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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jD3XK5nGRVrmsXrTFVzMYqG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000400414</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S2359-56472018005005101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20180037</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Methods of Screening for Depression in Outpatients with Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Tha&#237;s de Rezende Bessa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Venancio</surname>
            <given-names>Isabella Cristina Diniz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel M&#228;hlmann de Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendlowicz</surname>
            <given-names>Mauro Vitor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcanti</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carla Dantas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Universidade Federal Fluminense; Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Enfermagem Aurora de Afonso Costa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Enfermagem Aurora de Afonso Costa, Universidade Federal Fluminense; Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Thais de Rezende Bessa Guerra.</bold> Rua dos Cristais, 22, quadra 92. Postal Code: 24342-685, Itaipu, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>tcrezende34@gmail.com</email>, <email>thaisbessa@id.uff.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Guerra TRB, Mendlowicz MV, Mesquita ET, Cavalcanti ACD; Acquisition of data: Guerra TRB, Venancio ICD, Pinheiro DMM; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Guerra TRB, Mesquita ET, Cavalcanti ACD; Statistical analysis: Guerra TRB; Obtaining financing: Mesquita ET, Cavalcanti ACD; Writing of the manuscript: Guerra TRB, Pinheiro DMM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mendlowicz MV, Mesquita ET, Cavalcanti ACD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>Jul-Aug</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>414</fpage>
      <lpage>421</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Depression is a syndromic clinical condition underdiagnosed in patients with heart failure. Several instruments are currently applied to screen for depression.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To determine the prevalence of depression and the agreement among screening methods for depression in patients with heart failure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional study conducted between March 2015 and January 2017 including 76 outpatients following up at a clinic specialized in heart failure. Depression was screened with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The agreement among the three instruments was analyzed with Fleiss&#8217; kappa coefficient (k<sub>F</sub>), Krippendorff&#8217;s alpha coefficient (C<sub>k</sub>) and Cronbach&#8217;s alpha coefficient. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, as well as false-positive and false-negative results of the HAM-D and PHQ-9 were calculated considering the BDI-II as the gold-standard instrument in the diagnosis of depression.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The prevalence rates of depression were 72.4% (n = 55) with the HAM-D, 67.1% (n = 51) with the BDI-II, and 40.8% (n = 31) with the PHQ-9 scales. The prevalence of depression simultaneously identified by all three instruments was 28.9% (n = 22) and the diagnostic agreement (presence or absence of depression) was 47.4% (n = 36). The analysis revealed a superficial agreement (k<sub>F</sub> = C<sub>k</sub> = 0.27) and moderate consistency ((&#8595;C = 0.602, significantly not null, p = 0.000). Sociodemographic and clinical variables were not risk factors for depression in the evaluated sample.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The screening methods analyzed showed agreement and were useful in detecting depression among outpatients with heart failure.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Depression / diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Depression / prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>Medical Records</kwd>
        <kwd>Surveys and Questionnaires</kwd>
        <kwd>Cross-Sectional Studies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Depression is a disorder of multifactorial nature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> When associated with heart failure (HF), depression compromises the functional capacity, quality of life, and survival of the patient.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> It is necessary to explore the screening methods used to diagnose depression because despite the variety of applied instruments, no studies have been conducted to evaluate the agreement of these methods in patients with HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of depression is established through the patient&#8217;s clinical history and duration of signs and symptoms, as well as the application of specific scales.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> There are approximately 49 scales used in the multidimensional assessment of depression,10 including the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Beck Depression Inventory-II,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> among others. </p>
      <p>A study conducted by Matias et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> comparing the screening of depression with the PHQ-9 and the Geriatric Depression Scale of Yesavage concluded that both instruments are useful in identifying depression in elderly individuals, with a rho correlation of 0.387 (p &lt; 0.000), kappa reliability 0.41 (p &lt; 0.001), sensitivity 80%, specificity 44%, and moderate agreement.</p>
      <p>A randomized study conducted by Freedland et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> evaluated the efficacy of an integrative cognitive behavior therapy intervention for depression (measured by the scales BDI-II [46%] and HAM-D [51%]) and self-care in outpatients with HF (n = 158); the results of the study showed that the intervention was effective for depression, but not for self-care.</p>
      <p>Another study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> conducted to determine the best sensitivity and specificity values of the BDI-II and HAM-D in patients (n = 73) seen at a reference center in neuropsychiatric showed that the BDI-II had higher sensitivity and specificity (94.4% and 90.6%, respectively) than the HAM-D (95% and 75.5%, respectively).</p>
      <p>The BDI-II has been described as a gold-standard instrument to screen for depression in HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> However, as a self-rating scale, the BDI-II has limited application in patients with cognitive impairment or low education level. In these cases, interviewer-rated scales may be applied by professionals experienced in interviewing depressed patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of depression and the agreement among methods of screening for depression in patients with HF.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Type of study</title>
        <p>Cross-sectional study with a consecutive sample, carried out between March 2015 and January 2017 in a clinic specialized in HF in <italic>Universidade Federal Fluminense</italic> (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ, Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Participants</title>
        <p>The participants were enrolled in a multidisciplinary program of a clinic specialized in HF (UFF).</p>
        <p>The participants included in the study were patients enrolled in the clinic&#8217;s program, diagnosed with HF according to the criteria by McMurray et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, of both genders, and with the ability to answer the questionnaires. We excluded patients with cognitive impairment, as identified in their medical records, difficulty or inability of understanding the instruments, and with a prior history of cognitive therapy or use of antidepressants.</p>
        <p>In all, 76 patients comprised the final study sample and were assessed with three questionnaires for the screening of depressive symptoms: HAM-D, BDI-II, and PHQ-9.</p>
        <p>The interview was conducted by a single interviewer, who followed the guiding protocol of the interviewer-rated questionnaire (HAM-D).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The questionnaires BDI-II and PHQ-9 were applied as recommended in the literature.</p>
        <p>The questionnaires were applied during the same interview, conducted by a single examiner. In the case of the self-rating questionnaires (BDI-II and PHQ-9), the patients were informed that these questionnaires were meant to evaluate their mental health status. They were then instructed to read the questionnaires attentively and mark the answers according to the intensity of their symptoms, with all following the same direction (i.e., the greater the severity of the symptom, the higher the score to be checked). There was no time constraint for the participants to complete the questionnaires and the examiner did not interfere with the reading of the questions to avoid a biased interpretation by the patient.</p>
        <p>In regards to the HAM-D questionnaire, whose interview follows a protocol, the examiner conducted structured interviews and assigned a score to each response according to the intensity of the patient&#8217;s signs and symptoms.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Instruments</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Hamilton Depression Rating Scale</title>
          <p>The HAM-D was the first interviewer-rated scale, i.e., applied by an interviewer. This scale was designed and developed by Hamilton at the end of the 1950s decade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> In 1994, the HAM-D was adapted to the Brazilian population as a valid instrument for an early diagnosis of a depressive episode. The HAM-D scale initially had 21 items but was subsequently reduced to a 17-item version after some items were removed (paranoid symptoms, obsessional symptoms, derealization, and diurnal variation), due to the low incidence or reliability of these items in relation to the measure of depression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
          <p>In 1988, a structured manual was prepared for the HAM-D scale interview<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> to standardize the questions by the interviewer. Hamilton did not establish a cutoff value to discriminate normality from morbidity. Currently, it is accepted that scores with more than 25 points characterize severely depressed patients, scores between 18 and 24 points characterize patients moderately depressed, and scores between 7 and 17 points characterize patients with mild depression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
          <p>The items of the HAM-D scale focus on somatic symptoms (28%), cognitive symptoms (28%), motor symptoms (12%), anxiety (16%), mood (8%), and social symptoms (8%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					</p>
          <p>This scale has been validated by several studies comparing the scores in groups of patients with diseases of different severity, including HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Beck Depression Inventory-II</title>
          <p>The BDI-II<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> has been validated in psychiatric inpatients and outpatients by comparison with the HAM-D, in which the BDI-II has been shown to be more effective.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The BDI-II is a self-rating instrument that screens for the presence of depressive symptoms using a scoring scale comprising 21 questions with four answer choices ranging from zero to three, ordered according to severity. To fill out the inventory, the individual selects the option that best fits the way he feels at the moment, with the scores ranging from zero (absence of symptoms) to three (highest intensity of the symptom).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					</p>
          <p>The overall BDI-II assessment is done by adding the numbers marked beside each question. A sum of 0-9 is considered normal, while 10-15 indicates mild depression, 16-23 indicates moderate depression, and 24 or more points indicate severe depression.</p>
          <p>The screening properties of the BDI-II have been validated in Brazil. This scale is considered the gold-standard method for depression screening and has demonstrated good psychometric and operational characteristics.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)</title>
          <p>The PHQ-9 evaluates the presence of depressive symptoms using a Likert-like scale comprising nine questions categorized into four response options ranging from &#8220;not at all&#8221; (zero points) to &#8220;nearly every day&#8221; (3 points) and a total score ranging from zero to 27 points. Thus, the higher the score, the worse the severity of the depressive signs. The PHQ-9 is a quick self-rating instrument that screens individuals at higher risk of presenting a major depressive episode.</p>
          <p>The screening properties of this questionnaire were validated in the general Brazilian population in 2013,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> and the questionnaire has demonstrated good psychometric and operational characteristics, with a sensitivity of 77% to 98% and specificity of 75% to 80%, having also been validated for the population of adults and elderly individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedures for data analysis</title>
        <p>The descriptive analysis characterized the studied population according to frequencies and proportions. For quantitative variables, we used the statistics of minimum, maximum, mean, median, values, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation (CV). The variability of the distribution of a quantitative variable was considered low if CV &lt; 0.20, moderate if 0.20 &#8804; CV &lt; 0.40, and high if CV &#8805; 0.40. In order to investigate the significance of the association between two qualitative variables, we used the chi-square test, and when this proved inconclusive, we applied Fisher&#8217;s exact test for 2 x 2 tables.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In the inferential analysis, complementary proportions were compared using the binomial test. The hypothesis of normality of a quantitative variable distribution was verified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) and Shapiro-Wilk (SW) tests. The distribution was considered normal if both tests did not reject the null hypothesis of normality. In order to compare two independent groups when the variable had a normal distribution, we used unpaired Student&#8217;s t test; otherwise, the comparison between the groups was performed with the Mann-Whitney non-parametric test.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The agreement of the three instruments in diagnosing depression in the HF population was analyzed by Fleiss&#8217; kappa (k<sub>F</sub>) and Krippendorff&#8217;s alpha coefficients (C<sub>k</sub>). The consistency of the three instruments in diagnosing depression in the HF population was assessed by Cronbach&#8217;s alpha coefficient (C<sub>c</sub>). Agreement and consistent were evaluated according to the Landis &amp; Koch classification (1977).</p>
        <p>We calculated the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and rates of false-positive and false-negative results of the HAM-D and PHQ-9 instruments considering the BDI-II as the gold-standard instrument in the diagnosis of depression (the definition of these concepts can be found in Medronho et al., 2009). </p>
        <p>The statistical analysis was performed using the program Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20.0, and all analyses were carried out considering a maximum significance level of 5.0%. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical procedures</title>
        <p>The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of <italic>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro</italic>/<italic>Universidade Federal Fluminense</italic> with the number 630.078. The patients were informed about the objectives of the research, signed a free and informed consent form, and were assured about their right to data confidentiality and care in regards to the use of their information in written work. The patients presenting symptoms related to any mental disorder during the clinical interview of the main study were referred to a mental health service integrated into the clinic specialized in HF.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 76 patients participated in this study, of whom 40 (52.6%) were female and 36 (47.4%) were male. The binomial test showed no significant difference between these proportions (p = 0.731), i.e., the sample was balanced in relation to the distribution of men and women, and the observed prevalence of women was not significant. The age of the patients followed a normal distribution (p = 0.094 by the KS test and p = 0.467 by the SW test), with an interval of 35 to 91 years, a mean of 63.0 years, standard deviation of 11.6 years, and a median of 65 years. The CV of age (0.18) showed that the distribution of age had low variability in the sample. </p>
      <p>The monthly income of the patients did not follow a normal distribution (p = 0.000) and ranged from R$ 500.00 to 3,000,00, with a mean of R$ 1,118.74 (standard deviation R$ 576.32 and median R$ 1,000.00). The CV of the income (0.51) showed that the distribution of income had high variability in the sample. The frequency distribution of the observed variables characterizing the patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of outpatients with heart failure</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C6C6C5">Sociodemographic variables</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C6C6C5">N (76)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gender</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">52.6% (n = 40)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">47.4% (n = 36)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">63.03 &#177; 13.5 years</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Self-declared color </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White</td>
              <td align="center">67.1% (n = 51)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Black</td>
              <td align="center">28.9% (n = 22)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Indeterminate</td>
              <td align="center">3.9% (n = 3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Education level*</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Literacy</td>
              <td align="center">2.6% (n = 2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Elementary School I</td>
              <td align="center">56.6% (n = 43)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Elementary School II</td>
              <td align="center">36.8% (n = 28)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Middle School</td>
              <td align="center">3.9% (n = 3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family income in reais (mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">1,118.74 &#177; 576.32 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Functional class (NYHA)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">I</td>
              <td align="center">30.3% (n = 23)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">II</td>
              <td align="center">51.3% (n = 39)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">III</td>
              <td align="center">18.4% (n = 14)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">100% (n = 76)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">81.6% (n = 62)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">56.6% (n = 43)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low weight</td>
              <td align="center">1.3% (n = 1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal weight</td>
              <td align="center">23.7% (n = 18)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Overweight</td>
              <td align="center">14.5% (n = 11)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity</td>
              <td align="center">15.8% (n = 12)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity I</td>
              <td align="center">30.3% (n = 23)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity II</td>
              <td align="center">9.2% (n = 7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity III</td>
              <td align="center">5.3% (n = 4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Anemia</td>
              <td align="center">19.7% (n = 15)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRF</td>
              <td align="center">23.7% (n = 18)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">COPD</td>
              <td align="center">3.9% (n = 3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stroke</td>
              <td align="center">5.3% (n = 4)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>
              <italic>n: number of patients; SD: standard deviation; NYHA: New York Heart Association; BMI: body mass index; CRF: chronic renal failure; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Typically, all patients had a white self-declared color (67.1%), education level of Elementary School I (56.6%), NYHA functional class II (51.3%), hypertension (100%), dyslipidemia (81.6%), diabetes (56.4%), and obesity (44.8%). There was no significant difference between the age of men and women (p = 0.056) or between the incomes of men and women (p = 0.644).</p>
      <p>The male and female groups did not differ in relation to the distribution of self-declared color (p = 0.641), education level (p = 0.352), and incidence of diabetes (p = 0.223), dyslipidemia (p = 0.827), chronic renal failure (CRF; p = 0.426), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; p = 0.601), and stroke (p = 1.000).</p>
      <p>The prevalence rates of depression diagnosed by the instruments were: 72.4% (n = 55) by the HAM-D, 67.1% (n = 51) by the BDI-II, and 40.8% (n = 31) by the PHQ-9, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. Considering a simultaneous diagnosis by all three instruments, the prevalence of depression was 28.9% (n = 22). The three instruments showed a diagnostic agreement (presence or absence of depression) in only 47.4% of the sample (n = 36).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence (P) of depression in outpatients with heart failure</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C6C6C5">Instrument</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C6C6C5">Results</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HAM-D</td>
              <td align="center">72.4% (n = 55)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BDI-II</td>
              <td align="center">67.1% (n = 51)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PHQ-9</td>
              <td align="center">40.8% (n = 31)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Agreement among all three instruments</td>
              <td align="center">k<sub>&#8595;</sub>F = C<sub>&#8595;</sub>k = 0.27</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Consistency of the three instruments </td>
              <td align="center">(&#8595;C 0.602; p &lt; 0.000</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <p>
              <italic>n: number of patients; HAM-D: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; BDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory-II; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Comparing the three instruments in terms of diagnosing depression in the HF population, there was superficial agreement (k<sub>F</sub> = C<sub>k</sub> = 0,27, as evaluated by Fleiss&#8217; kappa (k<sub>F</sub>) and Krippendorff&#8217;s alpha coefficients (C<sub>k</sub>), and moderate consistency (significantly not null, p = 0.000), as assessed by Cronbach&#8217;s alpha coefficient (C<sub>C</sub>). </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows the quality measures of the HAM-D and PHQ-9 instruments as diagnostic tests for depression in outpatients with HF, using the BDI-II as the gold-standard instrument. The HAM-D scale proved to be the best instrument to diagnose depression, as it showed higher accuracy and sensitivity and a lower percentage of false-negative results. The PHQ-9 instrument was conservative in diagnosing depression, with a high percentage of false-negative results and a low sensitivity in identifying patients who in fact had depression.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Quality measures of the HAM-D and PHQ-9 instruments as diagnostic tests for depression in outpatients with heart failure</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C6C6C5">Instrument</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C6C6C5">Accuracy</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C6C6C5">Sensitivity</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C6C6C5">Specificity</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C6C6C5">% of false-positives</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C6C6C5">% of false-negatives </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HAM-D</td>
              <td align="center">76.3</td>
              <td align="center">86.3</td>
              <td align="center">56.0</td>
              <td align="center">14.5</td>
              <td align="center">9.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PHQ-9</td>
              <td align="center">55.3</td>
              <td align="center">47.1</td>
              <td align="center">72.0</td>
              <td align="center">9.2</td>
              <td align="center">35.5</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <p>
              <italic>HAM-D: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Considering the BDI-II as the gold-standard instrument in diagnosing depression, we investigated the association of depression with the patients&#8217; characteristics. There was no significant association between depression and the following factors: gender (p = 0.291), self-declared color (p = 0.976), education level (p = 0.918), obesity (p = 0.324), diabetes (p = 0.316), dyslipidemia (p = 0.056), COPD (p = 0.250), stroke (p = 0.296), and CRF (p = 0.536).</p>
      <p>The age and income of the patients with and without depression were also not associated with depression (p = 0.862 [unpaired Student&#8217;s t test] and p = 0.776 [Mann-Whitney test], respectively). </p>
      <p>Therefore, none of the variables included in this study was associated with depression or was a risk factor for depression in outpatients with HF.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This is the first study comparing screening methods for depression in outpatients in a multidisciplinary clinic specialized in HF. Depression has not been systematically analyzed in patients with HF, but when specifically researched, has been observed to be frequent in this population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> This condition affects between 14.0% and 26.0% of the patients without HF, but the incidence increases to 24.0% to 85.0% in patients with HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The main findings of this study indicate a relevant prevalence of depression in HF patients when screened by the HAM-D, BDI-II, and PHQ-9 instruments. BDI-II has been considered the gold-standard instrument for depression screening in patients with HF, but in individuals with cognitive impairment or illiterate, this instrument is not recommended.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Therefore, the results of our investigation in relation to the internal consistency of the scales show that the BDI-II, HAM-D, and PHQ-9 proved to be useful tools for application in patients with HF.</p>
      <p>We observed in this study a possible agreement advantage of the HAM-D with the BDI-II, the gold-standard instrument. This is probably due to the number of items in both questionnaires. The significant agreement among the scales indicates an evaluation of the intensity of the symptoms in the same direction, i.e., the greater the score, the greater the severity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A possible explanation for the difference in prevalence identified in the PHQ-9 scale may be due to its self-rating features since they portray an individual&#8217;s subjective response (as how he perceives his health and symptom). Although the instrument has already been tested in various levels of health care attention and different cultural contexts,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> still limited research has been carried out in Brazil using the PHQ-9 to screen for depression in outpatients with HF. A study carried out in Minnesota applied the PHQ-9 scale to evaluate the occurrence of depression in a sample of 425 outpatients with HF and identified a prevalence of 42.1% (n = 179),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> which is in line with our findings.</p>
      <p>Self- and interviewer-rating scales should take into account several aspects, including the individual&#8217;s educational level and time availability for the assessment, as well as the objective of the evaluation. </p>
      <p>The BDI-II and HAM-D scales are instruments used in more than 50% of the studies;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> the sensitivity and specificity of these instruments is approximately 0.84 and 0.72, respectively,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> which is also in line with our results.</p>
      <p>A review<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> has assessed the scales HAM-D, BDI-II, Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, Geriatric Depression Scale of Yesavage, and Montgomery-&#197;sberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). The results showed relevance in the identification of signs and symptoms of depressive disorders, directing the attention to mental health interventions in the elderly.</p>
      <p>We observed that the patients in the present study had important clinical comorbidities (diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, CRF, and hypertension), which were not associated with depression. In a study conducted by Aguiar et al. (2010) in hospitalized patients with HF (n = 43), patients with depression (55.8%, n = 24) according to the HAM-D scale did not differ from non-depressed ones in regards to gender, age, anemia, and renal function, factors that are known to influence the occurrence of clinical manifestations. </p>
      <p>Depression is an important risk factor associated with HF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> a syndromic clinical condition. When depression is not specified, it is mistaken and underdiagnosed in these individuals,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> probably due to the superposition of symptoms of HF (dyspnea, weight change, sleep, fatigue) and the neurovegetative symptoms of depression (insomnia, psychomotor slowing, and decreased energy, concentration, and appetite).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A study conducted by Freedland et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> in a sample of 682 patients with HF showed that 245 (36%) patients had clinically significant depression (according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [DSM-IV] criteria), while 436 (64%) were classified as non-depressed. Patients with depression also were not significantly affected by the presence of other important comorbidities, such as diabetes or kidney disease, or by the presence of only one of these conditions. These results are aligned with those of our study and differ in some aspects from the observations described in the literature. However, considering that depression emphasizes the clinical manifestations and worsens the progression of patients with HF, more attention should be dedicated to this condition, including to its screening. The importance of this initiative has been increasing in clinics specialized in HF, since studies have documented that the treatment of depression promotes improvement of the symptoms and quality of life of the patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>This study presents limitations due to its experimental, observational, and cross-sectional design, which did not allow us to establish the variables predicting depression in HF. However, through the data presented, it becomes evident the importance of this discussion, because different depression scales are applied in this population.</p>
        <p>This research demonstrates a need for further work on the screening of depression in outpatients in practices specialized on HF, due to the relevant prevalence of and damage from this association. It is important to highlight the need to deepen the knowledge of the association of depression with the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics present in this population for the development of preventive work in outpatients with HF.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Based on the results of this study on the prevalence of depression associated with HF, we found the following: 1) depression has a relevant prevalence in outpatients with HF; 2) the diagnosis and detection of depression are obtained through the use of questionnaires in outpatients with HF; 3) the three questionnaires evaluated have a superficial agreement and moderate consistency in the diagnosis of depression in the population with HF; 4) the HAM-D scale proved to be the best instrument in diagnosing depression, since it showed greater accuracy and sensitivity, and a lower percentage of false-negative results; 5) the PHQ-9 instrument was conservative in diagnosing depression, with a high percentage of false-negative results and low sensitivity to identify patients who are in fact depressed.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the HAM-D questionnaire showed greater accuracy in the diagnosis of depression, due to its convenience in grading this condition and for demonstrating (in several studies) the ability to evaluate the severity of the depression.</p>
      <p>These conclusions identify areas with gaps requiring further research, in addition to new questions in the screening of depression, and adds more information on the prevalence of depression in HF, guiding researchers and clinicians in terms of screening for depression and issues relevant to the association of these two pathologies, depression and HF.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CAPES and CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Thais de Rezende Bessa Guerra, from <italic>Universidade Federal Fluminense</italic>.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro under the protocol number 630.078. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>M&#233;todos de Rastreamento da Depress&#227;o em Pacientes Ambulatoriais com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Tha&#237;s de Rezende Bessa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Venancio</surname>
            <given-names>Isabella Cristina Diniz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel M&#228;hlmann de Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendlowicz</surname>
            <given-names>Mauro Vitor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcanti</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carla Dantas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Universidade Federal Fluminense; Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Enfermagem Aurora de Afonso Costa, Universidade Federal Fluminense; Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Thais de Rezende Bessa Guerra.</bold> Rua dos Cristais, 22, quadra 92. CEP: 24342-685, Itaipu, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>tcrezende34@gmail.com</email>, <email>thaisbessa@id.uff.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Guerra TRB, Mendlowicz MV, Mesquita ET, Cavalcanti ACD; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Guerra TRB, Venancio ICD, Pinheiro DMM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados:Guerra TRB, Mesquita ET, Cavalcanti ACD; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Guerra TRB; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Mesquita ET, Cavalcanti ACD; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito:Guerra TRB, Pinheiro DMM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Mendlowicz MV, Mesquita ET, Cavalcanti ACD.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>A depress&#227;o &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica sindr&#244;mica subdiagnosticada em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Uma variedade de instrumentos &#233; atualmente aplicada no rastreamento da depress&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Determinar a preval&#234;ncia da depress&#227;o e a concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos de rastreamento para depress&#227;o em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal realizado entre mar&#231;o de 2015 e janeiro de 2017 com 76 pacientes ambulatoriais acompanhados em uma cl&#237;nica especializada de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A depress&#227;o foi rastreada pela Escala de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Depress&#227;o de Hamilton (HAM-D), pelo Invent&#225;rio de Depress&#227;o de Beck-II (BDI-II) e pelo <italic>Patient Health Questionnaire-9</italic> (PHQ-9). A concord&#226;ncia entre os tr&#234;s instrumentos foi analisada pelo coeficiente kappa de Fleiss (k<sub>F</sub>), coeficiente alfa de Krippendorff (C<sub>k</sub>) e coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Foram calculadas a acur&#225;cia, sensibilidade, especificidade e as taxas de resultados falso-positivos e falso-negativos dos instrumentos HAM-D e PHQ-9, considerando o instrumento BDI-II como padr&#227;o-ouro no diagn&#243;stico da depress&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>As preval&#234;ncias de depress&#227;o foram de 72,4% (n = 55) pela escala HAM-D, 67,1% (n = 51) pela escala BDI-II e 40,8% (n = 31) pelo PHQ-9. A preval&#234;ncia de depress&#227;o pelos tr&#234;s instrumentos simultaneamente foi de 28,9% (n = 22) e a concord&#226;ncia diagn&#243;stica entre os tr&#234;s instrumentos (sobre a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de depress&#227;o) foi de 47,4% (n = 36). A an&#225;lise revelou uma concord&#226;ncia superficial (k<sub>F</sub> = C<sub>k</sub> = 0,27) e consist&#234;ncia moderada (&#8595;C = 0,602, significativamente n&#227;o nulo, p = 0,000). As vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas n&#227;o constitu&#237;ram fatores de riscos para a depress&#227;o na amostra avaliada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os m&#233;todos de rastreamento analisados apresentaram concord&#226;ncia e foram &#250;teis na detec&#231;&#227;o da depress&#227;o entre pacientes ambulatoriais com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Depress&#227;o/diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Depress&#227;o/preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Registros M&#233;dicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Inqu&#233;ritos e Question&#225;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudos Transversais</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A depress&#227;o &#233; um dist&#250;rbio de natureza multifatorial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Quando associada &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), compromete a capacidade funcional, a qualidade de vida e a sobrevida do paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> &#201; necess&#225;rio explorar os m&#233;todos de rastreamento empregados para o diagn&#243;stico da depress&#227;o, pois apesar de haver uma variedade de instrumentos aplicados, n&#227;o existem estudos realizados para avaliar a concord&#226;ncia dos m&#233;todos em pacientes com IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico da depress&#227;o &#233; realizado atrav&#233;s da hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica do paciente e do tempo de evolu&#231;&#227;o dos sinais e sintomas, al&#233;m da aplica&#231;&#227;o de escalas espec&#237;ficas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Existem aproximadamente 49 escalas utilizadas na avalia&#231;&#227;o multidimensional da depress&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> entre as quais se destacam a Escala de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Depress&#227;o de Hamilton (HAM-D),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Invent&#225;rio de Depress&#227;o de Beck-II<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e <italic>Patient Health Questionnaire 9</italic> (PHQ-9),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> entre outras.</p>
        <p>Um estudo realizado por Matias et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> que comparou o rastreamento da depress&#227;o atrav&#233;s das escalas PHQ-9 e Escala de Depress&#227;o Geri&#225;trica de Yesavage, concluiu que ambos os instrumentos s&#227;o &#250;teis para detectar depress&#227;o em idosos, com uma correla&#231;&#227;o rho de 0,387 (p &lt; 0,000), confiabilidade kappa de 0,41 (p &lt; 0,001), sensibilidade de 80%, especificidade de 44% e moderada concord&#226;ncia.</p>
        <p>Um estudo randomizado realizado por Freedland et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> avaliou a efic&#225;cia de uma terapia de interven&#231;&#227;o comportamental cognitiva integrativa na depress&#227;o (medida pelas escalas de BDI-II [46%] e HAM-D [51%]) e autocuidado em pacientes ambulatoriais com IC (n = 158); os resultados do estudo mostraram que a interven&#231;&#227;o foi eficaz para a depress&#227;o, mas n&#227;o para o autocuidado.</p>
        <p>Outro estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> realizado para determinar os pontos de melhor sensibilidade e especificidade do BDI-II e HAM-D em pacientes (n = 73) de um centro de refer&#234;ncia em neuropsiquiatria mostrou que o BDI-II teve maior sensibilidade e especificidade (94,4% e 90,6%, respectivamente) do que o HAM-D (95% e 75,5%, respectivamente).</p>
        <p>O BDI-II tem sido descrito como um instrumento padr&#227;o-ouro para rastrear depress&#227;o na IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> No entanto, esta &#233; uma escala de autoavalia&#231;&#227;o, portanto de aplica&#231;&#227;o limitada no caso de pacientes com preju&#237;zo cognitivo ou baixa escolaridade. Nestes casos, as escalas de heteroavalia&#231;&#227;o podem ser aplicadas por profissionais com experi&#234;ncia em entrevistar pacientes deprimidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Este estudo teve por objetivo determinar a preval&#234;ncia da depress&#227;o e a concord&#226;ncia entre m&#233;todos de rastreamento para depress&#227;o em pacientes com IC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Tipo de estudo</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal com amostra consecutiva, realizado entre mar&#231;o de 2015 e janeiro de 2017 em uma cl&#237;nica especializada em IC na Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ, Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Participantes</title>
          <p>Os participantes estavam inscritos no programa multidisciplinar de uma cl&#237;nica especializada em IC (UFF).</p>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo pacientes vinculados ao programa da cl&#237;nica, com diagn&#243;stico de IC pelos crit&#233;rios de McMurray et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> (2012), de ambos os sexos e com capacidade de responder &#224;s perguntas dos question&#225;rios. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes com defici&#234;ncia cognitiva de acordo com registro de prontu&#225;rio, dificuldade ou incapacidade de compreens&#227;o dos instrumentos, com hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de terapia cognitiva ou em uso de medicamentos antidepressivos.</p>
          <p>Ao todo, 76 pacientes compuseram a amostra final do estudo e foram avaliados com tr&#234;s question&#225;rios de rastreamento de sintomas depressivos: HAM-D, BDI-II e PHQ-9.</p>
          <p>A entrevista foi conduzida por um &#250;nico entrevistador, que seguiu o protocolo de consulta guiada para o question&#225;rio de heteroavalia&#231;&#227;o (HAM-D).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os question&#225;rios BDI-II e PHQ-9 foram aplicados conforme recomenda&#231;&#227;o da literatura.</p>
          <p>Os question&#225;rios foram aplicados durante a mesma entrevista, conduzida por um &#250;nico examinador. No caso dos question&#225;rios de autoaplica&#231;&#227;o (BDI-II e PHQ-9), os pacientes foram informados de que estes question&#225;rios avaliariam seu estado de sa&#250;de mental. Em seguida, foram orientados a ler os question&#225;rios com aten&#231;&#227;o e assinalar as quest&#245;es de acordo com a intensidade dos seus sintomas, cuja dire&#231;&#227;o era semelhante (ou seja, quanto maior a gravidade do sintoma, maior a pontua&#231;&#227;o a ser assinalada). N&#227;o houve limita&#231;&#227;o no tempo para que os participantes completassem os question&#225;rios e o examinador n&#227;o interferiu na leitura das quest&#245;es para evitar vi&#233;s de interpreta&#231;&#227;o pelo entrevistado.</p>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao question&#225;rio HAM-D, cuja entrevista segue um protocolo, o examinador realizou entrevistas estruturada e atribuiu uma pontua&#231;&#227;o a cada resposta conforme a intensidade dos sinais e sintomas do paciente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Instrumentos</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Escala de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Depress&#227;o de Hamilton</title>
            <p>O HAM-D foi a primeira escala de heteroavalia&#231;&#227;o, isto &#233;, aplicada por um avaliador. Esta escala foi elaborada e desenvolvida por Hamilton no final da d&#233;cada de 50.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Em 1994, foi adaptada para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira como uma medida v&#225;lida para o diagn&#243;stico precoce de um epis&#243;dio depressivo. A escala HAM-D era inicialmente composta por 21 itens, mas foi reduzida posteriormente para uma vers&#227;o com 17 itens ap&#243;s retirada de alguns itens (sintomas paranoides, sintomas obsessivos, desrealiza&#231;&#227;o e varia&#231;&#227;o de humor), devido &#224; baixa incid&#234;ncia ou confiabilidade destes itens em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; medida da depress&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Em 1988, foi elaborado um manual estruturado para a entrevista da escala HAM-D<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> a fim de padronizar as perguntas feitas pelo entrevistador. Hamilton n&#227;o estabeleceu um ponto de corte para diferenciar normalidade de morbidade. Na pr&#225;tica atual, aceita-se que escores com mais de 25 pontos caracterizam pacientes gravemente deprimidos, escores entre 18 a 24 pontos caracterizam pacientes moderadamente deprimidos e escores entre 7 e 17 pontos caracterizam pacientes com depress&#227;o leve.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Os itens da escala HAM-D enfocam sintomas som&#225;ticos (28%), sintomas cognitivos (28%), sintomas motores (12%), ansiedade (16%), humor (8%) e sintomas sociais (8%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Esta escala foi validada por v&#225;rios estudos que compararam escores entre grupos de pacientes com doen&#231;as de gravidade diferentes, dentre elas a IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Invent&#225;rio de Depress&#227;o de Beck-II</title>
            <p>O BDI-II<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> foi validado em pacientes psiqui&#225;tricos hospitalizados e ambulatoriais atrav&#233;s de uma compara&#231;&#227;o com o HAM-D, na qual a BDI-II se mostrou mais eficaz.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> O BDI-II &#233; um instrumento de autoaplica&#231;&#227;o que rastreia a presen&#231;a de sintomas depressivos por meio de uma escala de pontua&#231;&#227;o composta por 21 perguntas com quatro op&#231;&#245;es de respostas que variam de zero a tr&#234;s, ordenadas de acordo com a gravidade. Ao responder o invent&#225;rio, o indiv&#237;duo seleciona a op&#231;&#227;o que melhor se ajusta &#224; maneira como se sente no momento, com uma varia&#231;&#227;o dos escores entre zero (aus&#234;ncia do sintoma) e tr&#234;s (intensidade maior do sintoma).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
						</p>
            <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o global do BDI-II &#233; realizada por meio da soma dos n&#250;meros ao lado das perguntas. Uma soma de 0-9 &#233; considerada normal, enquanto que somas de 10-15 indicam depress&#227;o leve, 16-23 indicam depress&#227;o moderada e 24 ou mais pontos indicam depress&#227;o severa.</p>
            <p>O BDI-II teve suas propriedades de rastreamento validadas no Brasil. &#201; a escala considerada padr&#227;o-ouro para rastrear depress&#227;o e tem demonstrado boas caracter&#237;sticas psicom&#233;tricas e operacionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)</title>
            <p>O PHQ-9 avalia a presen&#231;a de sintomas depressivos por meio de uma escala do tipo Likert composta por nove perguntas categorizadas em quatro op&#231;&#245;es de respostas que variam de &#8220;n&#227;o, nenhum dia&#8221; (zero pontos) at&#233; &#8220;quase todos os dias&#8221; (3 pontos) e um escore total que varia de zero a 27 pontos. Assim, quanto maior a pontua&#231;&#227;o, pior a gravidade dos ind&#237;cios depressivos. O PHQ-9 &#233; um instrumento de autoaplica&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida, que rastreia indiv&#237;duos com maior risco para apresentar um epis&#243;dio depressivo maior. Este question&#225;rio teve suas propriedades de rastreamento validadas para a popula&#231;&#227;o geral brasileira em 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> e tem demonstrado boas caracter&#237;sticas psicom&#233;tricas e operacionais, com sensibilidade de 77% a 98% e especificidade de 75% a 80%, tendo sido tamb&#233;m validado para a popula&#231;&#227;o de adultos e idosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimentos para an&#225;lise de dados</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise descritiva caracterizou a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada de acordo com frequ&#234;ncias e propor&#231;&#245;es. Para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas, foram utilizadas as estat&#237;sticas de valores m&#237;nimo, m&#225;ximo, m&#233;dia, desvio padr&#227;o, mediana e coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o (CV). A variabilidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o de uma vari&#225;vel quantitativa foi considerada baixa se CV &lt; 0,20, moderada se 0,20 &#8804; CV &lt; 0,40 e alta se CV &#8805; 0,40. Para investigar a signific&#226;ncia da associa&#231;&#227;o entre duas vari&#225;veis qualitativas, foi utilizado o teste do qui-quadrado e, quando este se mostrou inconclusivo, foi realizado o teste exato de Fisher para tabelas 2 x 2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Na an&#225;lise inferencial, propor&#231;&#245;es complementares foram comparadas pelo teste binomial. A hip&#243;tese de normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o de uma vari&#225;vel quantitativa foi verificada pelos testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) e de Shapiro-Wilk (SW). A distribui&#231;&#227;o foi considerada normal se ambos os testes n&#227;o rejeitaram a hip&#243;tese nula de normalidade. Para comparar dois grupos independentes com vari&#225;vel com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, foi utilizado o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> n&#227;o pareado; caso contr&#225;rio, a compara&#231;&#227;o entre dois grupos foi feita pelo teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A concord&#226;ncia dos tr&#234;s instrumentos no diagn&#243;stico de depress&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o com IC foi analisada pelos coeficientes kappa de Fleiss (k<sub>F</sub>) e alfa de Krippendorff (C<sub>k</sub>). A consist&#234;ncia dos tr&#234;s instrumentos em diagnosticar depress&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o com IC foi avaliada pelo coeficiente alfa de Cronbach (C<sub>c</sub>). Concord&#226;ncia e consist&#234;ncia foram avaliadas segundo a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Landis &amp; Koch (1977).</p>
          <p>Foram calculadas a acur&#225;cia, sensibilidade, especificidade e as taxas de resultados falso-positivos e falso-negativos dos instrumentos HAM-D e PHQ-9 considerando o instrumento BDI-II como padr&#227;o-ouro no diagn&#243;stico da depress&#227;o (a defini&#231;&#227;o destes conceitos pode ser encontrada em Medronho et al., 2009).</p>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o programa <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 20.0, e todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas considerando um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia m&#225;ximo de 5,0%. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimentos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro/ Universidade Federal Fluminense sob o parecer n&#186; 630.078. Os pacientes receberam informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os objetivos da pesquisa e assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Assegurou-se o direito &#224; confidencialidade dos dados e o cuidado na utiliza&#231;&#227;o das informa&#231;&#245;es nos trabalhos escritos. Os pacientes que apresentaram sintomas relativos a algum transtorno mental na entrevista cl&#237;nica do estudo principal foram encaminhados para o servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de mental integrado na cl&#237;nica especializada em IC.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Participaram deste estudo 76 pacientes, sendo 40 (52,6%) do sexo feminino e 36 (47,4%) do sexo masculino. O teste binomial n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa entre estas propor&#231;&#245;es (p = 0,731), ou seja, a amostra esteve equilibrada em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o de homens e mulheres e o predom&#237;nio observado de mulheres n&#227;o foi significativo. A idade dos pacientes seguiu uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal (p = 0,094 pelo teste KS e p = 0,467 pelo teste SW), com um intervalo de 35 a 91 anos, uma m&#233;dia de 63,0 anos, desvio padr&#227;o de 11,6 anos e mediana de 65 anos. O CV da idade (0,18) mostrou que a distribui&#231;&#227;o de idade apresentava baixa variabilidade na amostra. </p>
        <p>A renda mensal dos pacientes n&#227;o seguiu uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal (p = 0,000), e variou entre R$ 500,00 e 3.000,00, com uma m&#233;dia de R$ 1.118,74 (desvio padr&#227;o R$ 576,32 e mediana R$ 1.000,00). O CV da renda (0,51) mostrou que a distribui&#231;&#227;o da renda apresentou alta variabilidade na amostra. As distribui&#231;&#245;es de frequ&#234;ncias das vari&#225;veis observadas de caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes s&#227;o exibidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas em pacientes ambulatoriais com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C6C6C5">Vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C6C6C5">N (76)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">52,6% (n = 40)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">47,4% (n = 36)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">63,03 &#177; 13,5 anos</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cor autodeclarada</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branca</td>
                <td align="center">67,1% (n = 51)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Afrodescendente</td>
                <td align="center">28,9% (n = 22)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Indeterminada</td>
                <td align="center">3,9% (n = 3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#237;vel de escolaridade*</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alfabetiza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">2,6% (n = 2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ensino Fundamental I</td>
                <td align="center">56,6% (n = 43)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ensino Fundamental II</td>
                <td align="center">36,8% (n = 28)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ensino M&#233;dio</td>
                <td align="center">3,9% (n = 3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Renda familiar em reais (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">R$ 1.118,74 &#177; 576,32 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Classe funcional (NYHA)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I</td>
                <td align="center">30,3% (n = 23)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">II</td>
                <td align="center">51,3% (n = 39)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III</td>
                <td align="center">18,4% (n = 14)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">100% (n = 76)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">81,6% (n = 62)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">56,6% (n = 43)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixo peso</td>
                <td align="center">1,3% (n = 1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso normal</td>
                <td align="center">23,7% (n = 18)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sobrepeso</td>
                <td align="center">14,5% (n = 11)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pr&#233;-obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">15,8% (n = 12)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade I</td>
                <td align="center">30,3% (n = 23)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade II</td>
                <td align="center">9,2% (n = 7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade III</td>
                <td align="center">5,3% (n = 4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anemia</td>
                <td align="center">19,7% (n = 15)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IRC</td>
                <td align="center">23,7% (n = 18)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DPOC</td>
                <td align="center">3,9% (n = 3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVE</td>
                <td align="center">5,3% (n = 4)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <p>
                <italic>N: n&#250;mero de pacientes; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; NYHA: New York Heart Association; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IRC: insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Tipicamente, os pacientes eram de cor autodeclarada branca (67,1%), tinham n&#237;vel de escolaridade de ensino fundamental I (56,6%), pertenciam &#224; classe funcional NYHA II (51,3%) e apresentavam hipertens&#227;o (100%), dislipidemia (81,6%), diabetes (56,4%) e obesidade (44,8%). N&#227;o havia diferen&#231;a significativa entre a idade de homens e mulheres (p = 0,056), nem entre a renda de homens e mulheres (p = 0,644).</p>
        <p>Os grupos feminino e masculino n&#227;o diferiram em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o de cor autodeclarada (p = 0,641), escolaridade (p = 0,352) e incid&#234;ncia de diabetes (p = 0,223), dislipidemia (p = 0,827), insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica (IRC; p = 0,426), doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC; p = 0,601) e acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE, p = 1,000).</p>
        <p>As preval&#234;ncias de depress&#227;o diagnosticada pelos instrumentos foram: 72,4% (n = 55) pelo HAM-D, 67,1% (n = 51) pelo BDI-II e 40,8% (n = 31) pelo PHQ-9, conforme mostra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>. Considerando o diagn&#243;stico simult&#226;neo pelos tr&#234;s instrumentos, a preval&#234;ncia de depress&#227;o foi de 28,9% (n = 22). Os tr&#234;s instrumentos mostraram concord&#226;ncia diagn&#243;stica (presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de depress&#227;o) em apenas 47,4% da amostra (n = 36).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia (P) da depress&#227;o em pacientes ambulatoriais com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C6C6C5">Instrumento</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C6C6C5">Resultados</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HAM-D</td>
                <td align="center">72,4% (n = 55)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BDI-II</td>
                <td align="center">67,1% (n = 51)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PHQ-9</td>
                <td align="center">40,8% (n = 31)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Concord&#226;ncia entre os tr&#234;s instrumentos</td>
                <td align="center">k<sub>&#8595;</sub>F = C<sub>&#8595;</sub>k = 0,27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consist&#234;ncia dos tr&#234;s instrumentos </td>
                <td align="center">(&#8595;C 0,602; p &lt; 0,000</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <p>
                <italic>n: n&#250;mero de pacientes; HAM-D: Escala de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Depress&#227;o de Hamilton; BDI-II: Invent&#225;rio de Depress&#227;o de Beck-II; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o dos tr&#234;s instrumentos no diagn&#243;stico de depress&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o com IC, houve uma concord&#226;ncia superficial entre os tr&#234;s (k<sub>F</sub> = C<sub>k</sub> = 0,27, avaliada pelos coeficientes kappa de Fleiss (k<sub>F</sub>) e alfa de Krippendorff (C<sub>k</sub>) e uma consist&#234;ncia moderada (significativamente n&#227;o nulo, p = 0,000), avaliada pelo coeficiente alfa de Cronbach (C<sub>C</sub>). </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref> mostra as medidas de qualidade dos instrumentos HAM-D e PHQ-9 como testes diagn&#243;sticos para depress&#227;o em pacientes ambulatoriais com IC, com uso do BDI-II como instrumento padr&#227;o-ouro. A escala HAM-D mostrou ser o melhor instrumento para diagnosticar depress&#227;o, pois apresentou maior acur&#225;cia e sensibilidade, al&#233;m de menor percentual de resultados falso-negativos. O instrumento PHQ-9 foi conservador para diagnosticar depress&#227;o, com alto percentual de resultados falso-negativos e baixa sensibilidade para identificar pacientes que tinham de fato depress&#227;o.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Medidas de qualidade dos instrumentos HAM-D e PHQ-9 como testes diagn&#243;sticos para depress&#227;o em pacientes ambulatoriais com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C6C6C5">Instrumento</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C6C6C5">Acur&#225;cia</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C6C6C5">Sensibilidade</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C6C6C5">Especificidade</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C6C6C5">% de falso-positivos</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C6C6C5">% de falso-negativos</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HAM-D</td>
                <td align="center">76,3</td>
                <td align="center">86,3</td>
                <td align="center">56,0</td>
                <td align="center">14,5</td>
                <td align="center">9,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PHQ-9</td>
                <td align="center">55,3</td>
                <td align="center">47,1</td>
                <td align="center">72,0</td>
                <td align="center">9,2</td>
                <td align="center">35,5</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <p><italic>HAM-D: Escala de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Depress&#227;o de Hamilton; PHQ-9:</italic> Patient Health Questionnaire 9.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Considerando o BDI-II como instrumento padr&#227;o-ouro para o diagn&#243;stico de depress&#227;o, foi investigada a associa&#231;&#227;o da depress&#227;o com as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes. N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre depress&#227;o e os seguintes fatores: sexo (p = 0,291), cor autodeclarada (p = 0,976), escolaridade (p = 0,918), obesidade (p = 0,324), diabetes (p = 0,316), dislipidemia (p = 0,056), DPOC (p = 0,250), AVE (p = 0,296) e IRC (p = 0,536).</p>
        <p>A idade e a renda de pacientes com e sem depress&#227;o tamb&#233;m n&#227;o estiveram associadas &#224; depress&#227;o (p = 0,862 [teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> n&#227;o pareado] e p = 0,776 [teste de Mann-Whitney], respectivamente). </p>
        <p>Portanto, das vari&#225;veis consideradas neste estudo, nenhuma se mostrou associada ou constituiu um fator de risco para a depress&#227;o em pacientes ambulatoriais com IC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo que comparou os m&#233;todos de rastreamento de depress&#227;o em pacientes ambulatoriais em uma cl&#237;nica multiprofissional especializada em IC. A depress&#227;o n&#227;o tem sido analisada sistematicamente em pacientes com IC, mas quando especificamente pesquisada, constata-se que &#233; frequente nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Esta condi&#231;&#227;o afeta entre 14,0% e 26,0% dos pacientes sem IC, por&#233;m a incid&#234;ncia aumenta para 24,0% a 85,0% em pacientes com IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os principais achados neste estudo apontam uma preval&#234;ncia relevante de depress&#227;o em pacientes com IC, quando rastreada pelos instrumentos HAM-D, BDI-II e PHQ-9. O BDI-II tem sido considerado o instrumento padr&#227;o-ouro no rastreamento da depress&#227;o em pacientes com IC, mas para indiv&#237;duos com comprometimento cognitivo ou analfabetos, este instrumento n&#227;o &#233; recomendado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Portanto, nossos resultados de investiga&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; consist&#234;ncia interna das escalas revelam que o BDI-II, HAM-D e PHQ-9 mostraram ser ferramentas &#250;teis para aplica&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com IC.</p>
        <p>Observamos neste estudo uma poss&#237;vel vantagem na concord&#226;ncia do HAM-D com o instrumento padr&#227;o-ouro, BDI-II. Isto se deve provavelmente ao n&#250;mero de itens destes question&#225;rios. A concord&#226;ncia significativa entre as escalas indica uma avalia&#231;&#227;o da intensidade dos sintomas no mesmo sentido, isto &#233; quanto maior o n&#250;mero de pontos, maior a gravidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o sobre a diferen&#231;a entre a preval&#234;ncia identificada na escala PHQ-9 pode ser pelas suas caracter&#237;sticas autorreferidas, j&#225; que retratam uma resposta subjetiva do indiv&#237;duo (como este percebe sua sa&#250;de e seu sintoma). Embora, o instrumento j&#225; tenha sido testado em v&#225;rios n&#237;veis de aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de e diferentes contextos culturais,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> ainda s&#227;o realizadas poucas pesquisas no Brasil com PHQ-9 para rastrear depress&#227;o em pacientes ambulatoriais com IC. Um estudo realizado em Minnesota avaliou com a escala PHQ-9 a ocorr&#234;ncia de depress&#227;o em uma amostra de 425 pacientes ambulatoriais com IC e identificou uma preval&#234;ncia de 42,1% (n = 179),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> em linha com os nossos achados.</p>
        <p>As escalas de autoavalia&#231;&#227;o e heteroavalia&#231;&#227;o devem levar em considera&#231;&#227;o v&#225;rios aspectos, como o n&#237;vel educacional do indiv&#237;duo, sua disponibilidade de tempo para a avalia&#231;&#227;o e o objetivo da avalia&#231;&#227;o. </p>
        <p>As escalas BDI-II e HAM-D s&#227;o os instrumentos utilizados em mais de 50% dos estudos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e apresentam sensibilidade e especificidade aproximadas de 0,84 e 0,72, respectivamente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> tamb&#233;m em linha com os nossos resultados.</p>
        <p>Uma revis&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> avaliou as escalas HAM-D, BDI-II, Escala de Depress&#227;o Abreviada de Zung, Escala de Depress&#227;o Geri&#225;trica de Yesavage e Escala de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Depress&#227;o de Montgomery-&#197;sberg (MADRS). Os resultados mostraram relev&#226;ncia na identifica&#231;&#227;o de sinais e sintomas de transtornos depressivos, direcionando a aten&#231;&#227;o para interven&#231;&#245;es na sa&#250;de mental do idoso.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, observamos que os pacientes apresentavam comorbidades cl&#237;nicas importantes (diabetes, dislipidemia, obesidade, IRC e hipertens&#227;o), mas estas n&#227;o estiveram associadas &#224; depress&#227;o. Um estudo realizado por Aguiar et al. (2010) em pacientes hospitalizados com IC (n = 43), os pacientes deprimidos (55,8%, n = 24) de acordo com a escala de HAM-D, n&#227;o diferiram dos n&#227;o deprimidos quanto ao sexo, idade, anemia e fun&#231;&#227;o renal, fatores que reconhecidamente podem influenciar na ocorr&#234;ncia de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. </p>
        <p>A depress&#227;o &#233; um importante fator de risco associado &#224; IC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica sindr&#244;mica. Quando a depress&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; especificada, &#233; confundida e subdiagnosticada nestes indiv&#237;duos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> provavelmente pela superposi&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas da IC (dispneia, altera&#231;&#227;o de peso, sono, fadiga) e os sintomas neurovegetativos da depress&#227;o (ins&#244;nia, lentid&#227;o psicomotora e diminui&#231;&#227;o de energia, concentra&#231;&#227;o e apetite).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um estudo realizado por Freedland et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> (2016) em uma amostra de 682 pacientes com IC mostrou que 245 (36%) pacientes apresentavam depress&#227;o clinicamente significante (segundo os crit&#233;rios do Manual Diagn&#243;stico e Estat&#237;stico de Transtornos Mentais - DSM-IV), enquanto que 436 (64%) foram classificados como n&#227;o deprimidos. Os pacientes com depress&#227;o tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram significativamente afetados pela presen&#231;a de outras comorbidades importantes, como diabetes ou doen&#231;a renal ou pela presen&#231;a de apenas uma destas condi&#231;&#245;es. Estes resultados est&#227;o alinhados com os do nosso estudo e diferem em alguns aspectos de observa&#231;&#245;es descritas na literatura. Por&#233;m, considerando-se que a depress&#227;o acentua as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e piora a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com IC, mais aten&#231;&#227;o deve ser dedicada a esta condi&#231;&#227;o, inclusive no seu rastreamento. A import&#226;ncia de tal conduta vem crescendo em cl&#237;nicas especializadas de IC, uma vez que h&#225; estudos documentando que o tratamento da depress&#227;o promove melhora dos sintomas e da qualidade de vida dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Este estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es pelo delineamento observacional e transversal, que n&#227;o nos permitiu estabelecer as vari&#225;veis preditoras de depress&#227;o na IC. Por&#233;m, atrav&#233;s dos dados apresentados, fica evidente a import&#226;ncia desta discuss&#227;o, pois diversas escalas de depress&#227;o s&#227;o aplicadas nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Esta pesquisa demonstra a necessidade de trabalhos futuros adicionais sobre o rastreamento da depress&#227;o em pacientes ambulatoriais em cl&#237;nica especialidade de IC, em fun&#231;&#227;o da relevante preval&#234;ncia e dos preju&#237;zos desta associa&#231;&#227;o. Cabe salientar a necessidade de aprofundar o conhecimento da associa&#231;&#227;o da depress&#227;o com as caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas presentes nesta popula&#231;&#227;o para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de trabalhos preventivos em pacientes ambulatoriais com IC.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Baseado nos resultados deste estudo sobre a preval&#234;ncia de depress&#227;o associada &#224; IC, encontramos os seguintes achados: 1) a depress&#227;o apresenta uma preval&#234;ncia relevante em pacientes ambulatoriais com IC; 2) o diagn&#243;stico e a detec&#231;&#227;o da depress&#227;o s&#227;o realizados atrav&#233;s do uso de question&#225;rios em pacientes ambulatoriais com IC; 3) os tr&#234;s question&#225;rios avaliados t&#234;m concord&#226;ncia superficial e consist&#234;ncia moderada no diagn&#243;stico da depress&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o com IC; 4) a escala HAM-D mostrou ser o melhor instrumento para diagnosticar a depress&#227;o, pois apresentou maior acur&#225;cia e sensibilidade, al&#233;m de menor percentual de resultados falso-negativos; 5) o instrumento PHQ-9 foi conservador para diagnosticar depress&#227;o, com alto percentual de resultados falso-negativos e baixa sensibilidade para identificar os pacientes que de fato apresentam depress&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O question&#225;rio HAM-D, no presente estudo, apresentou maior acur&#225;cia no diagn&#243;stico da depress&#227;o, pela praticidade em gradu&#225;-la e por ter demonstrado (em v&#225;rios estudos) que avalia o grau de gravidade da depress&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Estas conclus&#245;es identificam &#225;reas com lacunas que necessitam de pesquisa adicional, al&#233;m de novos questionamentos para o rastreamento da depress&#227;o, e enriquece com mais informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a preval&#234;ncia da depress&#227;o na IC, guiando pesquisadores e cl&#237;nicos quanto ao rastreamento da depress&#227;o e quest&#245;es pertinentes &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o destas duas patologias, depress&#227;o e IC.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela CAPES e CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Thais de Rezende Bessa Guerra pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 630.078. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
