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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250084i</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00404</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Acute Thrombosis During Ductus Arteriosus Stenting Successfully Treated with Balloon Angioplasty and In Situ Alteplase Infusion: Case Report</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-4476-9551</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lombardi</surname>
						<given-names>Jonathan Guimarães</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-9003-4121</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Calamita</surname>
						<given-names>Paulo Correia</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-1601-6052</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barreto</surname>
						<given-names>Mayra Rosana Palmeira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-2458-9278</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ficht</surname>
						<given-names>Luiza Silveira Neves</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8763-561X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gardenghi</surname>
						<given-names>Giulliano</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>acquisition of data</role>
					<role>critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Estadual de Urgências Governador Otávio Lage de Siqueira</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Goiânia</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Estadual de Urgências Governador Otávio Lage de Siqueira, Goiânia, GO – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">CRD Medicina Diagnóstica</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Goiânia</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">CRD Medicina Diagnóstica, Goiânia, GO – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>3</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Encore</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Aparecida de Goiânia</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Encore, Aparecida de Goiânia, GO – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>4</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Clínica de Anestesia de Goiânia</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Goiânia</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Clínica de Anestesia de Goiânia, Goiânia, GO – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Giulliano Gardenghi</bold> • Hospital Encore. Rua Gurupi, Qd.25, Lt.06/08. Postal code: <postal-code>74905-350</postal-code>. Setor Vila Brasília, Aparecida de Goiânia, GO - Brazil E-mail: <email>coordenacao.cientifica@ceafi.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Márcio Brito</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>03</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>38</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20250084</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>12</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Congenital Heart Defects</kwd>
				<kwd>Tricuspid Atresia</kwd>
				<kwd>Ductus Arteriosus</kwd>
				<kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
				<kwd>Thrombosis</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external fundingsources for this study.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="12"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="23"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Tricuspid atresia with pulmonary atresia is a rare congenital heart defect, representing about 1% to 3% of all congenital heart diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Tricuspid atresia is subdivided into type I (normal position of the great arteries) and type II (transposition of the great arteries), with type 1A characterized by the presence of associated pulmonary atresia or stenosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Pulmonary blood flow in these patients is dependent on the patency of the ductus arteriosus, making its maintenance essential in the neonatal period.</p>
			<p>The treatment of tricuspid atresia follows a staged surgical approach, aiming for a Fontan circulation as the final goal. In the neonatal period, the focus is to ensure adequate pulmonary blood flow through hemodynamic or surgical interventions, including systemic-pulmonary shunts or ductal interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>This case report describes a newborn with type 1A tricuspid atresia who underwent a hemodynamic intervention with stent implantation in the ductus arteriosus, discussing technical aspects of the procedure, complications, and clinical evolution.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="cases">
			<title>Case report</title>
			<p>A term male newborn weighing 2,920 g was transferred at 6 days of life to a cardiac intensive care unit. The patient was hemodynamically stable, with oxygen saturation of 85% in room air, and was receiving a continuous intravenous infusion of prostaglandin at 0.01 mcg/kg/min. Transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated tricuspid valve atresia, pulmonary valve atresia, a hypoplastic right ventricle, the aorta arising from the left ventricle, and a tortuous ductus arteriosus (type 1A tricuspid atresia) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Chest computed tomography angiography showed a tortuous ductus arteriosus and stenosis at the origin of the left pulmonary artery (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). The patient also had a multicystic dysplastic left kidney. After multidisciplinary discussion, ductal stenting was chosen as a palliative procedure in the neonatal period.</p>
			<fig id="f1">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Transthoracic echocardiography. A and B) Patent foramen ovale and atretic tricuspid valve. C) Left ventricle connected to the aorta. D) Tortuous patent ductus arteriosus. LA: left atrium; RA: right atrium.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250084-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<fig id="f2">
				<label>Figure 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Aortic computed tomography angiography. A and B) Left ventricle connected to the aorta. C and D) Markedly tortuous patent ductus arteriosus. E) Stenosis at the origin of the left pulmonary artery. E) Three-dimensional reconstruction showing the anatomy of the ductus arteriosus. LPA: left pulmonary artery; RPA: right pulmonary artery.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250084-gf02.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<sec>
				<title>Interventional procedure</title>
				<p>Due to the angle between the aortic end of the ductus arteriosus and the aortic arch, the right carotid artery was chosen as the access route. To improve catheter and guidewire manipulation and ergonomics, the patient was positioned in reverse orientation on the hemodynamic table (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>A and B) Image showing the patient positioned in reverse orientation on the catheterization table (with the cranial portion away from the radiation source).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250084-gf03.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>The right carotid artery was punctured under ultrasound guidance, and a 5F slender transradial introducer was placed. Intravenous heparin (100 IU/kg) and prophylactic cefazolin (50 mg/kg) were administered. Left heart catheterization and cineangiography confirmed the tortuous ductal anatomy and the stenosis at the origin of the left pulmonary artery (proximal to the ductal insertion). A 0.014″ Balance Heavy Weight (BHW) guidewire was placed in the left pulmonary artery with microcatheter support. A Mini Trek 2 × 8 mm balloon catheter was positioned in the ductal trajectory for radiopaque landmark-based measurements. At this point, the patient developed decreased end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO<sub>2</sub>) and oxygen saturation, with significant ductal spasm and reduced effective pulmonary flow. Continuous adrenaline infusion was started. The BHW guidewire was replaced with an exchange-length 0.014″ wire. With guidewire support, an Inspiron 4 × 19 mm stent was implanted in the ductus arteriosus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figure 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Percutaneous intervention. A, B, and C) Angiograms obtained via carotid access showing a tortuous ductus arteriosus and stenosis at the origin of the left pulmonary artery. D) With the support of a 0.014″ BHW guidewire positioned in the left pulmonary artery, a Mini Trek 2 × 8 mm balloon catheter was placed along the ductal trajectory; at this moment, ductal spasm was observed. E) An Inspiron 4 × 19 mm stent was implanted in the ductus arteriosus. F) Angiogram showing preserved flow through the ductal stent but with worsening stenosis at the origin of the left pulmonary artery. LPA: left pulmonary artery; RPA: right pulmonary artery.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250084-gf04.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>The patient showed transient improvement in saturation and ETCO<sub>2</sub>, but a few minutes later developed significant hypoxemia, decreased ETCO<sub>2</sub>, and bradycardia. Acute stent thrombosis was identified, and in situ alteplase was administered as a 0.05 mg/kg bolus, followed by continuous infusion at 0.5 mg/kg/h. Sequential balloon angioplasty of the entire stent with a Trek 4 × 12 mm balloon catheter was performed. These measures restored ductal flow and partially improved heart rate, oxygen saturation, and ETCO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
				<p>Stenosis at the origin of the left pulmonary artery significantly restricted flow to the pulmonary trunk and right pulmonary artery. Proximal optimization technique (POT) was used with a 4 × 8 mm balloon (inflated to burst pressure). With the support of a JR 4F catheter, a 0.014″ guidewire was placed in the right pulmonary artery through the lateral mesh of the prior stent. Balloon angioplasty of the right pulmonary artery origin was then performed with a Trek 3 × 12 mm balloon (opening the lateral mesh of the previous stent) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>). After balloon angioplasty, the guidewire was withdrawn from the right pulmonary artery, but the stenosis at the origin of the left pulmonary artery persisted.</p>
				<fig id="f5">
					<label>Figure 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Percutaneous intervention. A) Angiography showing acute thrombosis of the ductal stent. B) Angioplasty with a 4 × 12 mm Trek balloon catheter along the entire length of the stent. C) Angiography demonstrating effective recanalization of the stent. D) Guidewire positioned in the right pulmonary artery through the lateral struts of the stent. E) Angioplasty with a 3 × 12 mm Trek balloon catheter (opening the lateral struts of the previous stent). F) Guidewire withdrawn from the right pulmonary artery, showing persistence of stenosis at the origin of the left pulmonary artery. RPA: right pulmonary artery; LPA: left pulmonary artery.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250084-gf05.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>The 0.014″ guidewire was then repositioned in the right pulmonary artery, and an Inspiron 3.5 × 9 mm stent was implanted through the lateral mesh of the previous stent, directed toward the origin of the left pulmonary artery and the pulmonary trunk (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>). The introducer was removed, and manual hemostatic compression and compressive occlusive dressing were applied.</p>
				<fig id="f6">
					<label>Figure 6</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Percutaneous intervention. A) Implantation of an Inspiron 3.5 × 9 mm stent through the lateral mesh of the previous stent. B and C) Angiograms showing adequate flow through the stent assembly from the ductus arteriosus to both pulmonary arteries.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250084-gf06.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>The patient was transferred to the intensive care unit on mechanical ventilation and continuous intravenous adrenaline (0.1 mcg/kg/min). Alteplase continued for another 3 hours but discontinued due to bleeding at the puncture and central venous access sites. Grade I left intracranial hemorrhage was detected on post-procedure transfontanellar ultrasound, which normalized on follow-up 3 months later. The patient had infectious complications such as pneumonia and sepsis with positive blood cultures for <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>, treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics. He also experienced extubation failure and prolonged mechanical ventilation (total of 49 days). Hospitalization was prolonged, with discharge 3 months after the procedure. Transthoracic echocardiography showed patent stents with adequate flow through the ductus arteriosus and pulmonary branches. Clinically, the patient remains hemodynamically stable, with oxygen saturation of 84% in room air, and is being followed for planned Glenn surgery.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>Tricuspid atresia with pulmonary atresia is one of the most complex challenges in interventional pediatric cardiology, especially because of the absolute dependence on ductal flow for pulmonary perfusion in the neonatal period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This case illustrates the multiple layers of anatomic and technical complexity involved in the management of these patients, highlighting both the therapeutic possibilities and the inherent limitations and complications of interventional procedures in high-risk neonates.</p>
			<p>Ductal stenting has emerged as a viable and often preferable alternative to surgical shunts in selected neonates, offering significant advantages in terms of perioperative morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Recent comparative studies have shown similar survival rates between the two therapeutic modalities, but with a lower incidence of immediate complications in the percutaneous intervention group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, appropriate patient selection remains critical, considering factors such as neonatal weight, ductal anatomy, associated pulmonary stenoses, and pre-procedure hemodynamic stability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The angle formed between the aortic end of the ductus arteriosus and the aortic arch, as seen in this case, is an anatomical limitation that requires significant technical adaptations, including changes in patient positioning and careful selection of the vascular access route.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The extreme ductal tortuosity<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> combined with the short length of the pulmonary branches in a newborn complicates coronary guidewire navigation and the support it provides for stent delivery. The use of specific materials such as a microcatheter and more than one 0.014″ guidewire positioned simultaneously makes the procedure feasible. Pre-existing pulmonary branch stenosis prior to stent implantation is a risk factor for worsening stenosis and total occlusion of a pulmonary branch.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Techniques such as positioning a 0.014″ guidewire in each pulmonary branch during stent implantation can increase procedural safety by maintaining patency of the stenotic pulmonary branch and facilitating the opening of the stent's lateral mesh. In this case, this technique was not possible because the patient developed acute clinical deterioration during guidewire manipulation within the ductus, causing ductal spasm.</p>
			<p>The occurrence of acute stent thrombosis is one of the most feared complications in neonatal procedures, with an incidence of 2% to 3%. Predisposing factors include elevated hematocrit, prolonged procedure time, endothelial trauma during manipulation, and activation of the coagulation cascade secondary to the prosthetic material. Immediate treatment with local fibrinolytics, as demonstrated in this case with alteplase, has been effective, allowing successful recanalization with low risk of systemic bleeding. Sequential mechanical angioplasty of the stent also restores adequate flow quickly and sustainably.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The technique of stent implantation through the lateral mesh of a previously placed stent (&quot;stent-in-stent&quot;) used to address stenosis at the origin of the left pulmonary artery represents a significant technical innovation in pediatric interventional cardiology. The literature documents growing experience with this technique in various anatomical situations, demonstrating medium-term safety and efficacy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The complications observed in this case, including grade I intracranial hemorrhage and hospital-acquired infections, reflect the fragility of neonates undergoing complex and prolonged interventional procedures. Intracranial hemorrhage, possibly related to the use of fibrinolytics, is a known but relatively rare complication, requiring strict neurological monitoring in the post-procedural period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The development of nosocomial infections in critically ill patients on prolonged mechanical ventilation is an additional challenge in post-intervention management, demanding rigorous prevention and early treatment protocols. The favorable medium-term outcome, with maintained stent patency and hemodynamic stability, supports the efficacy of the chosen therapeutic strategy and the use of this approach as an effective bridge to subsequent surgical staging in selected patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusion</title>
			<p>This case demonstrates the feasibility and efficacy of hemodynamic intervention in neonates with type 1A tricuspid atresia. Ductal stenting allowed for adequate pulmonary blood flow and clinical stabilization. The observed complications, including acute stent thrombosis, worsening of left pulmonary artery origin stenosis after ductal stenting, and hemodynamic instability, reflect the complexity of neonatal procedures and the need for rapid and effective medical (fibrinolytic) and interventional (balloon angioplasty of the thrombosed stent, POT technique, balloon and stent angioplasty through the lateral stent mesh) strategies. The favorable medium-term outcome, with preserved pulmonary flow and ventricular function, supports the use of this technique as a bridge to future surgical staging in selected patients.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
				<label>Sources of Funding</label>
				<p>There were no external fundingsources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<label>Study Association</label>
				<p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
				<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the CEP do Hospital de Urgëncias de Goiás under the protocol number 85497418.2.0000.0033. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
				<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
				<p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-not-available">
			<title>Availability of Research Data</title>
			<p>The data cannot be made publicly available due to legal considerations related to Brazil's General Data Protection Law, as the data could allow the identification of the patient in the case in question.</p>
		</sec>
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			<title>References</title>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250084</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Trombose Aguda Durante Implante de Stent no Ducto Arterioso Tratada com Sucesso por Angioplastia com Balão e Infusão <italic>In Situ</italic> de Alteplase: Relato de Caso</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-4476-9551</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lombardi</surname>
						<given-names>Jonathan Guimarães</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-9003-4121</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Calamita</surname>
						<given-names>Paulo Correia</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-1601-6052</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barreto</surname>
						<given-names>Mayra Rosana Palmeira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-2458-9278</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ficht</surname>
						<given-names>Luiza Silveira Neves</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8763-561X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gardenghi</surname>
						<given-names>Giulliano</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>3</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>4</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff5">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Goiânia</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Estadual de Urgências Governador Otávio Lage de Siqueira, Goiânia, GO – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff6">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Goiânia</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">CRD Medicina Diagnóstica, Goiânia, GO – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff7">
					<label>3</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Aparecida de Goiânia</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Encore, Aparecida de Goiânia, GO – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff8">
					<label>4</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Goiânia</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Clínica de Anestesia de Goiânia, Goiânia, GO – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondência:</label><bold>Giulliano Gardenghi</bold> • Hospital Encore. Rua Gurupi, Qd.25, Lt.06/08. CEP: <postal-code>74905-350</postal-code>. Setor Vila Brasília, Aparecida de Goiânia, GO – Brasil E-mail: <email>coordenacao.cientifica@ceafi.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Márcio Brito</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Cardiopatias Congênitas</kwd>
				<kwd>Atresia Tricúspide</kwd>
				<kwd>Canal Arterial</kwd>
				<kwd>Intervenção Coronária Percutânea</kwd>
				<kwd>Trombose</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A atresia tricúspide acompanhada de atresia pulmonar é uma cardiopatia congênita rara, representando aproximadamente 1% a 3% de todas as cardiopatias congênitas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A atresia tricúspide é subdividida em tipo I (posição normal das grandes artérias) e tipo II (transposição das grandes artérias), sendo o tipo 1A caracterizado pela presença de estenose ou atresia pulmonar associada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O fluxo sanguíneo pulmonar nesses pacientes depende da persistência do ducto arterioso, tornando sua manutenção essencial no período neonatal.</p>
				<p>O tratamento da atresia tricúspide segue uma abordagem cirúrgica em estágios, visando a circulação de Fontan como objetivo final. No período neonatal, o foco é garantir fluxo sanguíneo pulmonar adequado por meio de intervenções hemodinâmicas ou cirúrgicas, incluindo shunts sistêmico-pulmonares ou intervenções no ducto arterioso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O presente relato de caso descreve um recém-nascido com atresia tricúspide tipo 1A que foi submetido a uma intervenção hemodinâmica com implante de stent no ducto arterioso, discutindo aspectos técnicos do procedimento, complicações e evolução clínica.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>Relato de caso</title>
				<p>Um recém-nascido a termo, do sexo masculino, pesando 2.920 g, foi transferido aos 6 dias de vida para uma unidade de terapia intensiva cardíaca. O paciente estava hemodinamicamente estável, com saturação de oxigênio de 85% em ar ambiente, recebendo infusão intravenosa contínua de prostaglandina a 0,01 mcg/kg/min. O ecocardiograma transtorácico demonstrou atresia da valva tricúspide, atresia da valva pulmonar, hipoplasia do ventrículo direito, aorta originando-se do ventrículo esquerdo e ducto arterioso tortuoso (atresia tricúspide tipo 1A) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1</xref>). A angiotomografia computadorizada do tórax mostrou ducto arterioso tortuoso e estenose na origem da artéria pulmonar esquerda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 2</xref>). O paciente também apresentava rim esquerdo displásico multicístico. Após discussão multidisciplinar, optou-se pelo implante de stent no ducto como procedimento paliativo no período neonatal.</p>
				<fig id="f7">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Ecocardiografia transtorácica. A e B) Forame oval patente e valva tricúspide atrésica. C) Ventrículo esquerdo conectado à aorta. D) Ducto arterioso patente e tortuoso. AD: átrio direito; AE: átrio esquerdo.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250084-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<fig id="f8">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Angiotomografia computadorizada da aorta. A e B) Ventrículo esquerdo conectado à aorta. C e D) Ducto arterioso patente e marcadamente tortuoso. E) Estenose na origem da artéria pulmonar esquerda. F) Reconstrução tridimensional mostrando a anatomia do ducto arterioso. APD: artéria pulmonar direita; APE: artéria pulmonar esquerda.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250084-gf02-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<sec>
					<title>Procedimento intervencionista</title>
					<p>Devido ao ângulo entre a extremidade aórtica do ducto arterioso e o arco aórtico, a artéria carótida direita foi escolhida como via de acesso. Para melhorar a manipulação e a ergonomia do cateter e do fio-guia, o paciente foi posicionado em orientação inversa na mesa hemodinâmica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
					<fig id="f9">
						<label>Figura 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>A e B) Imagem mostrando o paciente posicionado em orientação inversa na mesa de cateterismo (com a porção craniana afastada da fonte de radiação).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250084-gf03-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<p>A artéria carótida direita foi puncionada sob orientação ultrassonográfica, e foi inserido um introdutor transradial slender 5F. Foram administradas heparina intravenosa (100 UI/kg) e cefazolina profilática (50 mg/kg). O cateterismo cardíaco esquerdo e a cineangiografia confirmaram a anatomia tortuosa do ducto e a estenose na origem da artéria pulmonar esquerda (proximal à inserção ductal). Um fio-guia Balance Heavy Weight (BHW) de 0,014″ foi posicionado na artéria pulmonar esquerda com o auxílio de um microcateter. Um cateter-balão Mini Trek de 2 × 8 mm foi posicionado ao longo do trajeto ductal para medidas baseadas em marcos radiopacos. Nesse momento, o paciente evoluiu com diminuição do dióxido de carbono no fim da expiração (ETCO<sub>2</sub>) e da saturação de oxigênio, com espasmo ductal significativo e redução do fluxo pulmonar efetivo. Foi iniciada infusão contínua de adrenalina. O fio-guia BHW foi substituído por um fio de 0,014″ de comprimento de troca. Com o auxílio do fio-guia, foi implantado um stent Inspiron de 4 × 19 mm no ducto arterioso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
					<fig id="f10">
						<label>Figura 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Intervenção percutânea. A, B e C) Angiografias obtidas por acesso carotídeo mostrando um ducto arterioso tortuoso e estenose na origem da artéria pulmonar esquerda. D) Com o auxílio de um fio-guia BHW de 0,014″ posicionado na artéria pulmonar esquerda, um cateter-balão Mini Trek de 2 × 8 mm foi inserido ao longo da trajetória do ducto; neste momento, foi observado espasmo ductal. E) Um stent Inspiron de 4 × 19 mm foi implantado no ducto arterioso. F) Angiografia mostrando fluxo preservado através do stent ductal, mas com piora da estenose na origem da artéria pulmonar esquerda. APD: artéria pulmonar direita; APE: artéria pulmonar esquerda.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250084-gf04-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<p>O paciente apresentou melhora transitória na saturação de oxigênio e no ETCO<sub>2</sub>, mas alguns minutos depois desenvolveu hipoxemia significativa, diminuição do ETCO<sub>2</sub> e bradicardia. Foi identificada trombose aguda do stent, e alteplase <italic>in situ</italic> foi administrada em bolus de 0,05 mg/kg, seguida de infusão contínua a 0,5 mg/kg/h. Foi realizada angioplastia sequencial com balão de todo o stent com um cateter-balão Trek de 4 × 12 mm. Essas medidas restauraram o fluxo ductal e melhoraram parcialmente a frequência cardíaca, a saturação de oxigênio e o ETCO<sub>2</sub>.</p>
					<p>A estenose na origem da artéria pulmonar esquerda restringia significativamente o fluxo para o tronco pulmonar e para a artéria pulmonar direita. A técnica de otimização proximal (POT, do inglês, <italic>proximal optimization technique</italic>) foi utilizada com um balão de 4 × 8 mm (inflado até a pressão de ruptura). Com o auxílio de um cateter JR 4F, um fio-guia de 0,014″ foi posicionado na artéria pulmonar direita através da malha lateral do stent anterior. Em seguida, foi realizada angioplastia com balão na origem da artéria pulmonar direita com um balão Trek de 3 × 12 mm (abrindo a malha lateral do stent anterior) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5</xref>). Após a angioplastia com balão, o fio-guia foi retirado da artéria pulmonar direita, mas a estenose na origem da artéria pulmonar esquerda persistiu.</p>
					<fig id="f11">
						<label>Figura 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Intervenção percutânea. A) Angiografia mostrando trombose aguda do stent ductal. B) Angioplastia com cateter-balão Trek de 4 × 12 mm ao longo de todo o comprimento do stent. C) Angiografia demonstrando recanalização eficaz do stent. D) Fio-guia posicionado na artéria pulmonar direita através da malha lateral do stent. E) Angioplastia com cateter-balão Trek de 3 × 12 mm (abrindo a malha lateral do stent anterior). F) Fio-guia retirado da artéria pulmonar direita mostrando persistência da estenose na origem da artéria pulmonar esquerda. APD: artéria pulmonar direita; APE: artéria pulmonar esquerda.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250084-gf05-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<p>O fio-guia de 0,014″ foi então reposicionado na artéria pulmonar direita e um stent Inspiron de 3,5 × 9 mm foi implantado através da malha lateral do stent anterior, direcionado para a origem da artéria pulmonar esquerda e o tronco pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 6</xref>). O introdutor foi removido, e foram aplicados compressão hemostática manual e curativo oclusivo compressivo.</p>
					<fig id="f12">
						<label>Figura 6</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Intervenção percutânea. A) Implante de stent Inspiron de 3,5 × 9 mm através da malha lateral do stent anterior. B e C) Angiografias demonstrando fluxo adequado através do conjunto de stents, do ducto arterioso para ambas as artérias pulmonares.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250084-gf06-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
					<p>O paciente foi transferido para a unidade de terapia intensiva em ventilação mecânica e adrenalina intravenosa contínua (0,1 mcg/kg/min). A alteplase foi mantida por mais 3 horas, mas interrompida devido a sangramento nos locais de punção e acesso venoso central. Hemorragia intracraniana esquerda de grau I foi detectada em ultrassom transfontanelar pós-procedimento, que normalizou no acompanhamento 3 meses depois. O paciente apresentou complicações infecciosas, como pneumonia e sepse, com hemoculturas positivas para <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>, tratadas com antibióticos de amplo espectro. O paciente também apresentou falha na extubação e necessidade prolongada de ventilação mecânica (total de 49 dias). A hospitalização foi prolongada, com alta 3 meses após o procedimento. O ecocardiograma transtorácico mostrou stents pérvios com fluxo adequado através do ducto arterioso e ramos pulmonares. Clinicamente, o paciente permanece hemodinamicamente estável, com saturação de oxigênio de 84% em ar ambiente, e está sendo acompanhado para cirurgia de Glenn programada.</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>A atresia tricúspide acompanhada de atresia pulmonar é um dos desafios mais complexos na cardiologia pediátrica intervencionista, especialmente devido à dependência absoluta do fluxo ductal para a perfusão pulmonar no período neonatal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O caso relatado ilustra as múltiplas camadas de complexidade anatômica e técnica envolvidas no manejo desses pacientes, destacando tanto as possibilidades terapêuticas quanto as limitações e complicações inerentes aos procedimentos intervencionistas em neonatos de alto risco.</p>
				<p>O implante de stent no ducto surgiu como uma alternativa viável e, muitas vezes, preferível às shunts cirúrgicas em neonatos selecionados, oferecendo vantagens significativas em termos de morbimortalidade perioperatória.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Estudos comparativos recentes mostraram taxas de sobrevida semelhantes entre as duas modalidades terapêuticas, mas com menor incidência de complicações imediatas no grupo de intervenção percutânea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No entanto, a seleção adequada dos pacientes continua sendo fundamental, considerando fatores como peso neonatal, anatomia do ducto, estenoses pulmonares associadas e estabilidade hemodinâmica pré-procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O ângulo formado entre a extremidade aórtica do ducto arterioso e o arco aórtico, como observado no presente caso, é uma limitação anatômica que requer adaptações técnicas significativas, incluindo mudanças no posicionamento do paciente e seleção cuidadosa da via de acesso vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A tortuosidade extrema do ducto<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> combinada com o curto comprimento dos ramos pulmonares em um recém-nascido complica a navegação do fio-guia coronário e o suporte que ele fornece para a colocação do stent. O uso de materiais específicos, como um microcateter e mais de um fio-guia de 0,014″ posicionados simultaneamente, torna o procedimento viável. A estenose pré-existente do ramo pulmonar antes do implante do stent é um fator de risco para piora da estenose e oclusão total de um ramo pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Técnicas como o posicionamento de um fio-guia de 0,014″ em cada ramo pulmonar durante o implante do stent podem aumentar a segurança do procedimento, mantendo a permeabilidade do ramo pulmonar estenótico e facilitando a abertura da malha lateral do stent. No caso relatado, essa técnica não foi possível porque o paciente apresentou deterioração clínica aguda durante a manipulação do fio-guia dentro do ducto, causando espasmo ductal.</p>
				<p>A ocorrência de trombose aguda de stent é uma das complicações mais temidas em procedimentos neonatais, com incidência de 2% a 3%. Os fatores predisponentes incluem hematócrito elevado, tempo prolongado do procedimento, trauma endotelial durante a manipulação e ativação da cascata de coagulação secundária ao material protético. Como demonstrado nesse caso com alteplase, o tratamento imediato com fibrinolíticos locais tem sido eficaz, permitindo a recanalização bem-sucedida com baixo risco de sangramento sistêmico. A angioplastia mecânica sequencial do stent também restaura o fluxo adequado de forma rápida e sustentável.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A técnica de implante de stent através da malha lateral de um stent previamente colocado (&quot;<italic>stent-in-stent</italic>&quot;), utilizada para tratar a estenose na origem da artéria pulmonar esquerda, representa uma inovação técnica significativa na cardiologia intervencionista pediátrica. A literatura documenta uma experiência crescente com essa técnica em diversas situações anatômicas, demonstrando segurança e eficácia a médio prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
				<p>As complicações observadas no caso relatado, incluindo hemorragia intracraniana de grau I e infecções hospitalares, refletem a fragilidade dos neonatos submetidos a procedimentos intervencionistas complexos e prolongados. A hemorragia intracraniana, possivelmente relacionada ao uso de fibrinolíticos, é uma complicação conhecida, mas relativamente rara, que requer monitoramento neurológico rigoroso durante o período pós-procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> O desenvolvimento de infecções nosocomiais em pacientes críticos em ventilação mecânica prolongada é um desafio adicional no manejo pós-intervenção, exigindo protocolos rigorosos de prevenção e tratamento precoce. O desfecho favorável em médio prazo, com manutenção da patência do stent e estabilidade hemodinâmica, apoia a eficácia da estratégia terapêutica escolhida e o uso dessa abordagem como uma ponte eficaz para estágios cirúrgicos subsequentes em pacientes selecionados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusão</title>
				<p>O presente caso demonstra a viabilidade e a eficácia da intervenção hemodinâmica em neonatos com atresia tricúspide tipo 1A. O implante de stent no ducto arterioso permitiu fluxo sanguíneo pulmonar adequado e estabilização clínica. As complicações observadas, incluindo trombose aguda do stent, piora da estenose na origem da artéria pulmonar esquerda após o implante do stent no ducto e instabilidade hemodinâmica, refletem a complexidade dos procedimentos neonatais e a necessidade de estratégias médicas (fibrinolíticas) e intervencionistas (angioplastia com balão do stent trombosado, técnica de POT, angioplastia com balão e stent através da malha lateral do stent) rápidas e eficazes. O desfecho favorável em médio prazo, com preservação do fluxo pulmonar e da função ventricular, apoia o uso dessa técnica como ponte para futuros estágios cirúrgicos em pacientes selecionados.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
					<label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
					<p>Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
					<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do(a) CEP do Hospital de Urgëncias de Goiás sob o número de protocolo 85497418.2.0000.0033. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
					<label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial</label>
					<p>Os autores não utilizaram ferramentas de inteligência artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-not-available">
				<title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
				<p>Os dados não podem ser disponibilizados publicamente em respeito às questões legais referentes à Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados do Brasil, visto que os dados poderiam permitir a identificação do paciente do caso em questão.</p>
			</sec>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>