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<article article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250080i</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00402</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Case Report</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Ischemic Stroke in a Young Adult: a diagnostic challenge. Exploring the association between Patent Foramen Ovale and Chiari Network</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0308-592X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Frota</surname>
						<given-names>Raissa Silva</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4193-9236</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Passos</surname>
						<given-names>Mauro de Deus</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3438-0526</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Simone Nascimento dos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9900-2732</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Alves</surname>
						<given-names>Luciano Moreira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4430-4984</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ferreira</surname>
						<given-names>Dilson Palhares</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-7537-0885</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>França</surname>
						<given-names>Lilian Silva</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Regional de Sobradinho</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Sobradinho</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Regional de Sobradinho, Sobradinho, DF – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">ECCOS Diagnóstico Cardiovascular</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">ECCOS Diagnóstico Cardiovascular, Brasília, DF – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>3</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Urgência de Goiânia</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Goiânia</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Urgência de Goiânia, Goiânia, GO – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Mauro de Deus Passos</bold> • Hospital Regional de Sobradinho. Unidade de Medicina Interna, Q 12, CJ B, LT 38, Postal Code: <postal-code>73010-120</postal-code>, Sobradinho, DF – Brazil E-mail: <email>mauropassos@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
					<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Dantas</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>31</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>38</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20250080</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>01</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>13</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>13</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Ischemic Stroke</kwd>
				<kwd>Stroke</kwd>
				<kwd>Patent Foramen Ovale</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="8"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="30"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Globally, strokes are the second leading cause of mortality,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and are broadly categorized into hemorrhagic and ischemic types.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In 2019, ischemic stroke accounted for 62.4% of all cases, totaling 7.63 million episodes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Projections indicate a substantial increase in stroke prevalence, from 3.9% in 2020 to an estimated 6.4% by 2050.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Despite comprehensive etiological investigations, the underlying cause of cerebrovascular ischemic events remains undefined in 10% to 40% of the cases,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> known as cryptogenic stroke.</p>
			<p>Stroke is often a disabling condition and poses a major threat to the socioeconomic stability of a country, particularly in developing nations. The incidence of ischemic stroke has been increasing, particularly among individuals under 55 years of age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Approximately 10% to 15% of all strokes manifest in young adults aged 18 to 49.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> This trend underscores the critical importance of stroke prevention strategies, even within this younger demographic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Among the main risk factors for ischemic stroke, such as systemic arterial hypertension and atrial fibrillation, a growing association with patent foramen ovale (PFO) is gaining recognition. Although often considered clinically &quot;innocent,&quot; PFO has been implicated in cryptogenic stroke,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> especially in young adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Furthermore, given that 83% of the patients with a Chiari network also have a PFO,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> several reported cases suggest that this specific concurrence of PFO and a Chiari network may substantially elevate the risk of ischemic stroke.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="cases">
			<title>Case Report</title>
			<p>A previously healthy 25-year-old man, with no history of smoking or illicit drug use, was admitted to the Emergency Room approximately 36 hours after the onset of right hemiparesis. Concomitant symptoms included dysarthria, aphasia, loss of consciousness, and sphincter incontinence. On examination, he exhibited dysarthria along with decreased motor strength in the right hemibody. Cardiopulmonary auscultation revealed no significant findings.</p>
			<p>The initial non-contrast head Computed Tomography (CT) revealed no detectable abnormalities. Given the neurological symptomatology, further investigation required a Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) with intravenous contrast. The MRI demonstrated a T2 hyperintensity in the left corona radiata, immediately contiguous to the posterior limb of the ipsilateral internal capsule. This lesion showed no diffusion restriction, post-contrast enhancement, hemorrhage, or surrounding vasogenic edema, consistent with a previous ischemic vascular injury (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
			<fig id="f1">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Brain MRI Findings. An area of T2-weighted hyperintensity is noted in the left corona radiata, immediately adjacent to the posterior limb of the ipsilateral internal capsule. This lesion shows no diffusion restriction, post-contrast enhancement, hemorrhage, or surrounding vasogenic edema, consistent with prior ischemic vascular injury. (A) FLAIR; (B) Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI); (C) Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map; (D) Susceptibility-weighted angiography (SWAN) / Gradient recalled echo (GRE) T2*; (E) Coronal T2-weighted image; (F) Sagittal T1-weighted pre-contrast image; (G) Sagittal T1-weighted post-contrast image.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250080-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>Following initial evaluations, a diagnostic workup was performed to determine the underlying etiology of his condition. A transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) indicated preserved ventricular function. Subsequently, a bubble study with agitated saline, conducted through peripheral venous circulation, unequivocally demonstrated a right-to-left shunt, consistent with a PFO, along with an exuberant Chiari network (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>). Doppler ultrasound studies of the carotid and vertebral arteries yielded normal results. Confirmation of both the PFO and the exuberant Chiari network was subsequently obtained via transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE). Notably, this study revealed a significant passage of microbubbles across the atrial septum into the left chambers, even at rest. The TEE also provided precise measurements for the PFO: a tunnel length of 10mm, with left and right atrial rims measuring 2mm and 3mm, respectively. The angle between the inferior vena cava and the PFO was also less than 10 degrees.</p>
			<fig id="f2">
				<label>Figure 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Transthoracic Echocardiogram (TTE): Apical 4-chamber view following intravenous infusion of agitated saline solution (microbubbles – blue arrow). (A) First cardiac cycle after opacification of the right chambers and microbubble passage into the left atrium at end-diastole; (B) Microbubbles passing through the opened mitral valve during mid-diastole of the second cycle; (C) Microbubbles within the left ventricle at end-diastole of the second cycle. RV: Right Ventricle; RA: Right Atrium; LV: Left Ventricle; LA: Left Atrium.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250080-gf02.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<fig id="f3">
				<label>Figura 3</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Transthoracic Echocardiogram (TTE): The exuberant Chiari network (blue arrow) is shown in (A) short-axis view and (B) apical 4-chamber view. RV: Right Ventricle, RA: Right Atrium, LV: Left Ventricle, LA: Left Atrium, AO: Aorta.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250080-gf03.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>A chest computed tomography angiography (CTA) was performed to rule out pulmonary thromboembolism, showing normal findings. Additionally, a color Doppler ultrasound of the deep and superficial venous systems of the lower limbs showed no signs of deep vein thrombosis or venous insufficiency.</p>
			<p>Further investigations included serological assays for HIV 1 and 2, syphilis, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C, all of which proved to be negative. The patient's lipid profile remained within target ranges, and thyroid function (TSH and free T4) was normal. A comprehensive thrombophilia investigation was also meticulously conducted. This included genetic testing for Factor V Leiden (r506q) and the prothrombin gene (g20210a), as well as the evaluation of homocysteine, anticardiolipin IgM and IgG antibodies, lupus anticoagulant, antithrombin III, functional protein C, and free protein S. All of these tests collectively yielded negative results, effectively ruling out the most common thrombophilias.</p>
			<p>Percutaneous PFO closure was recommended for the patient and, due to a limited economic situation, he is awaiting the procedure through the public health system. He was discharged with instructions to use Rivaroxaban, 20 mg/day.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>The foramen ovale plays a fundamental role in maintaining intrauterine life<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and is classified as a subclass of ostium secundum defects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> After birth, it typically undergoes functional closure due to changes in systemic and pulmonary pressure differentials. The Koutroulou review reported a PFO prevalence of approximately 24% across all age groups in the general population, based on autopsy and TEE studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Although often considered an incidental finding, PFO has been associated with cryptogenic stroke<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and even less common conditions, such as migraine, peripheral embolism, and Alzheimer's dementia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Ioannidis et al. postulated that PFO in stroke patients might represent an incidental finding, a contributing risk factor, or even a direct causal agent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Proposed mechanisms include paradoxical embolism, in situ thrombus formation, and arrhythmogenesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Hausmann et al. observed that patients presenting PFO and ischemic arterial events generally exhibit more pronounced right-to-left contrast shunts and larger PFO openings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The SAFAS study indicated that decreased levels of galectin-3 and osteoprotegerin could potentially serve as biomarkers for PFO-related stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In 1897, Austrian pathologist Hans Chiari elucidated the presence of fibrous networks in the right atrium, later named the Chiari Network.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Autopsy studies have reported Chiari network prevalences ranging from 1.3% to 4%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> More contemporary echocardiographic techniques, notably TEE, have identified a 2% prevalence of the Chiari network among 1,436 individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The same study revealed associations with PFO and atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) in 83% and 24% of patients with a Chiari network, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The Chiari network likely promotes the persistence of the PFO and may facilitate paradoxical embolism.</p>
			<p>Manerikar et al. documented an occipital stroke in a 46-year-old man attributed to the combined presence of a Chiari network and PFO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> An additional finding in the case was a mass on the mitral valve consistent with a Lambl's excrescence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Although its echocardiographic diagnosis is typically straightforward, it can occasionally be mistaken for thrombi in the right atrium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> The Chiari network itself can serve as a nidus for thrombus formation, potentially leading to a stroke when associated with a PFO through paradoxical emboli that cross from the right to the left atrium and subsequently enter systemic circulation.</p>
			<p>The embolic potential of a PFO is primarily attributed to paradoxical embolism through its opening.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> This occurs when a thrombus originating in the venous system bypasses pulmonary circulation, passes through the PFO to the left chambers, and subsequently embolizes to the brain, culminating in an ischemic stroke. In patients with a PFO, it is of utmost importance to verify the occurrence of a right-to-left shunt. This is most commonly performed via TTE or, with greater sensitivity, via TEE, both with an infusion of agitated saline. The visualization of microbubble passage from the right to the left atrium confirms the presence of the shunt between these chambers. Another tool is Transcranial Doppler (TCD), which is highly sensitive but cannot differentiate between cardiac and pulmonary shunts. It is the best method to quantify the severity of the shunt, as it is more sensitive than either the TTE or the TEE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The CLOSE study recommends that after a PFO-associated stroke, secondary prevention is necessary, with options including antiplatelet therapy, anticoagulation, and percutaneous PFO closure, the latter being superior to antithrombotic therapy (antiplatelets or anticoagulants) in preventing new strokes in individuals who have had a cryptogenic stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> The indication for percutaneous PFO closure is strongest in young patients (up to 60 years), after a cryptogenic ischemic stroke, and especially in the presence of high-risk features, such as an Atrial Septal Aneurysm or a large volume shunt.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusions</title>
			<p>Ischemic stroke, particularly when it occurs in young adults, requires an exhaustive etiological investigation. In the present case, the patient's symptoms manifested beyond the window for thrombolysis. The detection of a PFO on both the TTE and the TEE initially suggested a paradoxical embolism, a recognized cause of ischemic stroke. However, the absence of clinical signs or venous Doppler findings indicative of current or previous deep vein thrombosis made this hypothesis less likely, although certainly not excluded.</p>
			<p>zOther potential etiologies, such as thrombophilia, were systematically ruled out. The TTE confirmed normal cardiac chamber dimensions and the absence of valvular abnormalities. The 12-lead ECG and 24-hour Holter monitoring were normal, thus ruling out arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation, as the cause of the ischemic stroke.</p>
			<p>Therefore, a plausible mechanism for the pathophysiology of the ischemic stroke in this patient (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>), which finds support in the existing literature, involves the in situ formation of a thrombus within the Chiari network, its subsequent passage from the right atrium to the left atrium through the PFO, and the resulting embolization to the carotid system and brain.</p>
			<fig id="f4">
				<label>Figure 4</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Proposed Pathophysiology of Stroke. This illustration elucidates the probable mechanism of the patient's ischemic stroke: the genesis of a thrombus within the Chiari network, its subsequent paradoxical embolization from the right atrium (RA) to the left atrium (LA) through the patent foramen ovale (PFO), and its ultimate transit to the left carotid system and brain, precipitating the ischemic stroke. (Medical illustration by Rodrigo Tonan).</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250080-gf04.tif"/>
			</fig>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
				<label>Sources of Funding</label>
				<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
				<label>Study Association</label>
				<p>This article is part of the Final Course Project for the Medical Residency program at ESCS-FEPECS.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
				<label>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</label>
				<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Fundação de Ensino e Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde – FEPECS/SES/DF under the protocol number 83023524.0.0000.5553. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
				<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
				<p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
		<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
			<title>Availability of Research Data</title>
			<p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
		</sec>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250080</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Acidente Vascular Cerebral Isquêmico em um adulto Jovem: Um Desafio Diagnóstico. Exploração da Associação entre Forame Oval Patente e Rede de Chiari</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0308-592X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Frota</surname>
						<given-names>Raissa Silva</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4193-9236</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Passos</surname>
						<given-names>Mauro de Deus</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3438-0526</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Santos</surname>
						<given-names>Simone Nascimento dos</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9900-2732</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Alves</surname>
						<given-names>Luciano Moreira</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4430-4984</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ferreira</surname>
						<given-names>Dilson Palhares</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-7537-0885</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>França</surname>
						<given-names>Lilian Silva</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Sobradinho</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Regional de Sobradinho, Sobradinho, DF – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff5">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">ECCOS Diagnóstico Cardiovascular, Brasília, DF – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff6">
					<label>3</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">Goiânia</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital de Urgência de Goiânia, Goiânia, GO – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondência:</label><bold>Mauro de Deus Passos</bold> • Hospital Regional de Sobradinho. Unidade de Medicina Interna, Q 12, CJ B, LT 38, Postal Code: <postal-code>73010-120</postal-code>, Sobradinho, DF – Brasil E-mail: <email>mauropassos@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Dantas</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>AVC Isquêmico</kwd>
				<kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
				<kwd>Forame Oval Patente</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>Mundialmente, os AVCs são a segunda principal causa de mortalidade<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e são amplamente categorizados em tipos hemorrágicos e isquêmicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Em 2019, o AVC isquêmico representou 62,4% dos casos, totalizando 7,63 milhões de episódios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As projeções indicam um aumento substancial na prevalência de AVC, de 3,9% em 2020 para uma estimativa de 6,4% em 2050.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Apesar de investigações etiológicas abrangentes, a causa subjacente dos eventos isquêmicos cerebrovasculares permanece indefinida em 10% a 40% dos casos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> conhecidos como AVC criptogênico.</p>
				<p>O AVC é comumente uma condição incapacitante e representa uma grande ameaça à estabilidade socioeconômica de um país, particularmente em países em desenvolvimento. A incidência de AVC isquêmico tem aumentado, particularmente entre indivíduos com menos de 55 anos de idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Aproximadamente 10% a 15% de todos os AVCs se manifestam em adultos jovens de 18 a 49 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Essa tendência ressalta a importância crítica das estratégias de prevenção de AVC, mesmo nessa faixa etária mais jovem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Entre os principais fatores de risco para AVC isquêmico, como hipertensão arterial sistêmica e fibrilação atrial, reconhece-se atualmente uma associação crescente com forame oval patente (FOP). Embora frequentemente considerado clinicamente &quot;inocente&quot;, o FOP tem sido implicado em AVC criptogênico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> especialmente em adultos jovens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Além disso, dado que 83% dos pacientes com rede de Chiari também apresentam FOP,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> diversos casos relatados na literatura sugerem que essa ocorrência específica de FOP e rede de Chiari pode elevar substancialmente o risco de AVC isquêmico.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="cases">
				<title>Relato de Caso</title>
				<p>Um homem de 25 anos, previamente saudável e sem histórico de tabagismo ou uso de drogas ilícitas, apresentou-se ao pronto-socorro aproximadamente 36 horas após o início de hemiparesia direita. Os sintomas concomitantes incluíam disartria, afasia, perda de consciência e incontinência esfincteriana. Ao exame, apresentava disartria juntamente com diminuição da força motora no hemicorpo direito. A ausculta cardiopulmonar não revelou achados significativos.</p>
				<p>A tomografia computadorizada (TC) do crânio sem contraste inicial não revelou anormalidades detectáveis. Devido à sintomatologia neurológica, uma investigação mais aprofundada exigiu uma ressonância magnética (RM) cerebral com contraste intravenoso. A RM demonstrou hiperintensidade em T2 na coroa radiada esquerda, imediatamente contígua ao braço posterior da cápsula interna ipsilateral. Essa lesão não apresentou restrição à difusão, realce pós-contraste, hemorragia ou edema vasogênico circundante, consistente com uma lesão vascular isquêmica prévia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
				<fig id="f5">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Achados de RM cerebral. Observa-se uma área de hipersinal em T2 na coroa radiada esquerda, imediatamente adjacente ao braço posterior da cápsula interna ipsilateral. Essa lesão não apresenta restrição à difusão, realce pós-contraste, hemorragia ou edema vasogênico circundante, compatível com lesão vascular isquêmica prévia. (A) FLAIR; (B) Imagem ponderada por difusão (DWI); (C) Mapa do coeficiente de difusão aparente (ADC); (D) Angiografia ponderada por susceptibilidade magnética (SWAN)/Eco de gradiente (GRE) T2*; (E) Imagem coronal ponderada em T2; (F) Imagem sagital ponderada em T1 pré-contraste; (G) Imagem sagital ponderada em T1 pós-contraste.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250080-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>Após as avaliações iniciais, foi realizado um exame diagnóstico para determinar a etiologia subjacente de sua condição. Um ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) indicou função ventricular preservada. Posteriormente, um estudo com microbolhas, utilizando solução salina agitada, conduzido através da circulação venosa periférica, demonstrou inequivocamente um shunt da direita para a esquerda, compatível com um forame oval patente (FOP), juntamente com uma rede de Chiari exuberante (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">3</xref>). Os estudos de ultrassom Doppler das artérias carótidas e vertebrais apresentaram resultados normais. A confirmação tanto do FOP quanto da rede de Chiari exuberante foi obtida posteriormente por meio de ecocardiograma transesofágico (ETE). Notavelmente, esse estudo revelou uma passagem significativa de microbolhas através do septo atrial para as câmaras esquerdas, mesmo em repouso. O ETE também forneceu medidas precisas para o FOP: um comprimento do túnel de 10 mm, com bordas atriais esquerda e direita medindo 2 mm e 3 mm, respectivamente. O ângulo entre a veia cava inferior e o FOP também era inferior a 10 graus.</p>
				<fig id="f6">
					<label>Figura 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Ecocardiograma transtorácico: Vista apical de quatro câmaras após infusão intravenosa de solução salina agitada (microbolhas – seta azul). (A) Primeiro ciclo cardíaco após opacificação das câmaras direitas e passagem de microbolhas para o átrio esquerdo na telediástole; (B) Microbolhas passando pela válvula mitral aberta durante a mesodiástole do segundo ciclo; (C) Microbolhas dentro do ventrículo esquerdo na telediástole do segundo ciclo. VD: Ventrículo Direito, AD: Átrio Direito, VE: Ventrículo Esquerdo, AE: Átrio Esquerdo.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250080-gf02-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<fig id="f7">
					<label>Figura 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Ecocardiograma transtorácico: A rede de Chiari exuberante (seta azul) é indicada em (A) vista de eixo curto e (B) vista apical de quatro câmaras. VD: Ventrículo Direito, AD: Átrio Direito, VE: Ventrículo Esquerdo, AE: Átrio Esquerdo, AO: Aorta.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250080-gf03-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
				<p>Foi realizada uma angiotomografia computadorizada (angioTC) do tórax para descartar tromboembolismo pulmonar, apresentando resultados normais. Além disso, o ultrassom Doppler colorido dos sistemas venosos profundos e superficiais dos membros inferiores não mostrou sinais de trombose venosa profunda ou insuficiência venosa.</p>
				<p>Investigações adicionais incluíram testes sorológicos para HIV 1 e 2, sífilis, hepatite B e hepatite C, todos com resultado negativo. O perfil lipídico do paciente permaneceu dentro dos valores de referência e a função tireoidiana (TSH e T4 livre) estava normal. Uma investigação abrangente de trombofilia também foi conduzida meticulosamente. Isso incluiu testes genéticos para o fator V de Leiden (r506q) e o gene da protrombina (g20210a), bem como a avaliação de homocisteína, anticorpos anticardiolipina IgM e IgG, anticoagulante lúpico, antitrombina III, proteína C funcional e proteína S livre. Todos esses testes, em conjunto, apresentaram resultados negativos, descartando efetivamente as trombofilias mais comuns.</p>
				<p>Foi recomendado o fechamento percutâneo do FOP para o paciente e, devido à sua situação econômica limitada, ele aguarda o procedimento pelo sistema público de saúde. Ele recebeu alta com instruções para usar Rivaroxabana, 20 mg/dia.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>O forame oval desempenha um papel fundamental na manutenção da vida intrauterina<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e é classificado como uma subclasse de defeitos do <italic>ostium secundum</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Após o nascimento, ele normalmente sofre fechamento funcional devido a alterações nos diferenciais de pressão sistêmica e pulmonar. A revisão de Koutroulou relatou uma prevalência de FOP de aproximadamente 24% em todas as faixas etárias na população geral, com base em estudos de autópsia e ETE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Embora frequentemente considerado um achado incidental, o FOP tem sido associado ao AVC criptogênico<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e até mesmo a condições menos comuns, como enxaqueca, embolia periférica e demência de Alzheimer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Ioannidis <italic>et al.</italic> postularam que o FOP em pacientes com AVC pode representar um achado incidental, um fator de risco contribuinte ou mesmo um agente causal direto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Os mecanismos propostos incluem embolia paradoxal, formação de trombo <italic>in situ</italic> e arritmogênese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Hausmann <italic>et al.</italic> observaram que pacientes com FOP e eventos arteriais isquêmicos geralmente exibem shunts de contraste direita-esquerda mais pronunciados e aberturas de FOP maiores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O estudo SAFAS indicou que níveis reduzidos de galectina-3 e osteoprotegerina poderiam potencialmente servir como biomarcadores para AVC relacionado à FOP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em 1897, o patologista austríaco Hans Chiari elucidou a presença de redes fibrosas no átrio direito, posteriormente denominadas redes de Chiari.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Estudos de autópsia relataram prevalências da rede de Chiari variando de 1,3% a 4%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Técnicas ecocardiográficas mais contemporâneas, notadamente o ETE, identificaram uma prevalência de 2% da rede de Chiari entre 1.436 indivíduos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O mesmo estudo revelou associações com FOP e aneurisma do septo atrial (ASA) em 83% e 24% dos pacientes com rede de Chiari, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A rede de Chiari provavelmente promove a persistência do FOP e pode facilitar a embolia paradoxal.</p>
				<p>Manerikar <italic>et al</italic>. documentaram um AVC occipital em um homem de 46 anos atribuído à presença combinada de uma rede de Chiari e FOP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Um achado adicional no caso foi uma massa na válvula mitral compatível com uma excrescência de Lambl.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Embora seu diagnóstico ecocardiográfico seja tipicamente simples, ocasionalmente pode ser confundido com trombos no átrio direito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> A própria rede de Chiari pode servir como um foco para a formação de trombos, podendo levar a um AVC quando associada a um FOP por meio de êmbolos paradoxais que cruzam do átrio direito para o esquerdo e, em seguida, entram na circulação sistêmica.</p>
				<p>O potencial embólico de um FOP é atribuído principalmente à embolia paradoxal através de sua abertura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Isso ocorre quando um trombo originado no sistema venoso contorna a circulação pulmonar, passa pelo FOP para as câmaras esquerdas e, subsequentemente, emboliza para o cérebro, resultando em um AVC isquêmico. Em pacientes com FOP (forame oval patente), é de extrema importância verificar a ocorrência de um shunt da direita para a esquerda. Isso é geralmente realizado por meio de ETT ou, com maior sensibilidade, por meio de ETE, ambos com infusão de solução salina agitada. A visualização da passagem de microbolhas do átrio direito para o esquerdo confirma a presença do shunt entre essas câmaras. Outra ferramenta é o Doppler transcraniano (DTC), que é altamente sensível, mas não consegue diferenciar entre shunts cardíacos e pulmonares. É o melhor método para quantificar a gravidade do shunt, pois é mais sensível do que o ETT ou o ETE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
				<p>O estudo CLOSE recomenda que, após um AVC associado a FOP, a prevenção secundária seja necessária, com opções que incluem terapia antiplaquetária, anticoagulação e fechamento percutâneo do FOP, sendo este último superior à terapia antitrombótica (antiplaquetários ou anticoagulantes) na prevenção de novos AVCs em indivíduos que tiveram um AVC criptogênico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> A indicação para fechamento percutâneo do FOP é mais forte em pacientes jovens (até 60 anos), após um AVC isquêmico criptogênico e, especialmente, na presença de características de alto risco, como um aneurisma do septo atrial ou um shunt de grande volume.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusões</title>
				<p>O acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico, particularmente quando ocorre em adultos jovens, requer uma investigação etiológica exaustiva. No presente caso, os sintomas do paciente manifestaram-se fora do período ideal para trombólise. A detecção de um FOP, tanto no ETT quanto no ETE, sugeriu inicialmente uma embolia paradoxal, uma causa reconhecida de AVC isquêmico. No entanto, a ausência de sinais clínicos ou achados no Doppler venoso indicativos de trombose venosa profunda, seja atual ou prévia, tornou essa hipótese menos provável, embora certamente não a tenha excluído.</p>
				<p>A presença notável de uma rede de Chiari exuberante levou à consideração de que a anomalia combinada de uma rede de Chiari e um FOP poderia ter servido como a causa subjacente do AVC isquêmico. Embora nem todos os indivíduos com rede de Chiari e FOP sofram AVC isquêmico, a coexistência dessas duas características anatômicas, juntamente com outros fatores de risco, incluindo a presença de um aneurisma do septo atrial ou uma válvula de Eustáquio proeminente, pode aumentar significativamente o risco de embolia paradoxal. A investigação dessas estruturas cardíacas é, portanto, uma etapa crucial na avaliação de pacientes que sofreram um AVC de causa indeterminada, e pode influenciar estratégias de prevenção secundária, como o fechamento percutâneo do forame oval patente.</p>
				<p>Outras etiologias potenciais, como trombofilia, foram sistematicamente descartadas. O ETT confirmou dimensões normais das câmaras cardíacas e a ausência de anormalidades valvares. O eletrocardiograma de 12 derivações e o monitoramento Holter de 24 horas foram normais, descartando assim arritmias, particularmente fibrilação atrial, como causa do AVC isquêmico.</p>
				<p>Portanto, um mecanismo plausível para a fisiopatologia do AVC isquêmico neste paciente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 4</xref>), que encontra respaldo na literatura existente, envolve a formação <italic>in situ</italic> de um trombo dentro da rede de Chiari, sua subsequente passagem do átrio direito para o átrio esquerdo através do FOP e a consequente embolização para o sistema carotídeo e o cérebro.</p>
				<fig id="f8">
					<label>Figura 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Fisiopatologia proposta para o AVC. Essa ilustração mostra o provável mecanismo do AVC isquêmico do paciente: a gênese de um trombo na rede de Chiari, sua subsequente embolização paradoxal do átrio direito (AD) para o átrio esquerdo (AE) através do forame oval patente (FOP) e seu trânsito final para o sistema carotídeo esquerdo e cérebro, precipitando o AVC isquêmico. (Ilustração médica de Rodrigo Tonan).</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250080-gf04-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
					<label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
					<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
					<p>Este artigo é parte do Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso de pós-graduação de Residência Médica da ESCS-FEPECS.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
					<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética do(a) Fundação de Ensino e Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde – FEPECS/SES/DF sob o número de protocolo 83023524.0.0000.5553. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
					<label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial</label>
					<p>Os autores não utilizaram ferramentas de inteligência artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
			<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
				<title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
				<p>Os conteúdos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa estão contidos no manuscrito.</p>
			</sec>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>