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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Q9dfYWzBRxmzKwD6d4NCQDp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000400451</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20180029</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiology and Films: An Important Teaching Tool</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mallet</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luisa Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Geovanini</surname>
            <given-names>Fatima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kestenberg</surname>
            <given-names>David</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Est&#225;cio de S&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Est&#225;cio de S&#225;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Ana Luisa Rocha Mallet</bold> Rua Almirante Alexandrino, 1808/SS-302. Postal Code: 20241-263, Santa Teresa, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>alr.mallet@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Mallet ALR, Geovanini F, Andrade L, Kestenberg D. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Mallet ALR. Writing of the manuscript: Mallet ALR, Geovanini F, Andrade L, Kestenberg D. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mallet ALR, Geovanini F, Andrade L, Kestenberg D.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Jul-Aug</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>451</fpage>
      <lpage>453</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Communication</kwd>
        <kwd>Humans</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Neoplasms</kwd>
        <kwd>Physician Patient Relations</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Truth Disclosure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The use of films and literary texts as didactic material in medical school has increased based on the perception that it might benefit the discussion of certain technical aspects of clinical conditions and enable students to experience the illness process.</p>
    <p>An article on literature and cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> has shown that the description of the death process in Tolstoy&#8217;s novel &#8220;The death of Ivan Ilyich&#8221; could be more powerful to provide medical students and physicians with the perception of the finitude process than reading theoretical texts about the end of life. Similarly, Marguerite Yourcenar&#8217;s &#8220;Memoirs of Hadrian&#8221; could help to understand the suffering of a patient with heart failure.</p>
    <p>Similarly to literature, films have been used for medical education to discuss questions related mainly to ethics and medical practice. Some films, such as &#8220;Patch Adams&#8221;, &#8220;Cry Danger&#8221;, &#8220;The Sea Inside&#8221;, &#8220;Black Swan&#8221;, &#8220;As Good as it Gets&#8221;, &#8220;Wit&#8221;, are classically presented to medical students for medical education.</p>
    <p>If on the one hand, by telling a story and showing an image, films can reduce our ability to imagine how the story&#8217;s characters and places would be, on the other, they provide us with a different aesthetic experience, usually shorter than book reading, by offering images and sounds that affect our sensitivity in a different way than book reading does. Both literature and films allow us access to a level of internalization difficult to achieve when reading a medical book or text about a certain disease. Medical books provide the description of cells, organs and diseases, how to establish a diagnosis, in addition to the drugs and other treatments to be used, while literature and films provide us with the experience of patients with their illnesses.</p>
    <p>Regarding cardiology, the year 2016 was particularly interesting, because two awarded films, &#8220;Manchester by the Sea&#8221; and &#8220;I, Daniel Blake&#8221;, approached under different aspects one of the most prevalent heart conditions worldwide: heart failure.</p>
    <p>Kenneth Lonergan&#8217;s &#8220;Manchester by the Sea&#8221; was awarded with the 2017 Oscar for best actor in a leading role (Casey Affleck) and best original screenplay. Its central plot is the return of a man to his hometown after the death of his brother to take care of his 16-year-old nephew, re-opening an unspeakable tragedy. The film scene that interests us, due to its potential to foster a cardiology class discussion, lasts less than three minutes and approaches the disclosure of his brother&#8217;s heart failure diagnosis to the patient and his family (wife, brother and father) by a female doctor during one of his hospitalizations. The doctor talks with the patient about his diagnosis and prognosis, explaining that the data presented were statistics and not definitive numbers about a particular patient. The scene raises ethical and technical questions, such as possible heart failure etiologies, its treatment, its mechanisms of death, its prognosis. In addition, that scene provides us with the different ways to react to such talk, always difficult, especially the patient&#8217;s and his wife&#8217;s reactions.</p>
    <p>Talks involving the disclosure of the diagnosis and prognosis of life-threatening diseases, also known as bad news, are one of the most difficult attributions of a doctor. Bad news in the healthcare field are any information that will drastically affect the future perspective of patients and families. Difficulties in communicating bad news usually postpone discussions with the patients and families about terminal diseases, proximity of death and indication for exclusive palliative care.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>But we might have to face even tougher situations when managing patients with heart failure, such as answering the following questions: &#8220;How many years do I still have?&#8221;, &#8220;Will I live to attend my child&#8217;s graduation?&#8221;, &#8220;Will I live to see my grandchildren grow up?&#8221;, and other questions that might cross their mind. Perhaps one of the defenses we put up is to restrict all room for that sort of questioning. In addition to not being the proper solution, this attitude somehow postpones coping with those issues, which ends up avoiding that discussion, because, not rarely, the outcome soon becomes clear to both patients and families. However, that attitude hinders the communication with patients and families, delaying their understanding of the situation.</p>
    <p>In addition, the discussion about that scene can go beyond medicine as we realize that the diagnosis is established by a female doctor of Asian origin. This can lead us to debate our reality in the Brazilian medicine, in whose graduation programs female students predominate. How will this affect medical practice? Will this change the doctor-patient relationship? Moreover, the Asian origin of the doctor can open the discussion about &#8220;the other&#8221;, &#8220;the foreigner&#8221; in a country that seems to move away from its cosmopolitan tradition. Perhaps we could draw a parallel to the issue that &#8220;the other&#8221;, through the quota system, affirmative actions, ProUni and FIES, has become an increasing presence at medical schools in Brazil, one of the most elitist courses in the country.</p>
    <p>The other film from 2016, Ken Loach&#8217;s &#8220;I, Daniel Blake&#8221;, was awarded with the <italic>Palm d&#8217;Or</italic> in the Cannes Film Festival and also approaches the heart failure issue, but from a social perspective. In that film, set in England, Daniel Blake, interpreted by Dave Johns, after having a heart attack, is advised by his doctor not to return to his work at a carpentry, and, thus, must fight the bureaucratic forces of the system to receive Employment and Support Allowance. He faces the bureaucratic system, the coldness of the institutions, which supposedly exist to make the patients&#8217; lives easier, the difficulties enlarged by his digital illiteracy, and a whole process that reminds us of the Franz Kafka&#8217;s novel &#8220;The Trial&#8221;, which tells about the distressing, meaningless and cruel bureaucratic trial to which citizens are submitted.</p>
    <p>Watching this film can bring to the classroom discussions about situations rarely approached in lectures on myocardial infarction and heart failure, but which are extremely frequent when managing patients with such conditions. Who has not been asked: &#8220;Doctor, when can I go back to work?&#8221;, &#8220;Doctor, am I entitled to retirement benefits?&#8221;, &#8220;How do I receive my support allowance?&#8221;, &#8220;Doctor, they have cut my benefits. What should I do?&#8221;. These situations are so frequent for those following patients up after myocardial infarction and with heart failure that we have to know something about the legislation to instruct our patients in a responsible way regarding their rights, providing them with reports to allow them to have their rights ensured. Usually such reports need to be systematically renewed, which not rarely makes the patient feel shy, fearing to be bothering the doctor.</p>
    <p>An additional theme for discussion in that film is the question of &#8220;the other&#8221;. In one of his several visits to the government offices, Daniel Blake befriends a white woman who had just moved to the city and also seeks for social support. She has two children, one of them is a black girl, who also suffers with the social security insensitivity. Although our patients might face much bigger difficulties than English citizens do, this film shows that bureaucracy and insensitivity are not exclusive characteristics of our society.</p>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The use of films or film scenes is an important tool to discuss heart conditions, not only regarding the disease&#8217;s technical aspects, but also the social, ethical and existential aspects involved in the diagnosis of a severe heart disease. To quote Arthur Kleinman, the laureate films &#8220;Manchester by the Sea&#8221; and &#8220;I, Daniel Blake&#8221; are examples that can help us practice medicine in a more sensitive and reflexive, alert and morally responsible way in face of the emotional and experiential challenges presented by the profession<italic>.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by "Research Productivity" study grant of the medical course of <italic>Universidade Est&#225;cio de S&#225;</italic>.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Mallet AL, Andrade L, Dias MC. Literature and cardiology. Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2015;28(4):335-7.</mixed-citation>
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          <article-title>Literature and cardiology</article-title>
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        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Geovanini F. Apoderando-se do c&#226;ncer &#8220;dos outros&#8221;: contribui&#231;&#245;es da &#233;tica das virtudes ao estudo da comunica&#231;&#227;o de progn&#243;sticos de c&#226;ncer a pacientes e familiares. [Tese]. Rio de Janeiro: Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz; 2015.</mixed-citation>
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          <source>Apoderando-se do c&#226;ncer &#8220;dos outros&#8221;: contribui&#231;&#245;es da &#233;tica das virtudes ao estudo da comunica&#231;&#227;o de progn&#243;sticos de c&#226;ncer a pacientes e familiares</source>
          <comment>Tese</comment>
          <publisher-loc>Rio de Janeiro</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</publisher-name>
          <year>2015</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
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        <mixed-citation>4 Ragan SL, Wittenberg E, Hall HT. The communication of palliative care for the elderly cancer patients. Health Commun. 2003;15(2):219-26.</mixed-citation>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wittenberg</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hall</surname>
              <given-names>HT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The communication of palliative care for the elderly cancer patients</article-title>
          <source>Health Commun</source>
          <year>2003</year>
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      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Kleinman A. The illness narratives: suffering, healing &amp; the human condition. United States of America: Basic Books; 1989.</mixed-citation>
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              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>The illness narratives: suffering, healing &amp; the human condition</source>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cinema e Cardiologia: Uma Potente Ferramenta de Ensino</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mallet</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luisa Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Geovanini</surname>
            <given-names>Fatima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kestenberg</surname>
            <given-names>David</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Est&#225;cio de S&#225;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ana Luisa Rocha Mallet</bold> Rua Almirante Alexandrino, 1808/SS-302. CEP: 20241-263, Santa Teresa, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>alr.mallet@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Mallet ALR, Geovanini F, Andrade L, Kestenberg D. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Mallet ALR. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Mallet ALR, Geovanini F, Andrade L, Kestenberg D. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Mallet ALR, Geovanini F, Andrade L, Kestenberg D.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Comunica&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Humanos</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Neoplasias</kwd>
        <kwd>Rela&#231;&#245;es M&#233;dico-Paciente</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Revela&#231;&#227;o da Verdade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de filmes e textos liter&#225;rios na gradua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica ganha espa&#231;o a partir da percep&#231;&#227;o de que essa experi&#234;ncia possa contribuir n&#227;o s&#243; para a discuss&#227;o de determinados aspectos t&#233;cnicos das condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas apresentadas como para uma possibilidade de experimenta&#231;&#227;o desse processo de adoecimento em um indiv&#237;duo em particular.</p>
      <p>Em artigo anterior sobre Literatura e Cardiologia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> observamos que a descri&#231;&#227;o do processo de morte no livro &#8220;A morte de Ivan Ilitch&#8221; de Tolst&#243;i poderia ser mais potente para a percep&#231;&#227;o do estudante de medicina e do m&#233;dico no processo de finitude do que a leitura de textos te&#243;ricos que tratem do fim da vida. Da mesma forma, &#8220;Mem&#243;rias de Adriano&#8221;, de Marguerite Yourcenar, poderia tamb&#233;m auxiliar na percep&#231;&#227;o do sofrimento de um paciente com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>Assim como a literatura, o cinema tamb&#233;m vem sendo utilizado em v&#225;rios momentos da forma&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica para a discuss&#227;o de quest&#245;es relacionadas principalmente &#224; &#233;tica e &#224; pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica. Existem filmes que classicamente s&#227;o apresentados ao estudante ao longo da sua forma&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, como por exemplo &#8220;Patch Adams&#8221;, &#8220;Golpe do destino&#8221;, &#8220;Mar adentro&#8221;, &#8220;Cisne negro&#8221;, &#8220;Melhor imposs&#237;vel&#8221; e &#8220;Uma Li&#231;&#227;o de Vida&#8221;.</p>
      <p>O cinema, ao aliar a hist&#243;ria contada &#224; imagem, pode diminuir a nossa capacidade de imaginar como seriam os personagens e localidades dessa hist&#243;ria. Por outro lado, em um tempo geralmente mais curto que a leitura de um livro, nos oferece uma experi&#234;ncia est&#233;tica diferente, que nos coloca diante de imagens e sons que afetam nossa sensibilidade de uma maneira diversa da experi&#234;ncia est&#233;tica da leitura. Ambas, literatura e cinema, permitem o acesso a um n&#237;vel de interioriza&#231;&#227;o que &#233; dif&#237;cil conseguirmos ao ler um livro ou texto de medicina que nos fale sobre alguma doen&#231;a. Enquanto nos livros m&#233;dicos encontramos a descri&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas, dos &#243;rg&#227;os, das doen&#231;as, como &#233; feito o diagn&#243;stico, al&#233;m das drogas e outros tratamentos a serem utilizados, na literatura e no cinema podemos encontrar os pacientes vivenciando essas experi&#234;ncias de adoecimento.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; cardiologia, o ano de 2016 foi particularmente interessante ao abordar, em dois filmes bastante premiados, e sob diferentes aspectos, uma das condi&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas mais prevalentes no mundo: a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Esses dois filmes foram: &#8220;Manchester &#224; beira-mar&#8221; e &#8220;Eu, Daniel Blake&#8221;.</p>
      <p>&#8220;Manchester &#224; beira-mar&#8221;, filme de Kenneth Lonergan, vencedor do Oscar de 2017 de melhor ator (Casey Affleck) e de melhor roteiro original, tem como tema central a volta de um homem &#224; sua cidade natal ap&#243;s a morte de seu irm&#227;o. Sua volta, para cuidar do sobrinho de 16 anos, traz a necessidade de esse homem encarar um grande trauma do passado. A cena do filme que nos interessa e que pode ser discutida em uma aula de cardiologia, pois envolve o tema da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, tem menos de tr&#234;s minutos e apresenta o momento em que &#233; transmitido ao irm&#227;o o diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a.</p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; apresentado ao paciente e &#224; sua fam&#237;lia (esposa, irm&#227;o e pai) por uma m&#233;dica durante uma interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. A m&#233;dica conversa com o paciente sobre o diagn&#243;stico e o progn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a, al&#233;m de discutir o fato de os dados apresentados serem estat&#237;sticas e n&#227;o n&#250;meros definitivos sobre um paciente em particular. Apenas com essa cena podemos discutir quest&#245;es &#233;ticas e t&#233;cnicas, como etiologias poss&#237;veis de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, tratamento da doen&#231;a, seus mecanismos de morte, seu progn&#243;stico. Nessa cena tamb&#233;m podem-se perceber formas diferentes de reagir a essa conversa, sempre dif&#237;cil, em especial a rea&#231;&#227;o apresentada pelo paciente e por sua esposa.</p>
      <p>Conversas sobre a revela&#231;&#227;o de diagn&#243;sticos e progn&#243;sticos de doen&#231;as amea&#231;adoras &#224; vida, tamb&#233;m denominadas m&#225;s not&#237;cias, s&#227;o consideradas uma das mais dif&#237;ceis atribui&#231;&#245;es imputadas ao m&#233;dico. M&#225;s not&#237;cias podem ser consideradas, no campo da sa&#250;de, como qualquer informa&#231;&#227;o cujo conte&#250;do vai afetar drasticamente a perspectiva de futuro de quem a recebe e a de seus familiares. Dificuldades na comunica&#231;&#227;o de m&#225;s not&#237;cias fazem com que as discuss&#245;es sobre a fase terminal da doen&#231;a, a proximidade da morte e a indica&#231;&#227;o para cuidados paliativos exclusivos s&#243; muito tardiamente sejam realizadas com o paciente e a sua fam&#237;lia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Mas podemos debater tamb&#233;m quest&#245;es mais espinhosas ao nos depararmos com essa condi&#231;&#227;o: o que dizer quando o paciente nos pergunta &#8220;quantos anos de vida eu tenho, doutor(a)?&#8221;, &#8220;eu vou conseguir ver meu filho se formar?&#8221;, &#8220;eu vou ver meu neto crescer?&#8221;, e todo um sem n&#250;mero de perguntas que atravessa sua mente. Talvez uma sa&#237;da que tenhamos adotado seja n&#227;o permitir que exista espa&#231;o para que esses questionamentos sejam realizados. Essa, al&#233;m de n&#227;o ser uma solu&#231;&#227;o adequada, adia, de alguma forma, esse enfrentamento. Muitas vezes esse adiamento acaba por evitar, de verdade, essa discuss&#227;o j&#225; que muitas vezes o paciente evolui para um momento em que fica claro para todos, pacientes e familiares, o desfecho final. Esse adiamento acaba prejudicando a comunica&#231;&#227;o com o paciente e os familiares, fazendo com que esses s&#243; muito tardiamente tomem conhecimento sobre a realidade da situa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A discuss&#227;o a partir dessa cena pode ir al&#233;m da medicina como comentado at&#233; agora quando percebemos que o diagn&#243;stico &#233; realizado por uma m&#233;dica, uma m&#233;dica de origem oriental. Isso pode nos levar a um debate sobre a nossa realidade na medicina brasileira, onde percebemos na gradua&#231;&#227;o uma preponder&#226;ncia do sexo feminino. Ser&#225; que isso mudar&#225; de alguma forma a pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica? Ser&#225; que isso mudar&#225; a rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dico-paciente? E a quest&#227;o da origem asi&#225;tica da m&#233;dica coloca a discuss&#227;o sobre &#8220;o outro&#8221;, &#8220;o estrangeiro&#8221; em um pa&#237;s que nesse momento parece querer se afastar de sua tradi&#231;&#227;o cosmopolita. Talvez possamos fazer alguns paralelos com a quest&#227;o das faculdades de medicina no nosso pa&#237;s, onde, atrav&#233;s das cotas, das a&#231;&#245;es afirmativas, do ProUni e do FIES passou a frequentar a medicina, um dos cursos mais elitistas do pa&#237;s, um &#8220;outro&#8221; que at&#233; tempos atr&#225;s n&#227;o era vis&#237;vel nesses cursos.</p>
      <p>Outro filme exibido em 2016, que tamb&#233;m trata da quest&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, mas agora sob uma &#243;tica bem mais social, foi &#8220;Eu, Daniel Blake&#8221;, dirigido pelo premiado Ken Loach e Palma de Ouro no Festival de Cannes. Nesse filme, passado na Inglaterra, Daniel Blake, interpretado por Dave Johns, ap&#243;s sofrer um ataque card&#237;aco, &#233; desaconselhado por sua m&#233;dica a retornar a seu trabalho de carpintaria e, portanto, busca conseguir os benef&#237;cios concedidos pelo governo aos pacientes que se encontram nessa situa&#231;&#227;o. E come&#231;a assim a via crucis de Daniel Blake em busca de seus direitos. Ele enfrenta a burocracia do sistema, a frieza das institui&#231;&#245;es que supostamente existem para facilitar a vida dos pacientes, as dificuldades que s&#227;o ampliadas pelo seu analfabetismo digital e todo um processo que nos faz inclusive pensar no livro &#8220;O Processo&#8221;, de Franz Kafka, que aborda o angustiante, sem sentido e perverso processo burocr&#225;tico a que os cidad&#227;os est&#227;o submetidos.</p>
      <p>Assistir a esse filme pode trazer para a sala de aula discuss&#245;es que raramente s&#227;o abordadas em aulas que tratam de infarto ou de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, mas que s&#227;o extremamente frequentes quando estamos diante de pacientes que vivenciam essas condi&#231;&#245;es. Quem j&#225; n&#227;o ouviu a pergunta: &#8220;Doutor(a), eu posso voltar a trabalhar?&#8221;, &#8220;Doutor(a), eu tenho direito a me aposentar?&#8221;, &#8220;Como eu fa&#231;o para ter meu benef&#237;cio?&#8221;, &#8220;Doutor(a), eles tiraram meu benef&#237;cio. E agora, o que eu fa&#231;o?&#8221;. Essas s&#227;o situa&#231;&#245;es t&#227;o frequentes para os que acompanham pacientes p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, que temos que conhecer um pouco da legisla&#231;&#227;o, buscando, de uma forma respons&#225;vel, orientar nosso paciente quanto aos seus direitos e fornecendo laudos que permitam assegurar esses direitos. Em geral, esses laudos precisam ser renovados sistematicamente, o que muitas vezes causa um acanhamento no paciente que sente estar incomodando seu/sua m&#233;dico(a) ao solicitar seu preenchimento.</p>
      <p>Como temas adicionais na discuss&#227;o desse filme encontramos mais uma vez a quest&#227;o do &#8220;outro&#8221;. Durante suas in&#250;meras idas aos departamentos governamentais, Daniel Blake encontra uma mulher branca que acaba de se mudar para a cidade e que tamb&#233;m busca apoio social. Ela tem dois filhos, sendo um deles uma menina negra que tamb&#233;m sofre diante da insensibilidade da seguridade social. E claramente as dificuldades s&#227;o muito maiores para os nossos pacientes que para os cidad&#227;os ingleses, embora esse filme nos mostre que a burocracia e a insensibilidade n&#227;o s&#227;o privil&#233;gios nossos.</p>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de filmes ou de cenas de filmes &#233; uma ferramenta interessante para desencadear discuss&#245;es sobre condi&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, n&#227;o apenas sobre aspectos t&#233;cnicos da doen&#231;a, mas tamb&#233;m sobre quest&#245;es sociais, &#233;ticas e existenciais que envolvem o diagn&#243;stico de uma doen&#231;a card&#237;aca grave. Os premiados filmes &#8220;Manchester &#224; beira-mar&#8221; e &#8220;Eu, Daniel Blake&#8221; s&#227;o exemplos que podem nos ajudar a exercer a medicina de &#8220;forma mais sens&#237;vel e mais reflexiva, alerta e moralmente respons&#225;vel diante das exig&#234;ncias emocionais e vivenciais a que a profiss&#227;o nos exp&#245;e&#8221; (Arthur Kleinman).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por bolsa de "Pesquisa Produtividade" do curso de medicina da Universidade Est&#225;cio de S&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;sgradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
