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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abcic</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>ABC Imagem Cardiovascular</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ABC Imagem Cardiovasc.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2675-312X</issn>
<issn pub-type="ppub">2318-8219</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiolodia (DIC/SBC)</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250043i</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abcimg.20250043i</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Case Report</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Lutembacher Syndrome Associated With Pulmonary Hypertension: The Importance of Early Diagnosis for Enabling Surgical Treatment</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9699-1499</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Lopes</surname><given-names>Ana Luiza Caldeira</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>statistical analysis</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2634-4632</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Otto</surname><given-names>Maria Estefânia Bosco</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>statistical analysis</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3644-3113</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Mello</surname><given-names>Bianca Corrêa Rocha de</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>statistical analysis</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Sena</surname><given-names>Michelle Bruna da Silva</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>statistical analysis</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8116-3009</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Gali</surname><given-names>Wagner Luis</given-names></name>
<role>Conception and design of the research</role>
<role>acquisition of data</role>
<role>analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
<role>statistical analysis</role>
<role>writing of the manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universitário de Brasília</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário de Brasília, Brasília, DF – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Brasília</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia e Transplantes do Distrito Federal</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia e Transplantes do Distrito Federal, Brasília, DF – Brazil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c1"><label>Mailing Address:</label> <bold>Ana Luiza Caldeira Lopes</bold> • Hospital Universitário de Brasília. Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte. Postal code: <postal-code>70840-901</postal-code>. Brasília, DF – Brazil E-mail: <email>analuizacaldeira93@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="coi-statement"><label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
<p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsible for the review:</label> <p>Andrea Vilela</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
<day>14</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<elocation-id>e20250043</elocation-id>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>17</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>19</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>21</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2025</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Lutembacher Syndrome</kwd>
<kwd>Pulmonary Hypertension</kwd>
<kwd>Mitral Valve Stenosis</kwd>
<kwd>Atrial Heart Septal Defects</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<counts>
<fig-count count="10"/>
<table-count count="0"/>
<equation-count count="0"/>
<ref-count count="10"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Lutembacher syndrome (LS) is defined by the simultaneous presence of an atrial septal defect (ASD) and mitral stenosis (MS). Although it is a rare condition, its clinical significance lies in the considerable hemodynamic impact and the potential for early progression to irreversible pulmonary hypertension (PH).</p>
<p>The exact prevalence of LS remains unknown. However, for estimation purposes, MS is considered the most frequent manifestation of rheumatic fever (RF) in young women,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and the prevalence of RF in developing countries ranges from 5 to 10 cases per 1,000 children. Furthermore, the incidence of congenital ASD in patients with MS is estimated at 0.6% to 0.7%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>The hemodynamic effects of LS vary according to the size of the ASD, the severity of the MS, the compliance of the right ventricle (RV), and the degree of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). When MS is severe and the ASD has significant hemodynamic impact, there is a left-to-right shunt of blood flow from the left atrium (LA) to the right atrium (RA), which prevents a proportional increase in LA pressure relative to the severity of MS. In such cases, the development of pulmonary venous hypertension tends to occur more slowly. However, progressive dilation of the right heart chambers and pulmonary hyperflow are observed, as in the case described here. If left untreated, PVR tends to rise progressively, eventually leading to RV failure. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in these patients is usually hyperkinetic, resulting from volume overload in the right chambers and pulmonary overcirculation, in contrast to the PAH seen in isolated severe MS, where the predominant mechanism is retrograde pressure overload. In cases where the ASD has no significant hemodynamic consequences, the shunt is minimal, and the clinical course resembles that of isolated MS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>This case report was submitted to and approved by the Research Ethics Committee at Universidade de Brasília under protocol number 86333025.3.0000.5558.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Case report</title>
<p>A 54-year-old woman sought medical attention with complaints of dyspnea on minimal exertion, palpitations, dry cough, and lower limb edema. She reported a history of heart disease since 2017, with multiple hospital admissions over the years. Physical examination revealed signs of systemic and pulmonary congestion, a 3+/6+ rumbling diastolic mitral murmur, and a fixed splitting of the second heart sound.</p>
<p>Electrocardiography (ECG) showed atrial flutter and signs of right heart chamber overload (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Chest radiography revealed enlargement of the right chambers and pulmonary congestion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). Transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated an ostium secundum-type ASD measuring 25 mm, with a pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio (Qp/Qs) of 2.5 and evidence of a bidirectional shunt. Right heart chamber enlargement was observed, with a right atrial (RA) volume of 92 mL/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>, a right ventricular (RV) basal diameter of 63 mm, and a mid-ventricular diameter of 44 mm. There was also moderate RV dysfunction with diffuse hypokinesia (TAPSE: 15 mm; FAC: 25%). Severe MS was also identified, with a mitral valve area of 1.2 cm<sup>2</sup> by planimetry and a mean gradient of 9 mmHg. The Block Wilkins score was 11 (thickness: 2; calcification: 2; mobility: 3; subvalvular: 2). The estimated systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) was 60 mmHg. The diagnosis of LS was then established (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Video 1</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f1">
<label>Figure 1</label>
<caption>
<title>12-lead resting ECG showing atypical atrial flutter, right axis deviation, and right heart chamber overload.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-03-e20250043-gf01.tif"/>
<attrib>Source: Internal records of the Hospital Universitário de Brasília.</attrib>
</fig>
<fig id="f2">
<label>Figure 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Chest radiography.</title>
<p>A) Posteroanterior view and B) lateral view showing cardiomegaly and enlargement of the right heart chambers.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-03-e20250043-gf02.tif"/>
<attrib>Source: Internal records of the Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitário de Brasília.</attrib>
</fig>
<fig id="f3">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Transthoracic echocardiography.</title>
<p>A) Parasternal short-axis view showing commissural fusion of the mitral valve and reduced valve area. B) Apical four-chamber view focused on the RV, showing a 25 mm ASD, biatrial enlargement, and RV enlargement. ASD: atrial septal defect; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; RA: right atrium; RV: right ventricle; V: valve.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-03-e20250043-gf03.tif"/>
<attrib>Source: Internal records of the Department of Echocardiography, Hospital Universitário de Brasília.</attrib>
</fig>
<fig id="f5">
<label>Video 1</label>
<caption>
<title>ASD: atrial septal defect; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; PLAX: parasternal long-axis view; PSAX: parasternal short-axis view; RA: right atrium; RV: right ventricle; V: valve.</title>
<p>Source: Internal records of the Department of Echocardiography, Hospital Universitário de Brasília.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-03-e20250043-gf05.tif"/>
<media id="m1" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-03-e20250043-m01.mp4">
<caption><p>Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3803/2025-0043_video_01.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3803/2025-0043_video_01.mp4</ext-link></p></caption>
</media>
</fig>
<p>In addition, as part of the ongoing investigation of PH, a pulmonary artery computed tomography angiography was performed to rule out chronic pulmonary thromboembolism as a potential associated mechanism. The examination revealed enlargement of the pulmonary artery trunk, dilation of the right heart chambers, and no evidence of obstruction in the pulmonary artery or its branches (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f4">
<label>Figure 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Pulmonary artery computed tomography angiography showing dilation of the pulmonary artery trunk and enlargement of the right heart chambers.</title>
<p>LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; RA: right atrium; RV: right ventricle.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-03-e20250043-gf04.tif"/>
<attrib>Source: Internal records of the Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitário de Brasília.</attrib>
</fig>
<p>After clinical optimization with diuretics, a beta-blocker, and sildenafil, the patient underwent right heart catheterization, which confirmed PH of mixed etiology. Hemodynamic findings included a mean pulmonary artery pressure of 49 mmHg, a pulmonary artery wedge pressure of 20 mmHg, a PVR of 4.18 Wood units, and a pulmonary diastolic pressure gradient of 10 mmHg. During the procedure, a favorable vasodilator response to nitric oxide was observed, indicating that the PH was not fixed. Surgical correction of the MS and ASD was therefore indicated. She is currently awaiting the procedure.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>The initial course of LS is often oligosymptomatic, as the presence of the ASD relieves LA overload caused by MS, delaying the onset of symptoms and the development of PH. However, chronic shunting leads to pulmonary overcirculation and progressive overload of the right heart chambers, as observed in the present case.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A favorable vasodilator response during right heart catheterization suggests the potential reversibility of PH and serves as a key criterion for indicating surgical treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>Isolated MS is characterized by thickening of the valve leaflets and restricted mitral valve opening, resulting in increased LA pressure, postcapillary PH, and overload of the right heart chambers. Intervention is indicated when MS is severe and symptomatic, or in asymptomatic patients with complicating factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Anatomical severity is defined by a mitral valve area less than 1.5 cm<sup>2</sup>, a mean left atrioventricular diastolic gradient greater than 10 mmHg, and SPAP exceeding 50 mmHg. The main complicating factors include the development of PH and new-onset atrial fibrillation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In LS, the ASD decompresses the LA, which may lead to underestimation of the transmitral gradient. In such cases, mitral valve area assessment by planimetry is considered more reliable.</p>
<p>ASD accounts for 5% to 10% of congenital heart diseases and is more prevalent in females. The ostium secundum type represents 50% to 70% of cases, with the defect located in the central portion of the atrial septum. This communication between atria creates a left-to-right shunt, which results in pulmonary overcirculation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Both components of LS — MS and ASD — can individually lead to the development of PH; however, when combined, their hemodynamic effects are amplified.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Early diagnosis and timely intervention in LS are essential to prevent the progression of PH to irreversible forms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>Surgical intervention for ASD is indicated in the presence of a left-to-right shunt, dilation of the right heart chambers, and a Qp/Qs ratio greater than 1.5. In addition, SPAP must be less than 50% of the systemic systolic pressure, PVR must be less than one-third of systemic vascular resistance, and there must be no cyanosis at rest or during exertion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Closure of the ASD is contraindicated in the presence of Eisenmenger syndrome, which is characterized by irreversible PH with reversal of the shunt to right-to-left.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>Clinical management of LS includes the use of diuretics to relieve congestive symptoms, as well as beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers for heart rate control, particularly in cases with associated atrial arrhythmias. Prophylaxis for infective endocarditis should also be considered.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>Regarding interventional correction, the classical approach has been open-heart surgery. However, with advances in percutaneous techniques, transcatheter therapy — through valvotomy for MS and ASD closure using septal occluder devices — has emerged as a viable alternative.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In the present case, despite the lower morbidity and mortality associated with percutaneous treatment, open surgical correction was chosen due to a contraindication for balloon valvuloplasty.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>LS is a rare, frequently underdiagnosed condition. LS should be considered in the evaluation of patients presenting with signs of MS, PH, and disproportionate right heart chamber overload relative to the severity of the valvular lesion. Early diagnosis, combined with thorough hemodynamic assessment, is essential to determine the optimal timing for intervention and to help prevent the progression of PH to irreversible forms.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<fn-group>
<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1"><label>Sources of Funding</label>
<p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn2"><label>Study Association</label>
<p>This article is part of Ana Luiza Caldeira Lopes’ graduation thesis at the University Hospital of Brasília.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3"><label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
<p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Brasília under the protocol number 86333025.3.0000.5558. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn4"><label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
<p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p></fn>
</fn-group>
<sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
<label>Availability of Research Data</label>
<p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
</sec>
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<sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
<front-stub>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abcimg.20250043</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Síndrome de Lutembacher Associada à Hipertensão Pulmonar: A Importância do Diagnóstico Precoce para Viabilizar o Tratamento Cirúrgico</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9699-1499</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Lopes</surname><given-names>Ana Luiza Caldeira</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>análise estatística</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2634-4632</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Otto</surname><given-names>Maria Estefânia Bosco</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>análise estatística</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3644-3113</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Mello</surname><given-names>Bianca Corrêa Rocha de</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>análise estatística</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Sena</surname><given-names>Michelle Bruna da Silva</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>análise estatística</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8116-3009</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Gali</surname><given-names>Wagner Luis</given-names></name>
<role>Concepção e desenho da pesquisa</role>
<role>obtenção de dados</role>
<role>análise e interpretação dos dados</role>
<role>análise estatística</role>
<role>redação do manuscrito e revisão crítica do manuscrito quanto ao conteúdo intelectual importante</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitário de Brasília, Brasília, DF – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Brasília</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
</addr-line>
<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia e Transplantes do Distrito Federal, Brasília, DF – Brasil</institution>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c2"><label>Correspondência:</label> <bold>Ana Luiza Caldeira Lopes</bold> • Hospital Universitário de Brasília. Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte. CEP: <postal-code>70840-901</postal-code>. Brasília, DF – Brasil E-mail: <email>analuizacaldeira93@gmail.com</email></corresp>
<fn fn-type="coi-statement"><label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
<p>Declaro não haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="edited-by"><label>Editor responsável pela revisão:</label> <p>Andrea Vilela</p></fn>
</author-notes>
<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
<title>Palavras-chave</title>
<kwd>Síndrome de Lutembacher</kwd>
<kwd>Hipertensão Pulmonar</kwd>
<kwd>Estenose da Valva Mitral</kwd>
<kwd>Comunicação Interatrial</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
</front-stub>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introdução</title>
<p>A síndrome de Lutembacher (SL) é definida pela presença concomitante de comunicação interatrial (CIA) e estenose mitral (EM). Embora seja uma condição rara, sua importância clínica decorre do impacto hemodinâmico significativo e da possibilidade de evolução precoce para hipertensão pulmonar (HP) irreversível.</p>
<p>A prevalência exata da SL permanece desconhecida. No entanto, para fins de estimativa, considera-se que a EM é a manifestação mais frequente da febre reumática (FR) em mulheres jovens,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> sendo que a prevalência de FR em países em desenvolvimento varia entre 5 e 10 casos por 1.000 crianças. Além disso, a incidência de CIA congênita em pacientes com EM situa-se entre 0,6% e 0,7%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
<p>Os efeitos hemodinâmicos da SL variam de acordo com o tamanho da CIA, a gravidade da EM, a complacência do ventrículo direito (VD) e o grau de resistência vascular pulmonar (RVP). Quando a EM é grave e a CIA apresenta repercussão hemodinâmica significativa, há um desvio do fluxo sanguíneo do átrio esquerdo (AE) para o átrio direito (AD), o que impede o aumento proporcional da pressão no AE em relação à gravidade da EM. Nesses casos, o desenvolvimento da hipertensão venosa pulmonar tende a ser mais lento. Entretanto, observa-se dilatação progressiva das câmaras direitas e hiperfluxo pulmonar, como no caso aqui descrito. Quando não tratada, a RVP tende a se elevar continuamente, culminando em insuficiência do VD. A hipertensão arterial pulmonar (HAP) nesses pacientes é geralmente hipercinética, decorrente da sobrecarga volumétrica nas câmaras direitas e do hiperfluxo pulmonar, em contraste com a HAP observada na EM isolada grave, em que predomina a sobrecarga de pressão retrógrada. Nos casos em que a CIA não apresenta repercussão hemodinâmica relevante, o shunt é discreto e o quadro evolui de maneira semelhante ao da EM isolada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
<p>Este relato de caso foi submetido e aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade de Brasília sob o número de protocolo 86333025.3.0000.5558.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="cases">
<title>Relato de caso</title>
<p>Mulher de 54 anos procurou atendimento apresentando quadro de dispneia aos mínimos esforços, palpitações, tosse seca e edema de membros inferiores. Relatava histórico de cardiopatia desde 2017, com múltiplas internações ao longo dos anos. O exame físico revelou sinais de congestão sistêmica e pulmonar, sopro diastólico mitral em ruflar 3+/6+ e desdobramento fixo da segunda bulha.</p>
<p>A eletrocardiografia (ECG) evidenciou flutter atrial e sinais de sobrecarga de câmaras direitas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1</xref>). A radiografia de tórax demonstrou aumento das câmaras direitas e congestão pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2</xref>). O ecocardiograma transtorácico revelou CIA do tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic>, medindo 25 mm, com razão entre fluxo pulmonar (Qp) e sistêmico (Qs) de 2,5 e presença de shunt bidirecional. Observou-se aumento das câmaras direitas, com volume do AD de 92 ml/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>, VD com diâmetro basal de 63 mm e diâmetro médio de 44 mm, além de disfunção moderada do VD, com hipocinesia difusa (<italic>tricuspid annular plane systolic</italic> [TAPSE]: 15 mm; <italic>fractional area change</italic> [FAC]: 25%). Evidenciou-se ainda EM acentuada, com área valvar de 1,2 cm<sup>2</sup> pelo método da planimetria e gradiente médio de 9 mmHg. O escore de Block Wilkins foi 11 (espessura: 2; calcificação: 2; mobilidade: 3; subvalvar: 2). A pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar (PSAP) estimada foi de 60 mmHg. Diante desses achados, estabeleceu-se o diagnóstico de SL (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Vídeo 1</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f6">
<label>Figura 1</label>
<caption>
<title>ECG de 12 derivações em repouso apresentando flutter atrial atípico, desvio de eixo para direita e sobrecarga de câmaras direitas.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-03-e20250043-gf01-pt.tif"/>
<attrib>Fonte: Arquivo interno do Hospital Universitário de Brasília.</attrib>
</fig>
<fig id="f7">
<label>Figura 2</label>
<caption>
<title>Radiografia de tórax.</title>
<p>A) Incidência posteroanterior e B) perfil evidenciando cardiomegalia e aumento das câmaras direitas.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-03-e20250043-gf02-pt.tif"/>
<attrib>Fonte: Arquivo interno do Setor de Radiologia do Hospital Universitário de Brasília</attrib>
</fig>
<fig id="f8">
<label>Figura 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Ecocardiograma transtorácico.</title>
<p>A) Visão paraesternal em eixo curto mostrando fusão comissural da valva mitral e redução da área valvar. B) Visão apical de quatro câmaras com foco no VD, evidenciando CIA de 25 mm, aumento biatrial e dilatação do VD. AD: átrio direito; AE: átrio esquerdo; CIA: comunicação interatrial; V: valva; VE: ventrículo esquerdo; VD: ventrículo direito.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-03-e20250043-gf03-pt.tif"/>
<attrib>Fonte: Arquivo interno do Setor de Ecocardiografia do Hospital Universitário de Brasília.</attrib>
</fig>
<fig id="f10">
<label>Vídeo 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Visão apical de quatro câmaras com foco no VD e imagem de Doppler contínuo obtida na mesma projeção para estimativa da PSAP, demonstrando HP.</title>
<p>AD: átrio direito; AE: átrio esquerdo; CIA: comunicação interatrial; PLAX: visão paraesternal em eixo longo (parasternal long-axis view); PSAX: visão paraesternal em eixo curto (parasternal short-axis view); V: valva; VD: ventrículo direito; VE: ventrículo esquerdo.</p>
<p>Fonte: Arquivo interno do Setor de Ecocardiografia do Hospital Universitário de Brasília.</p></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-03-e20250043-gf05-pt.tif"/>
<media id="m2" mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-03-e20250043-m01-pt.mp4">
<caption><p>Link: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3803/2025-0043_video_01.mp4">http://abcimaging.org/supplementary-material/2025/3803/2025-0043_video_01.mp4</ext-link></p></caption>
</media>
</fig>
<p>Além disso, dando seguimento à investigação da HP, foi realizada angiotomografia da artéria pulmonar com o objetivo de excluir tromboembolismo pulmonar crônico como possível mecanismo associado. O exame evidenciou aumento do tronco da artéria pulmonar, dilatação das câmaras direitas e ausência de obstruções na artéria pulmonar e em seus ramos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
<fig id="f9">
<label>Figura 4</label>
<caption>
<title>Angiotomografia das artérias pulmonares evidenciando dilatação do tronco da artéria pulmonar e aumento das câmaras direitas.</title></caption>
<graphic xlink:href="2675-312X-abcic-38-03-e20250043-gf04-pt.tif"/>
<attrib>Fonte: Arquivo interno do Setor de Radiologia do Hospital Universitário de Brasília.</attrib>
</fig>
<p>Após otimização clínica com diuréticos, betabloqueador e sildenafil, a paciente foi submetida a cateterismo cardíaco direito, o qual confirmou HP de etiologia mista. Os achados hemodinâmicos incluíram pressão média da artéria pulmonar de 49 mmHg, pressão de oclusão da artéria pulmonar de 20 mmHg, RVP de 4,18 Unidades Wood e gradiente diastólico pulmonar de 10 mmHg. Durante o exame, observou-se resposta vasodilatadora favorável ao óxido nítrico, indicando que a HP não era fixa. Diante desses achados, foi indicada a correção cirúrgica da EM e da CIA. Atualmente, a paciente encontra-se em fila para realização do procedimento.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussão</title>
<p>A evolução inicial da SL costuma ser oligossintomática, uma vez que a presença da CIA promove alívio da sobrecarga no AE causada pela EM, retardando o aparecimento de sintomas e o desenvolvimento da HP. Contudo, o shunt crônico leva ao hiperfluxo pulmonar e à sobrecarga progressiva das câmaras direitas, como evidenciado no caso descrito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A resposta favorável à prova vasodilatadora durante o cateterismo cardíaco direito sugere potencial reversibilidade da HP, sendo um critério fundamental para a indicação de tratamento cirúrgico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>A EM isolada caracteriza-se pelo espessamento das cúspides e limitação da abertura da valva mitral, resultando em aumento da pressão no AE, HP pós-capilar e sobrecarga das câmaras direitas. A intervenção é indicada quando a EM é acentuada e sintomática ou, em casos assintomáticos, na presença de fatores complicadores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A gravidade anatômica da EM é definida por área valvar inferior a 1,5 cm<sup>2</sup>, gradiente diastólico médio atrioventricular esquerdo superior a 10 mmHg e PSAP acima de 50 mmHg. Entre os principais fatores complicadores, destacam-se o desenvolvimento de HP e a fibrilação atrial de início recente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Na SL, a CIA proporciona uma descompressão do AE, o que pode levar à subestimação do gradiente transmitral. Nessa situação, a avaliação da área valvar mitral por planimetria torna-se mais fidedigna.</p>
<p>A CIA corresponde a 5 a 10% das cardiopatias congênitas, sendo mais prevalente em indivíduos do sexo feminino. O tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic> representa de 50 a 70% dos casos, com o defeito localizado na porção central do septo interatrial. Essa comunicação entre os átrios promove um shunt da esquerda para a direita, resultando em hiperfluxo na artéria pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Ambos os componentes da SL — a EM e a CIA — podem, isoladamente, levar ao desenvolvimento de HP; entretanto, quando associados, seus efeitos hemodinâmicos são potencializados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O diagnóstico precoce e a intervenção oportuna na SL são fundamentais para prevenir a progressão da HP para formas irreversíveis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
<p>As indicações para intervenção cirúrgica na CIA incluem a presença de shunt esquerda-direita, dilatação das câmaras direitas e relação Qp/Qs superior a 1,5. Além disso, é necessário que a PSAP seja inferior a 50% da pressão sistólica sistêmica, que a RVP seja menor que um terço da resistência vascular sistêmica e que não haja cianose em repouso ou durante o esforço.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O fechamento da CIA é contraindicado na presença da síndrome de Eisenmenger, caracterizada por HP irreversível com inversão do shunt para o sentido direita-esquerda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
<p>O tratamento clínico da SL baseia-se no uso de diuréticos para alívio dos sintomas congestivos, além de betabloqueadores e bloqueadores dos canais de cálcio para controle da frequência cardíaca, especialmente em casos com arritmias atriais associadas. Deve-se também considerar a profilaxia para endocardite infecciosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
<p>No que se refere à correção intervencionista, a abordagem clássica tem sido a cirurgia cardíaca aberta. Contudo, com o avanço das técnicas percutâneas, a terapia transcateter — por meio da valvotomia para tratamento da EM e do fechamento da CIA com próteses específicas para o septo interatrial — tem se consolidado como alternativa viável.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No presente caso, apesar da menor morbimortalidade associada ao tratamento percutâneo, optou-se pela correção cirúrgica aberta devido à contraindicação da valvoplastia com balão.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
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<title>Conclusão</title>
<p>A SL é uma condição rara e frequentemente subdiagnosticada. Deve ser considerada na avaliação de pacientes com sinais de EM, HP e sobrecarga de câmaras direitas desproporcional ao grau da lesão valvar. O diagnóstico precoce, aliado a uma avaliação hemodinâmica minuciosa, é essencial para determinar o momento ideal da intervenção, contribuindo para a prevenção da progressão da HP para formas irreversíveis.</p>
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<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5"><label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
<p>O presente estudo não teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6"><label>Vinculação Acadêmica</label>
<p>Este artigo é parte do trabalho de conclusão de curso de Ana Luiza Caldeira Lopes pela Hospital Universitário de Brasília.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn7"><label>Aprovação Ética e Consentimento Informado</label>
<p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Brasília sob o número de protocolo 86333025.3.0000.5558. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo estão de acordo com a Declaração de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes incluídos no estudo.</p></fn>
<fn fn-type="other" id="fn8"><label>Uso de Inteligência Artificial</label>
<p>Os autores não utilizaram ferramentas de inteligência artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p></fn>
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<label>Disponibilidade de Dados</label>
<p>Os conteúdos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa estão contidos no manuscrito.</p>
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