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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KvwLgD8nQNYYQjNVsnpzw5J</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000400457</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20180039</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiac Amyloidosis with Heart Failure and Middle Range Ejection Fraction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jose Lagoeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#193;vila</surname>
            <given-names>Diane Xavier de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vilar</surname>
            <given-names>Eno&#239; Guedes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bruno</surname>
            <given-names>Karima Elias Hallack</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
            <state>RJ</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Antonio Jose Lagoeiro Jorge</bold> Avenida Marques do Paran&#225;, 303. Postal Code: 24033-900, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>lagoeiro@globo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Jorge AJL, Avila D, Ribeiro ML, Bruno KEH, Pires C; Acquisition of data: Jorge AJL, Avila D, Vilar EG, Ribeiro ML, Bruno KEH, Pires C; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Jorge AJL, Avila D, Bruno KEH; Writing of the manuscript: Jorge AJL, Avila D, Pires C; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Jorge AJL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Jul-Aug</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>457</fpage>
      <lpage>460</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure / physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Amyloidosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is a disease with a difficult diagnosis, limited management and a reserved prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A high level of suspicion is necessary for its identification. There are some clinical clues, such as elderly individuals with unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and restrictive pattern, dissociation between LVH on echocardiography and low voltage on the electrocardiogram, among others.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>CA can occur with several hemodynamic forms and patterns of remodeling, according to the disease evolution stage. It may occur as the restrictive form, with left ventricular ejection fraction &gt; 50%; and dilated form, with reduced ejection fraction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Recently, the European Society of Cardiology has established a new classification with the creation of &#8220;Heart Failure with Mid-Range Ejection Fraction&#8221; (HFmrEF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> We report a case of CA with HFmrEF.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case report</title>
      <p>A female patient, aged 80 years old, was treated at the emergency unit at the first evaluation showing fatigue with medium exertion, orthopnea, nocturnal paroxysmal dyspnea and lower limb edema. She also had frequent complaints of muscle weakness and asthenia. She was admitted with a diagnosis of acute heart failure (HF). She reported macrocytic anemia 3 years before, with no defined etiological diagnosis. She was submitted to an echocardiogram, which showed LVH and ejection fraction of 64%. She was discharged without an etiological definition of HF.</p>
      <p>Fifteen days after discharge, she came to the outpatient clinic with pallor (2+/4+) and jugular swelling at 45&#176;; <italic>ictus cordis</italic> in the sixth intercostal space in the anterior axillary line; presence of third heart sound; pulmonary component of the second heart sound greater than the aortic component, without murmurs. Pulmonary auscultation showed vesicular murmur abolished at both bases; crepitant rales up to the middle third of both hemithoraces. The liver was palpable at 2 cm from the right costal border. She had symmetrical lower-limb swelling, with pitting edema up to the thigh root, cold and painless. The patient was hospitalized for HF compensation and etiological investigation.</p>
      <p>Laboratory tests showed macrocytic and hypochromic anemia; vitamin B12 deficiency; erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 134 mm; electrophoresis; and proteins with monoclonal lambda chain peak.</p>
      <p>The electrocardiogram showed junctional rhythm, with low voltage. Chest x-ray showed signs of pulmonary congestion and moderate bilateral pleural effusion. The transthoracic echocardiogram showed dilation of the left and right atria, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 42% and alterations suggestive of infiltrative heart disease. Global strain with apical sparing pattern (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref> to <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">1D</xref>) was observed. Myocardial resonance (MRI) was suggestive of the presence of subendocardial amyloid deposits and late enhancement of 35%. LVEF was 45% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1E</xref> to <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">1H</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>(A) Apical four-chamber view showing biatrial enlargement, thickened interatrial septum, left ventricular wall hypertrophy, with hyperechoic texture of the myocardium. (B) Parasternal short axis view. Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy. (C) Bullseyes. Global longitudinal systolic strain (mean value of (-)12%), with prominent basal and medium impairment, and preserved apical mechanical function. (D) Apical four-chamber strain showing that the ratio between the apical inferior septal strain and the lower basal septal strain is greater than 3. (E) Cine-mode of the stationary state free precession showing diffuse left ventricular myocardial thickening. (F) Long axis post-gadolinium image showing diffuse late improvements (arrows) in the left atrium, as well as subendocardial enlargement of the left ventricle, more prominent in the anterior wall. (G) Short axis postgadolinium image showing diffuse subendocardial enhancement (arrows) in the left ventricle. (H) Four-chamber post-gadolinium image showing late enhancement (arrows) not only in the left chambers, but also of the right atrium.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-04-0457-80039-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The bone marrow aspirate showed a predominance of plasma cells in &gt; 90% of the slide. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Biopsy of facial lesion and abdominal fat with histopathological analysis showed amyloid deposits (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>(A) Skin biopsy showing deposits of amorphous and eosinophilic material on the papillary dermis (hematoxylin-eosin - original 40x magnification). (B) Congo red staining showing amyloid material in the dermal papillae (original magnification 100x and 400x). (C) Amyloid deposit around the sebaceous gland (Congo red - original magnification 400x). (D) Amyloid deposit around adipocytes (Congo red - original magnification 400x).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-04-0457-80039-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The diagnosis was systemic amyloidosis and multiple myeloma associated with cardiac involvement. Pulse therapy with prednisone was initiated. The HF became refractory to treatment, and the patient died 3 months after the disease onset.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Amyloidosis is a rare and multisystemic disease. Patients with amyloidosis usually have few specific symptoms, which makes the diagnosis difficult in the initial phase, as the case presented herein. Cardiac impairment due to amyloidosis can lead to HF, as well as conduction system involvement, with low voltage at the ECG, which increases clinical suspicion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In addition to myocardial infiltration, amyloid infiltrates can be found in the conduction system, valve tissues, coronary arteries, large vessels and autonomic or peripheral nerves, leading to many clinical manifestations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>More than 25 proteins have been described as possible amyloid-forming agents; however, two of them predominate in cardiovascular impairment: transthyretin (TTR) and immunoglobulin light chains - amyloid light chains or AL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The TTR protein is synthesized and secreted by the liver and choroid plexus, and functions as a carrier of thyroxine and retinol binding protein. This protein is typically found in soluble tetramers in their native form. TTR has become the most prevalent form of CA found in clinical practice, with greater identification being made by noninvasive imaging tools.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Cardiac involvement by TTR occurs most commonly in the sixth and seventh decades of life as HFpEF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> with the wild-type or senile systemic amyloidosis. The AL form of amyloidosis is caused by the deposition of immunoglobulin light chains segregated from monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells. Currently, the AL amyloidosis is considered less frequent than TTR. The cardiac diagnosis in patients with AL amyloidosis is often earlier, at a mean age of 65 years and more commonly associated with the female gender, with lower left ventricular mass and lower voltage at the ECG than those with TTR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The AL form of amyloidosis (immunoglobulin light chain deposition disease) may coexist in patients with myeloma in 10 to 15% of cases, such as the patient in this case report. That does not mean the presence of multiple myeloma with secondary amyloidosis, but the coexistence of two separate and concomitant plasma cell diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>HF in amyloidosis is classically described as either HFpEF or HFrEF (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction) in their more advanced forms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> HF guidelines have recognized that there is a gray area between HFrEF and HFpEF, which shows mild systolic dysfunction and has some characteristics of diastolic dysfunction, defined as HF with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The patient in this case had LVEF between 40 and 49% both in the second echocardiogram and the cardiac MRI and, therefore, was characterized as having HFmrEF.</p>
      <p>The disease can be suspected noninvasively through a characteristic low-voltage ECG. Recently, cardiac imaging techniques have allowed the diagnosis to be attained through the echo-doppler-cardiogram with an apical sparing of the longitudinal strain, MRI with transmural global subendocardial late enhancement, and technetium-99m-pyrophosphate myocardial scintigraphy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The definitive diagnosis of amyloid cardiomyopathy is obtained from an endomyocardial biopsy using Congo red or thioflavin staining<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> technique and identifying the type of amyloid infiltrate by molecular genetic techniques.</p>
      <p>The gold standard for the diagnosis of amyloidosis is the myocardial biopsy. The guidelines of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation show a II-A recommendation for endomyocardial biopsy in the presence of HF associated with unexplained restrictive cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The abdominal fat biopsy can confirm the diagnosis in 70% of cases and, in this reported case, amyloidosis was confirmed by the abdominal biopsy.</p>
      <p>The prognosis of patients with amyloidosis is reserved. The mean untreated survival is 13 months and may be extended to 17 months with melphalan and prednisone, which in this case were not used due to the patient&#8217;s clinical worsening. The cardiac impairment makes the prognosis even worse, with a life expectancy of approximately 6 months.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relatos de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Amiloidose Card&#237;aca com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Intermedi&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jose Lagoeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#193;vila</surname>
            <given-names>Diane Xavier de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vilar</surname>
            <given-names>Eno&#239; Guedes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bruno</surname>
            <given-names>Karima Elias Hallack</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro Jorge</bold> Avenida Marques do Paran&#225;, 303. CEP: 24033-900, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>lagoeiro@globo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Jorge AJL, Avila D, Ribeiro ML, Bruno KEH, Pires C; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Jorge AJL, Avila D, Vilar EG, Ribeiro ML, Bruno KEH, Pires C; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Jorge AJL, Avila D, Bruno KEH; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Jorge AJL, Avila D, Pires C; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Jorge AJL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca / fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Amiloidose</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A amiloidose card&#237;aca (AC) &#233; uma doen&#231;a de diagn&#243;stico dif&#237;cil, condutas limitadas e progn&#243;stico reservado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Um alto &#237;ndice de suspei&#231;&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;rio para seu reconhecimento. H&#225; algumas pistas cl&#237;nicas, como indiv&#237;duos idosos com hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) n&#227;o explicada, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP) e padr&#227;o restritivo, dissocia&#231;&#227;o entre HVE ao ecocardiograma e baixa voltagem no eletrocardiograma, entre outras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A AC pode se apresentar sob diversas formas hemodin&#226;micas e padr&#245;es de remodelamento, conforme a fase de evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a. Pode se apresentar como forma restritiva, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo acima de 50%; e forma dilatada com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Recentemente, a <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> estabeleceu nova classifica&#231;&#227;o com a cria&#231;&#227;o da &#8220;Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Intermedi&#225;ria&#8221; (ICFEfm).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Relata-se caso de AC com ICFEfm.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato do caso</title>
        <p>Paciente do sexo feminino, 80 anos, foi atendida no servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia em primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o com cansa&#231;o aos m&#233;dios esfor&#231;os, ortopneia, dispneia parox&#237;stica noturna e edema de membros inferiores. Apresentava tamb&#233;m queixas frequentes de fraqueza muscular e astenia. Foi admitida com diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) aguda. Referiu anemia macroc&#237;tica h&#225; 3 anos, sem diagn&#243;stico etiol&#243;gico definido. Realizou ecocardiograma, que mostrou HVE e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 64%. Teve alta sem defini&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica da IC.</p>
        <p>Depois de 15 dias da alta, procurou ambulat&#243;rio hipocorada (2+/4+), com turg&#234;ncia jugular a 45&#176;. <italic>Ictus cordis</italic> no sexto espa&#231;o intercostal na linha axilar anterior. Presen&#231;a de terceira bulha card&#237;aca, componente pulmonar da segunda bulha maior que o a&#243;rtico, sem sopros. Ausculta pulmonar com murm&#250;rio vesicular abolido em ambas as bases; estertores crepitantes at&#233; ter&#231;o m&#233;dio de ambos hemit&#243;rax. F&#237;gado a 2 cm do rebordo costal direito. Membros inferiores edemaciados, sim&#233;tricos, com cacifo at&#233; a raiz da coxa, frio e indolor. A paciente foi internada para compensa&#231;&#227;o da IC e investiga&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica.</p>
        <p>Exames laboratoriais mostraram anemia macroc&#237;tica e hipocr&#244;mica; defici&#234;ncia de vitamina B12; velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o de 134 mm; eletroforese; e prote&#237;nas com pico monoclonal de cadeia lambda.</p>
        <p>Eletrocardiograma em ritmo juncional, com baixa voltagem. A radiografia de t&#243;rax mostrava sinais de congest&#227;o pulmonar e derrame pleural bilateral moderado. Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico mostrou dilata&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo e direito, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) de 42% e altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas de doen&#231;a infiltrativa do mioc&#225;rdio. <italic>Strain</italic> global com aspecto de imagem em ponta acesa (<italic>apical sparing</italic>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1A</xref> a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">1D</xref>). A resson&#226;ncia mioc&#225;rdica (RM) foi sugestiva da presen&#231;a de dep&#243;sitos amiloides subendoc&#225;rdicos e realce tardio de 35%. A FEVE foi de 45% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 1E</xref> a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">1H</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>(A) Apical de quatro c&#226;maras mostrando aumento biatrial, septo interatrial espessado, hipertrofia das paredes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com textura hiperecoica do mioc&#225;rdio. (B) Paraesternal eixo curto. Hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. (C) <italic>Bulleyes</italic>. Imagem do <italic>strain</italic> sist&#243;lico global longitudinal (valor m&#233;dio de (-)12%), com proeminente comprometimento basal e m&#233;dio, e preservada fun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica apical. (D) <italic>Strain</italic> apical de quatro c&#226;maras mostrando que a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o <italic>strain</italic> septal inferior apical para o <italic>strain</italic> septal basal inferior &#233; superior ao valor de 3. (E) Cinessequ&#234;ncia de precess&#227;o livre de estado estacion&#225;rio mostrando espessamento difuso do mioc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. (F) Imagem do eixo longo p&#243;s-gadol&#237;nio demonstrando melhorias tardias difusas (setas) do &#225;trio esquerdo, bem como aumento subendoc&#225;rdico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, mais proeminente na parede anterior. (G) Imagem p&#243;s-gadol&#237;nio do eixo curto mostrando aprimoramento subendoc&#225;rdico difuso (setas) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. (H) Imagem de quatro c&#226;maras p&#243;s-gadol&#237;nio demonstrando aprimoramento tardio (setas) n&#227;o apenas das c&#226;maras esquerdas, mas tamb&#233;m no &#225;trio direito.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-04-0457-80039-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O aspirado de medula &#243;ssea mostrou predom&#237;nio de plasm&#243;citos, acima de 90% da l&#226;mina. A imuno-histoqu&#237;mica confirmou o diagn&#243;stico de mieloma m&#250;ltiplo. Bi&#243;psia de les&#227;o de face e da gordura abdominal com histopatol&#243;gico evidenciou dep&#243;sitos amiloides (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>(A) Pele apresenta dep&#243;sito de material amorfo e eosinof&#237;lico na derme papilar (hematoxilina-eosina - aumento original 40x). (B) Vermelho do congo demonstra material amiloide nas papilas d&#233;rmicas (aumento original 100 x e 400x). (C) Dep&#243;sito de amiloide ao redor da gl&#226;ndula seb&#225;cea (vermelho do Congo - aumento original 400x). (D) Dep&#243;sito de amiloide ao redor dos adip&#243;citos (vermelho do Congo - aumento original 400x).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-04-0457-80039-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Concluiu-se pelo diagn&#243;stico de amiloidose sist&#234;mica e mieloma m&#250;ltiplo associado com envolvimento card&#237;aco. Foi iniciada pulsoterapia com prednisona. A IC tornou-se refrat&#225;ria ao tratamento, e a paciente evoluiu a &#243;bito 3 meses ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do quadro.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Amiloidose &#233; uma doen&#231;a rara e multissist&#234;mica. Pacientes com amiloidose geralmente apresentam sintomas pouco espec&#237;ficos, o que dificulta o diagn&#243;stico em sua fase inicial, conforme o caso aqui apresentado. O comprometimento card&#237;aco pela amiloidose pode levar a um quadro de IC como tamb&#233;m ao envolvimento do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, com baixa voltagem ao eletrocardiograma (ECG), o que aumenta a suspeita cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Al&#233;m da infiltra&#231;&#227;o no mioc&#225;rdio, pode-se encontrar infiltrados amiloides no sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, tecidos valvares, art&#233;rias coronarianas, grandes vasos e nervos aut&#244;nomos ou perif&#233;ricos, causando uma mir&#237;ade de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>H&#225; mais de 25 prote&#237;nas descritas como poss&#237;veis formadoras de amiloide, entretanto duas predominam no comprometimento cardiovascular: a transtirretina (TTR) e a de cadeias leves de imunoglobulina - cadeia leve amiloide ou AL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A prote&#237;na TTR &#233; sintetizada e secretada pelo f&#237;gado e plexo coroide, e funciona como um transportador de tiroxina e prote&#237;na de liga&#231;&#227;o ao retinol. Esta prote&#237;na &#233; tipicamente encontrada em tetr&#226;meros sol&#250;veis em sua forma nativa. A TTR tornou-se a forma mais prevalente de AC encontrada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, com maior reconhecimento por ferramentas de diagn&#243;stico por imagem n&#227;o invasivas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> O envolvimento card&#237;aco pela TTR apresenta-se mais comumente na sexta e s&#233;tima d&#233;cadas de vida como ICFEP,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> com o <italic>wild-type</italic> ou amiloidose sist&#234;mica senil. A forma AL da amiloidose &#233; causada pela deposi&#231;&#227;o de cadeias leves de imunoglobulina segregadas da prolifera&#231;&#227;o monoclonal de c&#233;lulas plasm&#225;ticas. Atualmente, a amiloidose AL &#233; considerada menos frequente do que a TTR. O diagn&#243;stico card&#237;aco em pacientes com amiloidose AL &#233; frequentemente mais precoce, com m&#233;dia de idade de 65 anos e mais comumente associado ao sexo feminino, com menor massa ventricular esquerda e ECG com menor voltagem do que aqueles com a TTR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A forma AL de amiloidose (dep&#243;sito de imunoglobulina de cadeia leve) pode coexistir em pacientes com mieloma em 10 a 15% dos casos, como a paciente deste caso. Isto n&#227;o significa a presen&#231;a de mieloma m&#250;ltiplo com amiloidose secund&#225;ria, mas a coexist&#234;ncia de duas doen&#231;as das c&#233;lulas plasm&#225;ticas separadas e concomitantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A IC na amiloidose classicamente &#233; descrita como ICFEP ou ICFER em usas formas mais avan&#231;adas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> As diretrizes de IC reconheceram que existe uma &#225;rea cinzenta entre ICFER e ICFEP, que se apresenta com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica leve e algumas caracter&#237;sticas de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, definida como IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o na faixa intermedi&#225;ria (ICFEfm).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A paciente deste caso apresentou tanto no segundo ecocardiograma como na RM card&#237;aca FEVE entre 40 e 49% e, desta forma, foi caracterizada com ICFEfm.</p>
        <p>A doen&#231;a pode ser suspeitada de forma n&#227;o invasiva por meio de um ECG caracter&#237;stico com baixa voltagem. Recentemente, t&#233;cnicas de cardioimagem t&#234;m permitido ampliar o diagn&#243;stico por meio do ecodopplercardiograma com strain longitudinal com padr&#227;o apical <italic>sparing</italic>, da RM com realce tardio subendoc&#225;rdio global transmural, e a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica pelo pirofosfato de tecnesio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> O diagn&#243;stico definitivo da cardiomiopatia amiloide &#233; obtido da bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica utilizando-se a t&#233;cnica do vermelho do Congo ou a thioflavina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> e o tipo do infiltrado amiloide por t&#233;cnicas de gen&#233;tica molecular.</p>
        <p>O padr&#227;o-ouro para diagn&#243;stico de amiloidose &#233; a bi&#243;psia mioc&#225;rdica. As diretrizes da <italic>American Heart Association</italic>/<italic>American College of Cardiology Foundation</italic> apresentam recomenda&#231;&#227;o II-A para realiza&#231;&#227;o de bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica na presen&#231;a de IC associada com cardiomiopatia restritiva n&#227;o esclarecida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A bi&#243;psia da gordura abdominal pode confirmar o diagn&#243;stico em 70% e, neste caso relatado o exame confirmou o diagn&#243;stico de amiloidose.</p>
        <p>O progn&#243;stico de pacientes com amiloidose &#233; reservado. A m&#233;dia de sobrevida sem tratamento &#233; de 13 meses e pode ser estendido para 17 meses com melfalano e prednisona que, neste caso, n&#227;o foram utilizados devido &#224; piora cl&#237;nica da paciente. O comprometimento card&#237;aco torna o progn&#243;stico ainda mais sombrio, com expectativa de vida em torno dos 6 meses.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
