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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00800</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250068i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Left Atrium Reservoir Strain and Cardiovascular Hemodynamics: the Hidden Truths Reveal Far More Than What is Readily Apparent</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0031-335X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hortegal</surname>
						<given-names>Renato A.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1919-164X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bihan</surname>
						<given-names>David Le</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0890-5870</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barretto</surname>
						<given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0201-6754</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mathias</surname>
						<given-names>Wilson</given-names>
						<suffix>Jr</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clínicas</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de São Paulo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração (Incor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Grupo Fleury</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">São Paulo</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Grupo Fleury, São Paulo, SP – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label> David Le Bihan Instituto do Coração (Incor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP) – Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code: 05403-900, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP – Brazil E-mail: <email>david.bihan@hc.fm.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>16</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>11</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>38</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20250068</elocation-id>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Hemodynamics</kwd>
				<kwd>Heart Atria</kwd>
				<kwd>Atrial Function</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="10"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<disp-quote>
			<p>“If it is any point requiring reflection, we shall examine it to better purpose in the dark.”</p>
			<p>— Edgar Allan Poe, The Purloined Letter (1844)</p>
		</disp-quote>
		<p>Over the past 15 years, Speckle-tracking Echocardiography has evolved into a robust technique for assessing both global and regional myocardial function. Among its expanding applications, Left Atrial (LA) strain, particularly in the reservoir phase, has emerged as a clinically relevant parameter. A reduced Left Atrial Strain reservoir (LASr) has been independently associated with elevated Left Ventricular (LV) filling pressures, recurrence of atrial fibrillation, heart failure hospitalizations, and overall cardiovascular mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Reflecting this growing body of evidence, LASr has been formally incorporated into clinical practice in the recently published “Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiography and for Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction Diagnosis: An Update From the American Society of Echocardiography.”<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
		<p>Despite this, the complexity of LA mechanics has largely followed an oversimplified approach: it is often treated as a surrogate marker of filling pressures, evaluated in isolation and interpreted using fixed cut-off values, without integrating the hemodynamic and mechanical context in which the atrium operates. While such an approach has facilitated its clinical adoption, it may obscure important physiological nuances and lead to misinterpretation in complex scenarios.</p>
		<p>The LA wall is histologically similar to the pulmonary veins, with a mean thickness ranging from 2.3 to 4.4 mm, which can be less than 30% of the LV wall thickness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> This makes it highly sensitive to the mechanical influence of adjacent structures that operate at a much higher force scale. Therefore, from a physiological standpoint, LA reservoir strain is a composite biomarker, shaped by at least three major components:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
		<list list-type="order">
			<list-item>
				<p>Early atrial relaxation, shown by the S1-wave of pulmonary venous flow, which indicates the initial suction phase of the reservoir function. This is best appreciated when LA volume changes are analyzed alongside LA pressure waveforms, and occasionally appears as a subtle notch at the onset of the LASr curve.</p>
			</list-item>
			<list-item>
				<p>Longitudinal systolic function of the ventricle, responsible for the apical displacement of the Atrioventricular (AV) plane during systole. This component stretches the LA wall and directly contributes to reservoir strain amplitude.</p>
			</list-item>
			<list-item>
				<p>Left atrial pressure, particularly the V-wave, which modulates atrial wall tension and LA compliance.</p>
			</list-item>
		</list>
		<p>These three forces interact dynamically and define the shape and magnitude of the LASr curve. This concept has been supported by physiological studies showing that acute changes in afterload, such as those induced by isometric handgrip, can significantly impact LA reservoir strain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In this setting, increased LV pressure results in altered LASr patterns, even in the absence of changes in intrinsic atrial function — highlighting the load dependency of this metric (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
		<p>
			<fig id="f01">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– Speckle-tracking Echocardiography (STE) was used to extract strain curve segments from the left Ventricle (LV) during the ejection phase and from the Left Atrium (LA) during the reservoir phase. Polynomial regression was applied to each segment, generating 29 shape coefficients per phase: LV Ejection Linear Coefficients (ELC) and LA Reservoir Linear Coefficients (RLC). Curves from a representative subject (in blue) are displayed alongside population-level polynomial fits for baseline and isometric handgrip conditions (dotted lines). This approach was used to quantitatively assess ventricular and atrial myocardial mechanics beyond peak strain values. The acute increase in afterload induced by the handgrip maneuver mobilizes the contractile reserve of the LV and, in ventricles with limited reserve, reduces the velocity and magnitude of contraction. This imbalance may result in afterload-mediated LV systolic dysfunction and modify the slope of the LA reservoir strain curve, thereby altering its overall shape. These changes are quantitatively captured by shifts in the polynomial coefficients,6 providing a quantitative marker of atrioventricular coupling and functional reserve under stress.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-03-e20250068-gf01.tif"/>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<p>Such physiological interplay may yield practical clinical insights. Consider patients with non-severe mitral regurgitation undergoing Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT). Improvement in mitral regurgitation often reduces LA preload<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and subsequently decreases LASr, despite favorable LV remodeling and decreased LV end-systolic volume. Without hemodynamic contextualization, this apparent paradox might be misinterpreted as functional worsening, when in fact it reflects normalization of loading conditions.</p>
		<p>A second, more complex scenario involves patients with paradoxical low-flow, low-gradient aortic stenosis, a subgroup that often overlaps with HFpEF physiology. In such cases, low-dose nitroprusside infusion has been explored as a hemodynamic tool to assess contractile reserve and guide treatment. Simultaneous assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PAWP) and Left Atrial (LA) strain during vasodilation can provide further insights: a reduction in PAWP accompanied by an increase in LASr, in response to reduced LA pressure, may indicate a load-sensitive phenotype with increased afterload-mediated systolic and diastolic dysfunction, which supports prioritizing guideline-directed medical therapy for HFpEF and provides caution and concerns towards more invasive treatment as Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI), that could potentially lead to further increase in pulsatile vascular load and thus worsening abnormal ventricular-vascular coupling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> While these strategies remain exploratory, they reflect a growing recognition that dynamic assessment of atrial mechanics can enrich the diagnostic and therapeutic process.</p>
		<p>Another fact that we need to consider is the interplay that exists between the different phases of Left Atrial physiology. In some circumstances, a decrease in LA pressure could not affect the reservoir phase. This is probably because this phase also reflects the rigidity of the Left Atrium, which can be impacted by the chronicity of the disease. In these cases, the active contractile function of the left atrium may more accurately indicate improvements in hemodynamics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
		<p>In conclusion, LASr should be interpreted not merely as a static marker of atrial function, but rather as a dynamic signal, modulated by ventricular mechanics and loading conditions. It is not so much what is revealed by absolute LASr values, but what is concealed within its shape, context, and variation under stress, that demands investigation. Future studies should aim to refine its application through integrated multiparametric approaches, incorporating both strain and hemodynamic markers. Such strategies may enhance the diagnostic precision of echocardiography in complex conditions like HFpEF, valvular disease, and atrial cardiomyopathy — where understanding the heart as a system, rather than as isolated chambers, is critical.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
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			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250068</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Editorial</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Strain de Reservatório do Átrio Esquerdo e Hemodinâmica Cardiovascular: o que as aparências não mostram</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0031-335X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hortegal</surname>
						<given-names>Renato A.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1919-164X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Bihan</surname>
						<given-names>David Le</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0890-5870</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Barretto</surname>
						<given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0201-6754</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mathias</surname>
						<given-names>Wilson</given-names>
						<suffix>Jr</suffix>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2002"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coração (Incor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2002">
				<label>2</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Grupo Fleury, São Paulo, SP – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência:</label> David Le Bihan Instituto do Coração (Incor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP) – Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP: 05403-900, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP – Brasil E-mail: david.bihan@hc.fm.usp.br </corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chave:</title>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
				<kwd>Hemodinâmica</kwd>
				<kwd>Átrios do Coração</kwd>
				<kwd>Função Atrial</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<disp-quote>
				<p>“If it is any point requiring reflection, we shall examine it to better purpose in the dark.”</p>
				<p>— Edgar Allan Poe, The Purloined Letter (1844)</p>
			</disp-quote>
			<p>Nos últimos 15 anos, a Ecocardiografia com <italic>Speckle Tracking</italic> tem se consolidado como uma técnica robusta na avaliação da função miocárdica global e regional. Entre suas aplicações em expansão, o Strain do Átrio Esquerdo (AE), principalmente na fase de reservatório, emergiu como um parâmetro clinicamente relevante. Um Strain do reservatório do AE (LASr) reduzido tem sido associado a pressões de enchimento elevadas do Ventrículo Esquerdo (VE), recorrência de fibrilação atrial, internações por insuficiência cardíaca e mortalidade cardiovascular geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Refletindo esse crescente conjunto de evidências, o LASr foi formalmente incorporado à prática clínica nas “Recomendações para a Avaliação da Função Diastólica do Ventrículo Esquerdo por Ecocardiografia e para o Diagnóstico de Insuficiência Cardíaca com Fração de Ejeção Preservada: Uma Atualização da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia”,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> recentemente publicadas.</p>
			<p>Apesar disso, a complexidade da mecânica do AE tem seguido, em grande parte, uma abordagem excessivamente simplificada: frequentemente é tratada como um marcador substituto das pressões de enchimento, avaliada de forma isolada e interpretada com valores de corte fixos, sem integrar o contexto hemodinâmico e mecânico em que o átrio opera. Embora tal abordagem tenha facilitado sua adoção clínica, ela pode obscurecer nuances fisiológicas importantes e levar a interpretações errôneas em cenários complexos.</p>
			<p>A parede do Átrio Esquerdo é histologicamente semelhante às veias pulmonares, com espessura média variando de 2,3 a 4,4 mm, o que corresponde a menos de 30% da espessura da parede do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Isso a torna altamente sensível à influência mecânica de estruturas adjacentes que operam em uma escala de força muito maior. Portanto, do ponto de vista fisiológico, o strain do reservatório do AE é um biomarcador composto, moldado por pelo menos três componentes principais:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<list list-type="order">
				<list-item>
					<p>Relaxamento atrial precoce, refletido na onda S1 do fluxo venoso pulmonar, que indica a fase inicial de sucção da função de reservatório. Isso se torna ainda mais evidente quando as alterações do volume do AE são analisadas juntamente com as formas de onda da pressão do AE e, eventualmente, aparece como um entalhe sutil no início da curva LASr.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Função sistólica longitudinal do ventrículo, responsável pelo deslocamento apical do plano Atrioventricular (AV) durante a sístole. Este componente distende a parede do AE e contribui diretamente para a amplitude do strain do reservatório.</p>
				</list-item>
				<list-item>
					<p>Pressão atrial esquerda, particularmente a onda V, que modula a tensão da parede atrial e a complacência do AE.</p>
				</list-item>
			</list>
			<p>Essas três forças interagem dinamicamente e definem a forma e a magnitude da curva LASr. Corroborando este conceito, estudos fisiológicos mostram que alterações agudas na pós-carga, como aquelas induzidas pela manobra de handgrip, podem impactar significativamente o strain de reservatório do AE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, o aumento da pressão do VE resulta em padrões alterados do LASr, mesmo na ausência de alterações intrínsecas da função atrial, destacando a sensibilidade desta métrica às condições de carga (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f01002">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– A Ecocardiografia com Speckle Tracking (STE) foi utilizada para extrair segmentos da curva de strain do Ventrículo Esquerdo (VE) durante a fase de ejeção e do Átrio Esquerdo (AE) durante a fase de reservatório. A regressão polinomial foi aplicada a cada segmento, gerando 29 coeficientes de forma por fase: Coeficientes Lineares de Ejeção do VE (CLE) e Coeficientes Lineares de Reservatório do AE (CRL). As curvas de um indivíduo representativo (em azul) são exibidas juntamente com os ajustes polinomiais do conjunto de curvas para as condições basais e durante a manobra de handgrip (linhas pontilhadas). Essa abordagem foi utilizada para avaliar quantitativamente a mecânica miocárdica ventricular e atrial, para além dos valores de pico de strain. A elevação aguda da pós-carga induzida pela manobra de handgrip mobiliza a reserva contrátil do VE e, em ventrículos com reserva limitada, reduz a velocidade e a magnitude da contração. Esse desbalanço pode resultar em disfunção sistólica do VE mediada por pós-carga e modificar a inclinação da curva de strain de reservatório do AE, alterando consequentemente o seu formato global. Essas alterações são capturadas quantitativamente por meio das mudanças nos coeficientes polinomiais,6 fornecendo um marcador quantitativo de acoplamento atrioventricular e de reserva funcional sob estresse.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-03-e20250068-gf01-pt.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Essa interação fisiológica pode gerar insights clínicos práticos. Considere pacientes com regurgitação mitral não grave submetidos à Terapia de Ressincronização Cardíaca (TRC). A melhora da regurgitação mitral frequentemente reduz a pré-carga do AE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e, subsequentemente, diminui o LASr, apesar da remodelação favorável do VE e da diminuição do volume sistólico final do VE. Sem uma contextualização hemodinâmica, esse aparente paradoxo pode ser mal interpretado como piora funcional, quando, na realidade, reflete a normalização das condições de carga.</p>
			<p>Um segundo cenário, mais complexo, envolve pacientes com estenose aórtica paradoxal de baixo fluxo e baixo gradiente, um subgrupo que frequentemente se associa à fisiologia da ICFEP. Nesses casos, a infusão de nitroprussiato em baixas doses tem sido explorada como uma ferramenta hemodinâmica para avaliar a reserva contrátil e orientar o tratamento. A avaliação simultânea da Pressão Capilar Pulmonar (PCP) e do strain do AE durante a vasodilatação pode oferecer insights adicionais: uma diminuição na PCP e um aumento no LASr em resposta à redução da pressão do AE podem indicar um fenótipo sensível à carga, com aumento da disfunção sistólica e diastólica mediada pela pós-carga, o que corrobora a priorização da terapia medicamentosa orientada por diretrizes para ICFEP e traz cautela e preocupações em relação a tratamentos mais invasivos, como o Implante de Válvula Aórtica Transcateter (TAVI), que pode levar a um aumento adicional na carga vascular pulsátil e, consequentemente, piorar o acoplamento ventrículo-vascular anormal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Embora essas estratégias permaneçam exploratórias, elas refletem um reconhecimento crescente de que a avaliação dinâmica da mecânica atrial pode enriquecer o processo diagnóstico e terapêutico.</p>
			<p>Outro fato que precisamos considerar é a interação existente entre as diferentes fases da fisiologia Atrial Esquerda. Em algumas circunstâncias, uma diminuição da pressão atrial esquerda pode não ter efeito sobre a fase de reservatório. Isso provavelmente ocorre porque essa fase também reflete a rigidez do átrio esquerdo, que pode ser impactada pela cronicidade da doença. Nesses casos, a função contrátil ativa do átrio esquerdo pode indicar melhorias na hemodinâmica com mais precisão.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Em conclusão, o LASr deve ser interpretado não apenas como um marcador estático da função atrial, mas sim como um sinal dinâmico, modulado pela mecânica ventricular e pelas condições de carga. Não é simplesmente o valor numérico do LASr que é revelado, mas o que pode ser inferido a partir do formato da sua curva, do contexto hemodinâmico e da variação sob estresse, que demanda investigação. Estudos futuros devem buscar refinar sua aplicação por meio de abordagens multiparamétricas integradas, incorporando marcadores de strain e hemodinâmicos. Essas estratégias podem aumentar a precisão diagnóstica da ecocardiografia em condições complexas como ICFEP, doença valvar e cardiomiopatia atrial, nas quais a compreensão do coração como um sistema, e não como câmaras isoladas, é fundamental.</p>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>