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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250073i</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00800</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Tips and Pitfalls on the Role of Echocardiography in Percutaneous Intervention for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-7507-6338</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fischer</surname>
						<given-names>Claudio Henrique</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0219-944X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Alessandra Joslin</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de São Paulo</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>2</label>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Claudio Henrique Fischer</bold> • R. Dr. Renato Paes de Barros, 188, ap. 61. Postal Code: 04530-000, São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>claudiohfischer@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Dantas</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>31</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>38</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20250073</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>30</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords</title>
				<kwd>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="9"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most prevalent genetic heart disease, affecting approximately 1 in 500 individuals in the general population,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> with asymmetric septal hypertrophy as the most common phenotype. In obstructive HCM (oHCM), clinical relevance is greater due to its association with atrial fibrillation, heart failure, thromboembolic events, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> For patients who remain symptomatic despite optimized medical therapy, septal reduction has become an established strategy, with surgical septal myectomy as the gold standard.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Alcohol septal ablation is an alternative when surgical risk is prohibitive, there are contraindications to surgery, advanced age, or favorable coronary anatomy; it should be performed in experienced centers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Other percutaneous approaches — such as radiofrequency septal ablation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> the use of coils, or liquid embolic agents — have also been described.</p>
		<p>Echocardiography plays a central role throughout the management of oHCM undergoing percutaneous intervention. Beyond diagnosis, it is essential for periprocedural guidance and for postoperative assessment. Understanding its capabilities and recognizing potential pitfalls are critical to success. This editorial offers practical tips for echocardiographers and highlights key points that, if overlooked, may compromise outcomes.</p>
		<p>The first challenge occurs before the procedure. In addition to measuring left-ventricular size and systolic/diastolic function, it is essential to confirm the location, distribution, and maximal wall thickness of hypertrophy; verify whether there is significant dynamic obstruction at the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) or at the mid-ventricular level; identify systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve; and grade mitral regurgitation. Underestimation of the gradient is frequent when provocative maneuvers — such as the Valsalva maneuver or exercise — are not used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In symptomatic patients whose peak LVOT gradient remains &lt; 50 mm Hg after Valsalva, exercise stress echocardiography — preferably on a cycle ergometer — should be performed, as it allows continuous monitoring of obstruction progression and gradient rise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Overestimation is another common error, typically caused by inadvertently measuring the velocity of the mitral regurgitation jet instead of the LVOT jet. On apical continuous-wave Doppler, these envelopes often overlap, particularly when lateralization of the transducer is insufficient and the LVOT alignment passes near the origin of the regurgitant jet, causing contamination (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1B</xref>). Careful interrogation of the continuous-wave Doppler — considering the onset, contour, and timing of the peak — is required to distinguish them.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Gradient magnitude also varies across the respiratory cycle, influenced by preload and afterload, which can further complicate interpretation. If uncertainty persists, a practical approach is to obtain the best mitral-regurgitation envelope on continuous-wave Doppler, measure the peak transmitral systolic gradient, and add the estimated left-atrial pressure (typically 10-15 mm Hg) to infer left-ventricular peak systolic pressure; the estimated dynamic gradient corresponds to the difference between ventricular and aortic systolic pressures (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). Finally, contractility, preload, and afterload should always be verified, as they determine the magnitude of the Venturi effect; abrupt volume depletion, for example, increases the gradient in any obstructive phenotype (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
		<fig id="f1">
			<label>Figure 1</label>
			<caption>
				<title>Increase in LVOT gradient from 60 mm Hg (A) to 136 mm Hg (B) and worsening mitral regurgitation (MR) from moderate (C) to severe (D) after dialysis with ultrafiltration. These findings indicate intensification of obstruction (greater Venturi effect) due to reduced preload. The post-ultrafiltration gradient curve suggests possible overlap of the mitral regurgitation signal. IM: mitral regurgitation; LVOT: left ventricular outflow tract; PG: pressure gradient; Vel: velocity.</title>
			</caption>
			<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250073-gf01.tif"/>
		</fig>
		<fig id="f2">
			<label>Figure 2</label>
			<caption>
				<title>Cross-check of the post-ultrafiltration LVOT gradient by estimating left-ventricular systolic pressure from the peak systolic LV-LA transmitral gradient of the mitral-regurgitation jet. The difference between the estimated LV systolic pressure and brachial SBP matches the LVOT gradient estimated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>. LA: left atrium; LAP: left atrial pressure; LV: left ventricle; LVOT: left ventricular outflow tract; PG: pressure gradient; SBP: systolic blood pressure; Vel: velocity.</title>
			</caption>
			<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250073-gf02.tif"/>
		</fig>
		<p>Once the diagnostic stage is complete, periprocedural planning becomes paramount. Echocardiographic guidance substantially increases procedural safety and efficacy and should be incorporated as a routine component of the protocol. Selection of the target septal branch for ablation depends on integrating coronary angiography with echocardiographic findings. Direct injection of radiographic contrast or, preferably, an ultrasound contrast agent (USCA) into the candidate septal branch is a mandatory step,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> because it confirms perfusion of the region of interest and reveals inadvertent perfusion of off-target areas due to collateral flow between the septal artery and adjacent coronaries. It is essential to document perfusion of myocardial segments distant from the intended target — such as the anterolateral left-ventricular wall, the right-ventricular free wall, and the papillary muscles. In these situations, alcohol or other intravascular occlusive agents are contraindicated, and radiofrequency ablation is a viable alternative.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Use of USCA is associated with higher success rates, shorter procedure time, lower alcohol volumes, reduced risk of heart block, and smaller septal infarcts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Transthoracic echocardiography is sufficient in most cases, but a transesophageal approach becomes mandatory when the transthoracic window is inadequate or when more detailed assessment of the interventricular septum and adjacent structures is required.</p>
		<p>During the procedure, the echocardiographer's role becomes even more critical. An immediate gradient reduction indicates success — regardless of technique — and should be &gt; 50% from baseline or leave a residual resting gradient &lt; 30 mm Hg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Interpretation, however, requires caution: transient changes driven by inflammatory mediators and acute hemodynamic fluctuations after the septal infarct can mask the final effect. At this stage, only akinesia of the alcoholized segment is observed; septal thinning from fibrotic scarring — and the resulting enlargement of the LVOT — develop later. Accordingly, additional parameters must be monitored with equal rigor, including reduction or resolution of SAM and the degree of mitral regurgitation, while ensuring proper Doppler alignment at every step.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
		<p>The most feared immediate complication is reflux of alcohol into the left anterior descending (LAD) artery, usually due to incomplete balloon occlusion of the septal branch, balloon rupture, or retrograde flow through collaterals. This risk can be prevented or mitigated by slow, judicious infusion of absolute alcohol by the interventionalist with vigilant, continuous echocardiographic monitoring.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> When present, reflux almost invariably leads to distal LAD occlusion and an acute infarction of the anterior left-ventricular wall; therefore, global and regional systolic function of both ventricles should be continuously assessed and documented. Another rare complication that requires echocardiographic surveillance — from the acute phase through scar consolidation — is a ventricular septal defect.</p>
		<p>In post-procedure follow-up, echocardiography remains indispensable. During the first weeks, the gradient may paradoxically increase because of edema in the infarcted septum, before fibrosis develops and consolidates durable remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Recognizing this temporal pattern is crucial to avoid a premature diagnosis of technical failure. Success should be documented with serial studies demonstrating a progressive decline in the gradient accompanied by clinical improvement.</p>
		<p>Another essential point is the need for highly specialized training. There is a learning curve for echocardiographers in HCM, and misinterpretation can lead to inappropriate management. Consensus supports restricting these procedures to specialized centers where interventional cardiologists and echocardiographers work collaboratively with standardized protocols.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
		<p>In summary, echocardiography is indispensable at every stage of percutaneous intervention for oHCM: rigorous candidate selection, intraoperative strategy, procedural monitoring, and long-term follow-up. The chief pitfalls include under- or overestimation of the dynamic gradient, errors in selecting the target septal branch, and premature judgments of procedural success. These realities underscore the importance of operator experience, continuous training, and standardized protocols. In an era when percutaneous therapies are established as an effective alternative to surgery, the vigilant, judicious oversight of an experienced echocardiographer enhances both the safety and the efficacy of the procedure.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250073</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Dicas e Armadilhas sobre o Papel da Ecocardiografia na Intervenção Percutânea na Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-7507-6338</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Fischer</surname>
						<given-names>Claudio Henrique</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0219-944X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Oliveira</surname>
						<given-names>Alessandra Joslin</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff3">
					<label>1</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
				<aff id="aff4">
					<label>2</label>
					<addr-line>
						<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
						<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
					<institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>Correspondência:</label><bold>Claudio Henrique Fischer</bold> • R. Dr. Renato Paes de Barros, 188, ap. 61. CEP: <postal-code>04530-000</postal-code>, São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: <email>claudiohfischer@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Dantas</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave</title>
				<kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica</kwd>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Obstrução da Via de Saída Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica (CMH) é a doença cardíaca genética mais prevalente, com incidência aproximada de 1:500 indivíduos na população geral,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> sendo o fenótipo septal assimétrico o mais comum. Na CMH obstrutiva (CMHO), a relevância clínica é maior, com possível associação a fibrilação atrial, insuficiência cardíaca, eventos tromboembólicos, arritmias e morte súbita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Em pacientes refratários ao tratamento medicamentoso otimizado, a redução septal tornou-se estratégia terapêutica reconhecida, tendo a miectomia cirúrgica como padrão-ouro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A ablação septal alcoólica é alternativa indicada quando houver contraindicação ou risco cirúrgico elevado, idade avançada e anatomia coronariana favorável, devendo ser realizada em centros experientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Outras abordagens percutâneas, como ablação septal por radiofrequência,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> uso de coils ou de agentes embólicos líquidos, também têm sido descritas.</p>
			<p>A ecocardiografia tem papel central em todo o manejo da CMHO submetida à intervenção percutânea. Mais do que ferramenta diagnóstica, é essencial no periprocedimento e garante a avaliação pós-operatória. Compreender seu potencial e reconhecer as armadilhas envolvidas é determinante para o sucesso. Este editorial reúne dicas práticas para ecocardiografistas e destaca pontos críticos que, quando negligenciados, podem comprometer o resultado.</p>
			<p>O primeiro desafio está no pré-procedimento: além de medir dimensões e função sistólica e diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo, é preciso confirmar a localização, a distribuição e a espessura máxima da hipertrofia; verificar a presença de obstrução dinâmica significativa na via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (VSVE) ou em nível medioventricular; identificar o movimento sistólico anterior (MSA) da valva mitral; e graduar a insuficiência mitral. A subestimação do gradiente é frequente quando não se utilizam manobras provocativas, como a manobra de Valsalva ou exercício.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Em pacientes sintomáticos cujo gradiente máximo na VSVE permaneça &lt; 50 mmHg após a manobra de Valsalva, recomenda-se ecocardiografia sob estresse físico, preferencialmente em cicloergômetro, que permite monitoramento contínuo da progressão da obstrução e do aumento do gradiente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A superestimação do gradiente é outro erro comum, geralmente decorrente da mensuração inadvertida da velocidade do jato de insuficiência mitral em vez do jato da VSVE. Isso ocorre porque, no Doppler contínuo obtido no corte apical, as curvas frequentemente se sobrepõem, sobretudo quando a lateralização do transdutor é insuficiente e o alinhamento com a VSVE passa próximo da origem do jato regurgitante, sofrendo sua interferência (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1B</xref>). A diferenciação exige análise cuidadosa do Doppler contínuo, considerando início, morfologia e momento do pico dos fluxos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Há ainda variação do gradiente ao longo do ciclo respiratório — influenciada por pré-carga e pós-carga —, que pode confundir a interpretação. Persistindo dúvida, uma estratégia útil é obter a melhor curva da insuficiência mitral no Doppler contínuo, medir o gradiente sistólico máximo transmitral e somá-lo à pressão atrial esquerda estimada (geralmente 10-15 mmHg) para inferir a pressão sistólica máxima do ventrículo esquerdo; o gradiente dinâmico estimado corresponderá à diferença entre as pressões sistólicas ventricular e aórtica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>). Por fim, devem sempre ser verificadas as condições de contratilidade, pré-carga e pós-carga, que determinam a magnitude do efeito Venturi; reduções abruptas da volemia, por exemplo, elevam o gradiente em qualquer fenótipo obstrutivo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
			<fig id="f3">
				<label>Figura 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Aumento do gradiente da VSVE de 60 mmHg (A) para 136 mmHg (B) e piora da IM, de moderada (C) para importante (D), após diálise com ultrafiltração. Os achados refletem intensificação da obstrução (maior efeito Venturi) decorrente da redução de pré-carga. A curva do gradiente após a ultrafiltração sugere possível sobreposição do sinal do refluxo mitral. GP: gradiente de pressão; IM: insuficiência mitral; Vel: velocidade; VSVE: via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250073-gf01-pt.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<fig id="f4">
				<label>Figura 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Contraprova do gradiente da VSVE pós-ultrafiltração por meio do cálculo da pressão sistólica do VE via gradiente sistólico máximo VE-AE do refluxo mitral. A diferença entre a pressão sistólica do VE estimada e a PAS coincide com o gradiente de VSVE estimado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>. AE: átrio esquerdo; PA: pressão arterial; PAE: pressão atrial esquerda; GP: gradiente de pressão; V: ventrículo esquerdo; Vel: velocidade; VSVE: via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-04-e20250073-gf02-pt.tif"/>
			</fig>
			<p>Superada a etapa diagnóstica, o planejamento periprocedimento passa a ter papel de destaque. A orientação ecocardiográfica aumenta significativamente a segurança e a eficácia do procedimento, devendo ser considerada parte rotineira do protocolo. A decisão sobre qual ramo septal será alvo da ablação depende da integração entre os achados da angiografia coronária e da ecocardiografia. A injeção de contraste radiológico ou, preferencialmente, de agente de realce ultrassonográfico (ARUS) diretamente no ramo septal candidato é etapa mandatória do procedimento,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> pois confirma a perfusão da região de interesse e permite identificar a perfusão inadvertida de áreas não desejadas, decorrente de circulação colateral entre a artéria septal e coronárias adjacentes. É indispensável documentar a perfusão de segmentos miocárdicos distantes da área alvo, como a parede anterolateral do ventrículo esquerdo, a parede livre do ventrículo direito e os músculos papilares. Nessas situações, a ablação com álcool ou outros agentes oclusores intravasculares é contraindicada, sendo a ablação por radiofrequência uma alternativa viável.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O uso de ARUS está associado a maior taxa de sucesso, menor tempo de procedimento, menor volume de álcool, redução do risco de bloqueio cardíaco e menor tamanho do infarto septal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A ecocardiografia transtorácica é suficiente na maioria dos casos, mas o acesso transesofágico torna-se obrigatório quando a qualidade da janela transtorácica é insatisfatória ou quando se requer avaliação mais detalhada do septo interventricular e das estruturas adjacentes.</p>
			<p>Durante o procedimento, o papel do ecocardiografista torna-se ainda mais crítico. A queda imediata do gradiente é um indicador de sucesso — qualquer que seja a técnica empregada — e deve ser &gt; 50% em relação ao basal ou resultar em gradiente residual &lt; 30 mmHg em repouso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A interpretação, contudo, exige cautela: alterações transitórias provocadas por mediadores inflamatórios e variações hemodinâmicas na fase aguda do infarto septal podem mascarar o efeito final. Além disso, nessa fase observa-se apenas acinesia do segmento alcoolizado; o afilamento septal, decorrente do processo cicatricial fibrótico, e a consequente ampliação da VSVE ocorrem de forma mais tardia. Portanto, outros parâmetros devem ser monitorados com igual rigor, como a redução ou resolução do MSA e do grau de insuficiência mitral, sempre assegurando o alinhamento adequado do Doppler em todas as etapas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>A complicação imediata mais temida é o refluxo de álcool para a artéria descendente anterior (ADA), geralmente por oclusão incompleta do ramo com balão, ruptura do balão ou fluxo retrógrado por colaterais. Essa ocorrência pode ser evitada ou atenuada com infusão lenta e parcimoniosa de álcool absoluto pelo hemodinamicista, acompanhada de monitorização ecocardiográfica contínua e atenta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Quando presente, quase sempre leva à oclusão distal da ADA e a infarto agudo da parede anterior do ventrículo esquerdo, razão pela qual a função sistólica global e segmentar de ambos os ventrículos deve ser monitorada e documentada continuamente. Outra complicação rara, que exige investigação ecocardiográfica desde a fase aguda até a consolidação da fibrose, é a comunicação interventricular.</p>
			<p>No seguimento pós-procedimento, a ecocardiografia mantém papel indispensável. Nas primeiras semanas, o gradiente pode paradoxalmente subir devido ao edema do septo infartado, antes que a fibrose se estabeleça e consolide o remodelamento definitive.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Compreender essa evolução temporal é crucial para evitar a conclusão precipitada de falha técnica. O sucesso deve ser documentado por avaliações seriadas que demonstrem redução progressiva do gradiente, acompanhada de melhora clínica.</p>
			<p>Outro aspecto relevante é a necessidade de treinamento altamente especializado. Há uma curva de aprendizado do ecocardiografista na CMH, e interpretações equivocadas podem levar a condutas inadequadas. É consenso que a atuação se restrinja a centros especializados, nos quais cardiologistas intervencionistas e ecocardiografistas trabalhem de forma colaborativa e padronizada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Em síntese, a ecocardiografia é fundamental em todas as fases da intervenção percutânea na CMHO: seleção criteriosa de candidatos, definição da estratégia intraoperatória, monitorização do procedimento e seguimento em longo prazo. Entre as principais armadilhas, destacam-se a sub ou superestimação do gradiente dinâmico, erros na seleção do ramo septal e julgamentos prematuros do resultado. Reforçam-se, portanto, a importância da experiência, do treinamento contínuo e da padronização de protocolos. Em uma era em que as terapias percutâneas se consolidam como alternativa efetiva à cirurgia, o olhar atento e criterioso do ecocardiografista experiente aumenta a segurança e a eficácia do procedimento.</p>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>