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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00100</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250054i</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Safety of dobutamine stress echocardiography using a modified protocol in a large unselected population</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6650-1292</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Abreu</surname>
						<given-names>José Sebastião de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Statistical analysis</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9292-2894</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Diógenes</surname>
						<given-names>Tereza Cristina Pinheiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0780-2922</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Abreu</surname>
						<given-names>Marília Esther Benevides</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
					<role>Acquisition of data</role>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-1566-684X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Chagas</surname>
						<given-names>Isadora Sucupira Machado</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-9537-0422</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Diógenes</surname>
						<given-names>Sarah Gomes</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9520-2195</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Farias</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Gardenia Liberato Ponte</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8799-9122</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carneiro</surname>
						<given-names>Marcia Maria</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
					<role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Ceará</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
					<named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Ceará,Fortaleza, CE – Brazil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01">
					<label>Mailing Address:</label> José Sebastião de Abreu • Clinicárdio de Fortaleza e Cardioexata. Rua Doutor Jose Lourenço, 500. Postal Code: 60115-280, Fortaleza, CE – Brazil E-mail: <email>jsabreu10@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
					<p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>16</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>11</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>38</volume>
			<issue>3</issue>
			<elocation-id>e20250054</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>04</day>
					<month>08</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="rev-recd">
					<day>08</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>08</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Background</title>
					<p> Dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) using the conventional protocol (CP-DSE) may lead to important adverse effects.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective</title>
					<p> This study was aimed at assessing the safety of DSE using a modified protocol (MP-DSE).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Methods</title>
					<p> Data were collected from our institutional database to compare MP-DSE with the CP-DSE. In the CP-DSE, atropine could be administered during the fourth stage or its extension. In the MP-DSE, atropine was initiated at the beginning of the third stage, and there was no stage extension. Upon completion of DSE or for arrhythmia control, metoprolol was administered in the CP-DSE and esmolol in the MP-DSE. In cases of typical angina, nitroglycerin was administered at the examiner’s discretion in the CP-DSE, whereas its use was predetermined in the MP-DSE. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results</title>
					<p> Of 17,811 tests performed, 9,121 were conducted using the MP-DSE. During DSE, myocardial oxygen consumption, represented by the rate-pressure product, was significantly higher in the MP-DSE group (22,530 ± 4,575 vs 23,037 ± 4,072 bpm.mmHg; p &lt; 0.001). Hypertensive peak (1% vs 0.4%; p = 0.0001) and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (0.6% vs 0.1%; p = 0.0001) were more frequent in the CP-DSE, while supraventricular tachyarrhythmia (2.1% vs 3.78%; p = 0.0001) and atrial fibrillation (0.8% vs 1.3%; p = 0.003) were more common in the MP-DSE. These arrhythmias resolved spontaneously or with medication. In the CP-DSE, two patients had ventricular fibrillation and one, acute coronary syndrome.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion</title>
					<p> In our study, the modified protocol for DSE proved to be a safe option, with no severe adverse effects observed, despite the presence of an elevated rate-pressure product.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>Stress Echocardiography</kwd>
				<kwd>Safety</kwd>
				<kwd>Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<funding-group>
				<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding:</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
			</funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="30"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>
					<fig id="f01">
						<label>Central Illustration:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Safety of dobutamine stress echocardiography using a modified protocol in a large unselected population</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-03-e20250054-gf01.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) protocols have traditionally involved exposure to large doses of dobutamine and a significant incidence of adverse effects. However, the development of newer protocols for this diagnostic method has progressively reduced these risks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The addition of atropine to DSE protocols at an earlier stage has enhanced the test’s sensitivity without compromising its specificity and safety. As a result, current guidelines limit the maximum dose of dobutamine and atropine is initiated before or even during the last stage of dobutamine infusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
			<p>The intravenous administration of an ultra-short-acting beta-blocker at the end of the DSE is essential for controlling heart rate (HR), arrhythmias and myocardial ischemia, and may even enhance the accuracy of the test.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, the literature does not indicate a preference between esmolol and metoprolol. Ischemia occurring during DSE might require the use of coronary vasodilator, administered either orally or intravenously, although current guidelines do not specify the drug formulation or route of administration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Reports of adverse effects associated with DSE have been essential to establish contraindications to the test, emphasizing its higher risk compared to echocardiography with other stressors, such as exercise, dipyridamole, or adenosine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Thus, ongoing monitoring and the development of new protocols are necessary to minimize complications, particularly considering that dobutamine is the most widely available pharmacologic agent for stress echocardiography. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the safety of DSE by applying a modified protocol to a large, unselected population.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="methods">
			<title>Methods</title>
			<p>This retrospective study compared the conventional protocol for DSE (CP-DSE) with a modified protocol (MP-DSE), using data collected from our institutional database about patients referred for DSE to assess myocardial ischemia with an adequate echocardiographic window. Patients submitted to the CP-DSE, constituting the CP-DSE group, were enrolled between 1997 and 2007, and those who underwent MP-DSE, constituting the MP-DSE group, were enrolled between 2008 and 2021.</p>
			<p>Patient demographic data, coronary artery disease risk factors and history of myocardial revascularization were assessed through medical history, clinical evaluation and laboratory tests. All patients were informed about the objectives and potential risks of DSE and provided consent to undergo the procedure. Patients referred for myocardial viability assessment were excluded from the analysis.</p>
			<p>This study’s protocol complies with the ethical principles outlined in the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki ethical principles and was submitted to and approved by our institutional Human Research Ethics Committee.</p>
			<p>In both groups, dobutamine was continuously infused in up to four stages at incremental doses of 10, 20, 30 and 40 μcg.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>. When indicated, atropine was administered in boluses of 0.25- to 0.50-mg, up to the maximum cumulative dose of 2 mg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In cases of paradoxical sinus deceleration, defined as a 5- to 10- beat reduction in HR, atropine could be administered during the initial stages, at the examiner’s discretion. Upon test conclusion, an intravenous beta-blocker or coronary vasodilator was used according to each group’s protocol. However, when coronary spasm was suspected, priority was given to vasodilator administration.</p>
			<p>Absolute contraindications to dobutamine use were unstable angina, recent myocardial infarction, severe and symptomatic aortic stenosis, acute aortic dissection, decompensated heart failure, ventricular pseudoaneurysm and obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Atropine was contraindicated in cases of myasthenia gravis, pyloric stenosis, prostate disease determining urinary retention and narrow-angle glaucoma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
			<p>To increase the number of tests completed, beta-blocker withdrawal was recommended two to three days before the test for CP-DSE patients and 5 days before for MP-DSE patients. A quad-screen display was used for comparative analysis, with CX 200 (Apogee) and Vingmed System Five (General Electric) equipment utilized in the CP-DSE group, and Vivid 7 and Vivid E9 (General Electric) equipment in the MP-DSE group.</p>
			<p>Regarding important adverse effects, hypertensive peak was defined as blood pressure higher than 230/120 mm Hg, while hypotension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) lower than 100 mm Hg. We retrieved the following arrhythmias from the database: supraventricular tachyarrhythmia (junctional or atrial), atrial fibrillation, sustained ventricular tachycardia (duration &gt; 30 seconds), nonsustained ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. Additional events recorded included paradoxical sinus deceleration, acute coronary syndrome, acute myocardial infarction, ventricular rupture, asystole and death. DSE should be discontinued in cases of potential life-threatening conditions or intolerance to the test medications.</p>
			<p>Blood pressure was measured at the beginning of each stage and during the recovery phase. Electrocardiographic monitoring was continuous, and 12-lead electrocardiography was performed before and throughout the procedure. DSE was considered complete when at least 85% of the age-predicted maximal HR (220 minus age in years) was achieved and/or myocardial ischemia was detected. Ischemia was defined as either the appearance of wall motion abnormalities in at least two contiguous myocardial segments that were previously normal, or the worsening of a preexisting abnormality – excluding cases where an akinetic segment became dyskinetic.</p>
			<p>In the early version of the CP-DSE, dobutamine was infused in three-minute stages and atropine was initiated at the end of the fourth stage (40-μcg.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> of dobutamine), which was then extended to allow for atropine bolus administration. However, the CP-DSE protocol evolved over time, and in its later version, atropine began to be administered starting from the fourth stage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
			<p>An intravenous bolus of metoprolol (5 to 10 mg) was administered upon DSE completion, regardless of whether the result was positive or negative for myocardial ischemia, or in the presence of tachyarrhythmias. Additional boluses could be given if arrhythmias or angina persisted. If angina continued, nitroglycerin could be administered as a sublingual spray or tablet, or as an intravenous infusion, at the examiner’s discretion.</p>
			<p>In the MP-DSE protocol, all stages had a maximum duration of three minutes, and atropine infusion began during the third stage alongside dobutamine administration – except in cases where the examiner identified an exaggerated chronotropic response to dobutamine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Upon DSE completion, esmolol was intravenously administered in 30-mg bolus, independently of a positive or negative result for myocardial ischemia. If arrhythmia or typical angina occurred, additional bolus could be repeated at 3-minute intervals. When typical angina did not subside within six minutes, nitroglycerin solution (100 µcg/mL) would be intravenously administered in 3-mL bolus, followed by intravenous infusion (1 mL/minute) that would be maintained while angina persisted, as long as SBP &gt; 110 mm Hg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
			<p>For the statistical analysis, categorical variables were presented in tables as point estimates of prevalence, and quantitative variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and minimum and maximum values. The variables “adverse effects”, “risk factors” and “type of therapy” were organized in contingency tables according to protocol groups, test results (negative or positive for myocardial ischemia) and age ranges. Associations between protocol groups and these variables were analyzed using Pearson’s chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. For the quantitative variables, normal distribution was analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk test, and then, bivariate analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney test. A 5% significance level was adopted for all statistical tests, and analyses were performed using SPSS version 20.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>Results</title>
			<p>This study assessed 17,811 completed DSE out of 18,531 tests performed. The sample was distributed as follows: 8,690 tests in the CP-DSE group and 9,121 in the MP-DSE group. Female sex and young patients predominated in both groups. In the MP-DSE group, older men (≥65 years), use of anti-hypertensive, lipid-lowering and hypoglycemic medications, as well as known coronary artery disease, were more common than in the CP-DSE group. Discontinuation of oral beta-blocker prior to testing was more frequent in the MP-DSE group, while CP-DSE patients more often underwent DSE while still on beta-blocker therapy (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). In the CP-DSE group, 14.4% of the tests (n = 1,251) were concluded before the fourth stage, compared to 66% (n = 5,994) in the MP-DSE group. There were 434 (4.99%) inconclusive tests in the CP-DSE group and 286 (3.1%) in the MP-DSE group. None of the inconclusive tests reached the target HR or met the criteria for myocardial ischemia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Baseline characteristics: demographic data, risk factors, and type of therapy</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Variables</th>
								<th>CP-DSE</th>
								<th>MP-DSE</th>
								<th>p</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Number of tests</bold></td>
								<td align="center">8,690 (100%)</td>
								<td align="center">9,121 (100%)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Mean age (years)</bold></td>
								<td align="center">61 ± 11.73</td>
								<td align="center">62.71 ± 2.05</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Number of tests in patients aged ≤65 years</td>
								<td align="center">5,487 (66.1%)</td>
								<td align="center">5,182 (56.8%)</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Number of tests in patients aged &gt;65 years</td>
								<td align="center">3,203 (33.9%)</td>
								<td align="center">3,939 (43.2%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Men</bold></td>
								<td align="center">3,723 (42.8%)</td>
								<td align="center">4,150 (45.5%)</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Women</bold></td>
								<td align="center">4,967 (57.2%)</td>
								<td align="center">4,971 (54.5%)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Hypertension</bold></td>
								<td align="center">4,608 (53%)</td>
								<td align="center">6,243 (68.4%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Dyslipidemia</bold></td>
								<td align="center">3,755 (43.2%)</td>
								<td align="center">5,228 (57.3%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Diabetes</bold></td>
								<td align="center">1,415 (16.3%</td>
								<td align="center">2,476 (27.1%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Known coronary artery disease</bold></td>
								<td align="center">1,635 (18.8%)</td>
								<td align="center">1,838 (20.2%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="4"><bold>Previous myocardial revascularization</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>stent</td>
								<td align="center">438 (5.0%)</td>
								<td align="center">1,167 (12.8%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>mammary or saphenous bypass graft</td>
								<td align="center">1,108 (12.8%)</td>
								<td align="center">538 (5.9%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>mammary bypass graft</td>
								<td align="center">830 (9.6%)</td>
								<td align="center">426 (4.7%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td><bold>Oral beta-blocker</bold></td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>on</td>
								<td align="center">408 (4.7%)</td>
								<td align="center">197 (2.2%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>suspended</td>
								<td align="center">1,420 (16.3%)</td>
								<td align="center">2,770 (30.4%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation, absolute numbers, and percentages; PC-DSE: conventional protocol for dobutamine stress echocardiography; MP-DSE: modified protocol for dobutamine stress echocardiography.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f02">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Flowchart of the patients; none of the inconclusive tests reached the target heart rate nor met the criteria for myocardial ischemia.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-03-e20250054-gf02.tif"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>In the entire sample and considering both positive and negative DSE results for myocardial ischemia, HR was higher in the CP-DSE group at baseline, but, during stress, HR did not differ between the groups. At baseline, SBP and rate-pressure product (HR x SBP) of negative and positive DSE results for myocardial ischemia were higher in the CP-DSE group. However, during stress, both SBP and rate-pressure product were higher in the MP-DSE group in both negative and positive tests for myocardial ischemia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Values of the hemodynamic variables in the stress echocardiography protocols used and number of tests performed (N) according to negative or positive results for myocardial ischemia</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Variables Results</th>
								<th>Protocol</th>
								<th>N</th>
								<th>Mean ± SD</th>
								<th>p</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="5"><bold>Baseline heart rate (bpm)</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Negative</td>
								<td align="center">CP-DSE MP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">7,313 8,375</td>
								<td align="center">76.55 ± 15.614 75.35 ± 15.614</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Positive</td>
								<td align="center">CP-DSE MP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">1,380 753</td>
								<td align="center">73.66 ± 15.614 73.75 ± 15.614</td>
								<td align="center">0.820</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Negative and positive</td>
								<td align="center">CP-DSE MP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">8,690 9,121</td>
								<td align="center">76.09 ± 14.078 75.21 ± 14.280</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="5"><bold>Heart rate under stress (bpm)</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Negative</td>
								<td align="center">CP-DSE MP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">7,313 8,375</td>
								<td align="center">149.94 ± 15.635 149.62 ± 14.153</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Positive</td>
								<td align="center">CP-DSE MP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">1,380 753</td>
								<td align="center">144.69 ± 21.402 144.39 ± 18.726</td>
								<td align="center">0.097</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Negative and positive</td>
								<td align="center">CP-DSE MP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">8,690 9,121</td>
								<td align="center">149.11 ± 16.793 149.18 ± 14.654</td>
								<td align="center">0.155</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="5"><bold>Baseline systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Negative</td>
								<td align="center">CP-DSE MP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">7,313 8,374</td>
								<td align="center">134.93 ± 20.085 129.18 ± 15.614</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Positive</td>
								<td align="center">CP-DSE MP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">7,313 8,375</td>
								<td align="center">136.43 ± 22.889 132.72± 16.204</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Negative and positive</td>
								<td align="center">CP-DSE MP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">8,690 9,121</td>
								<td align="center">135.17 ± 20.562 129.48 ± 15.693</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="5"><bold>Systolic blood pressure under stress (mm Hg)</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Negative</td>
								<td align="center">CP-DSE MP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">7,313 8,375</td>
								<td align="center">150.20 ± 25.758 153.67 ± 22.665</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Positive</td>
								<td align="center">CP-DSE MP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">1,380 753</td>
								<td align="center">152.24 ± 29.472 159.63 ± 22.980</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Negative and positive</td>
								<td align="center">CP-DSE MP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">8,690 9,121</td>
								<td align="center">150.53 ± 26.391 154.16 ± 22.749</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="5"><bold>Baseline heart rate x baseline systolic blood pressure (bpm . mm Hg)</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Negative</td>
								<td align="center">CP-DSE MP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">7,313 8,376</td>
								<td align="center">10,394 ± 2,599 9,766 ± 2,259</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Positive</td>
								<td align="center">CP-DSE MP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">1,380 753</td>
								<td align="center">10,142 ± 2,615 9,801 ± 2,109</td>
								<td align="center">0.006</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Negative and positive</td>
								<td align="center">CP-DSE MP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">8,690 9,121</td>
								<td align="center">10,354 ± 2,603 9,769 ± 2,247</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="5"><bold>Heart rate under stress x systolic blood pressure under stress (bpm . mm Hg)</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Negative</td>
								<td align="center">CP-DSE MP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">7,313 8,376</td>
								<td align="center">22,596 ± 4,445 23,034 ± 4,031</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Positive</td>
								<td align="center">CP-DSE MP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">1,380 753</td>
								<td align="center">22,177 ± 5,194 23,077 ± 4,504</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Negative and positive</td>
								<td align="center">CP-DSE MP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">8,690 9,121</td>
								<td align="center">22,530 ± 4,575 23,037 ± 4,072</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>Data expressed as mean ± SD and absolute numbers. SD: standard deviation; PC-DSE: conventional protocol for dobutamine stress echocardiography; MP-DSE: modified protocol for dobutamine stress echocardiography; bpm: beats per minute.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>In the CP-DSE group, as compared to the MP-DSE group, peak hypertensive effect, typical angina and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia were more frequently found in both positive and negative tests for myocardial ischemia. Isolated ventricular ectopics, supraventricular tachyarrhythmias and atrial fibrillation were more frequently found in the positive tests of the CP-DSE group and in the negative tests of the MP-DSE group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Table 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Adverse effects of dobutamine stress echocardiography according to the protocols used and the results (negative or positive) for myocardial ischemia</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Variables Results</th>
								<th>CP-DSE</th>
								<th>MP-DSE</th>
								<th>p</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td>Total sample</td>
								<td align="center">8,690 (100%)</td>
								<td align="center">9,121 (100%)</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="4"><bold>Hypertensive peak</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Negative</td>
								<td align="center">62 (0.71%)</td>
								<td align="center">32 (0.35%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Positive</td>
								<td align="center">29 (0.33%)</td>
								<td align="center">2 (0.02%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>All</td>
								<td align="center">91 (1.04%)</td>
								<td align="center">34 (0.37%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="4"><bold>Typical angina</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Negative</td>
								<td align="center">301 (3.46%)</td>
								<td align="center">128 (1.4%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Positive</td>
								<td align="center">532 (6.12%)</td>
								<td align="center">336 (3.7%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>All</td>
								<td align="center">833 (9.58%)</td>
								<td align="center">464 (5.1%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="4"><bold>Isolated ventricular ectopics</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Negative</td>
								<td align="center">2,243 (25.8%)</td>
								<td align="center">2,721 (29.8%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Positive</td>
								<td align="center">472 (5.43%)</td>
								<td align="center">289 (3.17%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>All</td>
								<td align="center">2,715 (31%)</td>
								<td align="center">3,010 (33%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="4"><bold>Supraventricular tachyarrhythmia</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Negative</td>
								<td align="center">124 (1.43%)</td>
								<td align="center">239 (2.62%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Positive</td>
								<td align="center">38 (0.43%)</td>
								<td align="center">34 (0.37%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>All</td>
								<td align="center">162 (2.11%)</td>
								<td align="center">273 (3.78%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="4"><bold>Atrial fibrillation</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Negative</td>
								<td align="center">54 (0.62%)</td>
								<td align="center">107 (1.17%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Positive</td>
								<td align="center">17 (0.2%)</td>
								<td align="center">9 (0.1%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>All</td>
								<td align="center">71 (0.82%)</td>
								<td align="center">116 (1.27%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="4"><bold>Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Negative</td>
								<td align="center">20 (0.23%)</td>
								<td align="center">8 (0.1%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Positive</td>
								<td align="center">28 (0.32%)</td>
								<td align="center">3 (0.03%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>All</td>
								<td align="center">48 (0.55%)</td>
								<td align="center">11 (0.13%)</td>
								<td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="4"><bold>Acute coronary syndrome</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Positive</td>
								<td align="center">1 (0.01%)</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td colspan="4"><bold>Ventricular fibrillation</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td>Positive</td>
								<td align="center">2 (0.02%)</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td> </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>Data expressed as absolute numbers and percentages; PC-DSE: conventional protocol for dobutamine stress echocardiography; MP-DSE: modified protocol for dobutamine stress echocardiography.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>The most severe adverse effects occurred in the CP-DSE patients with positive test results for ischemia and included ventricular fibrillation (2 patients) and acute coronary syndrome (1 patient). These patients were admitted for hemodynamic evaluation and subsequently underwent surgical myocardial revascularization, with no complications reported (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). In the MP-DSE group, nitroglycerin solution was administered to 76 patients presenting with typical angina.</p>
			<p>Atropine was administered to 83% of CP-DSE patients and 92.6% of MP-DSE patients. The mean dose of atropine was higher in the MP-DSE group, including among patients with negative ischemia results, regardless of age, and among non-elderly patients with positive ischemia results. However, the mean dose of atropine did not differ between groups among elderly patients with positive ischemia results. Lower doses of atropine were administered to elderly patients, regardless of ischemia status (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). Early administration of atropine to reverse paradoxical sinus deceleration occurred in 16 CP-DSE patients and 64 MP-DSE patients.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Table 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Dose of atropine administered according to protocol, age group, and results for myocardial ischemia (negative or positive)</title>
					</caption>
					<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Variable</th>
								<th>Protocol</th>
								<th>Mean</th>
								<th>SD</th>
								<th>Minimum</th>
								<th>Maximum</th>
								<th>p</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2"><bold>Mean dose (mg)</bold></td>
								<td align="center">CP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">0.540</td>
								<td align="center">0.433</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">2 mg</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">MP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">0.602</td>
								<td align="center">0.488</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">2 mg</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2"><bold>Age &lt; 65 years</bold></td>
								<td align="center">CP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">0.642</td>
								<td align="center">0.441</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">2 mg</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">MP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">0.740</td>
								<td align="center">0.513</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">2 mg</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2"><bold>Age ≥ 65 years</bold></td>
								<td align="center">CP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">0.360</td>
								<td align="center">0.356</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">2 mg</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">MP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">0.417</td>
								<td align="center">0.380</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">2 mg</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2"><bold>Negative for ischemia</bold></td>
								<td align="center">CP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">0.547</td>
								<td align="center">0.437</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">2 mg</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">MP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">0.607</td>
								<td align="center">0.488</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">2 mg</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2"><bold>Positive for ischemia</bold></td>
								<td align="center">CP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">0.495</td>
								<td align="center">0.411</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">2 mg</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">0.070</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">MP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">0.552</td>
								<td align="center">0.476</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">2 mg</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2"><bold>Negative &lt; 65 years</bold></td>
								<td align="center">CP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">0.655</td>
								<td align="center">0.442</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">2 mg</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">MP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">0.745</td>
								<td align="center">0.513</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">2 mg</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2"><bold>Negative ≥ 65 years</bold></td>
								<td align="center">CP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">0.360</td>
								<td align="center">0.357</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">2 mg</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">MP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">0.420</td>
								<td align="center">0.381</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">2 mg</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2"><bold>Positive &lt; 65 years</bold></td>
								<td align="center">CP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">0.580</td>
								<td align="center">0.427</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">2 mg</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">0.014</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">MP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">0.682</td>
								<td align="center">0.515</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">2 mg</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td rowspan="2"><bold>Positive ≥ 65 years</bold></td>
								<td align="center">CP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">0.367</td>
								<td align="center">0.349</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">2 mg</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">0.216</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">MP-DSE</td>
								<td align="center">0.405</td>
								<td align="center">0.377</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">2 mg</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>SD: standard deviation; CP-DSE: conventional protocol for dobutamine stress echocardiography; MP-DSE: modified protocol for dobutamine stress echocardiography.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>Discussion</title>
			<p>In this study with two large unselected populations, we assessed the safety of two protocols for DSE. In the modified protocol, a lower amount of dobutamine was administered and esmolol was established as the ultra-short-acting beta-blocker to control arrhythmia or ischemia. In patients with persistent angina, the control was achieved with predetermined doses of nitroglycerin, as shown in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Illustration</xref>.</p>
			<p>Over the past four decades, dobutamine infusion duration and dosage have varied. The frequent use of high doses has led to high dobutamine exposure and important adverse effects. Subsequent protocols have maintained 3-minute intervals per stage, and atropine administration could be initiated along with the 20-, 30-, or 40-μcg.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>dobutamine infusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In the CP-DSE group, there was greater exposure to dobutamine, and the test was concluded from the fourth stage on in 85.6% of the patients, while, in the MP-DSE group, only 44% needed to reach the fourth stage for conclusion.</p>
			<p>According to Anthenoffer et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> paradoxical sinus deceleration during DSE may represent the Bezold-Jarisch reflex, triggered by parasympathetic stimulation in the posterior wall of the left ventricle or by baroreceptor activation. This deceleration can be either gradual or sudden and abrupt. Based on data retrieved from the database, this reflex was observed in the CP-DSE group and was followed by atropine administration at the examiner’s discretion to reverse the deceleration. However, only 16 such cases were recorded, suggesting possible underreporting or a less stringent diagnostic criterion. In the MP-DSE group, early and immediate administration of atropine was strictly implemented in 64 patients to prevent atrioventricular block or asystole.</p>
			<p>Intravenous administration of an ultra-short-acting beta-blocker at the end of DSE is essential for controlling or preventing arrhythmias and ischemic manifestations, as well as for facilitating a rapid return to baseline heart rate. Either esmolol or metoprolol may be used, although current guidelines do not specify a preferred agent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In the CP-DSE group, metoprolol was used, and its effectiveness in controlling arrhythmias, ischemic manifestations and reducing HR was confirmed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> However, we observed that in the MP-DSE group, esmolol not only contributed to the control of ischemic manifestations and arrhythmias but also appeared to reduce HR more rapidly. Notably, in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, esmolol has been shown to act faster and more effectively than amiodarone in cases of acute atrial fibrillation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
			<p>Metoprolol administered at the end of the test enhances the sensitivity of DSE for diagnosing myocardial ischemia without compromising specificity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In our study, esmolol revealed wall motion abnormalities consistent with ischemia during the recovery phase (Video 1), which may suggest a class effect of ultra-short-acting beta-blockers.</p>
			<media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312x-abcic-38-03-e20250054-m01.mp4">
				<label>Video 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>– In the two-chamber apical view, during the peak of dobutamine stress echocardiography (168 bpm), a subtle contractility abnormality can be observed. Following the intravenous infusion of an esmolol bolus, during the recovery phase (116 bpm), the area of wall motion abnormality extends to the anterior and inferior walls, indicating intense and unequivocal myocardial ischemia. </title>
				</caption>
				<attrib>Watch in: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3803/ABCImag-2025-0054_AO_video_1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3803/ABCImag-2025-0054_AO_video_1.mp4</ext-link>
				</attrib>
				<long-desc>– In the two-chamber apical view, during the peak of dobutamine stress echocardiography (168 bpm), a subtle contractility abnormality can be observed. Following the intravenous infusion of an esmolol bolus, during the recovery phase (116 bpm), the area of wall motion abnormality extends to the anterior and inferior walls, indicating intense and unequivocal myocardial ischemia.</long-desc>
			</media>
			<p>When myocardial ischemia presents with ST-segment elevation or is not promptly controlled with a beta-blocker, the use of nitrates becomes essential.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In the CP-DSE group, sublingual nitrate was administered; however, its effect was not always sufficiently rapid due to impaired absorption caused by mouth dryness – a common side effect of atropine, particularly in elderly patients. Therefore, we opted to use lingual spray nitrate or intravenous isosorbide mononitrate. When these options were unavailable, intravenous nitroglycerin was administered at the examiner’s discretion. In the MP-DSE group, nitroglycerin infusion was routinely implemented with predetermined timing and dosage, which may have contributed to the prevention of potential ischemic complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
			<p>In our study, during stress, the rate-pressure product was higher in the MP-DSE group for both positive and negative ischemia results. This may have been influenced by a greater number of hypertensive patients, a lower proportion of patients on oral beta-blockers and earlier administration of atropine in this group. The rate-pressure product is known to correlate with myocardial oxygen consumption; therefore, when this parameter is elevated, the likelihood of ischemia increases. In the MP-DSE group, the higher rate-pressure product indicated increased oxygen demand. Evidence suggests that the rate-pressure product is a more reliable indicator of the adequacy of dobutamine stress than the achievement of target HR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
			<p>It is worth noting that, despite higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) during stress in the MP-DSE group, hypertensive peaks were more frequent in the CP-DSE group. This may be related to alpha-adrenergic stimulation secondary to greater exposure to dobutamine. Similar findings were reported by Lee et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup>in their study involving 3,129 patients, in which atropine was administered at a later stage.</p>
			<p>Typical angina is a late and less frequent manifestation than wall motion abnormalities in the ischemic cascade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Although the MP-DSE group had a higher percentage of patients with risk factors for probable or known coronary artery disease, typical angina was more frequent in the CP-DSE group, which may be consistent with the higher incidence of positive DSE results for ischemia observed in that group.</p>
			<p>Isolated ectopic beats are common during DSE and become clinically relevant when they occur in bursts, as tachyarrhythmias, or as fibrillation. However, the vast majority can be suppressed following test completion and administration of a beta-blocker bolus. Supraventricular ectopic beats in recurrent bursts, nonsustained tachyarrhythmias and atrial fibrillation were more frequently observed in the MP-DSE group, particularly in tests with negative results for ischemia.</p>
			<p>The incidence of atrial fibrillation during DSE has varied, on average, from 1% to 4%, with rates reported as 0.86% among 4,818 patients in the meta-analysis by Mansencal et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> and 2% among 3,800 patients in the study by Carasso et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Some publications have not associated atropine use with a higher incidence of arrhythmia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Tsutsui et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> found no significant difference in atrial fibrillation incidence during DSE with or without early atropine administration (0.8% vs. 1.2%; p = NS). These percentages are very similar to those observed in our study (0.82% vs. 1.27%; p &lt; 0.001), although we found a statistically significant difference in the MP-DSE group, which involved lower doses of dobutamine and more frequent use of atropine. This finding does not rule out a potential association between atropine use and atrial fibrillation, which warrants further investigation.</p>
			<p>Considering the higher mean dose of atropine and the greater number of patients who had discontinued oral beta-blockers prior to testing, as previously recommended, the higher percentage of completed tests in the MP-DSE group was expected. Consistent with a previous study involving octogenarians, our findings showed that elderly patients required lower doses of atropine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Furthermore, supporting published data, reduced atropine use in elderly patients was observed in both positive and negative ischemia results.</p>
			<p>Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia was more frequently observed in the CP-DSE group, regardless of whether the test result was positive or negative for ischemia, suggesting an effect related to the higher doses of dobutamine. At the examiner’s discretion, the test was interrupted and a beta-blocker bolus was administered, effectively preventing the progression to sustained ventricular tachycardia.</p>
			<p>The most severe complications occurred exclusively in the CP-DSE group. One patient developed acute coronary syndrome during DSE, requiring prolonged intravenous nitroglycerin infusion. This patient subsequently underwent coronary angiography, which revealed severe coronary artery disease. Ventricular fibrillation was observed in two other patients – one during the fourth stage and the other during the recovery phase – both of whom tested positive for myocardial ischemia and had severe coronary artery disease. Defibrillation was successfully performed in both cases without sequelae, and surgical myocardial revascularization was carried out thereafter. No cases of cardioversion or electrical defibrillation were reported in the MP-DSE group.</p>
			<p>In this study, none of the following complications was observed: Takotsubo syndrome, acute myocardial infarction, atrioventricular dissociation, asystole, cardiac rupture, death or sustained ventricular tachycardia. Geleijnse et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> reported that, in the absence of sustained ventricular tachycardia, the risk of severe complications during stress testing – whether with a vasodilator, dobutamine or exercise – is comparable.</p>
			<p>The study by Rozanski et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> using nuclear medicine imaging, demonstrated that over two decades, the percentage of tests yielding positive results for ischemia declined to 5%. Other studies have shown that, over four decades, the rate of inducible myocardial ischemia during stress echocardiography dropped from 60% to less than 10%, likely due to changes in patient profiles and improvements in anti-ischemic therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> This may explain the lower percentage of positive ischemia tests in the MP-DSE group in our study. Additionally, it is worth noting the higher rate-pressure product observed in that group during stress. The decline in positive test rates has prompted the incorporation of new tools to enhance the diagnostic accuracy of stress echocardiography.</p>
			<p>The potential occurrence of significant adverse effects should never be underestimated. Based on the findings of our study, we believe that the implementation of a well-defined protocol and prompt action to manage adverse events are essential for ensuring the safety of DSE. Key safety measures include strict attention to DSE contraindications, minimizing dobutamine exposure, immediate reversal of paradoxical sinus deceleration, use of esmolol as an ultra-short-acting beta-blocker, and intravenous nitroglycerin administration when necessary.</p>
			<p>Our study has several limitations. It is a retrospective analysis, and neither the pretest probability of coronary artery disease nor its influence on test outcomes was calculated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Regarding the use of beta-blockers and coronary vasodilators, ischemia severity was not quantified when comparing the groups. There was no standardization of coronary vasodilator use, although this limitation was mitigated in the MP-DSE group. Hemodynamic assessment to evaluate DSE accuracy was not performed, and patients were not followed longitudinally to compare the prognostic value of CP-DSE versus MP-DSE; however, these were beyond the scope of this study. Although, in practice, heart rate reduction occurred more rapidly with esmolol than with metoprolol, a comparative study is needed to confirm this observation. Myocardial contrast echocardiography could potentially increase the number of diagnostic tests, but due to its cost, it remains uncommon in our setting.</p>
			<p>In conclusion, the modified DSE protocol, featuring early administration of atropine and intravenous use of esmolol and nitroglycerin, proved to be a safe approach, with no severe adverse effects reported. It resulted in reduced exposure to dobutamine and a higher rate-pressure product, contributing to both safety and diagnostic efficacy.</p>
		</sec>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Study Association:</label>
				<p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
				<p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Nome da Instituição under the protocol number CAAE: 70990923.6.0000.5534, opinion number 6.312.526. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="other">
				<label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
				<p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
				<label>Availability of Research Data:</label>
				<p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
			</fn>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
				<label>Sources of Funding:</label>
				<p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRpt" xml:lang="pt">
		<front-stub>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250054</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Segurança da Ecocardiografia de Estresse com Dobutamina Usando um Protocolo Modificado em uma População Não Selecionada</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6650-1292</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Abreu</surname>
						<given-names>José Sebastião de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Análise estatística</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9292-2894</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Diógenes</surname>
						<given-names>Tereza Cristina Pinheiro</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0780-2922</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Abreu</surname>
						<given-names>Marília Esther Benevides</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
					<role>Obtenção de dados</role>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-1566-684X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Chagas</surname>
						<given-names>Isadora Sucupira Machado</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-9537-0422</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Diógenes</surname>
						<given-names>Sarah Gomes</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9520-2195</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Farias</surname>
						<given-names>Ana Gardenia Liberato Ponte</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<role>Revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8799-9122</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Carneiro</surname>
						<given-names>Marcia Maria</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>Análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
					<role>Redação do manuscrito</role>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1002"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1002">
				<label>1</label>
				<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE – Brasil</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c01002">
					<label>Correspondência:</label>José Sebastião de Abreu • Clinicárdio de Fortaleza e Cardioexata. Rua Doutor Jose Lourenço, 500. CEP: 60115-280, Fortaleza, CE – Brasil E-mail: jsabreu10@yahoo.com.br </corresp>
				<fn fn-type="edited-by">
					<label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label>
					<p>Marcelo Tavares</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement">
					<label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
					<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumo</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Fundamento</title>
					<p> A Ecocardiografia de Estresse com Dobutamina (EED) utilizando o Protocolo Convencional (PC-EED) pode causar efeitos adversos graves.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo</title>
					<p> Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a segurança da EED utilizando um Protocolo Modificado (PM-EED).</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Métodos</title>
					<p> Os dados foram coletados do banco de dados da nossa instituição para comparação entre o PM-EED e o PC-EED. No PC-EED, a atropina podia ser administrada durante o quarto estágio ou sua extensão. No PM-EED, a atropina foi iniciada no início do terceiro estágio, sem extensão de estágio. Após a conclusão da EED ou para controle de arritmias, o metoprolol foi administrado no PC-EED e o esmolol, no PM-EED. Em caso de angina típica, a nitroglicerina era administrada a critério do examinador no PC-EED, enquanto no PM-EED seu uso era pré-determinado. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados</title>
					<p> Dos 17 811 testes realizados, 9 121 foram conduzidos utilizando o protocolo PM-EED. Durante a EED, o consumo de oxigênio miocárdico – representado pelo produto pressão-frequência – foi significativamente maior no grupo PM-EED (22.530 ± 4.575 vs 23.037 ± 4.072 bpm·mmHg; p &lt; 0,001). Pico hipertensivo (1% vs. 0,4%; p = 0,0001) e taquicardia ventricular não sustentada (0,6% vs. 0,1%; p = 0,0001) foram mais frequentes no grupo PC-EED, enquanto taquiarritmia supraventricular (2,1% vs 3,78%; p = 0,0001) e fibrilação atrial (0,8% vs. 1,3%; p = 0,003) foram mais comuns no grupo PM-EED. Essas arritmias se resolveram espontaneamente ou com intervenção medicamentosa. No grupo PC-EED, dois pacientes apresentaram fibrilação ventricular e um desenvolveu síndrome coronariana aguda.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão</title>
					<p> Em nosso estudo, o protocolo modificado para EED mostrou-se uma opção segura, sem ocorrência de efeitos adversos graves, mesmo na presença de um produto pressão-frequência elevado.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Palavras-chaves:</title>
				<kwd>Ecocardiografia sob Estresse</kwd>
				<kwd>Segurança</kwd>
				<kwd>Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>
					<fig id="f01002">
						<label>Figura Central:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Segurança da Ecocardiografia de Estresse com Dobutamina Usando um Protocolo Modificado em uma População Não Selecionada</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-03-e20250054-gf01-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introdução</title>
				<p>Os protocolos de Ecocardiografia sob Estresse com Dobutamina (EED) usualmente envolvem a exposição a altas doses de dobutamina e uma incidência significativa de efeitos adversos. No entanto, o desenvolvimento de novos protocolos para esse método diagnóstico tem reduzido progressivamente esses riscos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A introdução da atropina em estágios mais precoces dos protocolos de EED aumentou a sensibilidade do teste sem comprometer sua especificidade ou segurança. Como resultado, as diretrizes atuais limitam a dose máxima de dobutamina e recomendam iniciar a atropina antes ou até mesmo durante a última fase da infusão de dobutamina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>A administração intravenosa de um betabloqueador de ação ultracurta ao final da EED é essencial para controlar a Frequência Cardíaca (FC), arritmias ou isquemia miocárdica, podendo inclusive aumentar a precisão do teste.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> No entanto, a literatura não indica preferência entre o uso de esmolol ou metoprolol. A ocorrência de isquemia durante a EED pode exigir o uso de um vasodilatador coronariano por via oral ou intravenosa, mas as diretrizes não especificam a apresentação do medicamento nem a via de administração.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A notificação de efeitos adversos associados à EED tem sido fundamental para estabelecer contraindicações ao exame, destacando o risco mais elevado da EED em comparação com a ecocardiografia realizada com outros agentes estressores, como exercício, dipiridamol ou adenosina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Assim, a vigilância constante e a busca por novos protocolos são necessárias para reduzir as complicações da EED, especialmente considerando que a dobutamina é o agente farmacológico mais amplamente disponível para ecocardiografia sob estresse. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a segurança da EED por meio da aplicação de um protocolo modificado em uma população ampla e não selecionada.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>Métodos</title>
				<p>Este estudo retrospectivo comparou o Protocolo Convencional de EED (PC-EED) com um Protocolo Modificado (PM-EED), utilizando dados coletados do banco de dados institucional sobre pacientes encaminhados para EED com o objetivo de avaliar isquemia miocárdica e que apresentavam janela ecocardiográfica adequada. Os pacientes submetidos ao PC-EED, formando o grupo PC-EED, foram incluídos entre 1997 e 2007, enquanto os pacientes submetidos ao PM-EED, formando o grupo PM-EED, foram incluídos entre 2008 e 2021.</p>
				<p>Por meio da anamnese, exames clínicos e laboratoriais, foram avaliados os dados demográficos dos pacientes, fatores de risco para doença arterial coronariana e histórico de revascularização miocárdica. Todos os pacientes foram informados sobre os objetivos e os riscos potenciais do EED e concordaram em realizar o exame. Pacientes encaminhados para avaliação de viabilidade miocárdica foram excluídos da análise.</p>
				<p>O protocolo deste estudo está em conformidade com os princípios éticos da Declaração de Helsinque de 1975 e foi submetido e aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos da nossa instituição.</p>
				<p>Em ambos os grupos, a dobutamina foi infundida continuamente em até quatro estágios, com doses incrementais de 10, 20, 30 e 40 μg·kg<sup>-1</sup>·min<sup>-1</sup>. Quando indicado, a atropina foi administrada em <italic>bolus</italic> de 0,25 a 0,50 mg, até a dose cumulativa máxima de 2 mg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Na presença de desaceleração sinusal paradoxal – caracterizada por uma redução de 5 a 10 batimentos na frequência cardíaca – a atropina podia ser administrada nos estágios iniciais, a critério do examinador. Ao final do teste, um betabloqueador intravenoso ou um vasodilatador coronariano foi utilizado conforme o protocolo de cada grupo. No entanto, quando havia suspeita de espasmo coronariano, a administração do vasodilatador era priorizada.</p>
				<p>Contraindicações absolutas ao uso de dobutamina incluíram angina instável, infarto agudo do miocárdio recente, estenose aórtica grave e sintomática, dissecção aguda da aorta, insuficiência cardíaca descompensada, pseudoaneurisma ventricular e cardiomiopatia hipertrófica obstrutiva. A atropina foi contraindicada nos casos de miastenia gravis, estenose pilórica, doenças prostáticas que causam retenção urinária e glaucoma de ângulo estreito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Para aumentar o número de testes concluídos, a suspensão de betabloqueadores foi recomendada de dois a três dias antes do exame para os pacientes do grupo PC-EED e 5 dias antes para os do grupo PM-EED. Um monitor com exibição em quatro telas foi utilizado para a análise comparativa, com os equipamentos CX 200 (Apogee) e Vingmed System Five (General Electric) no grupo PC-EED, e Vivid 7 e Vivid E9 (General Electric) no grupo PM-EED.</p>
				<p>Com relação aos efeitos adversos importantes, o pico hipertensivo foi definido como pressão arterial superior a 230/120 mmHg, enquanto a hipotensão foi definida como Pressão Arterial Sistólica (PAS) inferior a 100 mmHg. Foram pesquisadas no banco de dados as seguintes arritmias: taquiarritmia supraventricular (juncional ou atrial), fibrilação atrial, taquicardia ventricular sustentada (duração &gt; 30 segundos), taquicardia ventricular não sustentada e fibrilação ventricular. Eventos adicionais registrados incluíram desaceleração sinusal paradoxal, síndrome coronariana aguda, infarto agudo do miocárdio, ruptura ventricular, assistolia e óbito. A EED deve ser interrompida em casos de risco potencial à vida ou intolerância aos medicamentos utilizados no teste.</p>
				<p>A pressão arterial foi medida no início de cada estágio e durante a fase de recuperação. O monitoramento eletrocardiográfico foi contínuo, e o eletrocardiograma de 12 derivações foi realizado antes e durante todo o procedimento. A EED foi considerada concluída quando pelo menos 85% da frequência cardíaca máxima prevista para a idade (220 menos a idade em anos) foi atingida e/ou ocorreu isquemia miocárdica. A isquemia foi definida como o aparecimento de anormalidades contráteis da parede em pelo menos dois segmentos miocárdicos contíguos previamente normais, ou o agravamento de uma anormalidade preexistente – exceto nos casos em que um segmento acinético se transformou em discinético.</p>
				<p>Na versão inicial do PC-EED, a dobutamina era infundida em estágios de três minutos, e a atropina era iniciada ao final do quarto estágio (40 μg·kg<sup>-1</sup>·min<sup>-1</sup> de dobutamina), que então era prolongado para permitir a administração de <italic>bolus</italic> de atropina. No entanto, o protocolo PC-EED evoluiu ao longo do tempo e, em sua versão mais recente, a atropina passou a ser administrada a partir do quarto estágio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Um <italic>bolus</italic> intravenoso de metoprolol (5 a 10 mg) foi administrado ao final da EED, independentemente do resultado positivo ou negativo para isquemia miocárdica, ou da ocorrência de taquiarritmias. <italic>Bolus</italic> adicionais podiam ser administrados caso as arritmias ou a angina persistissem. Se a angina continuasse, a administração de nitroglicerina poderia ser feita na forma de spray ou comprimido sublingual, ou solução para infusão intravenosa, a critério do examinador.</p>
				<p>No protocolo PM-EED, todos os estágios tiveram duração máxima de três minutos, e a infusão de atropina foi efetuada concomitante ao início do terceiro estágio juntamente com a administração de dobutamina — exceto nos casos em que o examinador identificasse uma resposta cronotrópica exacerbada à dobutamina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Ao término da EED, esmolol foi administrado por via intravenosa em <italic>bolus</italic> de 30 mg, independentemente do resultado positivo ou negativo para isquemia miocárdica. Caso ocorressem arritmias ou angina típica, <italic>bolus</italic> adicionais podiam ser repetidos em intervalos de três minutos. Quando a angina típica não cessava dentro de seis minutos, a solução de nitroglicerina (100 µg/mL) era administrada por via intravenosa em <italic>bolus</italic> de 3 mL, seguida de infusão intravenosa (1 mL/minuto), que era mantida enquanto a angina persistisse, desde que a PAS fosse superior a 110 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Para a análise estatística, as variáveis categóricas foram apresentadas em tabelas como estimativas pontuais de prevalência, e as variáveis quantitativas foram expressas como média ± desvio padrão, além dos valores mínimo e máximo. As variáveis “efeitos adversos”, “fatores de risco” e “tipo de terapia” foram organizadas em tabelas de contingência de acordo com os grupos de protocolo, os resultados dos testes (negativo ou positivo para isquemia miocárdica) e as faixas etárias. As associações entre os grupos de protocolo e essas variáveis foram analisadas utilizando o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson ou o teste exato de Fisher, conforme apropriado. Para as variáveis quantitativas, a distribuição normal foi avaliada por meio do teste de Shapiro-Wilk e, em seguida, a análise bivariada foi realizada utilizando o teste de Mann-Whitney. Foi adotado um nível de significância de 5% para todos os testes estatísticos, e as análises foram realizadas utilizando o programa estatístico SPSS versão 20.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>Resultados</title>
				<p>Este estudo avaliou 17 811 exames de EED concluídos, de um total de 18 531 testes realizados. A amostra foi distribuída da seguinte forma: 8 690 testes no grupo PC-EED e 9 121 no grupo PM-EED. O sexo feminino e pacientes jovens predominaram em ambos os grupos. No grupo PM-EED, homens mais velhos (≥65 anos), uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, hipolipemiantes e hipoglicemiantes, bem como doença arterial coronariana conhecida, foram mais comuns do que no grupo PC-EED. A suspensão do uso de betabloqueadores orais antes do teste foi mais frequente no grupo PM-EED, enquanto os pacientes do grupo PC-EED se apresentaram com mais frequência para o exame ainda em uso de betabloqueadores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1002">Tabela 1</xref>). No grupo PC-EED, 14,4% dos testes (n = 1 251) foram concluídos antes do quarto estágio, enquanto no grupo PM-EED, 66% dos testes (n = 5994) foram concluídos antes do quarto estágio. Houve 434 (4,99%) testes inconclusivos no grupo PC-EED e 286 (3,1%) no grupo PM-EED. Nenhum dos testes inconclusivos atingiu a frequência cardíaca alvo nem preencheu os critérios para isquemia miocárdica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02002">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1002">
						<label>Tabela 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Características iniciais: dados demográficos, fatores de risco e tipo de terapia</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Variáveis</th>
									<th>PC-EED</th>
									<th>PM-EED</th>
									<th>p</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Número de testes</bold></td>
									<td align="center">8.690 (100%)</td>
									<td align="center">9.121 (100%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Idade média (anos)</bold></td>
									<td align="center">61 ± 11,73</td>
									<td align="center">62,71 ± 2,05</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Número de testes em pacientes com idade ≤65 anos</td>
									<td align="center">5.487 (66,1%)</td>
									<td align="center">5.182 (56,8%)</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Número de testes em pacientes com idade &gt;65 anos</td>
									<td align="center">3.203 (33,9%)</td>
									<td align="center">3.939 (43,2%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Homens</bold></td>
									<td align="center">3.723 (42,8%)</td>
									<td align="center">4.150 (45,5%)</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Mulheres</bold></td>
									<td align="center">4.967 (57,2%)</td>
									<td align="center">4.971 (54,5%)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Hipertensão</bold></td>
									<td align="center">4.608 (53%)</td>
									<td align="center">6.243 (68,4%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Dislipidemia</bold></td>
									<td align="center">3.755 (43,2%)</td>
									<td align="center">5.228 (57,3%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Diabetes</bold></td>
									<td align="center">1.415 (16,3%)</td>
									<td align="center">2.476 (27,1%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Doença arterial coronariana conhecida</bold></td>
									<td align="center">1.635 (18,8%)</td>
									<td align="center">1.838 (20,2%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="4"><bold>Revascularização miocárdica prévia</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><italic>Stent</italic></td>
									<td align="center">438 (5,0%)</td>
									<td align="center">1.167 (12,8%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Enxerto de revascularização mamária ou safena</td>
									<td align="center">1.108 (12,8%)</td>
									<td align="center">538 (5,9%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Enxerto de revascularização mamária</td>
									<td align="center">830 (9,6%)</td>
									<td align="center">426 (4,7%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td><bold>Betabloqueador oral</bold></td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Em uso</td>
									<td align="center">408 (4,7%)</td>
									<td align="center">197 (2,2%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Suspenso</td>
									<td align="center">1.420 (16,3%)</td>
									<td align="center">2.770 (30,4%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1002">
								<p>Dados expressos como média ± desvio padrão, números absolutos e porcentagens; PM-EED: protocolo modificado para ecocardiografia de estresse com dobutamina; PC-EED: protocolo convencional para ecocardiografia.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f02002">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Fluxograma dos pacientes; nenhum dos testes inconclusivos atingiu a frequência cardíaca alvo ou preencheu os critérios para isquemia miocárdica.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-03-e20250054-gf02-pt.tif"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Na amostra total, considerando os resultados positivos e negativos da EED para isquemia miocárdica, a FC foi maior no grupo PC-EED no basal, porém, durante o estresse, não houve diferença de FC entre os grupos. No basal, a PAS e o produto pressão-frequência (FC x PAS) dos resultados negativos e positivos da EED para isquemia miocárdica foram mais elevados no grupo PC-EED. No entanto, durante o estresse, tanto a PAS quanto o produto pressão-frequência foram mais altos no grupo PM-EED, tanto nos testes negativos quanto nos positivos para isquemia miocárdica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2002">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2002">
						<label>Tabela 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Valores das variáveis hemodinâmicas nos protocolos de ecocardiografia de estresse utilizados e número de testes realizados (N) de acordo com os resultados negativos ou positivos para isquemia miocárdica</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Variáveis Resultados</th>
									<th>Protocolo</th>
									<th>N</th>
									<th>Média ± DP</th>
									<th>p</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="5"><bold>Frequência cardíaca basal (bpm)</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Negativo</td>
									<td align="center">PC-EED PM-EED</td>
									<td align="center">7.313 8.375</td>
									<td align="center">76,55 ± 15,614 75,35 ± 15,614</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Positivo</td>
									<td align="center">PC-EED PM-EED</td>
									<td align="center">1.380 753</td>
									<td align="center">73,66 ± 15,614 73,75 ± 15,614</td>
									<td align="center">0,820</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Negativo e positivo</td>
									<td align="center">PC-EED PM-EED</td>
									<td align="center">8.690 9.121</td>
									<td align="center">76,09 ± 14,078 75,21 ± 14,280</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="5"><bold>Frequência cardíaca sob estresse (bpm)</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Negativo</td>
									<td align="center">PC-EED PM-EED</td>
									<td align="center">7.313 8.375</td>
									<td align="center">149,94 ± 15,635 149,62 ± 14,153</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Positivo</td>
									<td align="center">PC-EED PM-EED</td>
									<td align="center">1.380 753</td>
									<td align="center">144,69 ± 21,402 144,39 ± 18,726</td>
									<td align="center">0,097</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Negativo e positivo</td>
									<td align="center">PC-EED PM-EED</td>
									<td align="center">8.690 9.121</td>
									<td align="center">149,11 ± 16,793 149,18 ± 14,654</td>
									<td align="center">0,155</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="5"><bold>Pressão arterial sistólica basal (mm Hg)</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Negativo</td>
									<td align="center">PC-EED PM-EED</td>
									<td align="center">7.313 8.374</td>
									<td align="center">134,93 ± 20,085 129,18 ± 15,614</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Positivo</td>
									<td align="center">PC-EED PM-EED</td>
									<td align="center">7.313 8.375</td>
									<td align="center">136,43 ± 22,889 132,72± 16,204</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Negativo e positivo</td>
									<td align="center">PC-EED PM-EED</td>
									<td align="center">8.690 9.121</td>
									<td align="center">135,17 ± 20,562 129,48 ± 15,693</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="5"><bold>Pressão arterial diastólica basal (mm Hg)</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Negativo</td>
									<td align="center">PC-EED PM-EED</td>
									<td align="center">7.313 8.375</td>
									<td align="center">150,20 ± 25,758 153,67 ± 22,665</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Positivo</td>
									<td align="center">PC-EED PM-EED</td>
									<td align="center">1.380 753</td>
									<td align="center">152,24 ± 29,472 159,63 ± 22,980</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Negativo e positivo</td>
									<td align="center">PC-EED PM-EED</td>
									<td align="center">8.690 9.121</td>
									<td align="center">150,53 ± 26,391 154,16 ± 22,749</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="5"><bold>Frequência cardíaca basal x Pressão arterial sistólica basal (bpm . mm Hg)</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Negativo</td>
									<td align="center">PC-EED PM-EED</td>
									<td align="center">7.313 8.376</td>
									<td align="center">10.394 ± 2.599 9.766 ± 2.259</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Positivo</td>
									<td align="center">PC-EED PM-EED</td>
									<td align="center">1.380 753</td>
									<td align="center">10.142 ± 2.615 9.801 ± 2.109</td>
									<td align="center">0,006</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Negativo e positivo</td>
									<td align="center">PC-EED PM-EED</td>
									<td align="center">8.690 9.121</td>
									<td align="center">10.354 ± 2.603 9.769 ± 2.247</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="5"><bold>Frequência cardíaca sob estresse x Pressão arterial sistólica sob estresse (bpm . mm Hg)</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Negativo</td>
									<td align="center">PC-EED PM-EED</td>
									<td align="center">7.313 8.376</td>
									<td align="center">22.596 ± 4.445 23.034 ± 4.031</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Positivo</td>
									<td align="center">PC-EED PM-EED</td>
									<td align="center">1.380 753</td>
									<td align="center">22.177 ± 5.194 23.077 ± 4.504</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Negativo e positivo</td>
									<td align="center">PC-EED PM-EED</td>
									<td align="center">8.690 9.121</td>
									<td align="center">22.530 ± 4.575 23.037 ± 4.072</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2002">
								<p>Dados expressos como média ± desvio padrão e números absolutos; DP: desvio padrão; PM-EED: protocolo modificado para ecocardiografia de estresse com dobutamina; PC-EED: protocolo convencional para ecocardiografia; bpm: batimentos por minuto.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>No grupo PC-EED, em comparação com o grupo PM-EED, o pico hipertensivo, a angina típica e a taquicardia ventricular não sustentada foram mais frequentemente observados em testes positivos e negativos para isquemia miocárdica. Extrassístoles ventriculares isoladas, taquiarritmias supraventriculares e fibrilação atrial foram mais frequentemente encontradas nos testes positivos do grupo PC-EED e nos testes negativos do grupo PM-EED (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3002">
						<label>Tabela 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Efeitos adversos da ecocardiografia de estresse com dobutamina de acordo com os protocolos utilizados e os resultados (negativos ou positivos) para isquemia miocárdica</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Variáveis Resultados</th>
									<th>PC-EED</th>
									<th>PM-EED</th>
									<th>p</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td>Amostra total</td>
									<td align="center">8690 (100%)</td>
									<td align="center">9121 (100%)</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="4"><bold>Pico hipertensivo</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Negativo</td>
									<td align="center">62 (0,71%)</td>
									<td align="center">32 (0,35%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Positivo</td>
									<td align="center">29 (0,33%)</td>
									<td align="center">2 (0,02%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Total</td>
									<td align="center">91 (1,04%)</td>
									<td align="center">34 (0,37%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="4"><bold>Angina típica</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Negativo</td>
									<td align="center">301 (3,46%)</td>
									<td align="center">128 (1,4%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Positivo</td>
									<td align="center">532 (6,12%)</td>
									<td align="center">336 (3,7%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Total</td>
									<td align="center">833 (9,58%)</td>
									<td align="center">464 (5,1%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="4"><bold>Ectopias ventriculares isoladas</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Negativo</td>
									<td align="center">2.243 (25,8%)</td>
									<td align="center">2.721 (29,8%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Positivo</td>
									<td align="center">472 (5,43%)</td>
									<td align="center">289 (3,17%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Total</td>
									<td align="center">2.715 (31%)</td>
									<td align="center">3.010 (33%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="4"><bold>Taquiarritmia supraventricular</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Negativo</td>
									<td align="center">124 (1,43%)</td>
									<td align="center">239 (2,62%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Positivo</td>
									<td align="center">38 (0,43%)</td>
									<td align="center">34 (0,37%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Total</td>
									<td align="center">162 (2,11%)</td>
									<td align="center">273 (3,78%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="4"><bold>Fibrilação atrial</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Negativo</td>
									<td align="center">54 (0,62%)</td>
									<td align="center">107 (1,17%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Positivo</td>
									<td align="center">17 (0,2%)</td>
									<td align="center">9 (0,1%)</td>
									<td align="center">0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Total</td>
									<td align="center">71 (0,82%)</td>
									<td align="center">116 (1,27%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="4"><bold>Taquicardia ventricular não sustentada</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Negativo</td>
									<td align="center">20 (0,23%)</td>
									<td align="center">8 (0,1%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Positivo</td>
									<td align="center">28 (0,32%)</td>
									<td align="center">3 (0,03%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Total</td>
									<td align="center">48 (0,55%)</td>
									<td align="center">11 (0,13%)</td>
									<td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="4"><bold>Síndrome coronariana aguda</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Positivo</td>
									<td align="center">1 (0,01%)</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td colspan="4"><bold>Fibrilação Ventricular</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td>Positivo</td>
									<td align="center">2 (0,02%)</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3002">
								<p>Dados expressos como números absolutos e porcentagens. PM-EED: protocolo modificado para ecocardiografia de estresse com dobutamina; PC-EED: protocolo convencional para ecocardiografia.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Os efeitos adversos mais graves ocorreram em pacientes do grupo PC-EED com testes positivos para isquemia e consistiram em fibrilação ventricular (2 pacientes) e síndrome coronariana aguda (1 paciente). Esses pacientes foram internados para estudo hemodinâmico e posteriormente submetidos à revascularização miocárdica cirúrgica, evoluindo sem complicações (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3002">Tabela 3</xref>). No grupo PM-EED, a solução de nitroglicerina foi administrada a 76 pacientes com angina típica.</p>
				<p>A atropina foi administrada a 83% dos pacientes do grupo PC-EED e a 92,6% dos pacientes do grupo PM-EED. A dose média de atropina foi maior no grupo PM-EED, inclusive em pacientes com resultados negativos para isquemia, independentemente da idade, e nos não idosos com resultados positivos para isquemia. No entanto, a dose média de atropina não diferiu entre os grupos nos pacientes idosos com resultados positivos para isquemia. Doses menores de atropina foram administradas aos idosos, independentemente do resultado para isquemia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4002">Tabela 4</xref>). A atropina foi administrada precocemente para reverter a desaceleração sinusal paradoxal em 16 pacientes do grupo PC-EED e em 64 pacientes do grupo PM-EED.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4002">
						<label>Tabela 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>– Dose de atropina administrada de acordo com protocolo, grupo etário e resultados para isquemia miocárdica (negativos ou positivos)</title>
						</caption>
						<table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Variáveis</th>
									<th>Protocolo</th>
									<th>Média</th>
									<th>DP</th>
									<th>Mínimo</th>
									<th>Máximo</th>
									<th>p</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2"><bold>Dose média (mg)</bold></td>
									<td align="center">PC-EED</td>
									<td align="center">0,540</td>
									<td align="center">0,433</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">2 mg</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">PM-EED</td>
									<td align="center">0,602</td>
									<td align="center">0,488</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">2 mg</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2"><bold>Idade &lt; 65 anos</bold></td>
									<td align="center">PC-EED</td>
									<td align="center">0,642</td>
									<td align="center">0,441</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">2 mg</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">PM-EED</td>
									<td align="center">0,740</td>
									<td align="center">0,513</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">2 mg</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2"><bold>Idade ≥ 65 anos</bold></td>
									<td align="center">PC-EED</td>
									<td align="center">0,360</td>
									<td align="center">0,356</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">2 mg</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">PM-EED</td>
									<td align="center">0,417</td>
									<td align="center">0,380</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">2 mg</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2"><bold>Negativo para isquemia</bold></td>
									<td align="center">PC-EED</td>
									<td align="center">0,547</td>
									<td align="center">0,437</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">2 mg</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">PM-EED</td>
									<td align="center">0,607</td>
									<td align="center">0,488</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">2 mg</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2"><bold>Positivo para isquemia</bold></td>
									<td align="center">PC-EED</td>
									<td align="center">0,495</td>
									<td align="center">0,411</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">2 mg</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">0,070</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">PM-EED</td>
									<td align="center">0,552</td>
									<td align="center">0,476</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">2 mg</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2"><bold>Negativo &lt; 65 anos</bold></td>
									<td align="center">PC-EED</td>
									<td align="center">0,655</td>
									<td align="center">0,442</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">2 mg</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">PM-EED</td>
									<td align="center">0,745</td>
									<td align="center">0,513</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">2 mg</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2"><bold>Negativo ≥ 65 anos</bold></td>
									<td align="center">PC-EED</td>
									<td align="center">0,360</td>
									<td align="center">0,357</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">2 mg</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0,001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">PM-EED</td>
									<td align="center">0,420</td>
									<td align="center">0,381</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">2 mg</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2"><bold>Positivo &lt; 65 anos</bold></td>
									<td align="center">PC-EED</td>
									<td align="center">0,580</td>
									<td align="center">0,427</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">2 mg</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">0,014</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">PM-EED</td>
									<td align="center">0,682</td>
									<td align="center">0,515</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">2 mg</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td rowspan="2"><bold>Positivo ≥ 65 anos</bold></td>
									<td align="center">PC-EED</td>
									<td align="center">0,367</td>
									<td align="center">0,349</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">2 mg</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">0,216</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">PM-EED</td>
									<td align="center">0,405</td>
									<td align="center">0,377</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">2 mg</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4002">
								<p>DP: desvio padrão; PM-EED: protocolo modificado para ecocardiografia de estresse com dobutamina; PC-EED: protocolo convencional para ecocardiografia.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>Discussão</title>
				<p>Neste estudo envolvendo duas grandes populações não selecionadas, avaliamos a segurança de dois protocolos de EED. No protocolo modificado, uma dose menor de dobutamina foi administrada, e o esmolol foi estabelecidocomo betabloqueador de ação ultracurta para controle de arritmias ou isquemia. Em pacientes com angina persistente, o controle dos sintomas foi alcançado com doses predeterminadas de nitroglicerina, conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01002">Figura Central</xref>.</p>
				<p>Ao longo das últimas quatro décadas, a duração e a dosagem da infusão de dobutamina variaram. O uso frequente de doses elevadas resultou em maior exposição à dobutamina e em efeitos adversos significativos. Protocolos subsequentes mantiveram os intervalos de 3 minutos por estágio, e a administração de atropina pôde ser iniciada juntamente com a infusão de dobutamina nas doses de 20, 30 ou 40 μg·kg<sup>-1</sup>·min<sup>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> No grupo PC-EED, os pacientes tiveram maior exposição à dobutamina, com 85,6% dos testes concluídos a partir do quarto estágio. Em contraste, no grupo PM-EED, apenas 44% dos testes precisaram avançar até o quarto estágio para serem concluídos.</p>
				<p>Segundo Attenhofer et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> a desaceleração sinusal paradoxal durante a EED pode representar o reflexo de Bezold-Jarisch, causado pela estimulação parassimpática na parede posterior do ventrículo esquerdo ou pela ativação de barorreceptores. Essa desaceleração pode ocorrer de forma gradual ou de maneira súbita e abrupta. De acordo com os dados obtidos do banco de dados, esse reflexo foi observado no grupo PC-EED e seguido da administração de atropina, a critério do examinador, para reverter a desaceleração. No entanto, apenas 16 casos foram registrados, o que sugere subnotificação ou um critério diagnóstico menos rigoroso. Para prevenir bloqueio atrioventricular ou assistolia no grupo PM-EED, a administração precoce e imediata de atropina foi rigorosamente aplicada em 64 pacientes.</p>
				<p>A administração venosa de um betabloqueador de ação ultracurta ao final da EED é essencial para controlar ou prevenir arritmias e manifestações isquêmicas, além de permitir o retorno mais rápido à frequência cardíaca basal. Tanto o esmolol quanto o metoprolol podem ser utilizados, embora as diretrizes atuais não especifiquem qual deles deve ser preferido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
				<p>No grupo PC-EED, foi utilizado o metoprolol, cuja eficácia no controle de arritmias, manifestações isquêmicas e redução da FC foi confirmada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> No entanto, observamos que, além de favorecer o controle das manifestações isquêmicas e das arritmias no grupo PM-EED, o esmolol pareceu reduzir a FC mais rapidamente. Vale destacar que, no controle de arritmias supraventriculares, o esmolol pode agir de forma mais rápida e eficaz em comparação com a amiodarona em casos de fibrilação atrial aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
				<p>A administração de metoprolol ao final do teste aumenta a sensibilidade da EED para o diagnóstico de isquemia miocárdica, sem perda de especificidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, o esmolol revelou anormalidades na contração segmentar da parede compatíveis com o diagnóstico de isquemia na fase de recuperação (Vídeo 1), o que pode sugerir um efeito de classe dos betabloqueadores de ação ultracurta.</p>
				<media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312x-abcic-38-03-e20250054-m01-pt.mp4">
					<label>Vídeo 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>– Na visualização apical de duas câmaras, durante o pico da ecocardiografia de estresse com dobutamina (168 bpm), é possível observar uma sutil anormalidade na contratilidade. Após a infusão intravenosa de um bolus de esmolol, durante a fase de recuperação (116 bpm), a área de alteração da movimentação da parede se estende para as paredes anterior e inferior, indicando uma isquemia intensa e inequívoca. </title>
					</caption>
					<attrib>Disponível em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3803/ABCImag-2025-0054_AO_video_1.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3803/ABCImag-2025-0054_AO_video_1.mp4</ext-link>
					</attrib>
					<long-desc>– Na visualização apical de duas câmaras, durante o pico da ecocardiografia de estresse com dobutamina (168 bpm), é possível observar uma sutil anormalidade na contratilidade. Após a infusão intravenosa de um bolus de esmolol, durante a fase de recuperação (116 bpm), a área de alteração da movimentação da parede se estende para as paredes anterior e inferior, indicando uma isquemia intensa e inequívoca. </long-desc>
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				<p>Quando a isquemia miocárdica se manifesta com elevação do segmento ST ou não é rapidamente controlada com um betabloqueador, o uso de nitrato torna-se fundamental.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No grupo PC-EED, foi utilizado nitrato sublingual; no entanto, seu efeito nem sempre foi suficientemente rápido devido à dificuldade de absorção causada pela secura bucal – um achado frequente após a administração de atropina, especialmente em pacientes idosos. Por isso, optou-se pelo uso de nitrato em spray lingual ou mononitrato de isossorbida intravenoso. Quando essas opções não estavam disponíveis, a nitroglicerina foi administrada por via intravenosa a critério do examinador. No grupo PM-EED, a rotina incluiu infusão de nitroglicerina com tempo e dosagem preestabelecidos, o que pode ter contribuído para a prevenção de possíveis complicações isquêmicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Em nosso estudo, durante o estresse, o produto pressão-frequência foi mais elevado no grupo PM-EED, tanto nos resultados positivos quanto negativos para isquemia. Isso pode ter sido influenciado pelo maior número de pacientes hipertensos, menor proporção de pacientes em uso de betabloqueadores orais e pela administração mais precoce de atropina nesse grupo. O produto pressão-frequência é conhecido por se correlacionar com o consumo de oxigênio miocárdico; portanto, quando esse parâmetro está elevado, há maior probabilidade de ocorrência de isquemia. No grupo PM-EED, o produto pressão-frequência mais alto indicou maior demanda de oxigênio. Evidências sugerem que o melhor indicador da adequação do estresse com dobutamina é o produto pressão-frequência, e não apenas o alcance da FC alvo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
				<p>Vale destacar que, apesar da maior PAS durante o estresse no grupo PM-EED, os picos hipertensivos foram mais frequentes no grupo PC-EED, o que pode estar relacionado ao estímulo alfa-adrenérgico secundário à maior exposição à dobutamina. Esse achado também foi observado por Lee et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> em seu estudo com 3129 pacientes, nos quais a atropina foi administrada em estágio mais tardio.</p>
				<p>A angina típica é uma manifestação tardia e menos frequente do que as anormalidades na contração segmentar da parede no contexto da cascata isquêmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Embora o grupo PM-EED apresentasse uma porcentagem maior de pacientes com fatores de risco para doença arterial coronariana provável ou conhecida, a angina típica foi mais frequente no grupo PC-EED, o que pode ser compatível com a maior incidência de resultados positivos para isquemia observada nesse grupo.</p>
				<p>Batimentos ectópicos isolados são comuns durante a DSE e tornam-se clinicamente relevantes quando ocorrem em salvas, como taquiarritmias ou fibrilação. No entanto, a maioria pode ser suprimida após a conclusão do exame e a administração de um <italic>bolus</italic> de betabloqueador. Batimentos ectópicos supraventriculares em salvas recorrentes, taquiarritmias não sustentadas e fibrilação atrial foram observados com maior frequência no grupo PM - EED, especialmente em testes com resultado negativo para isquemia.</p>
				<p>A incidência de fibrilação atrial durante a EED tem variado, em média, de 1% a 4%, sendo relatada como 0,86% entre 4.818 pacientes na meta-análise de Mansencal et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> e como 2% entre 3.800 pacientes estudados por Carasso et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Algumas publicações não associaram o uso de atropina a uma maior incidência de arritmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Tsutsui et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> não encontraram diferença significativa na incidência de fibrilação atrial durante a EED com ou sem o uso precoce de atropina (0,8% vs. 1,2%; p = NS). Esses percentuais são muito semelhantes aos observados em nosso estudo (0,82% vs. 1,27%; p &lt; 0,001), embora tenhamos identificado uma diferença estatisticamente significativa no grupo PM-EED, que utilizou doses menores de dobutamina e fez uso mais frequente de atropina. Esse achado não permite descartar uma possível associação entre o uso de atropina e a fibrilação atrial, o que requer estudos adicionais para confirmação.</p>
				<p>Considerando a maior dose média de atropina e o maior número de pacientes que suspenderam o uso de betabloqueadores orais antes do teste, conforme recomendação prévia, o maior percentual de testes concluídos no grupo PM-EED era esperado. Em conformidade com um estudo anterior envolvendo octogenários, nossos resultados mostraram que os pacientes idosos requereram menores doses de atropina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Além disso, corroborando dados já publicados, o menor uso de atropina em idosos foi observado tanto nos resultados positivos quanto negativos para isquemia.</p>
				<p>A taquicardia ventricular não sustentada foi observada com maior frequência no grupo PC-EED, independentemente do resultado positivo ou negativo para isquemia, sugerindo um efeito relacionado às doses mais elevadas de dobutamina. A critério do examinador, o teste foi interrompido e um <italic>bolus</italic> de betabloqueador foi administrado, prevenindo assim a ocorrência de taquicardia ventricular sustentada.</p>
				<p>As complicações mais graves ocorreram exclusivamente no grupo PC-EED. Um paciente apresentou síndrome coronariana aguda durante a EED, necessitando de infusão intravenosa de nitroglicerina por um período prolongado. Posteriormente, esse paciente foi submetido à angiografia coronariana, que revelou doença arterial coronariana grave. A fibrilação ventricular foi observada em outros dois pacientes – um durante o quarto estágio e outro na fase de recuperação – ambos com teste positivo para isquemia miocárdica e doença coronariana grave. A desfibrilação foi realizada com sucesso em ambos os casos, sem sequelas, e a revascularização miocárdica cirúrgica foi realizada posteriormente. Nenhum caso de cardioversão ou desfibrilação elétrica foi registrado no grupo PM-EED.</p>
				<p>Neste estudo, nenhuma das seguintes complicações foi observada: síndrome de Takotsubo, infarto agudo do miocárdio, dissociação atrioventricular, assistolia, ruptura cardíaca, óbito ou taquicardia ventricular sustentada. Geleijnse et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> relataram que, na ausência de taquicardia ventricular sustentada, o risco de complicações graves durante o teste de estresse – seja com vasodilatador, dobutamina ou exercício – é semelhante.</p>
				<p>O estudo de Rozanski et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> utilizando imagem por medicina nuclear, demonstrou que, ao longo de duas décadas, o percentual de testes com resultado positivo para isquemia caiu para 5%. Outros estudos mostraram que, ao longo de quatro décadas, a taxa de isquemia miocárdica induzível durante a ecocardiografia de estresse caiu de 60% para menos de 10%, provavelmente devido a mudanças no perfil dos pacientes e melhorias na terapia anti-isquêmica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Isso pode explicar o menor percentual de testes positivos para isquemia no grupo PM-EED em nosso estudo. Além disso, vale destacar o maior produto pressão-frequência observado nesse grupo durante o estresse. A queda na taxa de resultados positivos tem motivado a incorporação de novas ferramentas para aumentar a precisão diagnóstica da ecocardiografia de estresse.</p>
				<p>A ocorrência potencial de efeitos adversos significativos nunca deve ser subestimada. Com base nos achados do nosso estudo, acreditamos que a implementação de um protocolo bem definido e ações rápidas para o manejo de eventos adversos são essenciais para garantir a segurança da EED. Medidas-chave de segurança incluem atenção rigorosa às contraindicações da EED, redução da exposição à dobutamina, reversão imediata da desaceleração sinusal paradoxal, uso de esmolol como betabloqueador de ação ultracurta e administração intravenosa de nitroglicerina quando necessário.</p>
				<p>Nosso estudo apresenta várias limitações. Trata-se de uma análise retrospectiva, e nem a probabilidade pré-teste de doença arterial coronariana nem sua influência nos resultados do exame foram calculadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Em relação ao uso de betabloqueadores e vasodilatadores coronarianos, a gravidade da isquemia não foi quantificada na comparação entre os grupos. Não houve padronização no uso de vasodilatadores coronarianos, embora essa limitação tenha sido atenuada no grupo PM-EED. Não foi realizada avaliação hemodinâmica para verificar a acurácia da EED, e os pacientes não foram acompanhados longitudinalmente para comparar o valor prognóstico entre PC-EED e PM-EED; no entanto, esses aspectos estavam fora do escopo deste estudo. Embora, na prática, a redução da frequência cardíaca tenha ocorrido mais rapidamente com esmolol do que com metoprolol, um estudo comparativo é necessário para confirmar essa observação. A ecocardiografia com contraste miocárdico poderia aumentar o número de exames diagnósticos, mas, devido ao seu custo, permanece incomum em nosso meio.</p>
				<p>Em conclusão, o protocolo modificado de EED, com administração precoce de atropina e uso intravenoso de esmolol e nitroglicerina, mostrou-se uma abordagem segura, sem registro de efeitos adversos graves. Esse protocolo resultou em menor exposição à dobutamina e em um maior produto pressão-frequência, contribuindo tanto para a segurança quanto para a eficácia diagnóstica.</p>
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					<label>Vinculação Acadêmica:</label>
					<p> Não há vinculação deste estudo a programas de pós-graduação.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado:</label>
					<p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Universidade Estadual do Ceará sob o número de protocolo CAAE: 70990923.6.0000.5534, parecer numero 6.312.526. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other">
					<label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial:</label>
					<p> Os autores não utilizaram ferramentas de inteligência artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
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				<fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
					<label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
					<p>Os conteúdos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa estão contidos no manuscrito.</p>
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				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
					<label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
					<p> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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