Walkiria Samuel Avila, MD, PhD
Coordinator of the Heart Disease and Pregnancy and Reproductive Counseling Program at InCor-HCFMUSP
Hospital das Clínicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo
Conception and design of the research: Avila WS, Rivera MAM, Marques-Santos C, Rivera IR, Costa MENC, Lucena AJG, Freire CMV, Carvalho RCM, Born D, Campanharo FF, Silva FB. Acquisition of data: Avila WS, Rivera MAM, Marques-Santos C, Rivera IR, Costa MENC, Lucena AJG, Freire CMV, Carvalho RCM, Born D, Campanharo FF, Silva FB. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Avila WS, Rivera MAM, Marques-Santos C, Rivera IR, Costa MENC, Lucena AJG, Freire CMV, Carvalho RCM, Born D, Campanharo FF, Silva FB. Statistical analysis: Avila WS, Rivera MAM, Marques-Santos C, Rivera IR, Costa MENC, Lucena AJG, Freire CMV, Carvalho RCM, Born D, Campanharo FF, Silva FB. Obtaining financing: Avila WS, Rivera MAM, Marques-Santos C, Rivera IR, Costa MENC, Lucena AJG, Freire CMV, Carvalho RCM, Born D, Campanharo FF, Silva FB. Writing of the manuscript: Avila WS, Rivera MAM, Marques-Santos C, Rivera IR, Costa MENC, Lucena AJG, Freire CMV, Carvalho RCM, Born D, Campanharo FF, Silva FB. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Avila WS, Rivera MAM, Marques-Santos C, Rivera IR, Costa MENC, Lucena AJG, Freire CMV, Carvalho RCM, Born D, Campanharo FF, Silva FB.
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Maternal mortality rates in Brazil remain above the goals established by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Heart disease is estimated to affect 4% of all pregnancies and remains by itself the main indirect obstetric cause of maternal death. In the last decades, a significant improvement in the prognosis of heart diseases has made pregnancy possible in women with heart disease and provided better maternal and fetal outcomes.
To establish a multicenter Brazilian Registry of pregnant women with heart disease; to study the causes of immediate and late maternal mortality; and to assess the prevalence of heart disease in the country’s macro-regions.
This is an observational study, with retrospective and prospective stages, of the clinical and obstetric progression of pregnant women with heart disease. These women consecutively received care during pregnancy and will be followed up for up to a year after delivery at public and private hospitals with infrastructure for the execution of this project, a principal investigator, and approval by Ethics and Research Committees.
Our results will be presented after data collection and statistical analysis, aiming to demonstrate immediate and late maternal mortality rates, as well as the prevalence of heart disease in the country and its cardiovascular and obstetric complications during pregnancy.
REBECGA will be the Brazilian Registry of heart disease and pregnancy and it will contribute to planning preventive measures, raising financial resources for the improvement of high-risk prenatal care, and reducing immediate and late maternal mortality due to heart disease.
Maternal mortality is a severe social problem in Brazil, reflecting our condition as an emerging country. Assistance to high-risk pregnant women displays profound differences, specifically considering those with heart disease and the proportion of avoidable deaths, in the various regions of Brazil.
In the last 3 decades, Brazil reported a marked reduction in maternal mortality rate — from 143.2 to 64 deaths per 100 000 live births. However, these coefficients are higher than those established by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and 6 times higher than those accepted by the World Health Organization.
Heart disease is the main indirect obstetric cause of maternal death, being present in 4% of pregnancies. The impact of heart disease in maternal mortality was investigated in 27 referral obstetric units, and maternal death showed a prevalence ratio that was 4 times higher (4.8 vs 1.2) in pregnant women with heart disease.
In Brazil, rheumatic disease contributes to an expressive incidence of acquired heart disease in young women, with a 4 times higher prevalence ratio when compared to developed countries. The growing population of pregnant women with congenital heart disease and cardiomyopathies has also contributed to significant complication and maternal mortality rates during pregnancy.
In the last decades, a significant improvement in the prognosis of cardiovascular diseases and a higher life expectancy for children and adolescents with heart disease has been observed, including the safe development of pregnancy. However, the country lacks national data on these changes.
Worldwide multicenter registries, guidelines, and positions have been established with the commitment of reducing maternal mortality due to heart disease.
In agreement with the current global movement, the elaboration of the Brazilian Registry of Pregnancy and Heart Diseases, led by the Women’s Cardiology Department (DCM) and hereinafter named the REBECGA Registry, responds to our social responsibility regarding the quality of life of women with heart disease. Notably, it contributes to planning preventive measures, raising financial resources for providing better prenatal care, and reducing immediate and late maternal mortality due to heart diseases manifested during pregnancy.
The primary objective of the REBECGA Registry is the construction of a national register of heart diseases manifested during pregnancy, focusing on the study of immediate and late maternal mortality due to heart disease. Our secondary objectives are the identification of the cardiovascular complications of pregnancy and the prevalence of these heart diseases in the country’s macro-regions.
This is an observational study with a retrospective (cross-sectional) stage and a prospective (longitudinal) stage, including women with heart disease who consecutively received care during pregnancy and were followed up for up to a year after delivery. We will analyze pre-selected maternal, obstetric, and fetal variables in both stages of the registry (
| Patient identification: record number, age, date of birth, gestational age at first consult; |
| Characterization of heart disease: anatomical and etiological diagnosis, previous cardiovascular intervention (type and time/years), complicating factors, associated structural heart injury; |
| Obstetric history: number of pregnancies, deliveries, and miscarriages; |
| Clinical characteristics: New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification at first prenatal consult; |
| Comorbidities: chronic arterial hypertension, bronchial asthma, gestational diabetes, thyroid disorders, obesity (body mass index [BMI] > 30 Kg/m2); |
| Electrocardiographic variables (12-lead recording); |
| Echocardiographic variables (two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography) |
| Cardiac biomarkers: natriuretic peptide (BNP), troponin, international normalized ratio (INR), anti-factor Xa, others; |
| Cardiovascular complications during pregnancy; |
| Pharmacological intervention |
| Anticoagulation – Use in the first, second, and third trimester, as well as on the seventh, 14th, and 42nd day after delivery. Anticoagulants considered for the registry: low molecular weight heparin, unfractionated heparin, warfarin; |
| Non-pharmacological intervention, considering percutaneous intervention or heart surgery performed during pregnancy or puerperium; |
| Type and date of delivery, gestational age at delivery (in weeks); |
| Type of anesthesia used during delivery; |
| Neonatal complications related to maternal heart disease (congenital malformations or consequences of medications used during pregnancy); |
| Cardiovascular complications during delivery and puerperium; |
| Obstetric complications of pregnancy, delivery, and puerperium; |
| Hospitalization for treating cardiovascular complications during pregnancy or puerperium; |
| Late maternal death: considering 12 months after delivery. |
All participants of the registry or their legal representatives must sign the free and informed consent form (FICF). In case the patient has not reached legal age, the FICF shall be signed by her legal guardian. Patients who do not attend scheduled visits after delivery will be interviewed by telephone for collecting obstetric and perinatal information. We have not anticipated complementary examinations. The participant hospitals, whether public or private, should present: 1) approval of the project by the Research and Ethics Committee of the participating institution; 2) infrastructure for executing the project; 3) a principal investigator who will be responsible for the Registry until the end of the project.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria: We will include pregnant women with heart disease, with anatomical and etiological diagnosis defined at the first prenatal consult, regardless of their involvement in other clinical studies, after signing of the FICF. Structural and electrical heart diseases, as well as complicating factors included in the Registry platform, are presented on
| Valvular heart disease | Congenital heart disease |
| Cardiomyopathies | Pericardial disease |
| Aortic diseases | Ischemic heart disease |
| Inflammatory or infiltrative heart disease | |
| Cardiac arrhythmia with intervention indication |
| Ventricular dysfunction | Fibrillation/atrial flutter |
| Pulmonary hypertension | Hypoxemia |
| Residual injury in the late postoperative period | |
| Graft or prosthesis dysfunction |
Women to be excluded from the study are 1) patients with severe diseases (renal, hepatic, lymphatic, neoplasms, and others); 2) patients with conditions that interfere in their participation or capacity of concluding the study; 3) those who did not present structural or electrical heart disease. The studied variables will include clinical, obstetric, and fetal complications, as well as pharmacological and interventional management during pregnancy (
| Heart failure | Acute pulmonary edema |
| Cardiac syncope | Acute myocardial infarction |
| Aortic dissection | Infective endocarditis |
| Arterial or venous thromboembolism | |
| Need for anticoagulants | |
| Cardiorespiratory arrest | |
| Non-pharmacological intervention |
| Loop diuretics | Beta-blockers |
| Calcium channel blockers | Antiarrhythmics |
| Vasodilators | Anticoagulants |
| Platelet antiaggregants | Others |
Results of the 12-lead electrocardiography and the two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography will be analyzed, and echocardiographic results related to the structural cardiac injury will be considered. For example, the echocardiographic data obtained for valvular heart disease will not be the same as those for congenital heart disease or cardiomyopathies, and so on. Cardiac biomarkers will only be considered in case of acute cardiac events occurring during pregnancy.
Variables selected in this study (
| 1) | Patient identification: record number, age, date of birth, gestational age at first consult; |
| 2) | Characterization of heart disease: anatomical and etiological diagnosis, previous cardiovascular intervention (type and time/years), complicating factors, associated structural heart injury; |
| 3) | Obstetric history: number of pregnancies, deliveries, and miscarriages; |
| 4) | Clinical characteristics: New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification at first prenatal consult; |
| 5) | Comorbidities: chronic arterial hypertension, bronchial asthma, gestational diabetes, thyroid disorders, obesity (body mass index [BMI] > 30 Kg/m2); |
| 6) | Electrocardiographic variables; |
| 7) | Echocardiographic variables (two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography) |
| 8) | Cardiac biomarkers: natriuretic peptide (BNP), troponin, international normalized ratio (INR), anti-factor Xa, others; |
| 9) | Cardiovascular complications during pregnancy; |
| 10) | Pharmacological intervention considering the class of medications with cardiovascular action; |
| 11) | Anticoagulation – Use in the first, second, and third trimester, as well as on the seventh, 14th, and 42nd day after delivery. Anticoagulants considered for the registry: low molecular weight heparin, unfractionated heparin, warfarin; |
| 12) | Non-pharmacological intervention, considering percutaneous intervention or heart surgery performed during pregnancy or puerperium; |
| 13) | Type and date of delivery, gestational age at delivery (in weeks); |
| 14) | Type of anesthesia used during delivery; |
| 15) | Neonatal complications related to maternal heart disease (congenital malformations or consequences of medications used during pregnancy); |
| 16) | Cardiovascular complications during delivery and puerperium; |
| 17) | Obstetric complications of pregnancy, delivery, and puerperium; |
| 18) | Hospitalization for treating cardiovascular complications during pregnancy or puerperium; |
| 19) | Late maternal death: considering time after delivery in months, cardiac and obstetric causes, or others. |
The REDCap platform was chosen because Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP) has the software license and thus no additional costs with data management would be generated for the project. In each participating center, the team will fill out an electronic form at the REDCap platform. Data management in the REBECGA registry will include the following steps: 1) a REDCap coordinating team will undergo training sessions before the beginning of the study for guaranteeing consistency throughout the project’s procedures, including data collection and report generation; 2) participating institutions will receive an Operations Manual with the description of each step of the protocol and will have telephonic support for solving problems or doubts; 3) the Academic Research Organization (ARO) of the project’s coordinating center will analyze monthly reports, rates of events, and cardiac outcomes; 4) the database centralized at the coordinating center will perform internal verifications of validity and variation for identifying errors or omissions and notifying the participating institutions; 5) in the prospective stage, we will accept a loss to follow-up of up to 5%; 6) the coordinating team will perform an inspection at institutions with monitoring purposes, if necessary.
The study will have an investigating committee constituted by members of the DCM of the SBC, being responsible for selecting participating centers and managing the data registry platform. In each center, the principal investigator is committed to selecting patients, managing incomplete data, storing data on the REDCap platform, and participating in periodical meetings with the management committee for decision-making regarding the progress of the study.
We will perform 3 intermediate analyses throughout the study: 1) the retrospective stage, corresponding to the period between 2017 and 2020; 2) the prospective stage – phase 1, which corresponds to the period between 2021 and 2023; and 3) the prospective stage – final phase, between 2024 and 2026. In the retrospective stage, we will use convenience sampling including pregnant women who consecutively received care between 2017 and 2020. In the prospective stage, our sample calculation estimates 300 to 350 women/year, which corresponds to a mean number of 40 to 70 women/year to receive care at the participating institutions.
The normality of data distributions will be verified through a Shapiro-Wilk test, with a significance level of 5%, in addition to a graphical analysis by gg-plot and histograms. Continuous variables with normal distribution will be presented as means and standard deviations, while those with non-normal distributions will be presented as absolute and relative frequencies, with the respective confidence intervals. For determining the association between categorical variables, we will use the chi-squared test where the odds ratio will be established for dependent variables with a significance level of 5% and a 95% confidence interval. For quantitative variables, Pearson’s correlation coefficient will be employed for determining the correlation between variables, based on the same significance level. Estimates for quantitative variables with normal distribution will use the unpaired Student’s t-test with a 5% significance level. Non-parametric variables, if dependent, will be compared via a Wilcoxon test; if independent, the Mann-Whitney test will be employed for statistical inference. All analyses will be performed using R software, version 4.0.5.
This study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of HC-FMUSP – Protocol No. SDC5232/21/007 – and will be conducted according to the current Brazilian legislation on research ethics, including Resolutions 466/2012 – CNS-CONEP and 510/2016 – CNS. This clearance allows each participating center to submit a protocol to local committees. Eventual amendments to the protocol will also require approval by the ethics committees, if applicable, according to local laws and regulations.
Confidentiality regarding the study data will be guaranteed by the safe electronic retransmission to the coordinating center, with strictly confidential data storage and maintenance according to the current legislation. Participants will not be identified at any time.
The study will be conducted by the Clinical Research Projects Committee of the DCM of the SBC, and its content is intellectual property of this committee; the use of the study data for other ends that not the REBECGA Registry is thus considered illegal.
Publications related directly to the main results of the REBECGA Registry will be produced with group authorship and the roles of all investigators will be recognized in an appendix and under the responsibility of the Registry’s Investigating Committee. Subsequent publications will be authored by specific individuals, representing investigators of the REBECGA Registry. The selection of professionals for leading the writing of these subsequent publications by the Registry’s Investigating Committee will depend on their roles and contributions to the study, as well as on their interests and scientific knowledge. Data will be published after conclusion of the 3 stages and will be available in the DCM at the SBC website.
The REBECGA registry is property of the DCM in partnership with the SBC and will use financial resources allocated to its execution. Resources will be raised with the support of the SBC and Research Support Foundations (FAPs) of each state involved in the study. The project will be submitted to PROADS, CNPq and CAPES after their respective calls for proposals.
In the retrospective stage, data loss could happen when considering that no uniform protocol was adopted beforehand. In the prospective stage, there will be no control group since this is an observational study. Resource inequalities, the fact that the maternity ward is located near the cardiology center, and differences in the number of patients in each center will be considered in the statistical analysis. At this moment, the South region does not have a representing institution fulfilling the criteria established by our methodology.
This study was partially funded by
This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the USP -
InCor-FMUSP –
Iris Tikkanen Belitsky, graduate student in Bioinformatics at the Inter-unit Graduate Program in Bioinformatics of Universidade de São Paulo (IME-USP), for her consultancy in our statistical analysis.
Member of the Investigating Committee and president of the DCM (biennium 2020–2021) of the SBC Dr. Celi Marques Santos.