ijcsInternational Journal of Cardiovascular SciencesInt J Cardiovasc Sci 2359-48022359-5647Sociedade Brasileira de CardiologiabTmxNbW4zZLS86ZSVQj4xJSS2359-56472021005001201S2359-5647202100020017910.36660/ijcs.20190149ORIGINAL ARTICLEThe Association between Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QT , and Tp-e/QTc Ratios and Coronary Artery Disease Spectrum and Syntax Score0000-0003-2796-0987KahramanSerkan10000-0002-4996-8165DoganAli20000-0003-2835-7530DemirciGokhan10000-0002-5763-6785GulerArda10000-0003-3553-7468KalkanAli Kemal10000-0001-9252-735XUzunFatih10000-0002-6453-0073KurtogluNuri20000-0002-2468-2793ErturkMehmet10000-0002-6569-3827KalkanMehmet Emin3University of Health SciencesMehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery CenterTraining and Research HospitalIstanbulTurkeyUniversity of Health Sciences, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Center, Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul – TurkeyYeni Yüzyıl UniversityIstanbulTurkeyYeni Yüzyıl University, Istanbul – TurkeyKosuyolu Kartal Heart Training and Research HospitalIstanbulTurkeyKosuyolu Kartal Heart Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul – Turkey Mailing Address: Serkan Kahraman İstasyon Mah. Postal Code: 34303,Turgut Özal Bulvarı Nº:11 Küçükçekmece - Istanbul E-mail: serkankahraman_86@outlook.com
Author contributions
Conception and design of the research: Kahraman S, Dogan A, Kurtoglu N, Erturk M. Acquisition of data: Demirci G, Guler A. Analysis and interpretation of the data; Kahraman S, Dogan A, Demirci G, Guler A, Kalkan AK, Uzun F, Kurtoglu N, Erturk M, Kalkan ME. Statistical analysis: Kahraman S, Dogan A. Writing of the manuscript: Kahraman S, Dogan A, Kalkan AK, Uzun F, Kurtoglu N, Erturk M, Kalkan ME. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Kahraman S, Dogan A, Demirci G, Guler A, Kalkan AK, Uzun F, Kurtoglu N, Erturk M, Kalkan ME.
Potential Conflict of Interest
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
22012021Mar-Apr2021342179187230820192505202026072020 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. AbstractBackground
Coronary artery disease (CAD) causes electrical heterogeneity on ventricular myocardium and ventricular arrhythmia due to myocardial ischemia linked to ventricular repolarization abnormalities.
Objective
Our aim is to investigate the impact of increased level of CAD spectrum and severity on ventricular repolarization via Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios.
Methods
127 patients with normal coronary artery (group 1), 129 patients with stable CAD (group 2) and 121 patients with acute coronary syndrome (group 3) were enrolled. Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios were evaluated as well as baseline demographic and clinical parameters. Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA test was used for comparing quantitative variables with abnormal distribution while One-Way ANOVA test was used for comparing the means between groups with normal distribution. Tukey HSD and Welch tests were used for subgroups analyses with normal distribution. Spearman analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between clinical variables and repolarization markers. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Tp-e interval [66(50-83), 71(59-82) and 76(64-86); group 1,2 and 3 respectively, p<0.001], Tp-e/QT (0.170.02, 0.180.01 and 0,190.01; group 1,2 and 3 respectively, p<0.001) and Tp-e/QTc (0.150.02, 0.160.02 and 0.170.02; group 1,2 and 3 respectively, p<0.001) ratios were found to be associated with increased level of CAD spectrum. Syntax score was positively correlated with Tp-e interval (r=0.514, p<0.001), Tp-e/QT (r=0.407, p<0.001), and Tp-e/QTc ratios (r=0.240, p<0.001).
Conclusion
Prolonged Tp-e interval and increased Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios were detected in the presence of CAD and especially in patients with acute ischemic syndromes. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases are still major underlying reasons for all-cause morbidity and mortality worldwide.1 While several factors have been described to explain the possible etiologic bases for mortality in the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD), ventricular arrhythmia is one the most important causes of catastrophic outcomes due to myocardial ischemia.2 Coronary atherosclerosis can cause electrical heterogeneity in ventricular myocardium and ventricular repolarization abnormalities linked to ventricular arrhythmia. These clinical presentations are seen more commonly in the presence of acute ischemia.3 While obstructive atherosclerosis damages ventricular myocardium, acute ischemia renders myocardium more sensitive to arrhythmia.
Electrocardiography (ECG) is often used to detect the electrical instability of the heart. QT intervals and T waves show ventricular depolarization and repolarization on the ECG surface, while abnormalities of the mentioned parameters are important to predict arrhythmias in patients with CAD. The QT interval is described as a continuation from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave. Higher QT and corrected QT (QTc) intervals are found to be related to ventricular arrhythmia and mortality, as well as to increased QT dispersion (QTd), which is the difference between the longest and the shortest QT interval.4-6 The Tp-e interval, which is between the peak and the end of the T wave, is an index of transmural dispersion of repolarization. A prolonged Tp-e interval is related to serious arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.7-11 Although QT and Tp-e interval can be affected by heart rates and body weights, the Tp-e/QT ratio is a novel marker to reflect ventricular repolarization and is not affected by changes in heart rates.12 The present study aimed to investigate the impact of the CAD spectrum on ventricular electrical activity detected by Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QT, and Tp-e/QTc ratios.
MethodsStudy population
This cross-sectional study was conducted at two tertiary centers from May 2018 to July 2018. One hundred twenty-seven patients with normal coronary arteries (NCA-group 1), one hundred twenty-nine patients with stable coronary artery disease (SCAD-group 2), and one hundred twenty patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS-group 3) were prospectively and consecutively enrolled in this study.
Patients who had previously undergone coronary angiography and patients with known CAD, severe valvular heart disease, atrial fibrillation, bundle branch block, or evidence of any other intraventricular conduction defect, previous pacemaker implantation, ECGs without clearly analyzable QT interval, electrolyte abnormalities, type I and III antiarrhythmic usages, and end-stage hepatic failure were excluded from the study.
At the beginning of the study, demographic and anthropometric measurements were recorded after performing a detailed cardiovascular and systemic examination. Biochemical analyses including serum creatinine, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), serum electrolyte levels, and complete blood count were assessed. A 12-lead surface ECG was performed on all subjects before performing coronary angiography. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University (Date: 28.05.2018, issue no: 019). Detailed, written, informed consent was obtained from each subject. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Electrocardiography
A 12-lead surface ECG (Nihon Kohden Corporation, Cardiofax M Model ECG-1250, Tokyo, Japan) was performed in the supine position, with a 50 mm/s paper speed and a voltage of 20 mm/s, before performing coronary angiography. While the ECG was performed according to the routine polyclinic evaluation for patients from groups 1 and 2, it was performed in the emergency clinic on patients with ACS. Patients presenting a U wave and biphasic or negative T wave on surface ECG were excluded. Measurements were performed by two different cardiologists who were blinded to the patients’ data. Parameters were obtained by using a software after x400% magnification. The QT interval was measured from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave. The QTc interval was calculated by using Bazett’s formula (QTc interval =QT/RR interval ).13 While QTd was measured as the difference between the longest and the shortest QT intervals, QTc dispersion (QTcd) was measured as the difference between the longest and the shortest QTc intervals. Tp-e is measured from the peak of the T wave to the end of the T wave. In accordance with previous studies, the Tp-e was performed from the precordial leads as the preferred lead for measurements of Tp-e intervals in a descending order of V5, V4, V6, and an average value of at least three readings was calculated for each lead and measurement.14 Finally, Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios were obtained from these measurements (Figure 1).
– An image of measurement of electrocardiographic variables. How should we measure electrocardiographic variables?
CAD categories and severity
Three hundred seventy-six patients were divided into three groups as follows: group 1: patients with NCA, group 2: patients with SCAD, and group 3: patients with ACS according to recent guidelines. Coronary angiography was performed for each patient after hospital admission with chest pain and evidence of ischemia in exercise stress testing in groups 1 and 2. Patients with normal coronary arteries were defined as group 1. Patients with coronary slow flow were excluded from the study. SCAD is that of a disease causing exercise or stress linked to chest symptoms because of the coronary artery disease with ≥50% stenosis in the left main coronary artery and/or ≥70% stenosis in one or more of the major coronary arteries.15 These patients were defined as group 2. ACS patients were defined according to the aforementioned criteria. The diagnostic criteria for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) were as follows: (a) typical chest pain for more than 20 minutes and (b) ST-segment elevation in at least two contiguous leads with the following cut-off points: ≥0.2mV in men ≥40 years old; ≥0.25mV in men <40 years old; or ≥0.15mV in women in leads V2–V3; and/or ≥0.1mV in the other leads. When indicated, posterior (V7–V9) and right (V3R–V4R) derivations were also obtained. A cut-off point was set at 0.05mV for V7-9 (≥0.1mV in men <40 years old) and ≥0.05mV for V3R and V4R (≥0.1mV in men <30 years old). Patients without persistent (>20 min) ST-segment elevation with acute chest pain and detection of a rise and/or fall of cardiac troponin values with at least one value of above the 99th percentile in the upper reference limit was defined as non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Both NSTEMI and STEMI patients formed group 3.
The anatomical-based Syntax score was used to evaluate coronary artery disease severity. Briefly, coronary arteries were evaluated as 16 separate segments and segments having 50% or more luminal stenosis and ≥1.5mm diameter were assessed. Every segment has a pre-specified corresponding weight factor as well as other determining factors, such as calcification and lesion length, which were assessed and taken into account in the Syntax score. The Syntax score calculator (www.syntaxscore.com) was used to obtain each patient’s score.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was made using the computer software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, USA). Pearson chi-square analysis was performed for categorical variables and Bonferoni method was used for subgroups. Fitness to normal distribution was analyzed with the Kolmogorov-Simirnov test. Data were expressed as “mean±standard deviation (SD)” for normal distribution, “median (1st and 3rd quartiles)” for abnormal distribution and “n (%)” for categorical variables. Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA test was used for comparing quantitative variables without normal distribution while One-Way ANOVA test was used for comparing the means between groups with normal distribution. Tukey HSD and Welch tests were used for subgroup analyses with normal distribution. Spearman analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between clinical variables and repolarization markers. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
One hundred twenty-seven patients with NCA (group 1), one hundred twenty-nine patients with SCAD (group 2), and one hundred twenty patients with ACS, including seventy-seven NSTEMI and forty-three STEMI patients (group 3) were enrolled in this study. Demographic parameters for each group were demonstrated in Table 1. There were no statistically significant differences in age, gender, smoking status, body mass index, hemoglobin, creatinine, LDL cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, peripheral arterial disease, and use of medication, such as betablocker, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blocker, calcium channel blocker, and statin between three groups. Total cholesterol levels were significantly lower in patients with NCA than other groups and HDL cholesterol levels were significantly higher in group 1. In subgroup analyses, a statistically significant difference was only observed in HDL levels between groups 1 and 3. TG levels were lower in group 1. In subgroup analyses, it was demonstrated that TG levels were lower with a statistically significant difference in group 1 when compared to groups 2 and 3. The prevalence of hyperlipidemia was found to be lower in patients with NCA. Ejection fraction (EF) values were lower in patients with ACS. According to subgroup analyses, statistical significant differences were only found between groups 1 and 3, with lower EF values in group 3 (p<0.001).
– Baseline clinical and demographic parameters of study population
NCA group (n=127)
SCAD group (n=129)
ACS group (n=120)
p
Age
59 (50-71)
58 (52-67)
57 (48-65)
0.101
Gender (female), n (%)
36.2 (46)
27.1 (35)
30.0 (36)
0.277
Smoking % (n)
45.7 (58)
41.9 (54)
42.5 (51)
0.807
BMI (kg/m2)
28 (25-32)
28 (26-29)
28 (27-31)
0.354
Hemoglobin (g/dl)
13.85±1.73
13.6±1.60
13.72±2.03
0.486
Creatinine (mg/dl)
0.80 (0.70-1.00)
0.81 (0.70-1.00)
0.84 (0.70-1.00)
0.206
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)
175 (156-205)
192 (164-223)
188 (164-218)
0.043
LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)
109 (89-128)
114 (89-142)
116 (89-141)
0.228
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)
44 (38-52)
41 (35-51)
40 (35-46)*
0.011
Triglyceride (mg/dl)
129 (100-165)
146 (106-210) †
162 (120-227) †
<0.001
HT % (n)
63.8 (81)
58.1 (75)
56.7 (68)
0.481
HL % (n)
18.9 (24)
34.9† (45)
40.8† (49)
0.001
DM % (n)
28.3 (36)
39.5 (51)
32.5 (39)
0.159
PAD % (n)
7.9 (10)
2.3 (3)
9.2 (11)
0.061
Medication
BB % (n)
41.7 (53)
38.0 (49)
40.8 (49)
0.816
ACEI % (n)
34.6 (44)
39.5 (51)
26.7 (32)
0.097
ARB % (n)
15.7 (20)
8.5 (11)
8.3 (10)
0.099
CCB % (n)
22.8 (29)
32.6 (42)
26.7 (32)
0.213
Statin % (n)
17.3 (22)
21.7 (28)
11.7 (14)
0.108
EF (%)
60 (55-65)
60 (50-60)
55 (45-60) *
0.001
Syntax score
0 (0-0)
7 (4-17)†
16 (9-23) †,‡
<0.001
* significantly decreased compared to NCA group, † significantly increased compared to NCA group, ‡ significantly increased compared to SCAD group
(ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ACS: acute coronary syndrome, ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker, BB: beta blocker, BMI: body mass index, CCB: calcium channel blocker, DM: diabetes mellitus, EF: ejection fraction, HDL: high density lipoprotein, HL: hyperlipidemia, HT: hypertension, LDL: low density lipoprotein, NCA: normal coronary artery, PAD: peripheral artery disease, SCAD: stable coronary artery disease)
Electrocardiographic parameters for each group were demonstrated in Table 2. No significant differences were identified in the heart rates among the groups. QRS duration was shorter in group 1 than in the others. However, there was no difference in QRS duration between groups 2 and 3, while groups 2 and 3 presented a statistically significant longer duration time than did group 1. The QT interval, QTc interval, QTd, QTcd, and Tp-e interval (Figure 2) were prolonged in patients with ACS and shortened in patients with NCA. However, in subgroup analyses, the QTc interval was not found to be different between groups 2 and 3, and QTd was found to be different, with a statistical significance observed only between groups 1 and 3. Tp-e/QT ratio and Tp-e/QTc ratio (Figure 2 ) were lowest in group 1 and highest in group 3.
– Comparison of electrocardiographic parameters of the study population
NCA group (n=127)
SCAD group (n=129)
ACS group (n=120)
p
Heart rate (beat/min)
79 (68-86)
79 (69-87)
80 (71-88)
0.374
QRS duration (ms)
84±8.8
89±11.1*
87±9.1*
<0.001
QT interval (ms)
381 (372-392)
390 (381-404) *
396 (385-410) *,†
<0.001
QTc interval (ms)
432 (406-464)
446 (412-484) *
450 (430-481) *
<0.001
QT dispersion (ms)
35 (32-37)
35 (32-37)
36 (34-38) *
0.026
QTc dispersion (ms)
37.5 (34.5-39.5)
38.0 (34.9-40.0) *
39.25 (37.0-41.7) *,†
<0.001
Tp-e interval (ms)
66 (61-71)
71 (66-75) *
76 (73-80) *,†
<0.001
Tp-e/QT ratio
0.17±0.02
0.18±0.01*
0.19±0.01*,†
<0.001
Tp-e/QTc ratio
0.150.02
0.16±0.02*
0.17±0.02*,†
<0.001
*significantly increased compared to NCA group, † significantly increased compared to SCAD group
– Comparison of Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QT, and Tp-e/QTc ratios between groups. Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QT, and Tp-e/QTc ratios increase, together with a parallel increase in the severity of coronary artery disease, from normal coronary arteries to an acute coronary syndrome.
Spearman correlation analyses revealed that there was a negative correlation between LVEF and the Tp-e interval (r=-0.103, p=0.045), as well as a negative correlation between LVEF and the Tp-e/QT ratio (r=-0.106, p=0.040) (Figure 3). The syntax score was strongly and positively correlated with the Tp-e interval (r=0.514, p<0.001), Tp-e/QT ratio (r=0.407, p<0.001), and Tp-e/QTc ratio (r=0.240, p<0.001) (Figure 4).
– Correlation between left ventricular ejection fraction and Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QT ratio. Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QT ratio were found to be negatively correlated with the left ventricle ejection fraction.
– Correlation between Syntax score and Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QT, and Tp-e/QTc ratios. Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QT, and Tp-e/QTc ratios were positively correlated with the severity of coronary artery disease, calculated by the Syntax score.
Discussion
In the present study, the increase in the coronary artery disease spectrum from normal coronary arteries to acute coronary syndrome is accompanied by a parallel prolongation in the Tp-e interval and elongation in the Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios. Additionally, progressive coronary atherosclerosis and unstable disease lead to ventricular repolarization, which seems to be correlated with an increase in the QT interval, QTc interval, QTd, and QTcd. This study also found a negative correlation between LV systolic function and total ventricular dispersion. Coronary artery disease severity is also found to be positively correlated with ventricular repolarization abnormalities if one calculates by Tp-e interval, Tp-e/QT, and Tp-e/QTc ratios.
Obstructive coronary atherosclerosis causes electrical impairment in the ventricle myocardium due to the imbalance in arterial supply and demand. The size of the ischemic area and the presence of previous scar formation are the main determining factors of myocardial heterogeneity and the formation of arrhythmia. Arrhythmia is related to significant obstructive CAD, leading to ischemic episodes without acute or old myocardial infarction (MI). These pathological pathways result in myocardial electrical imbalance, which is reflected in abnormal ventricular repolarization. While previous studies demonstrated that the incidence of arrhythmia was higher in CAD patients, it was more commonly seen in patients with acute ischemia due to the increased risk of transient ischemic attack with or without previous scar formation. In light of foregoing data, this could be the reason for increased abnormal ventricular repolarization parameters in CAD patients, such as that seen in groups 2 and 3, than in the control group with normal coronary artery patients. In a study by Pascale et al.,16 252 patients who were admitted to the hospital due to ventricular arrhythmia linked to CAD were evaluated, in which acute MI was found to be the most frequent mechanism of arrhythmia. About half of the patients with an acute MI presented a previous MI scar without transient ischemia, whereas the other half presented transient ischemic areas. Patients with obstructive CAD without ACS had a relatively lower risk of arrhythmia than did patients with MI.16 This supports our results of increased arrhythmia-related ECG findings in group 3 patients as compared to other group patients. Moreover, decreased EF represents the other facilitative factor of ventricular arrhythmia when in the presence of coronary atherosclerosis.16 Our study also discovered that the EF was significantly lower in patients with ACS. This may well be one of the reasons for prolonged Tp-e intervals and increased Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios due to ischemia-related electrical heterogeneity on the myocardium. Unsurprisingly, these elongated variables could possibly be the predictor of ventricular arrhythmia. Our correlation analyses demonstrated a negative correlation between LVEF and Tp-e and Tp-e/QT ratios. This also supports the negative relationship between LV systolic function and ventricular dispersion of repolarization. In addition to these, patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction in group 1 may be the reason of abnormal repolarization in the same group when compared to the normal population. Patients with ischemia evidence on exercise stress testing and normal coronary arteries (group 1) may also have impaired ventricular repolarization because of undetected microvascular dysfunction or coronary vasospasm.
According to these data, increased coronary atherosclerosis causes the impairment of left ventricular repolarization. This abnormal repolarization is seen as more distinct in patients with acute coronary events. The syntax score is that of a score showing coronary artery disease severity and is related to adverse cardiac events, such as cardiac arrhythmia. Increased
Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios are indicators of abnormal ventricular repolarization and can be related to CAD severity. In this same light, a strong correlation was found between a higher syntax score and an increased Tp-e interval and Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios.
Dyslipidemia is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular atherosclerotic diseases. While elevated serum lipid levels are associated with coronary artery disease, they play key roles in atherosclerotic disease spectrum changes from a stable to an unstable disease, such as ACS. In a previous study, it was demonstrated that the presence of CAD and a poorer prognosis of the disease due to acute complication, such as an acute ischemic syndrome, proved to be related to high serum lipid levels.17 The present study revealed that serum lipid levels, such as total cholesterol and triglyceride, were higher in patients with CAD, especially in ACS patients. Lower HDL levels were also demonstrated in patients with CAD, unveiling another risk factor of coronary atherosclerosis. Although hyperlipidemia did prove to be higher in patients with CAD, serum LDL cholesterol levels exhibited no difference between both groups. This could be explained by the treatment of patients with statin therapy.
Higher QT and QTc intervals are related to an increased risk of mortality due to the occurrence of the early ??? after depolarization. An abnormal depolarization, occurring during phases 2 and/or 3 of the action potential, makes ventricular myocardium sensitive to arrhythmia because of the development of functional reentry.4,18 Ventricular arrhythmias linked to higher QT and QTc intervals commonly occur in the presence of obstructive coronary atherosclerosis, especially during acute ischemia. One prior study demonstrated that there was a strong positive association between a higher QTc interval and mortality in 3,837 patients with post-myocardial infarction.19 Moreover, increased QTd, which indicates the dispersion of ventricular repolarization, is commonly related to serious arrhythmia and sudden death.20 Several studies demonstrated that QTd was a more sensitive marker to detect ventricular arrhythmia, when compared to the QT interval.21 While QTd tends to increase more in patients with acute MI than in a normal population,22 Tikiz et al.,23 revealed that the severity of the localized ischemia was more important than the extent of coronary atherosclerosis.23 To support these findings, in our study, the QT interval, QTc interval, QTd, and QTcd proved to be increased in patients with obstructive coronary atherosclerosis, and this increase was more distinct in acute coronary syndrome patients. This result is due to the fact that acute ischemia causes ventricular electrical heterogeneity and instability, which often results in ventricular arrhythmia.
Increased dispersion of repolarization is more commonly associated with the heterogeneity of repolarization as compared to the total duration of repolarization. This degenerated repolarization has proven to be associated with the increased risk of ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death in various cardiac disorders, especially in patients with CAD.9-11,14 Coronary atherosclerosis-related clinical conditions are still the most important reasons for cardiac death worldwide. Myocardial ischemia-related ventricular arrhythmias, due to damaged repolarization, are commonly seen in the presence of obstructive CAD. The Tp-e interval, which reflects a transmural dispersion of ventricular repolarization, is related to the increased risk of ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death in CAD patients.14 In one study, it was demonstrated that the Tp-e interval was independently associated with cardiac death in patients with obstructive coronary atherosclerosis, while the QTc interval remained normal.24 The Tp-e interval also proved to be a strong predictor of mortality in STEMI and NSTEMI patients.11 This can be explained by the increased risk of myocardial injury in the presence of ventricular ischemia, the risk of which is more explicit during acute coronary syndrome. The present study demonstrated that the prolongation of the Tp-e interval was related to CAD, and this prolongation was quite apparent in patients with ACS. This increase could be the predictor of mortality due to the increased risk of ventricular arrhythmia. Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios are novel markers that are more accurate predictors of the dispersion of ventricular repolarization and ventricular arrhythmias than the QT, QTc, and Tp-e intervals. These are also independent predictors of alterations in heart rate and a significant association with ventricular arrhythmia was demonstrated in many clinical conditions.12 While the higher Tp-e/QT ratio was associated with CAD, in one study, it was demonstrated that the Tp-e/QT ratio was linked to malignant ventricular arrhythmia in patients with STEMI.25 In the present study, Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios proved to be associated with the CAD spectrum as well as with QT, QTc, and Tp-e intervals. Unsurprisingly, a more distinct increase in ACS patients seemed to be correlated with the increased risk of ventricular arrhythmia and mortality. However, large-scale studies are needed for future investigations.
Study limitation
The main limitations of the study are the small sample size of the study and the lack of patient follow-up visits concerning ventricular arrhythmia with 24-hour rhythm monitoring. The other limitation was the lack of data about the information on the actual arrhythmic burden of those patients. Thus, any inference about the actual significance of the modest difference observed in the repolarization parameters as regards the differences in the arrhythmogenic risk among the three study groups remains uncertain. A heterogeneous population of the study was also another limitation, especially considering the fact that NSTEMI and STEMI were evaluated in the same group as ACS patients.
Conclusions
The presence of myocardial ischemia is one the most important reasons for abnormal ventricular repolarization, which can be reflected on a surface ECG by the Tp-e interval, as well as the Tp-e/QT, and Tp-e/QTc ratios. However, the relationship between the CAD spectrum and repolarization markers has not yet been fully investigated. Unsurprisingly, in the present study, a prolonged Tp-e interval and increased Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios were detected in the presence of CAD as well as in patients with unstable coronary atherosclerosis. These prolongations were seen more distinctly in patients with acute ischemic syndromes. A negative correlation was found between the LV systolic function and the dispersion of the ventricle’s myocardium, and a strong and positive correlation was also identified between CAD severity and prolonged Tp-e interval and increased Tp-e/QT and Tp-e/QTc ratios.
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Study Association'
This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Yeni Yüzyıl University under the protocol number 019/2018. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.
Sources of Funding. There were no external funding sources for this study.