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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250083i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Review Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>My Approach to Wilkins-Block score in rheumatic mitral stenosis</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4416-021X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gomes</surname>
						<given-names>Nayana Flamini Arantes</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-4696-3895</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Figueiredo</surname>
						<given-names>Fernanda de Azevedo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6966-1147</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rodrigues</surname>
						<given-names>Estela Fófano</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-1745-8382</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Soares</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina Kuchenbecker</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8801-1828</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Nunes</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Carmo Pereira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil </country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brazil </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Lavras</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Lavras</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label>Maria Carmo Pereira NunesFaculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Clinica Médica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Professor Alfredo Balena, 190. Postal code: 30130-100. Belo Horizonte, MG – Brazil E-mail: <email>mcarmo@waymail.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p> Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>12</day>
				<month>02</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>38</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20250083</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>29</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>29</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>17</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>Mitral stenosis (MS) is the main clinical expression of chronic rheumatic heart disease. In symptomatic patients with severe MS and favorable anatomy, percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty (PMBV) is the first-line therapeutic strategy. For the proper selection of candidates, the Wilkins-Block echocardiographic score was developed to characterize mitral valve morphology and predict eligibility for the procedure. This score includes four structural domains: leaflet mobility, valve thickening, degree of calcification, and subvalvular apparatus involvement, grading each parameter from 1 to 4 points, resulting in an overall range of 4 to 16 points, in increasing order of anatomical severity. The Wilkins score has become a widely validated tool, showing a consistent correlation with the immediate and long-term outcomes of PMBV. Among the limitations of the score, the absence of commissural anatomy assessment stands out, a variable recognized as a relevant prognostic determinant due to its strong association with the occurrence of post-procedure mitral regurgitation, considered the most frequent and clinically significant complication of PMBV. With the accumulation of clinical and technical experience, the indications for PMBV have been progressively extended to include patients with less favorable anatomical profiles. In these contexts, selection must be particularly rigorous, incorporating not only morphological criteria derived from echocardiographic evaluation, but also clinical aspects, in order to ensure satisfactory results and minimize the risk of complications.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Mitral Valve Stenosis</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Rheumatic Heart Disease</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<award-group>
					<funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
				</award-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding:</bold>Maria Carmo Pereira Nunes receives a research grant from CNPq, in the PQ-1A category.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="10"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="27"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Central Illustration:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>My Approach to Wilkins-Block score in rheumatic mitral stenosis</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250083-gf01.tif"/>
						<attrib>Practical recommendations for echocardiographic evaluation of rheumatic mitral stenosis (RMS) in the selection of candidates for percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty (PMBV).</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Rheumatic fever is a disease resulting from pharyngotonsillitis caused by the bacterium <italic>Streptococcus pyogenes</italic> in susceptible individuals<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>. Chronic rheumatic heart disease (CRHD) is the most important consequence of rheumatic fever and constitutes a significant public health problem, especially in low- and middle-income countries, where it continues to be associated with high morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The mitral valve (MV) is the most frequently affected in CRHD, with mitral stenosis (MS) being its main chronic manifestation.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Pathophysiology of mitral stenosis</title>
				<p>Rheumatic mitral stenosis (RMS) results from thickening and calcification of the cusps, shortening of the chordae tendineae, and commissural fusion, progressively reducing the valve area. The consequent atrioventricular diastolic gradient leads to pulmonary venocapillary congestion, pulmonary hypertension, and right ventricular dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Left atrial pressure overload promotes structural remodeling, predisposing to arrhythmias, especially atrial fibrillation (AF), which precipitates symptoms and increases the risk of thromboembolic events. It is estimated that 80% of strokes in patients with rheumatic stenosis occur in the MS-AF association, with a substantial impact on quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Echocardiography in the evaluation of the mitral valve</title>
				<p>The MV is a complex anatomical structure that includes the fibromuscular ring, two cusps (anterior and posterior), chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles, and has a close structural relationship with the underlying ventricular myocardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The anterior cusp is longer and semicircular, while the posterior cusp is shorter and segmented; the posterior cusp is subdivided into three segments (P1-lateral, P2-central, P3-medial), corresponding to A1, A2, and A3 of the anterior cusp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Echocardiographic evaluation of the mitral valve requires a multimodal approach, in which two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (2D TTE) represents the initial and fundamental method for morphological and functional analysis of the valve. This modality enables an accurate analysis of the thickness and mobility of the cusps, the presence and extent of calcifications, and the integrity and impairment of the subvalvular apparatus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Doppler ultrasound allows for the quantification of the severity of mitral valve lesions by measuring transvalvular gradients, effective orifice areas in cases of stenosis, and regurgitation parameters, such as volume and regurgitant fraction. Color Doppler analysis complements this assessment, allowing for the visualization of the regurgitant jet, estimation of the vena contracta, and application of the Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area (PISA) technique for a more accurate quantification of mitral regurgitation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is recommended when greater anatomical detail is needed, particularly in the characterization of mitral regurgitation mechanisms, the evaluation of infective endocarditis, and the planning of percutaneous or surgical therapies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography, especially via TEE, improves the spatial analysis of the valve, enabling multiplanar reconstructions with direct anatomical correlation, a more precise measurement of the valve area, a dynamic evaluation of the annulus, and the segmental characterization of the cusps.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty</title>
				<p>The PMBV. introduced in 1984 by Inoue et al., is the treatment of choice for severe mitral stenosis with favorable anatomy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> It is an invasive procedure, with efficacy comparable to surgical commissurotomy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Balloon inflation promotes mitral valve opening, primarily through commissural separation of fibrotic adhesions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> When inflated inside the valve orifice, the balloon generates radial forces that concentrate in the commissural regions, promoting tension redistribution and favoring symmetrical orifice opening.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Prior echocardiographic evaluation is mandatory to determine if the MV anatomy is adequate for commissural opening and if it will allow for an increased valve area without inducing significant mitral regurgitation. Several scores have been developed for this purpose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Obtaining good results depends particularly on the appropriate selection of patients. Several outcome predictors have been described, including age, functional class, previous commissurotomy, valve area, valve anatomy, and balloon size. Among these, mitral valve morphology is the single most determinant factor, reinforcing the need for the systematic use of echocardiographic scores. Unfavorable results are frequently related to adverse morphological changes, especially cusp calcification and subvalvular involvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> To estimate the probability of successful dilation, the Wilkins-Block score was developed, based on the 2D assessment of valve morphology.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Wilkins-Block Score</title>
				<p>Wilkins et al., in 1988,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> proposed an echocardiographic score for the structural evaluation of RMS, which demonstrated a significant correlation with valve opening capacity after percutaneous valvuloplasty. In the original score, success was defined dichotomously by obtaining a mitral valve area &gt; 1.0 cm<sup>2</sup>, without considering the development of mitral regurgitation. This score is obtained through a systematic and relatively simple analysis of valve morphology as viewed through a TTE, using the conventional cuts employed in the evaluation of the mitral valve. In certain situations, modified cuts may be necessary for better anatomical characterization, especially of the subvalvular apparatus (Central Figure).</p>
				<p>The evaluation of each parameter is performed subjectively through a semi-quantitative score that covers leaflet mobility, valve thickening, degree of calcification, and involvement of the subvalvular apparatus. Each item receives a score from 1 to 4 points, resulting in a total score ranging from 4 to 16 points, in ascending order of structural severity. In general, patients with a score ≤ 8 have favorable anatomy and are the best candidates for PMBV, with high rates of immediate success and maintenance of long-term results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Patients with intermediate scores, between 9 and 11, may still be considered for the procedure, especially when a detailed evaluation of the commissures suggests a favorable morphology. Scores ≥ 12 reflect extensively affected and calcified valves, in which the probability of significant hemodynamic gain is reduced and the chance of complications increases, making surgical valve replacement more appropriate.</p>
				<p>Leaflet mobility is graded according to the degree of restriction of the anterior leaflet during the diastole (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1A</xref>). Increased restriction corresponds to progressively higher scores. Thus, when the limitation is restricted to the ends of the leaflets, 1 point is assigned. In cases where mobility is preserved in the medial and basal regions, the value is 2 points. Restriction of mobility limited only to the basal region corresponds to 3 points. Finally, complete immobility of the leaflets is scored with 4 points. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> presents a practical checklist for the systematic application of the Wilkins score.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Schematic representation of the Wilkins score. A: Leaflet mobility (red marking indicates progression of reduced mobility). B: Subvalvular involvement (red marking indicates progression of thickening and shortening of the chordae tendineae). C: Anterior leaflet thickening (the detailed image shows the values that determine each score). D: Valvular calcification (white dots progress in quantity and extent across the leaflets).</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250083-gf02.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Wilkins Score – Practical Checklist</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Parameters</th>
									<th colspan="4">Score</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th>1</th>
									<th>2</th>
									<th>3</th>
									<th>4</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="3">Leaflets</td>
									<td>Mobility</td>
									<td align="center">Restriction only at the edges. Thin, almost normal leaflets.</td>
									<td align="center">Restriction of distal third</td>
									<td align="center">Restriction of more than half of the leaflet</td>
									<td align="center">Minimal or no mobility</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Thickening</td>
									<td align="center">Restriction only at the edges. Thin, almost normal leaflets.</td>
									<td align="center">Thickening restricted to the extremity</td>
									<td align="center">Thickening involving the extremity and medial third</td>
									<td align="center">Diffuse thickening</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Calcification</td>
									<td align="center">Absent</td>
									<td align="center">Points at the extremity</td>
									<td align="center">Extensive at the extremity and medial</td>
									<td align="center">Diffuse and extensive in both</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="2">Subvalular</td>
									<td align="center">No significant changes</td>
									<td align="center">Thickening near the leaflets</td>
									<td align="center">Thickening reaching the middle region of the strands</td>
									<td align="center">Thickening up to the distal third or extensive fusion</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Subvalvular involvement refers to the involvement of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1B</xref>). One point is assigned when the thickening is minimal and restricted to the region immediately below the leaflets. Thickening that extends beyond this level, but that is limited to the proximal third of the chordae tendineae, corresponds to 2 points. When there is involvement that reaches the distal third of the chordae tendineae, 3 points are assigned. Finally, diffuse thickening associated with the shortening of all chordae tendineae, extending to the level of the papillary muscles, receives 4 points.</p>
				<p>The thickness of the leaflets is measured in the parasternal section at maximum diastole (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1C</xref>). Leaflets with thickness close to normal (≈4–5 mm) receive 1 point. Thickening restricted to the extremities, preserving the middle region, with measurements between 5–8 mm, corresponds to 2 points. Diffuse thickening involving all portions of the leaflet, still within the range of 5–8 mm, receives 3 points. When there is significant thickening of the entire leaflet, with measurements greater than 8–10 mm, 4 points are assigned.</p>
				<p>Valvular calcification is determined by the presence and extent of hyperechogenic areas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1D</xref>). The isolated presence of a small area receives 1 point. Minimal areas confined to the extremities correspond to 2 points. When calcification extends to the middle region of the leaflets, 3 points are assigned. Diffuse calcification, extending beyond the limits of the leaflets, is scored with 4 points.</p>
				<p>Although each component of the score is evaluated individually, the parameter that best reflects the overall morphology of the valve is the sum of the scores assigned to each item, translating the degree of structural involvement. Leaflet mobility, in turn, constitutes an integrating parameter, as it reflects the combined impact of thickening, calcification, and subvalvular involvement, all contributing to the restriction of valve movement. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figure 2</xref> illustrates a case of mitral stenosis with thin leaflets, restriction limited to the extremities, absence of calcification, and no evidence of subvalvular involvement. By contrast, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figure 3</xref> demonstrates calcification affecting the medial and distal portions of the leaflets, with a preservation of the basal region and no involvement of the commissures, which would not contraindicate the percutaneous procedure.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f03">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Rheumatic mitral stenosis (RMS) with favorable anatomy. 2D transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE): parasternal long-axis view (A) and apical four-chamber view (B), showing mitral valve with thin, mobile leaflets without calcification, consistent with anatomy favorable to PMBV.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250083-gf03.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f04">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Valvular calcification. Echocardiographic images show the calcification of the mitral valve leaflets, affecting their medial and distal portions, with preservation of the base, demonstrated in the parasternal long-axis view (A) and in the apical four-chamber view (B). It is important to note that, in this case, the calcification is restricted to the leaflets, without commissure involvement, which does not constitute a contraindication to PMBV.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250083-gf04.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Experience accumulated over the years</title>
				<p>Since its introduction, the Wilkins score continues to be the most widely used tool for selecting suitable candidates for PMBV, due to its simplicity and practicality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The main valvular heart disease guidelines of the AHA/ACC and ESC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> use the Wilkins score as an eligibility criterion for patients with rheumatic MS for the percutaneous procedure.</p>
				<p>In addition to its usefulness in morphological characterization, the Wilkins score is an important predictor of long-term outcomes after PMBV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> However, this score does not include the assessment of commissural anatomy, currently recognized as a relevant prognostic determinant due to its association with the development of post-procedure mitral regurgitation (MR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figure 4</xref> illustrates the wide spectrum of commissural involvement patterns in RMS. In patients with marked commissural asymmetry, balloon inflation tends to exert disproportionate force on the contralateral commissure, predisposing to the onset of MR. Similarly, when there is significant commissural calcification, the balloon’s inability to adequately separate the commissures results in excessive force transmission to the valve tissue, favoring rupture or laceration of the leaflets.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f05">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Patterns of commissural involvement (parasternal short axis view). A: symmetrical commissural involvement. B/C: commissural asymmetry with predominance of thickening and calcification of the posteromedial commissure. D: large valvular deformity and commissural asymmetry with predominance of thickening and calcification of the anterolateral commissure.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250083-gf05.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>With the advancement of experience, the indications for PMBV have been progressively expanded to include less favorable conditions, demonstrating that it is a safe and effective procedure in certain patients with an intermediate Wilkins score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The selection of these cases, however, must be judicious and individualized, considering not only echocardiographic parameters, but also clinical and hemodynamic aspects, such as age, history of previous commissurotomy, NYHA functional class, presence of atrial fibrillation and pulmonary hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Among the echocardiographic criteria, intense calcification of the leaflets, severe or asymmetric commissural calcification or fusion, and the presence of extensive subvalvular disease stand out as major risk factors for complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Limitations of the Wilkins-Block score</title>
				<p>Despite its widespread use in clinical practice, the Wilkins score has important limitations. The analysis of the components is semi-quantitative and subject to interobserver variability, in addition to assigning identical weight to variables that have different predictive capacities for the post-PMBV outcome. The score also does not assess commissural anatomy, a fundamental aspect in predicting post-PMBV MR, and frequently underestimates subvalvular involvement. Added to this are the difficulty in distinguishing nodular fibrosis from calcification, the disregard for the heterogeneous distribution of lesions, and the lack of integration of information provided by transesophageal or 3D echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>In view of these limitations, new models, such as the Nunes score,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> have been proposed. Unlike the Wilkins score, the Nunes score assigns different weights to variables, incorporates commissural parameters, and allows one to predict the risk of post-procedure MR, in addition to identifying good candidates for PMBV even among patients with borderline Wilkins scores (9 to 11 points), traditionally considered to be at a higher risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> presents the main studies that described new models for evaluating MV morphology, when compared to the Wilkins score. With the evolution of PMBV, several studies have also identified additional valve morphology variables associated with post-PMBV outcomes, highlighting the inherent limitations of the Wilkins score.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Data from the main articles that described new models for evaluating rheumatic mitral valve, as compared to the Wilkins score for selecting patients eligible for PMBV</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Authors</th>
									<th>Year</th>
									<th>Patients (n)</th>
									<th align="left">Evaluated variables</th>
									<th align="left">Comparison with Wilkins Score</th>
									<th align="left">Conclusion</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Cannan <italic>et al.</italic><sup><italic>21</italic></sup></td>
									<td align="center">1997</td>
									<td align="center">149</td>
									<td>Commissural calcification.</td>
									<td>Best predictor of intermediate-term outcomes.</td>
									<td>The presence of commissural calcification is a predictor of outcome after PMBV*.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Padial <italic>et al.</italic><sup><italic>22</italic></sup></td>
									<td align="center">1999</td>
									<td align="center">117</td>
									<td>Thickness and calcification of the leaflets, degree and symmetry of commissural involvement, severity of subvalvular involvement.</td>
									<td>Identifies patients at a higher risk of developing MI<sup>†</sup> post-VMP.</td>
									<td>Predictor of MR development post-PMBV.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Palacios <italic>et al.</italic><sup><italic>23</italic></sup></td>
									<td align="center">2002</td>
									<td align="center">879</td>
									<td>Mitral valve area, history of previous commissurotomy, MR.</td>
									<td>Identifies patients more favorable to PMBV among patients with a low or intermediate Wilkins score.</td>
									<td>Clinical and morphological predictors associated with the Wilkins score identify patients most favorable to PMBV.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Cruz-Gonzales <italic>et al.</italic><sup><italic>24</italic></sup></td>
									<td align="center">2009</td>
									<td align="center">1085</td>
									<td>Age &lt; 55 years, NYHA<sup>‡</sup> I or II, AVM<sup>§</sup> pre-PMBV &lt; 1.0cm<sup>2</sup>, MR pre-PMBV ≤2\, Wilkins score ≤8, Male sex.</td>
									<td>Greater sensitivity and specificity.</td>
									<td>Clinical, anatomical, and hemodynamic variables predict the success of PMBV and clinical outcomes.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Rifaie <italic>et al.</italic><sup><italic>25</italic></sup></td>
									<td align="center">2009</td>
									<td align="center">50</td>
									<td>Calcification (mainly commissural) and subvalvular involvement.</td>
									<td>Greater sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values.</td>
									<td>Best predictor of MR post-PMBV.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Anwar <italic>et al.</italic><sup><italic>26</italic></sup></td>
									<td align="center">2010</td>
									<td align="center">91</td>
									<td>Thickness, mobility, calcification and subvalvular apparatus through 3D TTE<sup>//</sup></td>
									<td>Improved the morphological assessment of the mitral valve, particularly for the detection of calcification and commissural anatomy.</td>
									<td>Adds prognostic information to the Wilkins score.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Babu <italic>et al.</italic><sup><italic>27</italic></sup></td>
									<td align="center">2013</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td>Commissural morphology through TEE<sup>¶.</sup></td>
									<td>Predictor of good outcomes in patients with a Wilkins score &gt; 8.</td>
									<td>Should be evaluated together with the Wilkins score to adequately select patients for PMBV.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Nunes <italic>et al.</italic><sup><italic>17</italic></sup></td>
									<td align="center">2014</td>
									<td align="center">325</td>
									<td>AVM ≤1cm2, maximum leaflet displacement ≤12mm, commissural area ratio ≥1.25, subvalvular involvement.</td>
									<td>Improved risk classification.</td>
									<td>Quantitative echocardiographic parameters with greater accuracy in predicting outcomes after PMBV.</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>* percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty; <sup>†</sup>mitral regurgitation; <sup>‡</sup>New York Heart Association functional class; <sup>§</sup>mitral valve area; <sup>//</sup>3D transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE); <sup>¶</sup>transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Conclusions and future perspectives</title>
				<p>The Wilkins score has become an international benchmark for selecting patients for PMBV, due to its simplicity and broad clinical applicability. However, the evidence accumulated over the last few decades demonstrates that its limitations reduce the ability to predict post-procedure outcomes in certain scenarios, especially due to the lack of assessment of commissural anatomy and the uniform weighting assigned to variables with unequal prognostic impact. Other scores, including the Nunes score, emerge as promising alternatives, incorporating additional parameters and a greater ability to discriminate outcomes, especially in the subgroup of patients with intermediate Wilkins scores. These advances contribute to reducing complications, such as post-procedure mitral regurgitation, and increasing the safety of PMBV recommendations within more heterogeneous populations.</p>
				<p>In the future, the integration of new imaging technologies, including 3D echocardiography, TEE, and quantitative morphological analysis techniques, should further refine the structural assessment of the MV. Furthermore, algorithms based on artificial intelligence and machine learning can offer more robust predictive models, capable of accurately combining anatomical, clinical, and hemodynamic parameters. Such strategies would not only be able to improve the selection of candidates for PMBV, but they could also guide therapeutic decisions in cases of unfavorable anatomy, expanding the role of echocardiography in the contemporary management of RMS.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Study association:</label>
				<p> The authors of this article are affiliated with the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences: Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine at UFMG.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
				<p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
				<p> During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used Chat GPT 5.2 for grammatical correction of the manuscript. After using this tool, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
				<label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
				<p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<label>Sources of funding:</label>
				<p> Maria Carmo Pereira Nunes receives a research grant from CNPq, in the PQ-1A category.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250083</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo de Revisão</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Como eu Faço Escore de Wilkins-Block na Estenose Mitral Reumática</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4416-021X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Gomes</surname>
						<given-names>Nayana Flamini Arantes</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-4696-3895</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Figueiredo</surname>
						<given-names>Fernanda de Azevedo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6966-1147</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rodrigues</surname>
						<given-names>Estela Fófano</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-1745-8382</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Soares</surname>
						<given-names>Carolina Kuchenbecker</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8801-1828</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Nunes</surname>
						<given-names>Maria Carmo Pereira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil </country>
				<institution content-type="original">Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brasil </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência:</label> Maria Carmo Pereira Nunes Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Clinica Médica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Professor Alfredo Balena, 190. CEP: 30130-100. Belo Horizonte, MG – Brasil E-mail: mcarmo@waymail.com.br </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<p>A estenose mitral (EM) constitui a principal expressão clínica da cardiopatia reumática crônica. Em pacientes sintomáticos portadores de EM grave, e que apresentem anatomia favorável, a valvoplastia mitral percutânea com balão (VMPB) configura-se como a estratégia terapêutica de primeira escolha. Para a seleção adequada dos candidatos, o escore ecocardiográfico de Wilkins-Block foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de caracterizar a morfologia valvar mitral e predizer a elegibilidade ao procedimento. Esse escore contempla quatro domínios estruturais: mobilidade dos folhetos, espessamento valvar, grau de calcificação e envolvimento do aparato subvalvar, graduando cada parâmetro de 1 a 4 pontos, o que resulta em uma variação global de 4 a 16 pontos, em ordem crescente de gravidade anatômica. O escore de Wilkins consolidou-se como ferramenta amplamente validada, apresentando correlação consistente com os desfechos imediatos e de longo prazo da VMPB. Entre as limitações do escore, destaca-se a ausência de avaliação da anatomia comissural, variável reconhecida como determinante prognóstico relevante por sua forte associação com a ocorrência de insuficiência mitral pós-procedimento, considerada a complicação mais frequente e clinicamente significativa da VMPB. Com o acúmulo de experiência clínica e técnica, as indicações da VMPB foram progressivamente estendidas para abranger pacientes com perfis anatômicos menos favoráveis. Nesses contextos, a seleção deve ser particularmente criteriosa, incorporando não apenas os critérios morfológicos derivados da avaliação ecocardiográfica, mas também aspectos clínicos, de modo a assegurar resultados satisfatórios e minimizar o risco de complicações.</p>
			</abstract>
			<abstract abstract-type="graphical">
				<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura Central:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Como eu Faço Escore de Wilkins-Block na Estenose Mitral Reumática</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250083-gf01-pt.tif"/>
						<attrib>Recomendações práticas para a avaliação ecocardiográfica da estenose mitral reumática na seleção de candidatos à valvoplastia mitral percutânea com balão.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Estenose da Valva Mitral</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Cardiopatia Reumática</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<award-group>
					<funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
				</award-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold>Maria Carmo Pereira Nunes recebe bolsa de pesquisa do CNPq, na modalidade PQ-1A.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>A febre reumática é uma doença decorrente da faringoamigdalite causada pela bactéria <italic>Streptococcus pyogenes</italic> em indivíduos suscetíveis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A cardiopatia reumática crônica (CR) é a consequência mais importante da febre reumática e constitui um importante problema de saúde pública, especialmente em países de baixa e média renda, onde permanece associada a elevada morbimortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A valva mitral (VM) é a mais frequentemente acometida na CR, sendo a EM sua principal manifestação crônica.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Fisiopatologia da estenose mitral</title>
					<p>A EM reumática resulta de espessamento e calcificação das cúspides, encurtamento das cordoalhas e fusão comissural, reduzindo progressivamente a área valvar. O consequente gradiente diastólico atrioventricular leva à congestão venocapilar pulmonar, hipertensão pulmonar e disfunção ventricular direita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A sobrecarga pressórica atrial esquerda promove o remodelamento estrutural, predispondo a arritmias, em especial a fibrilação atrial (FA), que precipita sintomas e aumenta o risco de eventos tromboembólicos. Estima-se que 80% dos acidentes vasculares cerebrais em pacientes com CR ocorram na associação EM-FA, com impacto substancial na qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Ecocardiografia na avaliação da valva mitral</title>
					<p>A VM é um conjunto anatômico complexo que inclui o anel fibromuscular, duas cúspides (anterior e posterior), cordoalhas tendíneas e músculos papilares, e apresenta íntima relação estrutural com o miocárdio ventricular subjacente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A cúspide anterior é mais longa e semicircular, enquanto a posterior é mais curta e segmentada; a cúspide posterior se subdivide em três segmentos (P1-lateral, P2-central, P3-medial), correspondendo a A1, A2 e A3 da cúspide anterior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A avaliação ecocardiográfica da valva mitral requer uma abordagem multimodal, na qual o ecocardiograma transtorácico bidimensional (ETT 2D) representa o método inicial e fundamental para análise morfológica e funcional da valva. Essa modalidade permite análise acurada da espessura e mobilidade das cúspides, presença e extensão de calcificações, da integridade e comprometimento do aparato subvalvar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O Doppler possibilita a quantificação da gravidade das lesões mitrais, mensurando gradientes transvalvares, áreas efetivas de orifício em casos de estenose e parâmetros de regurgitação, como volume e fração regurgitante. A análise com Doppler colorido complementa essa avaliação, permitindo a visualização do jato regurgitante, estimativa da <italic>vena contracta</italic> e aplicação da técnica do PISA (<italic>Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area</italic>) para quantificação mais acurada da insuficiência mitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE) é indicado quando há necessidade de maior detalhamento anatômico, particularmente na caracterização de mecanismos da insuficiência mitral (IM), avaliação de endocardite infecciosa e planejamento de terapias percutâneas ou cirúrgicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Já a ecocardiografia tridimensional (3D), especialmente via ETE, aprimora a análise espacial da valva, permitindo reconstruções multiplanares com correlação anatômica direta, mensuração mais precisa da área valvar, avaliação dinâmica do anel e caracterização segmentar das cúspides.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Valvoplastia mitral percutânea por balão</title>
					<p>A VMPB, introduzida em 1984 por Inoue et al., é o tratamento de escolha na EM grave com anatomia favorável.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Trata-se de procedimento invasivo, com eficácia comparável à comissurotomia cirúrgica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A insuflação do balão promove a abertura da valva mitral principalmente por meio da separação comissural das aderências fibróticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O balão, quando insuflado no interior do orifício valvar, gera forças radiais que se concentram nas regiões comissurais, promovendo a redistribuição das tensões e favorecendo a abertura simétrica do orifício.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
					<p>A avaliação ecocardiográfica prévia é mandatória para determinar se a anatomia da VM é adequada para a abertura comissural e se possibilitará aumento da área valvar sem induzir IM significativa. Diversos escores foram desenvolvidos com essa finalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A obtenção de bons resultados depende particularmente da seleção adequada dos pacientes. Vários preditores de desfecho já foram descritos, incluindo idade, classe funcional, comissurotomia prévia, área valvar, anatomia valvar e dimensão do balão empregado. Dentre esses, a morfologia da valva mitral é o fator isolado mais determinante, reforçando a necessidade do uso sistemático de escores ecocardiográficos. Resultados desfavoráveis estão frequentemente relacionados a alterações morfológicas adversas, sobretudo calcificação das cúspides e comprometimento subvalvar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Para estimar a probabilidade de sucesso da dilatação, foi desenvolvido o escore de Wilkins-Block, baseado na avaliação bidimensional da morfologia valvar.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Escore de Wilkins-Block</title>
					<p>Wilkins e colaboradores, em 1988,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> propuseram um escore ecocardiográfico destinado à avaliação estrutural da estenose mitral reumática, que demonstrou correlação significativa com a capacidade de abertura valvar após a valvoplastia percutânea. No escore original, o sucesso foi definido de forma dicotômica pela obtenção de área valvar mitral &gt; 1,0 cm<sup>2</sup>, sem levar em consideração o desenvolvimento de insuficiência mitral. O escore é obtido por meio de uma análise sistemática e relativamente simples da morfologia valvar ao ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT), utilizando os cortes convencionais empregados na avaliação da valva mitral. Em determinadas situações, cortes modificados podem ser necessários para melhor caracterização anatômica, especialmente do aparato subvalvar (Figura central).</p>
					<p>A avaliação de cada parâmetro é realizada de forma subjetiva por meio de uma pontuação semiquantitativa que abrange a mobilidade dos folhetos, o espessamento valvar, o grau de calcificação e o envolvimento do aparato subvalvar. Cada item recebe uma graduação de 1 a 4 pontos, resultando em um escore total que varia de 4 a 16 pontos, em ordem crescente de gravidade estrutural. De modo geral, pacientes com escore ≤ 8 apresentam anatomia favorável e são os melhores candidatos à VMPB, com taxas elevadas de sucesso imediato e manutenção de resultados em longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Pacientes com escores intermediários, entre 9 e 11, podem ainda ser considerados para o procedimento, sobretudo quando a avaliação detalhada das comissuras sugere morfologia favorável. Já escores ≥ 12 refletem valvas extensamente acometidas e calcificadas, nas quais a probabilidade de ganho hemodinâmico significativo é reduzida e a chance de complicações aumenta, tornando mais apropriada a indicação de substituição valvar cirúrgica.</p>
					<p>A mobilidade dos folhetos é graduada conforme o grau de restrição do folheto anterior durante a diástole (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1A</xref>). O aumento da restrição corresponde a escores progressivamente mais elevados. Assim, quando a limitação se restringe às extremidades dos folhetos, atribui-se 1 ponto. Nos casos em que a mobilidade se mantém preservada nas regiões medial e basal, o valor é de 2 pontos. A restrição da mobilidade limitada apenas à região basal corresponde a 3 pontos. Por fim, a imobilidade completa dos folhetos é pontuada com 4 pontos. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta um checklist prático para aplicação sistemática do escore de Wilkins.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f02002">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Representação esquemática do escore de Wilkins. A: mobilidade dos folhetos (a marcação em vermelho indica a progressão da redução da mobilidade). B: acometimento subvalvar (a marcação em vermelho indica a progressão do espessamento e encurtamento das cordas tendíneas). C: espessamento do folheto anterior (no detalhamento da imagem, observam-se os valores que determinam cada pontuação no escore). D: calcificação valvar (pontos brancos progridem em quantidade e extensão pelos folhetos).</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250083-gf02-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t1002">
							<label>Tabela 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Escore de Wilkins – Checklist Prático</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Parâmetros</th>
										<th colspan="4">Pontuação</th>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<th>1</th>
										<th>2</th>
										<th>3</th>
										<th>4</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td rowspan="3">Folhetos</td>
										<td>Mobilidade</td>
										<td align="center">Restrição apenas nas extremidades</td>
										<td align="center">Restrição do terço distal</td>
										<td align="center">Restrição de mais da metade do folheto</td>
										<td align="center">Mínima ou nenhuma mobilidade</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Espessamento</td>
										<td align="center">Folhetos finos, quase normais</td>
										<td align="center">Espessamento restrito à extremidade</td>
										<td align="center">Espessamento envolvendo extremidade e terço medial</td>
										<td align="center">Espessamento difuso</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Calcificação</td>
										<td align="center">Ausente</td>
										<td align="center">Pontos na extremidade</td>
										<td align="center">Extensa em extremidade e medial</td>
										<td align="center">Difusa e extensa em ambos</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td colspan="2">Subvalvar</td>
										<td align="center">Sem alterações significativas</td>
										<td align="center">Espessamento próximo aos folhetos</td>
										<td align="center">Espessamento atingindo região média das cordoalhas</td>
										<td align="center">Espessamento até terço distal ou fusão extensa</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>O acometimento subvalvar refere-se ao envolvimento das cordas tendíneas e dos músculos papilares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1B</xref>). Atribui-se 1 ponto quando o espessamento é mínimo e restrito à região imediatamente abaixo dos folhetos. O espessamento que se estende além desse nível, mas limitado ao terço proximal das cordas, corresponde a 2 pontos. Quando há comprometimento que alcança o terço distal das cordas, atribuem-se 3 pontos. Finalmente, o espessamento difuso associado a encurtamento de todas as cordas, com extensão ao nível dos músculos papilares, recebe 4 pontos.</p>
					<p>A espessura dos folhetos é mensurada no corte paraesternal em diástole máxima (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1C</xref>). Folhetos com espessura próxima ao normal (≈4–5 mm) recebem 1 ponto. O espessamento restrito às extremidades, preservando a região média, com medidas entre 5–8 mm, corresponde a 2 pontos. O espessamento difuso envolvendo todas as porções do folheto, ainda dentro do intervalo de 5–8 mm, recebe 3 pontos. Quando há espessamento significativo de todo o folheto, com medidas superiores a 8–10 mm, atribuem-se 4 pontos.</p>
					<p>A calcificação valvar é determinada pela presença e extensão de áreas de hiperecogenicidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1D</xref>). A presença isolada de uma pequena área recebe 1 ponto. Áreas mínimas e confinadas às extremidades correspondem a 2 pontos. Quando a calcificação se estende para a região média dos folhetos, atribuem-se 3 pontos. Já a calcificação difusa, extensa além dos limites dos folhetos, é pontuada com 4 pontos.</p>
					<p>Embora cada componente do escore seja avaliado de forma individual, o parâmetro que melhor reflete a morfologia global da valva é a soma dos escores atribuídos a cada item, traduzindo o grau de acometimento estrutural. A mobilidade dos folhetos, por sua vez, constitui parâmetro integrador, pois reflete o impacto combinado do espessamento, da calcificação e do comprometimento subvalvar, todos contribuindo para a restrição do movimento valvar. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03002">Figura 2</xref> ilustra um caso de estenose mitral com folhetos delgados, restrição limitada às extremidades, ausência de calcificação e sem evidência de envolvimento subvalvar. Em contraste, a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04002">Figura 3</xref> demonstra calcificação acometendo as porções medial e distal dos folhetos, com preservação da região basal, sem acometimento das comissuras, o que não contraindicaria o procedimento percutâneo.</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f03002">
							<label>Figura 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Estenose mitral reumática com anatomia favorável. Ecocardiograma transtorácico bidimensional: corte paraesternal em eixo longo (A) e apical em quatro câmaras (B), mostrando valva mitral com folhetos delgados, móveis e sem calcificação, compatível com anatomia favorável à VMPB.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250083-gf03-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f04002">
							<label>Figura 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Calcificação valvar. Imagens ecocardiográficas evidenciam calcificação dos folhetos da valva mitral, acometendo suas porções medial e distal, com preservação da base, demonstrada no corte paraesternal em eixo longo (A) e no corte apical de quatro câmaras (B). Destaca-se que, nesse caso, a calcificação se restringe aos folhetos, sem comprometimento das comissuras, o que não constitui contraindicação à VMPB.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250083-gf04-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Experiência acumulada ao longo dos anos</title>
					<p>Desde sua introdução, o escore de Wilkins continua sendo a ferramenta mais amplamente utilizada para selecionar candidatos adequados para VMPB, por sua simplicidade e praticidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> As principais diretrizes de valvopatias da AHA/ACC e ESC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> utilizam o escore de Wilkins como critério de elegibilidade dos pacientes com EM reumática para o procedimento percutâneo.</p>
					<p>Além de sua utilidade na caracterização morfológica, o escore de Wilkins é um preditor importante dos desfechos em longo prazo após a VMPB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Entretanto, esse escore não contempla a avaliação da anatomia comissural, atualmente reconhecida como um determinante prognóstico relevante pela sua associação com o desenvolvimento de insuficiência mitral (IM) pós-procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05002">Figura 4</xref> ilustra o amplo espectro de padrões de acometimento comissural na estenose mitral reumática. Em pacientes com acentuada assimetria comissural, a insuflação do balão tende a exercer força desproporcional sobre a comissura contralateral, predispondo ao surgimento de IM. De modo semelhante, quando há calcificação comissural significativa, a incapacidade do balão de promover adequada separação das comissuras resulta em transmissão excessiva de força ao tecido valvar, favorecendo ruptura ou laceração dos folhetos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f05002">
							<label>Figura 4</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Padrões de acometimento comissural (corte paraesternal eixo curto). A: acometimento comissural simétrico. B/C: assimetria comissural com predomínio de espessamento e calcificação da comissura posteromedial. D: grande deformidade valvar e assimetria comissural com predomínio de espessamento e calcificação da comissura anterolateral.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250083-gf05-pt.tif"/>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>Com o avanço da experiência, as indicações de VMPB foram progressivamente ampliadas para incluir condições menos favoráveis, demonstrando ser um procedimento seguro e eficaz em determinados pacientes com escore de Wilkins intermediário.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A seleção desses casos, contudo, deve ser criteriosa e individualizada, considerando não apenas parâmetros ecocardiográficos, mas também aspectos clínicos e hemodinâmicos, como idade, história de comissurotomia prévia, classe funcional da NYHA, presença de fibrilação atrial e hipertensão pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Entre os critérios ecocardiográficos, destacam-se como fatores de maior risco para complicações a intensa calcificação dos folhetos, a calcificação ou fusão comissural grave ou assimétrica e a presença de doença subvalvar extensa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Limitações do escore de Wilkins-Block</title>
					<p>Apesar de seu amplo uso na prática clínica, o escore de Wilkins apresenta limitações importantes. A análise dos componentes é semiquantitativa e sujeita à variabilidade interobservador, além de atribuir peso idêntico a variáveis que possuem diferentes capacidades preditivas para o resultado pós-VMPB. O escore também não avalia a anatomia comissural, aspecto fundamental na predição da IM pós-VMPB, e frequentemente subestima o comprometimento subvalvar. Somam-se a isso a dificuldade em distinguir fibrose nodular de calcificação, a desconsideração da distribuição heterogênea das lesões e a ausência de integração de informações fornecidas pelo ecocardiograma transesofágico ou tridimensional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
					<p>Diante dessas limitações, novos modelos, como o escore de Nunes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> foram propostos. Diferentemente do escore de Wilkins, o escore de Nunes atribui pesos distintos às variáveis, incorpora parâmetros comissurais e permite predizer o risco de IM pós-procedimento, além de identificar bons candidatos à VMPB mesmo entre pacientes com escore de Wilkins limítrofes (9 a 11 pontos), tradicionalmente considerados de maior risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta os principais estudos que descreveram novos modelos de avaliação da morfologia valvar mitral em comparação ao escore de Wilkins. Com a evolução da VMPB, diversos trabalhos também identificaram variáveis adicionais da morfologia valvar associadas a resultados pós-VMPB, ressaltando as limitações inerentes ao escore de Wilkins.</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t2002">
							<label>Tabela 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>– Dados dos principais artigos que descreveram novos modelos de avaliação da valva mitral reumática em comparação ao escore de Wilkins para seleção de pacientes candidatos à VMPB</title>
							</caption>
							<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="left">Autores</th>
										<th>Ano</th>
										<th style="font-weight:normal">Pacientes (n)</th>
										<th align="left">Variáveis avaliadas</th>
										<th align="left">Comparação com Escore de Wilkins</th>
										<th align="left">Conclusão</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td>Cannan <italic>et al.</italic><sup><italic>21</italic></sup></td>
										<td align="center">1997</td>
										<td align="center">149</td>
										<td>Calcificação comissural.</td>
										<td>Melhor preditor de desfechos de prazo intermediário.</td>
										<td>A presença de calcificação comissural é um preditor de desfecho após VMPB*.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Padial <italic>et al.</italic><sup><italic>22</italic></sup></td>
										<td align="center">1999</td>
										<td align="center">117</td>
										<td>Espessamento e calcificação dos folhetos, grau e simetria do acometimento comissural, gravidade do envolvimento subvalvar.</td>
										<td>Identifica pacientes com maior risco de desenvolvimento de IM<sup>†</sup> pós-VMPB.</td>
										<td>Preditor de desenvolvimento de IM pós-VMPB.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Palacios <italic>et al.</italic><sup><italic>23</italic></sup></td>
										<td align="center">2002</td>
										<td align="center">879</td>
										<td>Área valvar mitral, história de comissurotomia prévia, regurgitação mitral.</td>
										<td>Identifica pacientes mais favoráveis a VMPB entre os pacientes com escore de Wilkins baixo ou intermediário.</td>
										<td>Preditores clínicos e morfológicos associados ao escore de Wilkins identificam pacientes mais favoráveis a VMPB.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Cruz-Gonzales <italic>et al.</italic><sup><italic>24</italic></sup></td>
										<td align="center">2009</td>
										<td align="center">1085</td>
										<td>Idade &lt; 55 anos, NYHA<sup>‡</sup> I ou II, AVM<sup>§</sup> pre-VMPB &lt; 1,0cm<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>, IM pré-VMPB ≤2+, Escore Wilkins ≤8, Sexo masculino.</td>
										<td>Maior sensibilidade e especificidade.</td>
										<td>Variáveis clínicas, anatômicas e hemodinâmicas predizem o sucesso da VMPB e desfechos clínicos.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Rifaie <italic>et al.</italic><sup><italic>25</italic></sup></td>
										<td align="center">2009</td>
										<td align="center">50</td>
										<td>Calcificação (principalmente comissural) e envolvimento subvalvar.</td>
										<td>Maior sensibilidade, especificidade e valores preditivos positivos e negativos.</td>
										<td>Melhor preditor de IM pós-VMPB.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Anwar <italic>et al.</italic><sup><italic>26</italic></sup></td>
										<td align="center">2010</td>
										<td align="center">91</td>
										<td>Espessamento, mobilidade, calcificação e aparato subvalvar através do ETT 3D<sup>//</sup></td>
										<td>Melhorou a avaliação morfológica da valva mitral, particularmente para a detecção de calcificação e anatomia comissural.</td>
										<td>Adiciona informações prognósticas ao escore de Wilkins.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Babu <italic>et al.</italic><sup><italic>27</italic></sup></td>
										<td align="center">2013</td>
										<td align="center">100</td>
										<td>Morfologia comissural através da ETE<sup>¶.</sup></td>
										<td>Preditor de bons resultados em pacientes com escore de Wilkins &gt; 8.</td>
										<td>Deve ser avaliado juntamente com escore de Wilkins para selecionar adequadamente os pacientes para VMPB.</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td>Nunes <italic>et al.</italic><sup><italic>17</italic></sup></td>
										<td align="center">2014</td>
										<td align="center">325</td>
										<td>AVM ≤1cm<sup>2</sup>, deslocamento máximo dos folhetos ≤12mm, razão área comissural ≥1,25, envolvimento subvalvar.</td>
										<td>Melhorou a classificação de risco.</td>
										<td>Parâmetros ecocardiográficos quantitativos com maior acurácia em predizer desfechos após VMPB.</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN1002">
									<p>*valvoplastia mitral percutânea por balão; <sup>†</sup>insuficiência mitral; <sup>‡</sup>Classe funcional da New York Heart Association; <sup>§</sup>área valvar mitral; <sup>//</sup>ecocardiograma transtorácico tridimensional; <sup>¶</sup>ecocardiograma transesofágico.</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusões e perspectivas futuras</title>
				<p>O escore de Wilkins consolidou-se como referência internacional na seleção de pacientes para a VMPB, por sua simplicidade e ampla aplicabilidade clínica. No entanto, as evidências acumuladas ao longo das últimas décadas demonstram que suas limitações reduzem a capacidade de predição de desfechos pós-procedimento em determinados cenários, sobretudo pela ausência de avaliação da anatomia comissural e pela atribuição uniforme de peso a variáveis com impacto prognóstico desigual. Outros escores, incluindo o escore de Nunes, surgem como alternativas promissoras, ao incorporar parâmetros adicionais e maior capacidade de discriminar desfechos, especialmente no subgrupo de pacientes com escores intermediários de Wilkins. Esses avanços contribuem para reduzir complicações, como a insuficiência mitral pós-procedimento, e ampliam a segurança na indicação da VMPB em populações mais heterogêneas.</p>
				<p>No futuro, a integração de novas tecnologias de imagem, incluindo ecocardiografia tridimensional, transesofágica e técnicas quantitativas de análise morfológica, deverá refinar ainda mais a avaliação estrutural da valva mitral. Além disso, algoritmos baseados em inteligência artificial e aprendizado de máquina podem oferecer modelos preditivos mais robustos, capazes de combinar parâmetros anatômicos, clínicos e hemodinâmicos de forma acurada. Tais estratégias poderão não apenas aprimorar a seleção de candidatos à VMPB, mas também orientar decisões terapêuticas em casos de anatomia desfavorável, ampliando o papel da ecocardiografia no manejo contemporâneo da estenose mitral reumática.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Vinculação acadêmica:</label>
					<p> Os autores deste artigo estão vinculados ao Programa de Pos-Graduaçao de Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical UFMG.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Aprovação ética e consentimento informado:</label>
					<p> Este artigo não contém estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial:</label>
					<p> Durante a preparação deste trabalho, o(s) autor(es) usaram Chat GPT 5.2 para correção gramatical do manuscrito. Após o uso desta ferramenta, o(s) autor(es) revisaram e editaram o conteúdo conforme necessário e assumem total responsabilidade pelo conteúdo do artigo publicado.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
					<label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
					<p> Os conteúdos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa estão contidos no manuscrito.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
					<label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
					<p> Maria Carmo Pereira Nunes recebe bolsa de pesquisa do CNPq, na modalidade PQ-1A.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>