list>
			<p>Expanding the appropriate use of these modalities requires institutional care pathways, training of imaging teams, and systematic integration of these exams into Endocarditis Team discussions, ensuring faster, more precise, and evidence-based decisions.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>Complications and Outcomes</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Heart Failure and Perivalvular Abscess</title>
				<p>The Brazilian cohorts analyzed in this study demonstrate a high frequency of severe complications from IE. Decompensated heart failure was a common presentation, affecting 29.1% to 58% of patients in the centers that reported this data. The formation of perivalvular abscesses, a serious local complication, was documented in up to 30% of patients in one center, with other records indicating prevalences between 10% and 28%.</p>
				<p>Parallel to international registries,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> which report heart failure in 14.1% to 31.9% and embolic events/stroke in 17.5% to 20.6%, the Brazilian cohorts demonstrate a particularly severe disease burden. Embolic complications were also widely reported in the national cohorts, although heterogeneity in definitions prevents direct comparison with international rates. Finally, the formation of perivalvular abscesses showed similar rates, ranging from 13% to 16% in international registries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Surgical Intervention and In-Hospital mortality</title>
				<p>The rate of surgical intervention for IE differed substantially among Brazilian centers (29% to 83.6%). This variation reflects potential differences in patient profiles and the surgical indications established by each service. In comparison, large international registries, such as EURO-ENDO and ICE, describe rates of surgical approach of 51% and 52%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In-hospital mortality in the analyzed Brazilian cohorts showed heterogeneity, with rates between 22.3% and 45.8%. This variability falls within the global spectrum reported in the literature, where mortality rates also fluctuate significantly: ranging from 14.9% to 25.1% in European and Latin American registries,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> and reaching up to 37.1% in specific series.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Multidisciplinary Approach: Endocarditis Teams</title>
				<p>According to the most recent international guidelines (ESC 2023), the management of IE by specialized multidisciplinary teams – Endocarditis Teams – is a central recommendation and a standard of quality care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> These teams should preferably integrate cardiologists, cardiovascular surgeons, infectious disease specialists, imaging experts, microbiologists, and palliative care specialists.</p>
				<p>Observational evidence suggests a positive association between the operation of Endocarditis Teams and improved clinical outcomes, including reduced short-term mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Beyond the core Endocarditis Team, responsible for coordinating and integrating care, more complex cases often require support from other medical specialties such as neurosurgery, vascular surgery, nephrology, and intensive care medicine, as well as the involvement of professionals from dentistry, psychology, physiotherapy, and social work.</p>
				<p>The lack of a formal assessment of this implementation in Brazil constitutes a relevant research gap. Consequently, the creation, structuring, and consolidation of Endocarditis Teams, adapted to the reality of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) and supplementary healthcare, emerge as a priority for improving the quality of IE care in the country.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Final Considerations, Limitations, and Future Perspectives</title>
			<p>The analysis of evidence on IE in Brazil, although marked by fragmentation and methodological limitations, reveals a complex scenario. The available findings indicate a distinctive epidemiological profile, characterized by younger patients than those described in international case series, but with a significant burden of comorbidities. Most cases were left-sided endocarditis, and a heterogeneous percentage of cases occurred in patients with cardiac prostheses.</p>
			<p>The microbiological profile is diverse, with concerning rates of negative blood cultures, reflecting both regional particularities and opportunities for improvement in diagnostic workup. Similarly, the wide variation in surgical intervention rates and in-hospital mortality across different centers may indicate disparities in the structure and organization of care throughout the country.</p>
			<p>These conclusions, however, must be interpreted considering some limitations. The use of secondary databases is subject to underreporting and coding errors, just as the modeled estimates from the GBD lack individual-level clinical validation. Furthermore, the predominance of publications originating from tertiary services in the Southeast and some state capitals results in the underrepresentation of other Brazilian regions, limiting the generalizability of the findings. Additionally, the heterogeneity in study objectives, definitions of events, complications, and surgical indications among services prevents more robust comparisons.</p>
			<p>Given this scenario, several enhancement opportunities can be considered to strengthen the epidemiological understanding and care organization for IE in Brazil. These proposals should not be interpreted as prescriptive models, but as potential pathways, conditioned on technical feasibility and the country’s regional differences.</p>
			<p><bold>Brazilian Registry of Infective Endocarditis</bold>: The creation of a collaborative, multicenter, and progressively expanded registry could reduce the current fragmentation of information and generate more representative data. Implementation would depend on coordination between centers, resource availability, and institutional interest.</p>
			<p><bold>Contextualized National Guidelines</bold>: The development of recommendations adapted to the epidemiological and structural realities of the diverse regions, including protocols for investigating negative cultures, could contribute to greater standardization of practices. Such an initiative requires broad technical consensus and participation from scientific societies.</p>
			<p><bold>Strengthening Multidisciplinary Teams</bold>: International experience suggests benefits from the operation of Endocarditis Teams. In the Brazilian context, models adapted to local conditions—not necessarily uniform—could improve integration between cardiology, surgery, infectious diseases, imaging, and palliative care.</p>
			<p>Multidisciplinary and inter-institutional collaboration represents a promising path for advancing patient care. The formation of research networks, hospital consortia, and partnerships between academia and health services has the potential to accelerate the translation of knowledge into more effective care practices and, consequently, better clinical outcomes.</p>
		</sec>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Study Association:</label>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
				<p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
				<p> During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used Deep Seek to refine the academic language, ensure terminological precision in medical English, and enhance the overall clarity and coherence of the manuscript. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
				<label>Availability of Research Data:</label>
				<p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<label>Sources of Funding:</label>
				<p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250098</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Endocardite Infecciosa no Brasil: Revisão Narrativa e Análise Crítica de Dados Populacionais e Casuísticas Hospitalares</article-title>
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					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5250-9453</contrib-id>
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						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Diego Augusto Medeiros</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
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				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9964-3289</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
						<given-names>Flávio</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
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					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0371-4060</contrib-id>
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						<surname>Fernandes</surname>
						<given-names>João Ricardo Cordeiro</given-names>
					</name>
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					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
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					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1565-3915</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Paixão</surname>
						<given-names>Milena Ribeiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
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					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1955-1008</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Strabelli</surname>
						<given-names>Tânia Mara Varejão</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
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					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8348-4623</contrib-id>
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						<surname>Köohler</surname>
						<given-names>Karen Francine</given-names>
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					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>análise estatística</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
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					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6904-3039</contrib-id>
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						<surname>Mansur</surname>
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					<role>análise estatística</role>
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				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil </country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brasil </institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência:</label> Diego Augusto Medeiros Santos Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração. Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP: 05403-000. São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: diego_ams90@hotmail.com </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A endocardite infecciosa permanece uma condição grave e de manejo complexo, com elevadas taxas de morbimortalidade, apesar dos avanços diagnósticos e terapêuticos. Enquanto o Norte Global tem observado uma transição para pacientes mais idosos com infecções em próteses valvares, a compreensão da doença no Brasil é dificultada pela dependência de dados fragmentados, baseados em hospitais, principalmente da região Sudeste. Esta revisão narrativa sintetiza evidências recentes para delinear o panorama nacional. Estudos populacionais indicam aumento na incidência e na mortalidade, afetando principalmente homens e idosos, mas com marcada heterogeneidade regional. As análises de séries de casos hospitalares revelam um perfil epidemiológico caracterizado por pacientes mais jovens do que as médias internacionais, com alta prevalência de comorbidades, doenças cardíacas estruturais subjacentes e próteses valvares. O cenário microbiológico é diverso, sem um padrão consistente de predominância entre estafilococos e estreptococos. Ainda assim, um achado particularmente preocupante é a alta incidência de hemoculturas negativas registradas. Complicações graves são frequentes e há variabilidade nas taxas de intervenção cirúrgica e mortalidade hospitalar entre os estudos. Diante desse cenário, os autores propõem um conjunto de ações estratégicas para orientar avanços futuros: a criação de um Registro Brasileiro de Endocardite Infecciosa, o desenvolvimento de Diretrizes Nacionais Contextualizadas, o fortalecimento de equipes multidisciplinares (<italic>Endocarditis Teams</italic>) e a implementação de medidas com potenciais para reduzir disparidades regionais, como a telemedicina e a regionalização do cuidado A consolidação dessas iniciativas tem o potencial de transformar o panorama atual, aprimorando o conhecimento epidemiológico, padronizando práticas assistenciais e, em última instância, melhorando os desfechos clínicos em âmbito nacional.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Endocardite</kwd>
				<kwd>Sistema Único de Saúde</kwd>
				<kwd>Doenças das Valvas Cardíacas</kwd>
				<kwd>Diagnóstico por Imagem</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento:</bold>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura Central:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Endocardite Infecciosa no Brasil: Revisão Narrativa e Análise Crítica de Dados Populacionais e Casuísticas Hospitalares</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250098-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib>Endocardite Infecciosa no Brasil: Revisão Narrativa e Análise Crítica de Dados Populacionais e Casuísticas Hospitalares</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A Endocardite Infecciosa (EI) é uma doença sistêmica grave e de elevada complexidade assistencial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Afeta predominantemente indivíduos com valvopatias cardíacas pré-existentes e, apesar dos avanços científicos, permanece associada a um elevado risco de complicações e óbito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Nas últimas décadas o perfil epidemiológico da endocardite sofreu uma transformação significativa, descrita principalmente no Norte Global. A doença evoluiu para uma condição que afeta predominantemente indivíduos idosos, portadores de múltiplas comorbidades, e apresenta um aumento nos casos relacionados ao uso de dispositivos cardíacos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Essa transição epidemiológica foi impulsionada principalmente pela maior disponibilidade de procedimentos cardíacos, incluindo válvulas protéticas, marcapassos e uso de cateteres intravasculares. Consequentemente, a doença assumiu um caráter mais agudo, acometendo pacientes mais velhos com comorbidades, que constituem um grupo de maior risco para complicações e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em contraste, estudos provenientes do Sul Global indicam que a doença acomete pacientes mais jovens, frequentemente associada a sequelas valvares de febre reumática e por infecções estreptocócicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Entretanto, algumas séries de casos mostram um perfil diferente, com muitos casos ocorrendo em indivíduos com cardiopatias congênitas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e a transição epidemiológica vista no Norte Global parece estar em curso também em outras partes do mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em 2019, estima-se que ocorreram aproximadamente 1 090 530 casos da doença e 66 320 óbitos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Estudos populacionais indicam que a incidência da EI vem aumentando nas últimas décadas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> bem como sua letalidade. Em âmbito global, a incidência da EI também demonstra considerável heterogeneidade, com taxas variando de 4,9 a 10,2 casos por 100.000 habitantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Essa variabilidade epidemiológica reflete-se também nos fatores de risco, na microbiologia, na indicação cirúrgica e nos desfechos da doença. Observa-se, por exemplo, uma grande variação na proporção de casos associados ao uso de drogas intravenosas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> no percentual de hemoculturas negativas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> nas taxas de indicação cirúrgica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> no espectro de complicações e na letalidade, que pode oscilar entre 14,9% e 45,8%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Esses indicadores divergem amplamente entre diferentes regiões e populações, destacando a complexidade da doença.</p>
				<p>O Brasil provavelmente apresenta particularidades marcantes, uma vez que distintas realidades epidemiológicas coexistem dentro do mesmo território, variando desde grandes centros urbanos desenvolvidos até regiões com acesso limitado à saúde.</p>
				<p>Diante desse cenário, o objetivo desta revisão narrativa é integrar dados globais, estimativas populacionais e séries de casos recentes de hospitais brasileiros, oferecendo uma análise crítica do panorama nacional de EI e propondo recomendações práticas para aprimorar o manejo da doença no Brasil.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Metodologia</title>
				<p>Para a elaboração desta revisão narrativa, foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico abrangente, nas principais bases de dados científicas nacionais e internacionais, incluindo PubMed, MEDLINE, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), LILACS e Google Acadêmico. A estratégia de busca utilizou os descritores “endocardite infecciosa”, “endocardite”, “endocardite bacteriana”, “Brazil”, “Brasil” e “critérios de Duke”, combinados por meio dos operadores booleanos AND e OR.</p>
				<p>A busca focou em publicações dos últimos seis anos (2020-2025) em português ou inglês, incluindo artigos originais, revisões, estudos de coorte, meta-análises e outros documentos relevantes. Estudos clássicos brasileiros foram incluídos intencionalmente para complementar os resultados iniciais da busca. O processo de seleção envolveu identificação, triagem de títulos e resumos, e avaliação de elegibilidade por meio da leitura completa dos textos.</p>
				<p>Para evitar duplicação de séries de casos, selecionou-se uma única publicação por coorte, priorizando o estudo mais abrangente. Séries de casos restritas a subgrupos específicos foram excluídas, a fim de preservar uma visão ampla da doença no contexto nacional.</p>
				<p>Por se tratar de uma revisão narrativa, não foi realizada uma metanálise nem aplicado um instrumento padronizado de avaliação de risco de viés. As evidências extraídas dos estudos selecionados foram sintetizadas de forma descritiva e comparativa, com o objetivo de destacar tendências consistentes, lacunas de conhecimento e as particularidades da EI no contexto brasileiro.</p>
				<p>Foram identificadas treze publicações brasileiras com séries de casos hospitalares de EI de janeiro de 2020 a novembro de 2025. Dessas, sete coortes contendo dados clínicos, microbiológicos e de desfechos foram selecionadas para síntese tabular (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabelas 1</xref>-<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">3</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>Resultados e discussão</title>
				<p>Para sintetizar as principais inter-relações entre epidemiologia, apresentação clínica, desafios de atendimento e soluções propostas discutidas nesta revisão, a Figura Central oferece uma visão geral abrangente. As seções seguintes apresentarão uma análise crítica detalhada de cada um desses componentes, começando pelos dados populacionais.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Características basais e comorbidades em coortes brasileiras de endocardite infecciosa</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Data</th>
									<th>Local</th>
									<th>N</th>
									<th>Idade (mediana)</th>
									<th>Sexo masculino</th>
									<th>Adquirida na comunidade</th>
									<th>Doença valvar reumática</th>
									<th>Cardiopatia congênita</th>
									<th>Prótese valvar</th>
									<th>Endocardite prévia</th>
									<th>HAS</th>
									<th>DM2</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>2025</td>
									<td align="center">São Paulo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">530</td>
									<td align="center">56</td>
									<td align="center">63.6%</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">35.1%</td>
									<td align="center">4.1%</td>
									<td align="center">53%</td>
									<td align="center">16.9%</td>
									<td align="center">52%</td>
									<td align="center">18%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>2024</td>
									<td align="center">Minas Gerais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46"><sup>46</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">263</td>
									<td align="center">52</td>
									<td align="center">60.5%</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">30%</td>
									<td align="center">9%</td>
									<td align="center">26%</td>
									<td align="center">8.5%</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">14%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>2024</td>
									<td align="center">São Paulo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">204</td>
									<td align="center">53</td>
									<td align="center">57%</td>
									<td align="center">37.7%</td>
									<td align="center">9%</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">12%</td>
									<td align="center">9.3%</td>
									<td align="center">64%</td>
									<td align="center">27%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>2024</td>
									<td align="center">Rio de Janeiro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"><sup>48</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">502</td>
									<td align="center">48</td>
									<td align="center">65%</td>
									<td align="center">64.7%</td>
									<td align="center">30.7%</td>
									<td align="center">13.9</td>
									<td align="center">31%</td>
									<td align="center">12.6%</td>
									<td align="center">50%</td>
									<td align="center">15%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>2023</td>
									<td align="center">Rio de Janeiro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">240</td>
									<td align="center">55</td>
									<td align="center">57%</td>
									<td align="center">46%</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">22%</td>
									<td align="center">8%</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">21%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>2023</td>
									<td align="center">Rio Grande do Sul<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">179</td>
									<td align="center">57</td>
									<td align="center">70%</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">12%</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">51%</td>
									<td align="center">20%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>2021</td>
									<td align="center">Minas Gerais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>50</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">211</td>
									<td align="center">48</td>
									<td align="center">70.6%</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">30%</td>
									<td> </td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p>*Legenda: HAS - Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica; DM2 - Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2; (-) Dados não reportados</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3002">
						<label>Tabela 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Valva acometida, achados ecocardiográficos, complicações e desfechos hospitalares em coortes brasileiras de endocardite infecciosa</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Local</th>
									<th>Mitral</th>
									<th>Aórtica</th>
									<th>ECOTE</th>
									<th>IC</th>
									<th>Abscesso perivalvar</th>
									<th>Tratamento cirúrgico</th>
									<th>Mortalidade hospitalar</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>São Paulo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">52%</td>
									<td align="center">54%</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">40%</td>
									<td align="center">12.9%</td>
									<td align="center">56%</td>
									<td align="center">30.2%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Minas Gerais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46"><sup>46</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">28%</td>
									<td align="center">57.5%</td>
									<td align="center">34.2%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>São Paulo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">44%</td>
									<td align="center">20%</td>
									<td align="center">100%</td>
									<td align="center">29.1%</td>
									<td align="center">30%</td>
									<td align="center">34%</td>
									<td align="center">44.6%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Rio de Janeiro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"><sup>48</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">44%</td>
									<td align="center">38%</td>
									<td align="center">78%</td>
									<td align="center">58%</td>
									<td align="center">21%</td>
									<td align="center">83.6%</td>
									<td align="center">25%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Rio de Janeiro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">43.8%</td>
									<td align="center">22%</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">29%</td>
									<td align="center">45.8%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Rio Grande do Sul<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">33%</td>
									<td align="center">38%</td>
									<td align="center">81%</td>
									<td align="center">54%</td>
									<td align="center">10%</td>
									<td align="center">38%</td>
									<td align="center">22.3%</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Minas Gerais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>50</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">41%</td>
									<td align="center">26%</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">22.3%</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3002">
								<p>*Legenda:ECOTE - Ecocardiografia transesofágica, IC - Insuficiência cardíaca; (-) Dados não reportados</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Estudos populacionais</title>
					<p>A compreensão da EI no Brasil é amplamente derivada de coortes hospitalares em centros terciários, com uma concentração notável na região Sudeste. Estudos populacionais robustos sobre incidência e prevalência são escassos em âmbito nacional. Para suprir essa lacuna, grandes bases de dados hospitalares, como os sistemas do DATASUS — incluindo o Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e o Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (SIH) — têm sido utilizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Entre os levantamentos epidemiológicos disponíveis, o estudo Global Burden of Disease (GBD) é o mais abrangente. Embora não apresente uma publicação dedicada, exclusivamente ao Brasil, os dados brasileiros<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> mostram que a taxa de incidência da doença passou de 9,15 para 17,14 casos por 100 000 habitantes entre 1993 e 2023. Além disso, a mortalidade associada à doença alcançou 2.958 óbitos registrados em 2023.</p>
					<p>Esse aparente crescimento na incidência pode não refletir apenas um aumento real de casos. Fatores como a melhoria no acesso aos serviços de saúde, avanços nos métodos diagnósticos (como a maior disponibilidade de ecocardiografia), a adoção de prontuários eletrônicos e possíveis mudanças na codificação das doenças, podem ter contribuído significativamente para uma maior detecção e notificação da doença, inflando as taxas observadas.</p>
					<p>Entre 2000 e 2019, foram notificadas 52055 mortes por EI, segundo dados do SIM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O perfil de mortalidade foi predominantemente de homens, na faixa de 60 a 79 anos e concentrado na região Sudeste. Uma análise de clusters identificou três perfis distintos de mortalidade: (a) mulheres com 80 anos ou mais, com doenças endócrinas e circulatórias, concentradas no Sul e Sudeste; (b) homens entre 30 e 79 anos, com doenças infecciosas e geniturinárias, também predominantes no Sul e Sudeste; e (c) jovens de 0 a 29 anos de ambos os sexos, com doenças respiratórias, com maior proporção de óbitos nas regiões Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Casuísticas Hospitalares Brasileiras</title>
					<p>Embora os estudos populacionais auxiliem a dimensionar o problema em larga escala, o detalhamento da apresentação clínica, do perfil microbiológico e dos desfechos da EI no Brasil depende, sobretudo, de séries de casos e coortes realizadas em hospitais terciários de referência. As <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabelas 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">2</xref>e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">3</xref> resumem os estudos brasileiros selecionados.</p>
					<p>A seção a seguir apresenta uma síntese dessas publicações. A análise está organizada segundo os principais fatores de risco e condições predisponentes, seguida da caracterização dos agentes etiológicos, das especificidades do acometimento valvar e das complicações associadas. Além disso, são avaliadas as taxas cirúrgicas e a mortalidade hospitalar.</p>
					<p>É importante destacar que a maioria dos estudos foram realizados em serviços terciários, com acesso à cirurgia cardíaca. Observa-se heterogeneidade nos períodos estudados, bem como no número de casos de cada centro.</p>
					<p>Os estudos selecionados abrangem um amplo espectro temporal, com períodos de inclusão distribuídos entre 2000 e 2023, e a maioria relatou acompanhamento superior a dez anos. Apesar disso, a heterogeneidade nas janelas de recrutamento e a falta de sobreposição sistemática entre os períodos estudados comprometem a realização de uma análise temporal consistente da evolução da EI no Brasil.</p>
					<p>Os estudos também diferem em seus objetivos metodológicos. Entre eles, incluem-se publicações voltadas para a validação de escores preditores de risco, avaliação do impacto neurológico de longo prazo e para análises descritivas das próprias casuísticas.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Critérios diagnósticos e sintomas admissionais</title>
					<p>Todos os estudos analisados utilizaram os Critérios de Duke Modificados<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> para a definição de caso de EI. A partir de 2024, observa-se a incorporação dos novos critérios Duke-ISCVID<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> em duas publicações, refletindo a atualização recente das diretrizes internacionais.</p>
					<p>O relato de sinais e sintomas relacionados à endocardite nem sempre foi consistente entre os estudos. A febre na admissão foi documentada em 67,5% a 90,6% dos casos, enquanto um novo sopro cardíaco foi registrado em 50,7% a 74,8% dos pacientes.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Perfil Demográfico dos Pacientes</title>
					<p>A análise agregada dos sete estudos publicados, em serviços terciários brasileiros (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabelas 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">3</xref>) mostrou uma mediana de idade entre 45 e 57 anos, valores geralmente inferiores aos documentados em casuísticas do Norte Global (onde as medianas frequentemente excedem 60 anos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
					<p>O predomínio do sexo masculino (57% a 70%) é consistente com a literatura internacional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Apesar de uma menor incidência, as mulheres apresentam maior risco de óbito e menores taxas de cirurgias cardíacas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Presença de comorbidades</title>
					<p>A hipertensão arterial se destaca como a comorbidade mais prevalente, presente em 50-64% dos pacientes nos centros que reportaram esse dado. O diabetes mellitus apresenta uma prevalência de 9,5% a 27% entre as diferentes coortes.</p>
					<p>Em diversas casuísticas a prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica se aproxima dos 50% dos casos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> e os estudos brasileiros apresentam esta consonância. Quanto à prevalência de diabetes mellitus, cerca de 20 a 30%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> dos pacientes apresentam esta condição em países do Norte Global, valores um pouco maiores quando comparados aos estudos brasileiros.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Comprometimento Valvar e Fatores Predisponentes</title>
					<p>A análise dos fatores de risco revela um perfil diversificado de condições predisponentes. A endocardite protética foi descrita em 12 a 53%, casos relacionados a dispositivos cardíacos eletrônicos em 6,9 a 29,3% e cardiopatias congênitas em 4,1 a 13,9%. O antecedente pessoal de um episódio prévio de EI foi documentado em 8% a 16,9% das ocasiões.</p>
					<p>Casos relacionados ao uso de drogas intravenosas ilícitas foram infrequentes. Esse cenário contrasta com alguns países, onde a condição se configura como um desafio de saúde pública,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> e chega a responder por 23,5% dos casos de endocardite, como observado no estudo de Jordal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Trata-se de um problema complexo, com impactos na saúde individual e no bem-estar psicossocial, demandando cuidado multidisciplinar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A valvopatia estrutural decorrente de febre reumática foi documentada em apenas quatro trabalhos, com uma frequência variável de 9% a 35%. Essa heterogeneidade provavelmente reflete diferenças no perfil de referência e na especialização dos serviços, uma vez que alguns centros são referência no atendimento de pacientes com doença valvar prévia ou submetidos a cirurgia cardíaca.</p>
					<p>Quanto à valva mais acometida, os dados variam entre a aórtica (20-54%) e a mitral (26-52%). Mundialmente, essas válvulas são as mais comumente afetadas, com discrepâncias entre os estudos sobre qual valva é predominante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> A endocardite tricúspide aparece em terceiro lugar de frequência e o seu acometimento é considerado um fator relacionado à vulnerabilidade socioeconômica, também pela sua correlação com o uso de drogas injetáveis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Estudos de base populacional indicam que a doença cardíaca reumática vem apresentando redução da sua incidência no Brasil nas últimas décadas, embora com uma tendência de estabilização da prevalência. Isso contrasta com o aumento das estimativas de prevalência e mortalidade bruta para doenças valvares não reumáticas, especialmente em idades mais avançadas, impulsionadas por condições degenerativas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Perfil Microbiológico</title>
					<sec>
						<title>Microrganismos mais frequentemente envolvidos</title>
						<p>A análise microbiológica de coortes brasileiras evidencia uma disparidade na predominância entre as infecções estafilocócicas (10% a 37%) e estreptocócicas (14,7% a 38%), como descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref>. Um dos centros apresentou prevalência atípica de 78% para <italic>Staphylococcus sp</italic>., configurando um valor atípico, possivelmente relacionado a características específicas de da população atendida ou a particularidades metodológicas.</p>
						<p>
							<table-wrap id="t2002">
								<label>Tabela 2</label>
								<caption>
									<title>– Perfil microbiológico em coortes brasileiras de Endocardite Infecciosa</title>
								</caption>
								<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
									<colgroup>
										<col/>
										<col/>
										<col/>
										<col/>
										<col/>
										<col/>
									</colgroup>
									<thead>
										<tr>
											<th align="left">Local</th>
											<th><italic>Staphylococcus sp</italic></th>
											<th><italic>Streptococcus sp</italic></th>
											<th><italic>Enterococcus sp</italic></th>
											<th>HACEK*</th>
											<th>Cultura negativa</th>
										</tr>
									</thead>
									<tbody>
										<tr>
											<td>São Paulo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45"><sup>45</sup></xref>
											</td>
											<td align="center">11.5%</td>
											<td align="center">26%</td>
											<td align="center">7.7%</td>
											<td align="center">1.1%</td>
											<td align="center">21%</td>
										</tr>
										<tr>
											<td>Minas Gerais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46"><sup>46</sup></xref>
											</td>
											<td align="center">35%</td>
											<td align="center">14%</td>
											<td align="center">7.6%</td>
											<td align="center">0.4%</td>
											<td align="center">33.8%</td>
										</tr>
										<tr>
											<td>São Paulo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47"><sup>47</sup></xref>
											</td>
											<td align="center">78%</td>
											<td align="center">14.6%</td>
											<td align="center">7%</td>
											<td align="center">0%</td>
											<td align="center">18%</td>
										</tr>
										<tr>
											<td>Rio de Janeiro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48"><sup>48</sup></xref>
											</td>
											<td align="center">10%</td>
											<td align="center">15%</td>
											<td align="center">12.8%</td>
											<td align="center">&lt;5%</td>
											<td align="center">33%</td>
										</tr>
										<tr>
											<td>Rio de Janeiro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>
											</td>
											<td align="center">37%</td>
											<td align="center">38%</td>
											<td align="center">18%</td>
											<td align="center">0.8%</td>
											<td align="center">19%</td>
										</tr>
										<tr>
											<td>Rio Grande do Sul<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49"><sup>49</sup></xref>
											</td>
											<td align="center">22%</td>
											<td align="center">15%</td>
											<td align="center">-</td>
											<td align="center">-</td>
											<td align="center">14%</td>
										</tr>
										<tr>
											<td>Minas Gerais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50"><sup>50</sup></xref>
											</td>
											<td align="center">19%</td>
											<td align="center">14.7%</td>
											<td align="center">6.6%</td>
											<td align="center">-</td>
											<td align="center">33.3%</td>
										</tr>
									</tbody>
								</table>
								<table-wrap-foot>
									<fn id="TFN2002">
										<p>* HACEK, Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella e Kingella; (-) Dados não reportados</p>
									</fn>
								</table-wrap-foot>
							</table-wrap>
						</p>
						<p>Casuísticas mais recentes mostram uma preponderância das infecções por <italic>S. aureus</italic> mundialmente<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> e algumas séries temporais mostram que as infecções estafilocócicas vem aumentando nas últimas décadas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> com preocupação adicional para o aumento nas infecções por <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> resistentes às meticilinas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
						<p>Em terceiro lugar aparecem as infecções por <italic>Enterococcus sp.,</italic> um patógeno tipicamente associado a infecções em indivíduos mais velhos, com comorbidades e que está relacionado a piores desfechos clínicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Um estudo brasileiro que avaliou exclusivamente a população idosa identificou os enterococos como os patógenos mais frequentemente isolados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
					</sec>
					<sec>
						<title>Endocardite cultura negativa</title>
						<p>Um achado particularmente relevante é a elevada proporção de hemoculturas negativas, que variou de 14% a 36% entre os diferentes centros. A ausência de crescimento microbiano nas hemoculturas reflete principalmente o uso prévio de antimicrobianos e infecções por microrganismos fastidiosos ou que não crescem nos meios de cultura convencionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> A sua ocorrência está relacionada a desafios terapêuticos e a piores desfechos clínicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
						<p>As taxas de hemoculturas negativas na EI variam amplamente em todo o mundo, entre 7,5% a 50% dos casos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> refletindo as heterogeneidades populacionais e as disparidades no acesso aos serviços de saúde entre as diferentes regiões.</p>
						<p>Além de otimizar a propedêutica diagnóstica, com o estímulo à coleta das hemoculturas previamente à administração dos antimicrobianos, a investigação de patógenos fastidiosos como <italic>Bartonella sp</italic>., <italic>Coxiella burnetii</italic>, <italic>Brucella sp</italic>. é essencial. Publicações nacionais já debateram estas infecções isoladamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
						<p>Embora não existam estudos brasileiros sistemáticos que documentem essas disparidades em nível nacional, a experiência clínica, aliada à ampla variação observada nos dados publicados, indica que este é um desafio relevante na prática assistencial.</p>
					</sec>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Exames de Imagem: Acesso e Aplicação no Cenário Nacional</title>
				<p>A avaliação por imagem desempenha um papel central no diagnóstico e no manejo da EI. Diretrizes internacionais recomendam a realização sistemática de Ecocardiograma Transtorácico (ETT) em todo paciente com suspeita de endocardite, seguido de Ecocardiograma Transesofágico (ETE) quando o ETT é inconclusivo, nos portadores prótese valvar ou dispositivos intracardíacos e sempre que a probabilidade clínica da doença permanece elevada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Nas coortes brasileiras analisadas neste artigo, o uso do ETE é frequente, mas não uniforme, variando de 78% a 100%. Por outro lado, em algumas coortes de grande porte, o uso de ETE não foi reportado ou não pôde ser quantificado de forma padronizada, o que sugere heterogeneidade tanto na prática, quanto no registro sistemático dos exames.</p>
				<p>Esse cenário é compatível com a percepção de que, nos grandes serviços terciários, o acesso à ecocardiografia – incluindo ETE – costuma ser amplo e relativamente ágil, permitindo confirmação diagnóstica, estratificação de risco e planejamento cirúrgico de forma integrada. Em contraste, em hospitais de menor porte e em regiões com menor densidade de especialistas, é provável que a avaliação se restrinja muitas vezes ao ETT, com maior dificuldade para documentar vegetações pequenas, abscessos e deiscências de prótese, embora faltem dados sistemáticos publicados que quantifiquem essas disparidades.</p>
				<p>Modalidades adicionais, como Tomografia Carrdíaca (TC) e PET-CT com 18F-FDG, vêm sendo incorporadas como ferramentas complementares para detecção de complicações perivalvares, avaliação de endocardite em próteses e pesquisa de focos embólicos extracardíacos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
				<p>No Brasil, apesar da ampla disponibilidade de TC nos centros terciários e da reconhecida utilidade do PET-CT em cenários específicos, estes exames continuam pouco incorporados à rotina assistencial da EI. Essa limitação decorre de fatores estruturais, logísticos e de formação profissional, impactando diretamente a detecção precoce de complicações perivalvares e a confirmação diagnóstica em próteses valvares.</p>
				<p>As casuísticas brasileiras aqui analisadas não descrevem, de forma padronizada, a utilização rotineira desses exames de imagem. A experiência prática sugere que esses exames permanecem concentrados em centros de alta complexidade e em serviços privados, com oferta limitada e acesso desigual na rede pública. Essa restrição pode contribuir para subdiagnóstico de complicações estruturais, atrasos na indicação cirúrgica e menor capacidade de identificar focos embólicos à distância, especialmente em contextos em que o ETE é inconclusivo ou tecnicamente limitado.</p>
				<p>A TC constitui uma ferramenta adicional para a detecção de complicações perivalvares, incluindo abscessos, pseudoaneurismas, fístulas e deiscência valvar. Segundo as diretrizes da ESC 2023,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> seu papel é complementar ao ecocardiograma, sendo particularmente valiosa quando o ETE é inconclusivo ou limitado — seja por artefatos de prótese, por anatomia desfavorável ou por suspeita clínica persistente que não encontra documentação ecocardiográfica definitiva.</p>
				<p>A TC é útil tanto em válvulas nativas quanto em próteses, embora nas próteses sua contribuição seja ainda maior devido à limitação acústica do ETE. Apesar de sua ampla disponibilidade e custo mais acessível em comparação com o PET-CT, o uso da TC no contexto nacional ainda pode ser expandido. Alguns fatores que podem influenciar sua utilização incluem a solicitação clínica no manejo inicial, a definição de rotinas institucionais e o aperfeiçoamento de protocolos de imagem específicos para endocardite. Quando não considerada precocemente, há a possibilidade de que complicações estruturais significativas sejam identificadas em fases mais avançadas do manejo, por vezes durante o procedimento cirúrgico.</p>
				<p>O PET-CT com 18F-FDG, por sua vez, desempenha um papel na demonstração de inflamação ativa, com elevada acurácia em pacientes com próteses valvares. Nas diretrizes ESC 2023,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> é considerado recomendação classe I para avaliação de endocardite protética com mais de três meses de implante, especialmente quando a suspeita persiste mesmo após um ETE negativo ou não conclusivo. Nesses cenários, o PET-CT fornece ganho diagnóstico significativo, além de contribuir para a identificação de focos embólicos à distância.</p>
				<p>Seu uso, contudo, permanece limitado no Brasil, devido ao custo, à disponibilidade restrita na rede pública, e à necessidade de treinamento das equipes de medicina nuclear. Ainda assim, dados nacionais de um serviço terciário, demonstram impacto clínico relevante em próteses valvares e casos complexos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Assim, TC e PET-CT são métodos complementares, cada qual com pontos fortes em diferentes dimensões diagnósticas.</p>
				<list list-type="bullet">
					<list-item>
						<p>TC: é especialmente eficaz na identificação de complicações estruturais e costuma ser mais acessível, embora dependa de solicitação precoce e expertise radiológica. Já o</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>PET-CT: é extremamente útil em casos envolvendo próteses valvares, sobretudo quando persiste suspeita clínica. Entretanto seu uso é limitado pelo ato custo e pela menor disponibilidade.</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
				<p>A ampliação do uso adequado dessas modalidades exige fluxos assistenciais institucionais, capacitação de equipes de imagem e integração sistemática desses exames nas discussões das <italic>Endocarditis Teams</italic>, garantindo decisões mais rápidas, precisas e baseadas em evidências.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Complicações e desfechos</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Insuficiência cardíaca e abscesso perivalvar</title>
					<p>As coortes brasileiras analisadas neste estudo demonstram uma alta frequência de complicações graves da EI. A insuficiência cardíaca descompensada foi uma apresentação comum, afetando de 29,1% a 58% dos pacientes nos centros que reportaram esse dado. A formação de abscessos perivalvares, uma complicação local grave, foi documentada em até 30% dos pacientes em um centro, com outros registros apontando prevalências entre 10% e 28%.</p>
					<p>Em paralelo aos registros internacionais,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> que reportam insuficiência cardíaca em 14.1% a 31.9% e eventos embólicos/AVC em 17.5% a 20.6%, as coortes brasileiras demonstram uma carga de doença grave. As complicações embólicas também foram amplamente reportadas nas coortes nacionais, embora a heterogeneidade nas definições impeça uma comparação direta com as taxas internacionais. Por fim, a formação de abscessos perivalvares apresentou taxas semelhantes, variando de 13% a 16% nos registros internacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Intervenção Cirúrgica e letalidade hospitalar</title>
					<p>A taxa de intervenção cirúrgica na EI diferiu substancialmente entre os centros brasileiros (29% a 83,6%). Essa variação reflete possíveis diferenças nos perfis de pacientes e nas indicações cirúrgicas estabelecidas por cada serviço. Em comparação, grandes registros internacionais, como EURO-ENDO e ICE, descrevem taxas de abordagem cirúrgica de 51% e 52%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A mortalidade hospitalar nas coortes brasileiras analisadas apresentou heterogeneidade, com taxas entre 22,3% e 45,8%. Essa variabilidade encontra-se dentro do espectro global reportado na literatura, onde as taxas de mortalidade também flutuam significativamente: variando de 14,9% a 25,1% em registros europeus e latino-americanos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> podendo alcançar até 37,1% em séries específicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Abordagem Multidisciplinar: <italic>Endocarditis Teams</italic></title>
					<p>Segundo as diretrizes internacionais mais recentes (ESC 2023), o manejo de EI por equipes multidisciplinares especializadas – <italic>Endocarditis Teams</italic> – constitui recomendação central e padrão de qualidade assistencial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Essas equipes devem integrar, preferencialmente, cardiologistas, cirurgiões cardiovasculares, infectologistas, especialistas em imagem, microbiologistas e paliativistas.</p>
					<p>Evidências observacionais sugerem uma associação positiva entre a atuação das <italic>Endocarditis Teams</italic> e a melhora de desfechos clínicos, incluindo a redução da mortalidade em curto prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Além do núcleo central do <italic>Endocarditis Team</italic>, responsável por coordenar e integrar o cuidado, casos de maior complexidade frequentemente requerem o suporte de outras especialidades médicas, como neurocirurgia, cirurgia vascular, nefrologia e medicina intensiva, bem como a atuação de profissionais da odontologia, psicologia, fisioterapia e serviço social.</p>
					<p>A carência de uma avaliação formal dessa implementação no Brasil constitui uma lacuna de pesquisa relevante. Consequentemente, a criação, estruturação e consolidação de <italic>Endocarditis Teams</italic>, adaptadas à realidade do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e da saúde suplementar, emergem como prioridade para aprimorar a qualidade do cuidado em EI no país.</p>
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				<title>Considerações finais, limitações e perspectivas futuras</title>
				<p>A análise das evidências sobre EI no Brasil, embora marcada por fragmentação e limitações metodológicas, revela um cenário complexo. Os achados disponíveis apontam para um perfil epidemiológico distintivo, caracterizado por pacientes mais jovens, que os descritos em casuísticas internacionais, mas com significativa carga de comorbidades. A maioria dos casos foi de endocardite esquerda e uma porcentagem heterogênea dos casos foi em pacientes com próteses cardíacas.</p>
				<p>O perfil microbiológico mostra-se diverso, acompanhado por taxas preocupantes de hemoculturas negativas, que refletem tanto particularidades regionais, quanto oportunidades de melhoria na propedêutica diagnóstica. Da mesma forma, a ampla variação nas taxas de intervenção cirúrgica e na letalidade intra-hospitalar entre os diferentes centros pode indicar disparidades na estruturação e organização da assistência em todo o país.</p>
				<p>Estas conclusões, entretanto, devem ser interpretadas considerando-se algumas limitações. O uso de bases de dados secundárias está sujeito à subnotificação e a erros de codificação, assim como as estimativas modeladas do GBD carecem de validação clínica em nível individual. Além disso, a predominância de publicações originárias de serviços terciários da região sudeste e de algumas capitais resulta em sub-representação das demais regiões brasileiras, limitando a generalização dos achados. Ainda, a heterogeneidade nos objetivos dos estudos, definições de eventos, complicações e indicações cirúrgicas entre os serviços impede comparações mais robustas.</p>
				<p>Diante desse cenário, algumas oportunidades de aprimoramento podem ser consideradas para fortalecer a compreensão epidemiológica e a organização do cuidado da EI no Brasil. Essas propostas não devem ser interpretadas como modelos prescritivos, mas como possíveis caminhos, condicionados à viabilidade técnica e às diferenças regionais do país.</p>
				<p><bold>Registro Brasileiro de Endocardite Infecciosa</bold>: A criação de um registro colaborativo, multicêntrico e progressivamente ampliado poderia reduzir a atual fragmentação das informações e gerar dados mais representativos. A implementação dependeria da articulação entre centros, disponibilidade de recursos e interesse institucional.</p>
				<p><bold>Diretrizes Nacionais Contextualizadas</bold>: A elaboração de recomendações adaptadas às realidades epidemiológicas e estruturais das diversas regiões, incluindo protocolos para investigação de culturas negativas, poderia contribuir para maior padronização das práticas. Tal iniciativa exige amplo consenso técnico e participação de sociedades científicas.</p>
				<p><bold>Fortalecimento de Equipes Multidisciplinares</bold>: A experiência internacional sugere benefícios da atuação de <italic>Endocarditis Teams</italic>. No contexto brasileiro, modelos adaptados às condições locais – não necessariamente uniformes – poderiam aprimorar a integração entre cardiologia, cirurgia, infectologia, imagem e cuidados paliativos</p>
				<p>A colaboração multidisciplinar e interinstitucional configura um caminho promissor para avanços no cuidado aos pacientes. A formação de redes de pesquisa, consórcios hospitalares e parcerias entre academia e serviços de saúde tem o potencial de acelerar a tradução do conhecimento em práticas assistenciais mais eficazes e, consequentemente, em melhores desfechos clínicos.</p>
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