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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">VMkpDW7rrgnYtwxNGQmk68q</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000400405</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S2359-56472018005003103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20180031</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prevalence of Peripheral Artery Disease and Associated Risk Factors in a Brazilian Rural Population: The Baependi Heart Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alvim</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Augusto Lavezzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Maciel de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Horimoto</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Roseli Van&#231;an Russo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ulbrich</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Zampier</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Krieger</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Vit&#243;ria</city>
          <state>ES</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo (UFES), Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Curitiba</city>
          <state>PR</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; (UFPR), Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Rafael de Oliveira Alvim</bold> Rua Alaor de Queiroz Ara&#250;jo, 135. Postal Code: 29050-245, Enseada do Su&#225;, Vit&#243;ria (ES) - Brazil. E-mail: <email>r.alvim@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and writing of the manuscript: Alvim RO, Dias FAL, Krieger JE, Pereira AC; Acquisition of data abd analysis and interpretation of the data: Alvim RO, Dias FAL, Oliveira CM, Horimoto ARVR, Ulbrich AZ; Statistical analysis: Alvim RO; Obtaining financing: Krieger JE; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Oliveira CM, Horimoto ARVR, Ulbrich AZ, Pereira AC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>Jul-Aug</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>405</fpage>
      <lpage>413</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The identification of peripheral artery disease (PAD) can help prevent further progression of the disease and additional complications, considering that this condition is a risk factor for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the prevalence of PAD in the Baependi Heart Study and investigate associated risk factors in different age groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A total of 1,627 individuals (of both genders and aged 18 - 102 years) residing in the municipality of Baependi (Minas Gerais, Brazil) were selected for this study. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were evaluated by standard techniques. Physical activity level was determined by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form (IPAQ-SF). The screening of PAD was performed by determination of the ankle-brachial index (ABI). The level of statistical significance was set at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>In the overall sample, the prevalence of PAD was 1.05%, and reached 5.2% after the age of 70 years. The frequency and intensity of smoking were higher in individuals with PAD. A prior history of myocardial infarction and a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle were also associated with PAD. In addition, PAD was more frequent in blacks than whites. In multivariable analysis, age, diabetes, smoking, and physical inactivity remained independently associated with PAD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The prevalence of PAD was low and increased clearly with age in our sample from a Brazilian rural population. Furthermore, the main risk factors for PAD in the investigated sample were smoking, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes mellitus, and age. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2018; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Peripheral Arterial Disease / prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Rural Population</kwd>
        <kwd>Tobacco Use Disorder</kwd>
        <kwd>Ankle-Brachial Index</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is classically defined as a condition affecting noncardiac, nonintracranial arteries, majorly due to atherosclerosis, that leads to partial obstruction of the peripheral arteries, reducing perfusion to the tissues irrigated by these arteries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Even though PAD is asymptomatic in most patients, the disease may progress with clinical symptoms (like claudication) and eventually lead to tissue necrosis. The identification of PAD can help prevent further progression of the disease itself and additional complications, considering that this condition is a risk factor for all-cause mortality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> and cardiovascular death,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> including coronary artery disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> PAD is also a major cause of quality of life impairment, which in turn, worsen even more with the progression of the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Therefore, information on the prevalence of PAD is important to allow proper planning in public health care. Recommendations on the identification and management of this condition have been published by international medical societies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Epidemiological studies have determined that the prevalence of PAD in the general population range from 4-10%;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> however, there is a clear increase in prevalence with increasing age,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> with rates as high as 20% over the age of 70 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Data on the prevalence of PAD in the general Brazilian population are scarce. Only one large multicenter study assessed the prevalence of PAD and found a high rate (10.5%) in 1,159 individuals in the general population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Other studies have investigated the prevalence of PAD specifically in Japanese-Brazilians<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> and in a small sample of patients with diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Therefore, other large studies are needed to better access the prevalence of PAD and understand the risk factors associated with this condition in the general Brazilian population.</p>
      <p>The Baependi Heart Study is an ongoing Brazilian cohort study established in 2005 to investigate cardiovascular risk factors and heritability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> The study has now expanded to include other investigations such as nocturnal polygraph, heart rate variability, pulse-wave velocity, 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, 24-hour electrocardiography (Holter), and assessment of vascular age by plethysmography. Using data collected from 2010 to 2013 from the above-mentioned research project, the present study aimed to assess the prevalence of PAD and investigate associated risk factors in different age groups.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study sample</title>
        <p>The Baependi Heart Study is a genetic epidemiological study of cardiovascular disease risk factors with a longitudinal design, whose methodology has been previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> For the present analysis, we carried out a cross-sectional evaluation of data collected in the second visit of the protocol (between 2010 and 2013). This study invited 2,072 individuals (of both genders and aged 18 - 102 years), distributed across 109 families residing in the municipality of Baependi, a city in a rural area (752 km<sup>2</sup>, 18,072 inhabitants) located in Minas Gerais State, Southeast of Brazil. Of these, 1,634 participants underwent screening for PAD. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the <italic>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</italic> (SDC: 3485/10/074), University of S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil. All procedures involved in this study are in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki from 1975, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Anthropometric evaluations</title>
        <p>Anthropometric parameters were measured according to a standard protocol.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Height was measured in centimeters and weight in kilograms using a calibrated digital balance. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as body weight (kg) divided by squared height (m<sup>2</sup>). Waist circumference was measured at the mean point between the lowest rib margin and the iliac crest with the subject standing and at the maximum point of normal expiration. Obesity was defined as a BMI &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood pressure measurements</title>
        <p>Blood pressure was measured with a standard digital sphygmomanometer (OMRON, OMRON Eletr&#244;nica do Brasil Ltda., SP, Brazil) on the left arm after 5 minutes of rest, with the subject in the sitting position. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressures (DBP) were calculated from three readings (mean value of all measurements), with a minimal interval of 3 minutes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Hypertension was defined as a mean SBP &#8805; 140 mmHg and/or DBP &#8805; 90 mmHg and/or use of antihypertensive drug.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Biochemical measurements</title>
        <p>Blood levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and fasting glucose were measured by standard techniques in 12-h fasting blood samples.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program, USA). Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in the presence of a fasting glucose &#8805; 126 mg/dL, HbA1c &#8805; 6.5%, or use of antidiabetic drugs. <italic>Hypercholesterolemia was defined</italic> as a total cholesterol level &#8805; 240 mg/dL.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of risk factors and depression</title>
        <p>Physical activity level was determined by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form (IPAQ-SF). Sedentary lifestyle was identified based on a duration of physical activity lower than 10 minutes/day on the previous week.</p>
        <p>Information regarding medical history (angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, stroke, kidney failure, and depression) and environmental risk factors such as smoking and alcohol use were evaluated through a questionnaire completed by each participant. The questionnaire was based on the World Health Organization&#8217;s Multinational Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> project epidemiological instrument, and was applied and filled out by research assistants specifically trained for this task.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Screening of peripheral artery disease</title>
        <p>The screening of PAD was performed with the ankle-brachial index (ABI), which was measured by a single trained examiner using a sphygmomanometer (Heidji, Brazil) with a cuff suitable for the circumference of the limbs and a 10 MHz portable Doppler device (DV 610B, MEDMEGA, SP, Brazil).</p>
        <p>The ABI was determined for each leg by the ratio between the highest SBP obtained at the ankle (posterior tibial and dorsalis pedis arteries) and highest SBP obtained in the arms (brachial artery).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The methodology of the test and the ABI classification were based on recommendations of the American College of Cardiology / American Heart Association (ACC/AHA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> ABI values between 0.91 and 1.39 were considered normal. Values &#8804; 0.90 were considered compatible with PAD and values &#8805; 1.40 were considered inconclusive for PAD and were excluded from the analysis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test and are presented as percentage, while continuous variables are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation. The normality of the data was confirmed with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Unpaired Student <italic>t</italic> test was performed to analyze demographic, hemodynamic, and biochemical data according to PAD status. Since the cutoff value for PAD diagnosis based on ABI is well-established in the literature, we carried out univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to determine the association between PAD (ABI &lt; 0.9) as the dependent variable and age, hypertension, diabetes, myocardial infarction, smoking, and sedentary lifestyle as predictor variables. Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS (version 19) software (Chicago, IL, USA), with the level of significance set at 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 1,634 individuals were screened for PAD. Seven individuals presented an ABI above 1.4 and were excluded from the analysis. Therefore, 1,627 volunteers were included in the study. The age of the participants ranged from 18 to 102 years (mean 44.9 &#177; 16.4 years). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the demographic, anthropometric, biochemical, and hemodynamic characteristics of the individuals with and without PAD, defined as an ABI equal to or lower than 0.9. Age, BMI, HbA1c, and SBP were higher in volunteers with PAD. The presence of PAD was also more frequent in elderly compared with younger individuals, and in blacks compared with whites.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic, anthropometric, biochemical, and hemodynamic characteristics of individuals with and without peripheral artery disease</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">PAD present</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">PAD absent</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">P value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">n</td>
              <td align="center">1,627</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">1,610</td>
              <td align="center">***</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">44.9 &#177; 16.4</td>
              <td align="center">66 &#177; 15</td>
              <td align="center">45 &#177; 16</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gender</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Men (%)</td>
              <td align="center">41.5</td>
              <td align="center">41.2</td>
              <td align="center">41.5</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.59</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Women (%)</td>
              <td align="center">58.5</td>
              <td align="center">58.8</td>
              <td align="center">58.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ethnicity</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White (%)</td>
              <td align="center">76.7</td>
              <td align="center">70.6</td>
              <td align="center">76.8</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Black (%)</td>
              <td align="center">5.5</td>
              <td align="center">29.4</td>
              <td align="center">5.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mulatto (%)</td>
              <td align="center">17.5</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">17.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Others (%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ABI (ratio)</td>
              <td align="center">1.11 &#177; 0.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.78 &#177; 0.11</td>
              <td align="center">1.12 &#177; 0.7</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">25.8 &#177; 5.1</td>
              <td align="center">28.7 &#177; 5.3</td>
              <td align="center">25.7 &#177; 5.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WC (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">91 &#177;12</td>
              <td align="center">100 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center">91 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TC (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">197.8 &#177; 40.7</td>
              <td align="center">195.6 &#177; 59.9</td>
              <td align="center">197.9 &#177; 40.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.83</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">124.5 &#177; 35.4</td>
              <td align="center">122.2 &#177; 56.3</td>
              <td align="center">124.6 &#177; 35.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.79</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">47.2 &#177; 11.7</td>
              <td align="center">45.2 &#177; 13.1</td>
              <td align="center">47.2 &#177; 11.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.49</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">130.3 &#177; 68.1</td>
              <td align="center">141.1 &#177; 60.0</td>
              <td align="center">130.2 &#177; 68.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fasting glucose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">92.6 &#177; 19.0</td>
              <td align="center">114.6 &#177; 43.2</td>
              <td align="center">92.3 &#177; 18.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HbA1c (%)</td>
              <td align="center">5.7 &#177; 0.7</td>
              <td align="center">6.5 &#177; 1.2</td>
              <td align="center">5.7 &#177; 0.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">125.4 &#177; 16.3</td>
              <td align="center">133.5 &#177; 19.2</td>
              <td align="center">125.4 &#177; 16.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">76.2 &#177; 10.3</td>
              <td align="center">75.3 &#177; 9.2</td>
              <td align="center">76.2 &#177; 10.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.72</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test, and continuous variables were compared using Student t test. PAD: peripheral artery disease; n: sample size; ABI: ankle-brachial index; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> presents the data related to the prevalence of PAD using the ABI in different age groups. Overall, the prevalence was very low (1.05%). Only one case of PAD was observed below the age of 30 years, and the prevalence of PAD increased after the fifth decade, peaking at the age of 70 years, when it reached 5.2%. The frequency of PAD by decade is presented in the <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Prevalence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) in the overall population and stratified by age group.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-04-0405-80031-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>PAD prevalence by decade in men and women</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Age (n)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">PAD overall prevalencen cases (%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">PAD prevalence menn cases (%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">PAD prevalence womenn cases (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Below 30 (397)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.3)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">31 - 40 (279)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">41 - 50 (335)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">51 - 60 (316)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (0.9)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.8)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (1.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">61 - 70 (184)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (3.8)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (2.5)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (4.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Above 70 (116)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (5.2)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (5.4)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (5.0)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>PAD: peripheral artery disease.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> presents the data related to the lifestyle characteristics of the volunteers. The frequency and amount of smoking were higher in individuals with PAD. There was also a higher frequency of physically inactive volunteers in the PAD group.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Lifestyle characteristics of individuals with and without peripheral artery disease</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Lifestyle characteristics</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total(1,627)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">PAD present(n = 17)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">PAD absent(n = 1,610)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">P value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Have you ever smoked cigarettes?</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes, and still smoke</td>
              <td align="center">11.0%</td>
              <td align="center">5.9%</td>
              <td align="center">11.1%</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes, in the past</td>
              <td align="center">23.3%</td>
              <td align="center">58.8%</td>
              <td align="center">22.9%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">65.7%</td>
              <td align="center">35.3%</td>
              <td align="center">66.0%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">N&#186; of cigarrettes/day</td>
              <td align="center">13.3 &#177; 12.3</td>
              <td align="center">23.2 &#177; 14.3</td>
              <td align="center">13.1 &#177; 12.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alcohol consumption</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Daily</td>
              <td align="center">0.9%</td>
              <td align="center">0%</td>
              <td align="center">0.9%</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="7">0.70</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1-3 days/week</td>
              <td align="center">10.0%</td>
              <td align="center">0%</td>
              <td align="center">10.1%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">4-6 days/week</td>
              <td align="center">0.9%</td>
              <td align="center">0%</td>
              <td align="center">0.9%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1-3 days/month</td>
              <td align="center">11.0%</td>
              <td align="center">5.9%</td>
              <td align="center">11.1%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Less than 1 day/month</td>
              <td align="center">6.0%</td>
              <td align="center">11.8%</td>
              <td align="center">6.0%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gets drunk at least once <break/> a month</td>
              <td align="center">0.7%</td>
              <td align="center">0%</td>
              <td align="center">0.7%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">None</td>
              <td align="center">70.4%</td>
              <td align="center">82.3%</td>
              <td align="center">70.3%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Physical activity</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Very active</td>
              <td align="center">3.4%</td>
              <td align="center">0%</td>
              <td align="center">3.5%</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Active</td>
              <td align="center">30.1%</td>
              <td align="center">5.9%</td>
              <td align="center">30.4%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Irregularly active</td>
              <td align="center">25.2 %</td>
              <td align="center">17.6%</td>
              <td align="center">25.3%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sedentary</td>
              <td align="center">41.2%</td>
              <td align="center">76.5%</td>
              <td align="center">40.8%</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>Alcohol consumption (mean frequency of alcohol intake in the last 12 months); physical activity (activities carried out in the last week - International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form [IPAQ-SF]). All variables are categorical and were compared using chi-square test. PAD: peripheral artery disease.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> presents a comparison of clinical characteristics in individuals with and without PAD. A higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity was observed in individuals with a diagnosis of PAD. The presence of hypercholesterolemia was not different between groups. Also, a prior history of myocardial infarction was more frequent in the PAD group.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of clinical characteristics among individuals with and without peripheral artery disease</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Clinical characteristics</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total(1,627)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">PAD present(n = 17)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">PAD absent(n = 1,610)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">P value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Hypertension (%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">40.0</td>
              <td align="center">82.4</td>
              <td align="center">39.6</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">60.0</td>
              <td align="center">17.6</td>
              <td align="center">60.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes (%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">7.7</td>
              <td align="center">41.2</td>
              <td align="center">7.4</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">92.3</td>
              <td align="center">58.8</td>
              <td align="center">92.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity (%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">19.1</td>
              <td align="center">41.2</td>
              <td align="center">18.9</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">80.9</td>
              <td align="center">58.8</td>
              <td align="center">81.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4">Hypercholesterolemia (%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">15.9</td>
              <td align="center">12.5</td>
              <td align="center">15.9</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">84.1</td>
              <td align="center">87.5</td>
              <td align="center">84.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">Angina pectoris (%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">3.0</td>
              <td align="center">5.9</td>
              <td align="center">2.9</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.40</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">97.0</td>
              <td align="center">94.1</td>
              <td align="center">97.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">Myocardial infarction (%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">2.2</td>
              <td align="center">11.8</td>
              <td align="center">2.1</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">97.8</td>
              <td align="center">88.2</td>
              <td align="center">97.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stroke (%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
              <td align="center">5.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.5</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">99.4</td>
              <td align="center">94.1</td>
              <td align="center">99.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3">Kidney failure (%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">2.5</td>
              <td align="center">5.9</td>
              <td align="center">2.4</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.35</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">97.5</td>
              <td align="center">94.1</td>
              <td align="center">97.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Depression (%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">19.2</td>
              <td align="center">29.4</td>
              <td align="center">19.1</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.21</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">80.8</td>
              <td align="center">70.6</td>
              <td align="center">80.9</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>All variables are categorical and were compared using the chi-square test. PAD: peripheral artery disease.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref> presents univariate and multivariate logistic regression models for PAD. In multivariate analysis, age, diabetes, smoking, and physical inactivity were significantly and independently associated with PAD.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of peripheral artery disease (defined as an ankle-brachial index &lt; 0.90) in a Brazilian population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">PAD</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">OR (95%CI), P value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Univariate</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Multivariate</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">1.08 (1.05 to 1.13), &lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.08 (1.03 to 1.13), 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">7.12 (2.04 to 24.90), &lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.53 (0.39 to 5.98), 0.54</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">8.77 (3.28 to 23.46), &lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">3.07 (1.07 to 8.85), 0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity</td>
              <td align="center">3.01 (1.14 to 7.96), 0.03</td>
              <td align="center">2.89 (0.97 to 8.66), 0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Myocardial infarction</td>
              <td align="center">6.18 (1.36 to 28.07), 0.02</td>
              <td align="center">2.19 (0.44 to 11.02), 0.34</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">3.56 (1.31 to 9.68), 0.01</td>
              <td align="center">4.01 (1.34 to 11.97), 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sedentary lifestyle</td>
              <td align="center">4.70 (1.53 to 14.48), 0.007</td>
              <td align="center">3.75 (1.16 to 12.03), 0.03</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>Multivariate model: age, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, myocardial infarction, smoking, and sedentary lifestyle. PAD: peripheral artery disease; OR: odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In terms of the number of individuals included, the present study is the largest investigation of the prevalence of PAD in a Brazilian population. The Baependi Heart Study is a Brazilian cohort study investigating cardiovascular risk factors and heritability in residents of the rural city of Baependi, located in Southeastern Brazil. In the study sample, which included 1,627 volunteers, the overall prevalence of PAD was 1.05%. The prevalence clearly increased with age, peaking at 5.2% above the age of 70 years. Individuals with PAD were older, heavier, more often smokers, and less physically active. Identified risk factors for PAD in the study sample were age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.08), smoking (OR = 4.01), sedentary lifestyle (OR = 3.75), and diabetes mellitus (OR = 3.07).</p>
      <p>The occurrence of PAD in the general population has been assessed in different countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> In Brazil, Makdisse et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> reported in 2008 a high prevalence of PAD (10.5%) in a population with a mean age of 43.8 &#177; 14.7 years. The study involved volunteers in large cities (over 100 thousand inhabitants) from different Brazilian regions. Another study specifically assessed the Japanese-Brazilian population and determined a prevalence of PAD of 21.1%;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> however, the mean age of the participants in this study was higher (about 56.5 years). The present study assessed volunteers from a city with an estimated population of 18,072 inhabitants at the time of the study. The prevalence found (around 1%) is considerably low.</p>
      <p>Most studies assessing the prevalence of PAD have included samples of individuals older than 40 years (sometimes above the ages of 55 or 65 years). If we consider only the prevalence of PAD in individuals older than 40 years in the present study (1.7%), the data are lower but in agreement to those of other studies such as the ones performed in Sri Lanka by Weragoda et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> in 2015 (3.6%, n = 2,912) and in the US by Razzouk et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> in 2015 (the Life Line Screening<sup>&#174;</sup>, 4.1%, n = 3.67 million), and Eraso et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> in 2015 (4.6%, n = 7,058), which identified prevalence rates below 5% in the general population. In a study published in 2016, Alzamora et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> described a prevalence of new PDA of 4.3% (n = 2,256) in a study with a follow-up of 5 years conducted in a Spanish population aged more than 55 years and described as having low-risk factors for cardiovascular disease.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the prevalence of PAD above the age of 50 years was 2.6%. As expected, age was independently associated with a diagnosis of PAD, as identified by the present and previous studies. Therefore, the low prevalence of PAD in the present study is partially due to the low mean age of the participants, the inclusion of volunteers with age starting at 18 years, and the fact that most volunteers (62.1%) were below the age of 50 years. Additionally, our sample had only about 7% (n = 116) of the volunteers above the age of 70 years, a group in which a higher prevalence of PAD is expected.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Volunteers with PAD in the present study were older and had higher BMI, HbA1c, and SBP levels compared with volunteers with normal ABI. Furthermore, a higher prevalence of physical inactivity, obesity and smoking frequency and intensity (cigarettes/day) was found in volunteers with PAD. These variables are frequently associated with PAD in other studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> The present study also identified a higher frequency of PAD in blacks compared with whites. This finding is aligned with recent data published by Eraso et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> who assessed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), including 7,058 subjects above the age of 40 years. Another potential explanation for the low prevalence of PAD in the assessed population is the fact that the study was conducted in a small town where overall habits (e.g., nutritional) and exposure to risk factor (e.g., mental stress), other than the investigated here, are different from those observed in large cities. Comparing our population with the one included in the study by Makdisse et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> (conducted in large Brazilian cities), our results showed a lower percentage of smokers (34.3% versus 46.7%) and physically inactive individuals (41.18% versus 64.8%). Also, the study by Makdisse et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> had a larger number of individuals with chronic kidney disease (2.46% versus 6.12%), which is a well-known risk factor for PAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Upon applying a multivariable logistic regression model, we determined the independent predictors associated with PAD. Only age, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and sedentary lifestyle emerged as significant risk factors in the study sample. This finding is aligned with that of several other studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Even though PAD is majorly caused by atherosclerotic disease, hypercholesterolemia was not found as a significant risk factor. Other studies have also found a weak association between PAD and hypercholesterolemia when comparing risk factors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> or no association whatsoever.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Our study has some limitations. First, as a cross-sectional analysis, a causal relationship between several cardiovascular risk factors and PAD could not be established. Second, the diagnosis of PAD in the present study was established only by ABI. Despite being a simple and inexpensive method, studies have shown that ABI has a high sensitivity (90 - 97%) and specificity (98 - 100%) for detection of arterial stenosis greater than 50%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In summary, in a sample from the Brazilian population, aged 18 years and above and residing in a small rural town, PAD had a low prevalence, clearly increased with age, and was more frequent in blacks than whites. Additionally, risk factors for PAD in the investigated population were smoking, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes mellitus, and age, which are similar to those in other epidemiological studies including different ethnic groups.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESP, Hospital Samaritano and SUS.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo under the protocol number SDC: 3485/10/074. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia de Doen&#231;a Arterial Perif&#233;rica e Fatores de Risco Associados em uma Popula&#231;&#227;o Rural Brasileira: Estudo Cora&#231;&#245;es de Baependi</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alvim</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Augusto Lavezzo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Maciel de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Horimoto</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Roseli Van&#231;an Russo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ulbrich</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Zampier</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Krieger</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo (UFES), Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; (UFPR), Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rafael de Oliveira Alvim</bold> Rua Alaor de Queiroz Ara&#250;jo, 135. CEP: 29050-245, Enseada do Su&#225;, Vit&#243;ria (ES) - Brasil. E-mail: <email>r.alvim@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Alvim RO, Dias FAL, Krieger JE, Pereira AC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Alvim RO, Dias FAL, Oliveira CM, Horimoto ARVR, Ulbrich AZ; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Alvim RO; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Krieger JE; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Oliveira CM, Horimoto ARVR, Ulbrich AZ, Pereira AC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (DAP) pode atenuar a progress&#227;o e suas complica&#231;&#245;es adicionais, uma vez que a DAP &#233; um fator de risco para mortalidade geral e cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de DAP na popula&#231;&#227;o do Estudo Cora&#231;&#245;es de Baependi e investigar fatores de risco associados em diferentes grupos et&#225;rios.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram selecionados 1.627 indiv&#237;duos (ambos os sexos e idade entre 18 e 102 anos) residentes no munic&#237;pio de Baependi (Minas Gerais, Brasil). Os par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos e bioqu&#237;micos foram avaliados por meio de protocolos padr&#245;es. O n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica foi determinado pelo Question&#225;rio Internacional de Atividade F&#237;sica - Vers&#227;o Curta (IPAQ-SF). A triagem da DAP foi realizada pelo &#237;ndice tornozelo-bra&#231;o (ITB). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado nas an&#225;lises foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o total, a preval&#234;ncia de DAP foi de 1,05% e atingiu 5,2% ap&#243;s os 70 anos de idade. A frequ&#234;ncia e intensidade do tabagismo foram maiores nos indiv&#237;duos com DAP. Uma hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, obesidade e sedentarismo tamb&#233;m estiveram associados &#224; DAP. Al&#233;m disso, a DAP foi mais frequente em negros que em brancos. Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada, a idade, diabetes, tabagismo e inatividade f&#237;sica permaneceram independentemente associados &#224; DAP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de DAP foi baixa e claramente aumentou com a idade em nossa amostra de uma popula&#231;&#227;o rural brasileira. Al&#233;m disso, os principais fatores de risco para DAP foram tabagismo, sedentarismo, diabetes e idade. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2018; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Perif&#233;rica / preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Popula&#231;&#227;o Rural</kwd>
        <kwd>Tabagismo</kwd>
        <kwd>&#205;ndice Tornozelo-Bra&#231;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (DAP) &#233; classicamente definida como uma condi&#231;&#227;o que afeta art&#233;rias n&#227;o card&#237;acas e n&#227;o cranianas, principalmente devido &#224; aterosclerose, levando &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o parcial de art&#233;rias perif&#233;ricas, reduzindo a perfus&#227;o para os tecidos irrigados por essas art&#233;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Embora a DAP seja assintom&#225;tica na grande maioria dos pacientes, a doen&#231;a pode progredir com sintomas cl&#237;nicos (como claudica&#231;&#227;o) e, eventualmente, levar &#224; necrose tecidual. A identifica&#231;&#227;o da DAP pode ajudar a prevenir a progress&#227;o da pr&#243;pria doen&#231;a e de complica&#231;&#245;es adicionais, considerando que esta condi&#231;&#227;o &#233; um fator de risco para mortalidade por todas as causas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> e morte cardiovascular,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> incluindo a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e o acidente vascular cerebral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A DAP &#233; tamb&#233;m uma das principais causas de comprometimento da qualidade de vida, comprometimento que por sua vez piora ainda mais com a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Portanto, a informa&#231;&#227;o sobre a preval&#234;ncia da DAP &#233; importante para permitir um planejamento adequado dos cuidados em sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para identificar e manejar esta condi&#231;&#227;o foram publicadas por sociedades m&#233;dicas internacionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos determinaram a preval&#234;ncia da DAP na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, que varia entre 4-10%;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> no entanto, h&#225; um claro aumento na preval&#234;ncia com o aumento da idade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> com taxas t&#227;o altas quanto 20% acima dos 70 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Dados sobre a preval&#234;ncia de DAP na popula&#231;&#227;o geral brasileira s&#227;o escassos. Apenas um grande estudo multic&#234;ntrico avaliou a preval&#234;ncia da DAP e encontrou uma alta taxa (10,5%) em 1.159 indiv&#237;duos na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Outros estudos investigaram a preval&#234;ncia de DAP especificamente em japoneses-brasileiros<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> e em uma pequena amostra de pacientes com diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Portanto, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios outros estudos amplos para melhor avaliar a preval&#234;ncia da DAP e compreender os fatores de risco associados a esta condi&#231;&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o geral brasileira.</p>
        <p>O Estudo Cora&#231;&#245;es de Baependi &#233; um estudo de coorte brasileiro em curso, estabelecido em 2005 para investigar fatores de risco cardiovascular e herdabilidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> O estudo agora expandiu para incluir outras investiga&#231;&#245;es, como poligrafia noturna, variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, velocidade da onda de pulso, monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial de 24 horas, eletrocardiografia (Holter) de 24 horas e avalia&#231;&#227;o da idade vascular por pletismografia. Utilizando os dados coletados de 2010 a 2013 do projeto de pesquisa acima mencionado, o presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a preval&#234;ncia da DAP e investigar fatores de risco associados em diferentes faixas et&#225;rias.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Amostra do estudo</title>
          <p>O Estudo Cora&#231;&#245;es de Baependi &#233; um estudo epidemiol&#243;gico gen&#233;tico de fatores de risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, com um desenho longitudinal, cuja metodologia j&#225; foi previamente descrita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Para a presente an&#225;lise, realizamos uma avalia&#231;&#227;o transversal dos dados coletados na segunda visita do protocolo (entre 2010 e 2013). O estudo convidou 2.072 indiv&#237;duos (de ambos sexos e entre 18 a 102 anos), distribu&#237;dos em 109 fam&#237;lias residentes no munic&#237;pio de Baependi, uma cidade em uma &#225;rea rural (752 km<sup>2</sup>, 18.072 habitantes) localizada no estado de Minas Gerais, Sudeste do Brasil. Destes, 1.634 participantes foram selecionados na visita cl&#237;nica para serem submetidos a rastreamento para DAP. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas (SDC: 3485/10/074), Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#245;es antropom&#233;tricas</title>
          <p>Os par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos foram medidos de acordo com um protocolo padr&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> A altura foi medida em cent&#237;metros e o peso em quilogramas, com uso de uma balan&#231;a digital calibrada. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado como o peso corporal (kg) dividido pela altura ao quadrado (m<sup>2</sup>). A circunfer&#234;ncia de cintura foi medida no ponto m&#233;dio entre a margem da &#250;ltima costela e a crista il&#237;aca com o indiv&#237;duo em p&#233; e durante o ponto m&#225;ximo de expira&#231;&#227;o normal. A obesidade foi definida como um IMC &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medidas de press&#227;o arterial</title>
          <p>A press&#227;o arterial foi medida com um esfigmoman&#244;metro digital padr&#227;o (OMRON, OMRON Eletr&#244;nica do Brasil Ltda., SP, Brasil) no bra&#231;o esquerdo ap&#243;s 5 minutos de repouso, com o indiv&#237;duo na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada. A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD) foi calculada a partir de tr&#234;s leituras (valor m&#233;dio de todas as medidas), com um intervalo m&#237;nimo de 3 minutos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> A hipertens&#227;o foi definida como uma PAS m&#233;dia &#8805; 140 mmHg e/ou uma PAD &#8805; 90 mmHg e/ou uso de f&#225;rmaco anti-hipertensivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#245;es bioqu&#237;micas</title>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos de triglicer&#237;deos, colesterol total, colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C), colesterol da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) e glicemia de jejum foram avaliados por t&#233;cnicas padr&#245;es em amostras de sangue de jejum de 12h.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Os n&#237;veis de hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c) foram determinados por cromatografia l&#237;quida de alta performance (<italic>National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program</italic>, EUA). O diagn&#243;stico de diabetes mellitus foi estabelecido na presen&#231;a de glicemia de jejum &#8805; 126 mg/dL, HbA1c &#8805; 6,5%, ou uso de drogas antidiab&#233;ticas. A hipercolesterolemia foi definida como um n&#237;vel de colesterol total &#8805; 240 mg/dL.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco e depress&#227;o</title>
          <p>O n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica foi determinado pelo Question&#225;rio Internacional de Atividade F&#237;sica - Vers&#227;o Curta (IPAQ-SF). O estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio foi identificado com base na dura&#231;&#227;o de atividade f&#237;sica inferior a 10 minutos/dia na semana anterior.</p>
          <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica (angina pectoris, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral, insufici&#234;ncia renal e depress&#227;o) e fatores de risco ambientais, como tabagismo e consumo de &#225;lcool, foram avaliados atrav&#233;s de um question&#225;rio preenchido por cada participante. O question&#225;rio foi baseado no instrumento epidemiol&#243;gico <italic>World Health Organization&#8217;s Multinational Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease</italic> (MONICA),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> e foi aplicado e preenchido por auxiliares de pesquisa treinados especificamente para esta tarefa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Rastreio da doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</title>
          <p>A triagem da DAP foi realizada pelo &#237;ndice tornozelo-bra&#231;o (ITB), que foi medido por um &#250;nico examinador treinado e com uso de um esfigmoman&#244;metro (Heidji, Brasil) com um manguito adequado para a circunfer&#234;ncia dos membros e um aparelho port&#225;til de Doppler de 10 MHz (DV 610B, MEDMEGA, SP, Brasil).</p>
          <p>O ITB foi determinado para cada membro inferior pela rela&#231;&#227;o entre a PAS mais alta obtida no tornozelo (art&#233;rias tibial posterior e dorsal do p&#233;) e a maior PAS obtida nos membros superiores (art&#233;ria braquial).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A metodologia do teste e a classifica&#231;&#227;o ITB foram baseadas nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es do <italic>American College of Cardiology / American Heart Association</italic> (ACC/AHA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Valores de ITB entre 0,91 e 1,39 foram considerados normais. Valores &#8804; 0,90 foram considerados compat&#237;veis com DAP e valores &#8805; 1,40 foram considerados inconclusivos para DAP e foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis &#8203;&#8203;categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas com o teste do qui-quadrado e est&#227;o apresentadas como porcentagem, enquanto as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. A normalidade dos dados foi confirmada com o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. O teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> n&#227;o pareado foi realizado para analisar dados demogr&#225;ficos, hemodin&#226;micos e bioqu&#237;micos de acordo com a ocorr&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o de DAP. Uma vez que o valor de corte para o diagn&#243;stico de DAP baseado no ITB est&#225; bem estabelecido na literatura, n&#243;s realizamos an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada &#8203;&#8203;para determinar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre DAP (ITB &lt; 0,9) como vari&#225;vel dependente e idade, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, tabagismo e estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio como vari&#225;veis &#8203;&#8203;preditoras. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com o programa SPSS (vers&#227;o 19) (Chicago, IL, EUA), com o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estabelecido em 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Um total de 1.634 indiv&#237;duos foram rastreados para DAP. Sete indiv&#237;duos apresentaram ITB acima de 1,4 e foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise. Portanto, 1.627 volunt&#225;rios foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. A idade dos participantes variou de 18 a 102 anos (m&#233;dia de 44,9 &#177; 16,4 anos). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, antropom&#233;tricas, bioqu&#237;micas e hemodin&#226;micas dos indiv&#237;duos com e sem DAP, definida como a presen&#231;a de ITB igual ou inferior a 0,9. Idade, IMC, HbA1c e PAS foram mais elevados em volunt&#225;rios com DAP. A presen&#231;a de DAP tamb&#233;m foi mais frequente em idosos em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos mais jovens e em negros em compara&#231;&#227;o com brancos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, antropom&#233;tricas, bioqu&#237;micas e hemodin&#226;micas de indiv&#237;duos com e sem doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">DAP presente</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">DAP ausente</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">n</td>
                <td align="center">1.627</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">1.610</td>
                <td align="center">***</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">44,9 &#177; 16,4</td>
                <td align="center">66 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">45 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Homens (%)</td>
                <td align="center">41,5</td>
                <td align="center">41,2</td>
                <td align="center">41,5</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mulheres (%)</td>
                <td align="center">58,5</td>
                <td align="center">58,8</td>
                <td align="center">58,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Etnia</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branca (%)</td>
                <td align="center">76,7</td>
                <td align="center">70,6</td>
                <td align="center">76,8</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Negra (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5,5</td>
                <td align="center">29,4</td>
                <td align="center">5,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mulata (%)</td>
                <td align="center">17,5</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">17,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outras (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ITB (propor&#231;&#227;o)</td>
                <td align="center">1,11 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,78 &#177; 0,11</td>
                <td align="center">1,12 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">25,8 &#177; 5,1</td>
                <td align="center">28,7 &#177; 5,3</td>
                <td align="center">25,7 &#177; 5,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CA (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">91 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">100 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">91 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CT (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">197,8 &#177; 40,7</td>
                <td align="center">195,6 &#177; 59,9</td>
                <td align="center">197,9 &#177; 40,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">124,5 &#177; 35,4</td>
                <td align="center">122,2 &#177; 56,3</td>
                <td align="center">124,6 &#177; 35,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">47,2 &#177; 11,7</td>
                <td align="center">45,2 &#177; 13,1</td>
                <td align="center">47,2 &#177; 11,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">130,3 &#177; 68,1</td>
                <td align="center">141,1 &#177; 60,0</td>
                <td align="center">130,2 &#177; 68,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicemia de jejum (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">92,6 &#177; 19,0</td>
                <td align="center">114,6 &#177; 43,2</td>
                <td align="center">92,3 &#177; 18,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HbA1c (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5,7 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">6,5 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">5,7 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">125,4 &#177; 16,3</td>
                <td align="center">133,5 &#177; 19,2</td>
                <td align="center">125,4 &#177; 16,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">76,2 &#177; 10,3</td>
                <td align="center">75,3 &#177; 9,2</td>
                <td align="center">76,2 &#177; 10,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas com o teste do qui-quadrado e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com o teste t de Student. DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica; n: tamanho da amostra; ITB: &#237;ndice tornozelo-bra&#231;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CA: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal; CT: colesterol total; HDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL-C: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HbA1c: hemoglobina glicosilada; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> apresenta os dados relacionados &#224; preval&#234;ncia de DAP com uso do ITB em diferentes faixas et&#225;rias. No geral, a preval&#234;ncia foi muito baixa (1,05%). Apenas um caso de DAP foi observado abaixo da idade de 30 anos, e a preval&#234;ncia de DAP aumentou ap&#243;s a quinta d&#233;cada, chegando ao pico na idade de 70 anos, quando atingiu 5,2%. A frequ&#234;ncia da DAP por d&#233;cada &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (DAP) na popula&#231;&#227;o geral e estratificada por faixa et&#225;ria.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-04-0405-80031-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia de DAP por d&#233;cada em homens e mulheres</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Idade (n)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Preval&#234;ncia global DAP n casos (%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Preval&#234;ncia homens DAPn casos (%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Preval&#234;ncia mulheres DAPn casos (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Abaixo de 30 (397)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">31 - 40 (279)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">41 - 50 (335)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">51 - 60 (316)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,8)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">61 - 70 (184)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,5)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (4,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acima de 70 (116)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (5,2)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (5,4)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (5,0)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta os dados relacionados &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas de estilo de vida dos volunt&#225;rios. A frequ&#234;ncia e quantidade de tabagismo foi maior em indiv&#237;duos com DAP. Havia tamb&#233;m uma maior frequ&#234;ncia de volunt&#225;rios fisicamente inativos no grupo DAP.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas de estilo de vida de indiv&#237;duos com e sem doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Caracter&#237;sticas de estilo <break/> de vida</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total(1.627)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">DAP presente(n = 17)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">DAP ausente(n = 1.610)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Voc&#234; j&#225; fumou cigarros?</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim e ainda fuma</td>
                <td align="center">11,0%</td>
                <td align="center">5,9%</td>
                <td align="center">11,1%</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim, no passado</td>
                <td align="center">23,3%</td>
                <td align="center">58,8%</td>
                <td align="center">22,9%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">65,7%</td>
                <td align="center">35,3%</td>
                <td align="center">66,0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero de cigarros/dia</td>
                <td align="center">13,3 &#177; 12,3</td>
                <td align="center">23,2 &#177; 14,3</td>
                <td align="center">13,1 &#177; 12,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo de &#225;lcool</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">0,9%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
                <td align="center">0,9%</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="7">0,70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1 - 3 dias/semana</td>
                <td align="center">10,0%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
                <td align="center">10,1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4 - 6 dias/semana</td>
                <td align="center">0,9%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
                <td align="center">0,9%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1 - 3 dias/m&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">11,0%</td>
                <td align="center">5,9%</td>
                <td align="center">11,1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Menos de 1 dia/m&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">6,0%</td>
                <td align="center">11,8%</td>
                <td align="center">6,0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fica b&#234;bado pelo menos uma vez por m&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">0,7%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
                <td align="center">0,7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nenhum</td>
                <td align="center">70,4%</td>
                <td align="center">82,3%</td>
                <td align="center">70,3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Muito ativo</td>
                <td align="center">3,4%</td>
                <td align="center">0%</td>
                <td align="center">3,5%</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ativo</td>
                <td align="center">30,1%</td>
                <td align="center">5,9%</td>
                <td align="center">30,4%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Irregularmente ativo</td>
                <td align="center">25,2%</td>
                <td align="center">17,6%</td>
                <td align="center">25,3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sedent&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">41,2%</td>
                <td align="center">76,5%</td>
                <td align="center">40,8%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>Consumo de &#225;lcool (frequ&#234;ncia m&#233;dia de consumo de &#225;lcool nos &#250;ltimos 12 meses); atividade f&#237;sica (atividades realizadas na &#250;ltima semana - Question&#225;rio Internacional de Atividade F&#237;sica - Vers&#227;o Curta (IPAQ-SF). Todas as vari&#225;veis s&#227;o categ&#243;ricas e foram comparadas com o teste do qui-quadrado. DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref> apresenta uma compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas em indiv&#237;duos com e sem DAP. Uma maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e obesidade foi observada em indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico de DAP. A presen&#231;a de hipercolesterolemia n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos. Al&#233;m disso, hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio foi mais frequente no grupo DAP.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas entre indiv&#237;duos com e sem doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total(1.627)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">DAP presente(n = 17)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">DAP ausente(n = 1.610)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">40,0</td>
                <td align="center">82,4</td>
                <td align="center">39,6</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">60,0</td>
                <td align="center">17,6</td>
                <td align="center">60,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">7,7</td>
                <td align="center">41,2</td>
                <td align="center">7,4</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">92,3</td>
                <td align="center">58,8</td>
                <td align="center">92,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade (%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">19,1</td>
                <td align="center">41,2</td>
                <td align="center">18,9</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">80,9</td>
                <td align="center">58,8</td>
                <td align="center">81,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Hipercolesterolemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">15,9</td>
                <td align="center">12,5</td>
                <td align="center">15,9</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">84,1</td>
                <td align="center">87,5</td>
                <td align="center">84,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Angina pectoris (%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">3,0</td>
                <td align="center">5,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">97,0</td>
                <td align="center">94,1</td>
                <td align="center">97,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">11,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,1</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">97,8</td>
                <td align="center">88,2</td>
                <td align="center">97,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4">Acidente vascular cerebral (%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">5,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">99,4</td>
                <td align="center">94,1</td>
                <td align="center">99,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="3">Insufici&#234;ncia renal (%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">2,5</td>
                <td align="center">5,9</td>
                <td align="center">2,4</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">97,5</td>
                <td align="center">94,1</td>
                <td align="center">97,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Depress&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">19,2</td>
                <td align="center">29,4</td>
                <td align="center">19,1</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">80,8</td>
                <td align="center">70,6</td>
                <td align="center">80,9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>Todas as vari&#225;veis s&#227;o categ&#243;ricas e foram comparadas com o teste do qui-quadrado. DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref> apresenta modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada para DAP. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, idade, diabetes, tabagismo e inatividade f&#237;sica foram associados de forma significativa e independente &#224; DAP.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada para doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (definida como &#237;ndice tornozelo-bra&#231;o &lt; 0,90) em uma popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">DAP</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">OR (IC95%), valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Univariada</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Multivariada</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,08 (1,05 a 1,13), <break/> &lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,08 (1,03 a 1,13), 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">7,12 (2,04 a 24,90), &lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,53 (0,39 a 5,98), 0,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">8,77 (3,28 a 23,46), &lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">3,07 (1,07 a 8,85), 0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">3,01 (1,14 a 7,96), 0,03</td>
                <td align="center">2,89 (0,97 a 8,66), 0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                <td align="center">6,18 (1,36 a 28,07), 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">2,19 (0,44 a 11,02), 0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">3,56 (1,31 a 9,68), 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">4,01 (1,34 a 11,97), 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sedentarismo</td>
                <td align="center">4,70 (1,53 a 14,48), 0,007</td>
                <td align="center">3,75 (1,16 a 12,03), 0,03</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>Modelo multivariado: idade, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, obesidade, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, tabagismo e sedentarismo. DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em termos do n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos, o presente estudo &#233; a maior investiga&#231;&#227;o sobre a preval&#234;ncia de DAP em uma popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. O Estudo Cora&#231;&#245;es de Baependi &#233; um estudo de coorte brasileiro que investiga fatores de risco cardiovascular e herdabilidade em residentes da cidade rural de Baependi, localizada no Sudeste do Brasil. Na amostra do estudo, que incluiu 1.627 volunt&#225;rios, a preval&#234;ncia global de DAP foi de 1,05%. A preval&#234;ncia aumentou claramente com a idade, atingindo um pico de 5,2% acima da idade de 70 anos. Os indiv&#237;duos com DAP eram mais velhos, mais pesados, mais frequentemente fumantes e menos ativos fisicamente. Os fatores de risco identificados para DAP na amostra do estudo foram idade (<italic>odds ratio</italic> [OR] = 1,08), tabagismo (OR = 4,01), sedentarismo (OR = 3,75) e diabetes mellitus (OR = 3,07).</p>
        <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de DAP na popula&#231;&#227;o geral foi avaliada em diferentes pa&#237;ses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> No Brasil, Makdisse et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> relataram em 2008 uma alta preval&#234;ncia de DAP (10,5%) em uma popula&#231;&#227;o com m&#233;dia de idade de 43,8 &#177; 14,7 anos. O estudo envolveu volunt&#225;rios em grandes cidades (mais de 100 mil habitantes) de diferentes regi&#245;es brasileiras. Outro estudo avaliou especificamente a popula&#231;&#227;o japonesa-brasileira e determinou uma preval&#234;ncia de DAP de 21,1%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> no entanto, a m&#233;dia de idade dos participantes no estudo foi maior (cerca de 56,5 anos). O presente estudo avaliou volunt&#225;rios de uma cidade com uma popula&#231;&#227;o estimada de 18.072 habitantes no momento do estudo. A preval&#234;ncia encontrada (cerca de 1%) &#233; consideravelmente baixa.</p>
        <p>A maioria dos estudos que avaliaram a preval&#234;ncia de DAP inclu&#237;ram amostras de indiv&#237;duos com idade superior a 40 anos (alguns acima de 55 ou 65 anos). Se considerarmos apenas a preval&#234;ncia de DAP em indiv&#237;duos com mais de 40 anos no presente estudo (1,7%), os dados s&#227;o mais baixos, mas est&#227;o alinhados com os de outros estudos, como os realizados no Sri Lanka por Weragoda et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> em 2015 (3,6%, n = 2.912) e nos EUA por Razzouk et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> em 2015 (Life Line Screening<sup>&#174;</sup>, 4,1%, n = 3,67 milh&#245;es) e Eraso et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> em 2015 (4,6%, n = 7.058), que identificaram taxas de preval&#234;ncia abaixo de 5% na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Em um estudo publicado em 2016, Alzamora et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> descreveram uma preval&#234;ncia de nova DAP de 4,3% (n = 2.256) em um estudo com seguimento de 5 anos realizado em uma popula&#231;&#227;o espanhola com idade acima de 55 anos, descrita como tendo baixos fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, a preval&#234;ncia de DAP acima dos 50 anos foi de 2,6%. Como esperado, a idade foi associada de forma independente com um diagn&#243;stico de DAP, conforme identificado pelo estudo atual e estudos anteriores. Portanto, a baixa preval&#234;ncia de DAP no presente estudo &#233; devida em parte &#224; baixa m&#233;dia de idade dos participantes, inclus&#227;o de volunt&#225;rios com idade a partir de 18 anos e ao fato da maioria dos volunt&#225;rios (62,1%) ter idade inferior a 50 anos. Al&#233;m disso, nossa amostra tinha apenas cerca de 7% (n = 116) de volunt&#225;rios acima dos 70 anos de idade, um grupo no qual se espera uma maior preval&#234;ncia de DAP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os volunt&#225;rios com DAP no presente estudo foram mais velhos e apresentaram n&#237;veis mais elevados de IMC, HbA1c e PAS comparados com volunt&#225;rios com ITB normal. Al&#233;m disso, uma maior preval&#234;ncia de inatividade f&#237;sica, obesidade e frequ&#234;ncia e intensidade de tabagismo (cigarros/dia) foi encontrada em volunt&#225;rios com DAP. Essas vari&#225;veis est&#227;o frequentemente associadas &#224; DAP em outros estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> O presente estudo tamb&#233;m identificou uma maior frequ&#234;ncia de DAP em negros em compara&#231;&#227;o a brancos. Este achado est&#225; alinhado com os dados recentes publicados por Eraso et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> que avaliaram dados do <italic>National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</italic> (<italic>NHANES</italic>), incluindo 7.058 sujeitos acima dos 40 anos de idade. Outra explica&#231;&#227;o potencial para a baixa preval&#234;ncia de DAP na popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada &#233; o fato de que o estudo foi conduzido em uma cidade pequena, onde os h&#225;bitos gerais (ex., nutricionais) e a exposi&#231;&#227;o a fatores de risco (ex., estresse mental), al&#233;m dos pesquisados aqui, s&#227;o diferentes dos observados nas grandes cidades. Comparando nossa popula&#231;&#227;o com a inclu&#237;da no estudo de Makdisse et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> (realizados em grandes cidades brasileiras), nossos resultados apresentaram uma menor porcentagem de fumantes (34,3% <italic>versus</italic> 46,7%) e indiv&#237;duos fisicamente inativos (41,18% <italic>versus</italic> 64,8%). Al&#233;m disso, o estudo de Makdisse et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> teve um maior n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (2,46% <italic>versus</italic> 6,12%), que &#233; um fator de risco bem conhecido para DAP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ao aplicar um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, determinamos os preditores independentes associados &#224; DAP. Apenas idade, diabetes mellitus, tabagismo e estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio emergiram como fatores de risco significativos na amostra do estudo. Esta descoberta est&#225; alinhada com a de v&#225;rios outros estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Embora a DAP seja causada principalmente por doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, a hipercolesterolemia n&#227;o emergiu como um fator de risco significativo. Outros estudos tamb&#233;m encontraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o fraca entre DAP e hipercolesterolemia ao comparar fatores de risco,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> ou nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o qualquer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, sendo uma an&#225;lise transversal, uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre v&#225;rios fatores de risco cardiovascular e DAP n&#227;o p&#244;de ser estabelecida. Em segundo lugar, o diagn&#243;stico de DAP no presente estudo foi estabelecido apenas pelo ITB. Apesar de ser um m&#233;todo simples e de baixo custo, estudos mostraram que o ITB tem alta sensibilidade (90 - 97%) e especificidade (98 - 100%) para a detec&#231;&#227;o de estenose arterial superior a 50%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em resumo, em uma amostra da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos e residente em uma pequena cidade rural, a DAP teve baixa preval&#234;ncia, aumentou claramente com a idade e foi mais frequente em negros do que brancos. Al&#233;m disso, os fatores de risco para DAP na popula&#231;&#227;o investigada foram tabagismo, sedentarismo, diabetes mellitus e idade, que s&#227;o semelhantes aos de outros estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos incluindo diferentes grupos &#233;tnicos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP, Hospital Samaritano e SUS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo SDC: 3485/10/074. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
