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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vjVzDSKCcVbB7SF6jB5Jn7p</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000400393</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20180036</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Superior Cardiovascular Effect of the Periodized Model for Prescribed Exercises as Compared to the Conventional one in Coronary Diseases</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Michel de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carolina Brandt de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jose R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costantini</surname>
            <given-names>Costantino R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costantini</surname>
            <given-names>Costantino O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Olandoski</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sebasti&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael P. da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Katherine A. Teixeira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guarita-Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Curitiba</city>
          <state>PR</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Curitiba</city>
          <state>PR</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Curitiba</city>
          <state>PR</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pequeno Pr&#237;ncipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Curitiba</city>
          <state>PR</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pequeno Pr&#237;ncipe, Curitiba, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Rafael Michel de Macedo</bold> Rua Pedro Collere, 890. Postal Code: 80320-320, Vila Izabel, Curitiba, PR - Brazil. E-mail: <email>rafael.macedo@hospitalcostantini.com.br</email>, <email>acbrandt@bol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and analysis and interpretation of the data: Macedo RM; Acquisition of data: Macedo RM, Sebasti&#227;o Neto F; Statistical analysis: Macedo RM, Macedo ACB, Olandoski M; Obtaining financing:Macedo RM, Guarita-Souza LC, Silveira RP; Writing of the manuscript: Macedo RM, Macedo ACB, Faria-Neto JR, Costantini CR, Costantini CO, Guarita-Souza LC, Carvalho KAT; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Macedo RM, Macedo ACB, Faria-Neto JR, Guarita-Souza LC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Jul-Aug</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>393</fpage>
      <lpage>404</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Physical exercise improves the survival and quality of life of coronary patients, but the ideal way of prescribing these exercises is still controversial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To create a new periodized model for the prescription of exercises for coronary patients and compare it with a conventional model.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>62 coronary patients under pharmacological treatment were randomized into two groups: conventional (NPG, n = 33) and periodized (PG, n = 29) training. The two groups were submitted to the same exercises during the 36 sessions making up the program, but prescribed in different ways. All patients underwent an evaluation consisting of: medical admission consultancy, cardiopulmonary endurance testing, 1 maximum repetition test (1MR) and body composition evaluation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The VO<sub>2</sub> peak improved in both groups, although more effectively in the PG (4% against 1.7%, p &lt; 0.001). In addition, the functional capacity of this group improved by 13%, and there was a significant reduction in the percent body fat (2.1%, p &lt; 0.005) and body weight (1.9 kg, p &lt; 0.005). The muscle strength of both groups improved as diagnosed by the 1RM test for six different muscle groups (quadriceps, hamstrings, brachial biceps, brachial triceps, pectoral and large dorsal), and showed no significant difference between the groups, evidencing that the two models had the same efficiency.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>The present study showed that periodization of the training of cardiac patients can improve their cardiorespiratory capacity and reduce the percent body fat more effectively than the conventional one.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease / physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Movement Techniques</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular disease is responsible for 33% of all deaths occurring in the world per year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In Brazil, more than 900,000 deaths of individuals over the age of 30 years were registered in 2011.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Despite this, the number of patients over the age of 60 years who survive a cardiovascular event and require secondary care is increasing every year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Therefore, the regular practice of physical exercise and/or of cardiac rehabilitation has become fundamental for the reduction in mortality and comorbidities associated with cardiovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Exercise training in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients include improvements in cardiovascular and skeletal muscle functions, endurance, inflammation, quality of life, and cognitive functions, and relieved clinical symptoms (dyspnea, sleep disorders, stress and depressive symptoms).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Guidelines which involve physical exercise as a form of treatment for CAD respect a relationship of equilibrium between safety and effect of training,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> and recommend that resistance training (RT) be performed in combination with aerobic exercise training (AT).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> For RT, they provide recommendations concerning the maximum load limits during training, such as 50% of intensity in the one repetition maximum (1RM) test.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> For AT, the ventilatory threshold measured during maximum cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPT) is often used in CAD patients. For beginners with low physical function/greater cardiac risk, the guidelines recommend 40% to 50% of maximum oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub> peak), and for CAD patients with higher fitness level or less cardiac risk, 50% to 75% of VO<sub>2</sub> peak.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, none of those documents describe the way in which the prescription of the exercises should be organized by time. The maximum load limits for training allow for the elaboration of an exercise session but not for a progressive training program. Such organization, which should involve the type of stimulus according to the training phase (continuous and/or with intervals), the form of load progression (volume and/or intensity),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> the frequency (session/week) and the evaluation and reevaluation dates, is known as periodization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Periodization has been used in sport training since the 1990s,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and its inclusion in rehabilitation has been recently debated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The training can be described in more detail using periodization, emphasizing its basic principles as: specificity, overload and reversibility. Periodization is the process of manipulating training variables to prevent overtraining, maximize training adaptations, and attain overcompensation or a training effect.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The classical approach to periodization is linear periodized training which appears in exercise guidelines for cardiac patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> This type consists of initial high-volume and low-intensity. For this reason, the clinical and physical results obtained from periodized physical training in cardiopulmonary and metabolic rehabilitation programs could be improved, improving the quality of life of the patients involved.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the objective of this study was to create a periodization model for the prescription of exercises aimed at patients with CAD in phase II of the cardiac rehabilitation program, and compare the results with those of patients submitted to a non-periodized program.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Method</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Subjects</title>
        <p>After approval of the project by the Ethics in Research of the Parana Pontific Catholic University (434/2010), 534 patients referred to the rehabilitation service of the Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini (HCC) were evaluated.</p>
        <p>The inclusion criterion was: men undergoing a percutaneous coronary intervention (angioplasty) or post-acute myocardial infarction with a left ventricular ejection fraction &#8805; 50% (evaluated by transthoracic echocardiography) and stratified as of low or moderate risk for the practice of exercise according to the American Association of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> The exclusion criteria were: musculoskeletal injuries induced by exercise, failure to complete the 36 sessions and/or cardiovascular complications that lead to stop the exercise program. Patients stratified as at low or moderated risk according to the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> were submitted to a medical admission consultancy (MAC).</p>
        <p>After evaluation, 62 patients who met the inclusion criterion were selected.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Outcomes of the measures</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise test</title>
          <p>Cardiopulmonary exercise test was carried out by a doctor from the HCC using a gas analyzer (Cortex, model Metalyzer3B), an electric treadmill (Inbramed, model Inbrasport Super ATL) and a computer program (Ergo PC Elite). The CPT chosen was an individualized ramp protocol for each patient, measuring blood pressure every 3 minutes with an analogical sphygmomanometer (Missouri) and a stethoscope (BD). In addition, the electrocardiographic tracing was monitored using electrodes (3M) throughout the entire endurance phase and recovery period. The volumes and gases (O<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub>) were calibrated before the tests. The V-slope method was used to determine the first ventilatory threshold (VT1). The second ventilatory threshold (VT2) was determined by respiratory point compensation, that is, transition between aerobic and anaerobic system in CPT. At this moment, the production of CO<sub>2</sub> loses linearity, exponentially increases and exceeds oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>). This point was considered the VT2. Maximum oxygen consumption was established from the mean measured during the last 30 seconds of exercise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>One repetition maximum test</title>
          <p>The 1RM test was carried out by one of the instructors from the HCC rehabilitation service. It was defined as the heaviest weight that can be moved in an exercise with no more than one repetition. Before starting the test, all subjects performed a 5-minute general warm-up of cycling and, after that, they carried out 10 repetitions with no additional load to adjust the speed and angle of movement. First, the instructor explained how to carry out each movement. The 1RM test was done encompassing the large muscle groups (quadriceps, hamstrings, pectoral, biceps, triceps and large dorsal), and the weight was increased by 5 kg at every repetition, with 3-5 minutes of rest between lifts after three to four subsequent attempts. The test was interrupted when the patient was unable to complete the one repetition with the proposed load, and, in this case, the previous load was considered the ideal one. The MEGAMOVEMENT station was used for the test in the following positions: extensor chair, leg curl, hip adduction and abduction, bench press, biceps and triceps curl, and high pulley rear.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Body composition evaluation</title>
          <p>The body composition (Bc) was evaluated by a rehabilitation instructor. The Faulkner protocol was composed of six circumference measures (calf, thigh, arm, forearm, hip, and abdomen) and four skinfold measures (abdomen, suprailiac, subscapular and triceps).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A tape measure (Wiso model R88) was used combined with an adipometer (Cescorf). Fat percentages, ideal body mass, lean and fat masses were calculated using the Faulkner equation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
          <p>The volunteers were reevaluated after 36 sessions (MAC + CPT + 1MR + Bc).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Experimental design</title>
        <p>This study was a randomized controlled trial, in which 62 male patients were included and randomly assigned to two groups: a non-periodized training group (NPG, n = 33) and a periodized exercise training group (PG, n = 29). Blinded scaled envelopes were prepared with papers named PG and NPG and kept secure by an independent person (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Study design.</title>
              <p>PG: periodized exercise training group; NPG: non-periodized exercise training group; LEVF: left ventricular ejection fraction; RM: maximum resistance.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-04-0393-80036-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Training protocols</title>
          <p>All subjects of both groups carried out AT and RT for 12 weeks, 3 sessions per week (36 sessions) on non-consecutive days.</p>
          <p>The AT was carried out on a treadmill (Movement models RT250, LX160 and LX150), while, in the RT, ankle weights, dumbbells, and a muscle toning machine (MEGAMOVEMENT II station) were used.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resistance protocol</title>
          <p>The RT was made in upper and lower limbs, being two sessions for lower limbs and one session for upper limbs. Hence, 24 sessions of AT were carried out on a treadmill and with lower resistance exercise (LRE), whereas, in the other 12 sessions, the treadmill and upper resistance exercise (URE) were used. Thus, every two consecutive sessions of treadmill + LRE were followed by one of treadmill + URE.</p>
          <p>The exercise selection for RT was similar in the two groups and included: leg extension, leg curl, hip flexion, knee flexion, hip abduction and adduction, ankles planti-flexion and hip flexion associated with knee flexion, elbow flexion and extension, shoulder abduction, scapular adduction, shoulders anterior flexion, pendulum exercise for the decoaptation of the shoulder joint, bench press, lat pulldown, biceps and triceps curl and pulley. The two groups carried out three sets of 15 repetitions of each exercise and the intensity of the RT varied from 30% to 50% of the loads obtained in the 1RM test. The difference between the two groups was that, in the PG, the intensity was increased progressively in each microcycle (four weeks) and, in the NPG, the intensity was increased according to patient&#8217;s resilience (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). According to the ACSM,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> the rest intervals between sets were of 1 to 2 minutes.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resistance and aerobic training programs for NPG and PG</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Training periods</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Sets</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Repetitions</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Load (%1RM)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Resistance training</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">NPG</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Weeks 1 - 12</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">30-50%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">GP</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Weeks 1 - 4</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">30%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Weeks 5 - 8</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">40%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Weeks 9 - 12</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">50%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Endurance training</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3">
                    <bold>Intensity</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">NPG</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Weeks 1 - 12</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3">HRVT1 to HRVT2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">GP</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Weeks 1 - 6</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3">HRVT1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Weeks 7 - 12</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3">Interval training <break/> (2 min HVT1+AHR, 1 min HRVT2)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>PG: periodized exercise training group; NPG: non-periodized exercise training group; HRVT1: heart rate ventilatory threshold 1; HRVT2: heart rate ventilatory threshold 2; AHR: average heart rate.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aerobic protocol</title>
          <p>The intensity of the AT on the electric treadmill for the two groups was defined from the result obtained in the CPT. The heart rate (HR) corresponding to the VT1 was defined as the lower limit training (HRVT1), whereas the HR corresponding to the VT2 was defined as the upper limit training (HRVT2). The interval between HRVT1 and HRVT2 corresponded to the ideal training intensity for each patient, known as the target zone (TZ).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
					</p>
          <p>The two groups began the AT program with 25 minutes of activity divided into 5 minutes of warm-up, 15 minutes of training in the TZ and the 5 final minutes of cool down. After every three sessions, 5 extra minutes of training within the TZ were added. From the 10<sup>th</sup> to the 36<sup>th</sup> session, the total work time was of 40 minutes, 30 of which were within the TZ. The 5 minutes of warm up and cool down each were maintained throughout the 36 sessions.</p>
          <p>The NPG trained along the 36 sessions within the TZ range proposed prescribed by HR (corresponding to the VT1 and VT2 of the CPT) without a predict load progression. The patient chose the training intensity, provided it was within the TZ (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2A</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Periodized exercise prescription model. A, B- Heart rate variation in aerobic training. C- Exercise prescription model.</title>
                <p>RM: maximal resistance; HRVT1: heart rate ventilatory 1; HRVT2: heart rate ventilatory 2</p>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-04-0393-80036-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The AT of PG was divided in two microcycles of 18 sessions. First the average of HR (AHR) was determined between HRVT1 and HRVT2, obtained from the formula: AHR = (HRVT2-HRVT1)/2. The training intensity until the 18th session was determined by HRVT1 + AHR. This was designated as target zone 1 (TZ1). The second target zone (TZ2) was determined by the interval between HRVT1 + AHR and HRVT2. For instance, if the patient displayed HR in VT1 of 100 bpm and 130 bpm in VT2, the TZ1 was the interval between 100 and 115 bpm, and the TZ2 between 115 to 130 bmp. After the 18<sup>th</sup> session, the interval training commenced, corresponding to 2 minutes of intensity in AHR and 1 minute in HRVT2.</p>
          <p>Thus, the difference between the models of the AT proposed was based on the progression of load, that is, pre-determined in PG (18<sup>th</sup> session), regulated by the increase of HR of training and change within the TZ (TZ1 for TZ2), whereas in NPG, the intensity was regulated only by patient, always between TZ1 and TZ2 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). The patients of NPG and PG trained with a conventional HR monitor (Oregon model HR102). Additionally, the instructors check regularly the HR with finger oximeters (Nonin). It is important to emphasize that coronary patients at low risk for the practice of exercises were reminded to train between the ventilatory thresholds, following the recommendation of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Throughout the 36 training sessions of the NPG, the safety criteria for training and the intensity limits were respected, the loads for RT varied from 30% to 50% of the 1RM test, and the TZ limits for AT were also respected. Moreover, the volume of training was maintained, carrying out three sets of 15 repetitions for each localized exercise and a maximum time of 40 minutes of AT after the 10<sup>th</sup> session. These limits were presented to the patients, who defined their ideal training loads themselves according to their comfort zone and received orientation from the instructor regarding the implementation of the movements.</p>
          <p>In the PG the prescription of their exercises was periodized. This group performed the same volume of training with the same intensity intervals prescribed for the NPG, but with the prescription organized by time. Thus, three training macrocycles were created, the first known as adaptation (MAD), the second as fundamental (MFU) and the third as specific (MSP). Each macrocycle, which presented a different objective, was composed of 12 microcycles and each microcycle was defined as a group of three classes or training sessions. The objective of MAD was to improve neuromuscular coordination and cardiopulmonary adaptation. The objective of MFU was to improve the ventilatory threshold and muscle fiber recruitment. And the objective of MSP was to improve VO<sub>2</sub> peak (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) and resistance strength.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <p>The results obtained in this study were expressed as means, medians, minimum and maximum and standard deviations (quantitative variables) or frequencies and percentages (qualitative variables). The data were tested through normal distribution using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The groups were compared regarding the quantitative variables using Student t test for dependent samples or Mann-Whitney nonparametric test. Regarding the qualitative variables, the comparisons were made considering Fisher exact test or chi-square test. Student t test was used to compare the moments of evaluation in the case of paired samples or nonparametric Wilcoxon test. In order to compare the groups and the evaluation moments (initial x final), a variance analysis model with a repeated measurements factor (split-plot) was considered. All variables which presented significant interaction between group and evaluation moment were analyzed by comparing the groups at each moment, and the evaluation moments within each group, where values for p &lt; 0.05 indicated statistical significance. The data were analyzed using the Statistica V 8.0 program.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
        <p>One NPG patient and another from the PG did not complete the 36 exercise sessions. As a consequence, a total of 60 patients (NPG n = 32 and PG n = 28) were reevaluated.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> provides the baseline characteristics of the 60 patients who met the inclusion criteria. All variables evaluated had a normal distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, p &gt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics of the study population</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="60%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Sample characteristic</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">PG</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">NPG</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">n (men)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age &#177; SD, years</td>
                <td align="center">55.89 &#177; 8.2</td>
                <td align="center">62.4 &#177; 11.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Left ventricular ejection fraction, <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref> %</td>
                <td align="center">65.57 &#177; 5.5</td>
                <td align="center">66.09 &#177; 5.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Body mass index</td>
                <td align="center">28.2 &#177; 3.5</td>
                <td align="center">28.9 &#177; 4.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Abdominal circumference</td>
                <td align="center">100.7 &#177; 9.0</td>
                <td align="center">101.0 &#177; 10.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Positive family history / cardiovascular disease</td>
                <td align="center">20 (71.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (80%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">27 (96.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (100%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesity</td>
                <td align="center">12 (42.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (68.75%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sedentary life style</td>
                <td align="center">22 (78.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (78.1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stress</td>
                <td align="center">25 (89.2.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (68.75%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking habit</td>
                <td align="center">4 (14.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (25%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">5 (17.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (9.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">High blood pressure</td>
                <td align="center">12 (42.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (46.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Stratification of risk for exercises</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Low risk</td>
                <td align="center">21 (75%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (78.1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Moderate risk</td>
                <td align="center">8 (21.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (8.1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Anatomic location of injuries</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Right coronary</td>
                <td align="center">5 (14.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Posterior descending</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Left main coronary</td>
                <td align="center">2 (7.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anterior descending</td>
                <td align="center">18 (64.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diagonal</td>
                <td align="center">5 (17.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circumflex</td>
                <td align="center">6 (21.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Marginal</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Arteries with stent implants</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Right coronary</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1 stent</td>
                <td align="center">4 (14.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2 stents</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3 stents</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Posterior descending</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1 stent</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Left main coronary</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1 stent</td>
                <td align="center">2 (7.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anterior descending</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1 stent</td>
                <td align="center">16 (57.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diagonal</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1 stent</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circumflex</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1 stent</td>
                <td align="center">6 (21.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2 stents</td>
                <td align="center">6 (21.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Marginal</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1 stent</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Incomplete revascularization of myocardium </td>
                <td align="center">1 (3.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prior surgery for revascularization of myocardium </td>
                <td align="center">2 (7.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prior angioplasties</td>
                <td align="center">5 (14.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Medications,<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref> %</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antiplatelet agents</td>
                <td align="center">28 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anticoagulant</td>
                <td align="center">28 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antihypertensive</td>
                <td align="center">13 (46.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Beta-blockers</td>
                <td align="center">26 (92.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>PG: periodized exercise training group. NPG: non-periodized exercise training group;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>Obtained by transthoracic echocardiography;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Standard dose of medication.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Adverse events during treatment period</title>
        <p>No significant adverse events were registered during the training period.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Body composition parameters</title>
        <p>No significant differences were observed between groups. However, there was a significant difference within the groups in all variables in PG and only in %fat above ideal in NPG (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Body composition parameters</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Group</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">PG (n = 28)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">NPG (n = 32)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Pre</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Post</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Pre</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Post</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Body fat (%)</td>
                <td align="center">24.0 &#177; 3.5</td>
                <td align="center">21.9 &#177; 3.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">23.9 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">22.9 &#177; 4.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fat above ideal (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6.7 &#177; 3.2</td>
                <td align="center">4.8 &#177; 2.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">5.6 &#177; 5.7</td>
                <td align="center">4.5 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">0.42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Body mass (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">85.9 &#177; 11.7</td>
                <td align="center">77.4 &#177; 9.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">83.9 &#177; 15.1</td>
                <td align="center">83.2 &#177; 14.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.84</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>PG: periodized exercise training group; NPG: non-periodized exercise training group.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 (Student t test) within-group differences.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiopulmonary testing</title>
        <p>There was no significant difference between baseline values for all cardiopulmonary variables between the two groups. However, significant post-training changes were observed in functional capacity (FCR) reached, VO<sub>2</sub> peak and VO<sub>2</sub> for the VT1 and VT2, with superior training effect for PG. In addition, there was a significant difference within groups in FCR, VO<sub>2</sub> peak, VO<sub>2</sub>VT1, VO<sub>2</sub>VT2, VT2 speed in both groups compared pre- and post-training. A significant difference was noted in maximum speed reached in PG and VT1 and VT2 inclination in NPG in the comparison between groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiopulmonary testing</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Group</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">PG (n = 28)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">NPG (n = 32)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Pre</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Post</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Pre</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Post</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FCR (% of predicted value)</td>
                <td align="center">88.7 &#177; 12.4</td>
                <td align="center">101.9 &#177; 13.8<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">80.2 &#177; 15.3</td>
                <td align="center">86.5 &#177; 12.2<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> peak (mL/kg/min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">27.2 &#177; 6.3</td>
                <td align="center">31.5 &#177; 7.3<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">22.9 &#177; 5.7</td>
                <td align="center">24 &#177; 6<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> VT2</td>
                <td align="center">23.64 &#177; 4.8</td>
                <td align="center">27.7 &#177; 3<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">19.9 &#177; 5.4</td>
                <td align="center">21.6 &#177; 5.4<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> VT1</td>
                <td align="center">17.0 &#177; 2.3</td>
                <td align="center">20.7 &#177; 2.3<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">15.8 &#177; 3.5</td>
                <td align="center">16.4 &#177; 3.4<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR maximum reached</td>
                <td align="center">159.7 &#177; 22 </td>
                <td align="center">162.6 &#177; 18.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.30</td>
                <td align="center">138.3 &#177; 18.3</td>
                <td align="center">136.1 &#177; 18.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR VT2</td>
                <td align="center">169.9 &#177; 21</td>
                <td align="center">141.9 &#177; 20.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.39</td>
                <td align="center">119.2 &#177; 16.2</td>
                <td align="center">118.8 &#177; 15.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR VT1</td>
                <td align="center">110 &#177; 14.5</td>
                <td align="center">114.3 &#177; 15.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.10</td>
                <td align="center">100 &#177; 15.6</td>
                <td align="center">96.1 &#177; 20.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Maximum speed reached (km/h)</td>
                <td align="center">8.2 &#177; 2.4</td>
                <td align="center">8.8 &#177; 2.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">6.8 &#177; 1.9</td>
                <td align="center">7.2 &#177; 1.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Speed VT2 (km/h)</td>
                <td align="center">7.1 &#177; 1.8</td>
                <td align="center">7.9 &#177; 1.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">5.7 &#177; 1.5</td>
                <td align="center">6.3 &#177; 1.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Speed VT1 (km/h)</td>
                <td align="center">5.4 &#177; 1.4</td>
                <td align="center">6 &#177; 1.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.06</td>
                <td align="center">4.5 &#177; 1.3</td>
                <td align="center">4.8 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">0.12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">% max inclination (degrees)</td>
                <td align="center">13 &#177; 6.1</td>
                <td align="center">14.3 &#177; 6.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.12</td>
                <td align="center">12.3 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">13.8 &#177; 4.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">% inclination VT2 (degrees)</td>
                <td align="center">12 &#177; 5.4</td>
                <td align="center">12.5 &#177; 6.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.45</td>
                <td align="center">10.3 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">12.2 &#177; 3.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">% inclination VT1 (degrees)</td>
                <td align="center">8.4 &#177; 4.2</td>
                <td align="center">9.6 &#177; 5.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.14</td>
                <td align="center">7.4 &#177; 3.2</td>
                <td align="center">8.7 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>PG: periodized exercise training group; NPG: non-periodized exercise training group; FCR: functional capacity reached; HR: heart rate;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Intra-group difference (Student t test for dependent samples, p &#8804; 0.05);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Difference between groups (Student t test, p &lt; 0.05).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Skeletal muscle function</title>
        <p>The evaluation of the muscle strength parameters within groups, compared pre- and post-training, showed a significant improvement. In a comparison made between the groups, no significant difference could be found (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Intra &amp; intergroup comparison of muscle strength</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Group</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">PG</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">NPG</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Pre</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Post</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Pre</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Post</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Extensor chair (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">13.5 &#177; 5.5</td>
                <td align="center">24.0 &#177; 8.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">10.4 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">20.6 &#177; 8.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Leg curl (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">7.9 &#177; 3.3</td>
                <td align="center">14.1 &#177; 4.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">6.5 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">11 &#177; 6.5 </td>
                <td align="center">0.00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bench press</td>
                <td align="center">12.6 &#177; 4.5</td>
                <td align="center">21.2 &#177; 6.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">9.7 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">18.2 &#177; 6.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triceps</td>
                <td align="center">8.9 &#177; 3.6</td>
                <td align="center">15.5 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">7.2 &#177; 3.5</td>
                <td align="center">12.3 &#177; 3.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Biceps</td>
                <td align="center">8.4 &#177; 2.5</td>
                <td align="center">13.3 &#177; 3.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">7.2 &#177; 3.1</td>
                <td align="center">11.4 &#177; 3.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">High pulley rear</td>
                <td align="center">15.5 &#177; 5.7</td>
                <td align="center">28.5 &#177; 7.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">11.8 &#177; 7.2</td>
                <td align="center">23.9 &#177; 11.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Intra-group difference (Student t test for dependent samples, p &lt; 0.05)</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study ascertained the following outcomes: superior improvement of body fat, fat above ideal and body mass, VO<sub>2</sub> peak and VO<sub>2</sub> at VT1-2 in the PG; muscle strength improvement in both groups. Periodization training is suggested in most recent guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> However, the superiority of periodized training (RT and AT) has been poorly studied in CAD patients.</p>
      <p>The main finding of this study was that the periodized exercise prescription program was superior to the conventional one with respect to the increase in VO<sub>2</sub> peak for coronary patients taking part in a rehabilitation program. VO<sub>2</sub> peak is closely associated with morbidity and mortality in cardiac patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> This information is very important since periodization is still not in the rehabilitation programs of CAD patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> In addition, VO<sub>2</sub> peak is recognized as being the best indicator of survival for this population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Therefore, the inclusion of periodization as a fundamental basis for exercise prescription in cardiac rehabilitation programs could improve the results in VO<sub>2</sub> peak.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiopulmonary testing</title>
        <p>The two training groups showed improvements in VO<sub>2</sub> peak and in the VO<sub>2</sub> of the VT2, but only the PG showed a significant increase in the VO<sub>2</sub> of the VT1. VO<sub>2</sub> peak is an independent predictor of mortality and morbidity in CAD patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In the comparison between groups, the PG showed a significant effect compared to the NPG. Also, both groups improved their functional capacity (% of the predicted value), with most significant differences in favor of PG, which were attributed to the better structuring of the load progression in this group. The classical approach to periodization is the linear periodized training that appears in exercise training guidelines for cardiac patients,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> but has never been compared to non-periodized training in this population. Linear periodized training has superior cardiac and musculoskeletal function as compared to non-periodized training for athletes and healthy subjects<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> and with respect to cardiometabolic risk in obese adolescents.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Ribeiro et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> have described that, for beginners, walking programs remain the most prescribed modality for CAD patients because they are safe, controlled, and can be performed anywhere.</p>
        <p>The intensity of the AT of the NPG was moderate, between VT1 and VT2, that is, between the minimum and maximum stable phases of lactate production.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Therefore, they trained during almost the whole period (36 sessions) predominantly using the aerobic system as their energy source, without generating acidosis, and metabolic recovery was not necessary during the session, allowing for the maintenance of continuous training. Jolliffe et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> have carried out a meta-analysis involving 8,440 patients with 32 randomized and controlled studies. They concluded that AT was safe, improved the aerobic capacity and reduced mortality, confirming the findings of the present study for PG.</p>
        <p>The volunteers in the PG trained in the same interval of intensity as the NPG (between the HRVT1 and HRVT2). A training TZ was created for both groups corresponding to the HR interval for VT1 and VT2, but a load progression was organized for the PG. The intensity of AT was limited to the AHR up to the 18th session and this interval training was defined as the ideal to improve aerobic performance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> The improvement of the VO<sub>2</sub> of the VT2 in the PG was attributed to this specificity of the training, which did not occur in NPG. As from the 19<sup>th</sup> session (half of the fundamental macrocycle), the volunteers started training above the AHR up to the HR corresponding to the VT2. Due to the increased intensity of training, interval training started in PG. From the 5<sup>th</sup> minute of walking on the treadmill, the patient trained 2 minutes close to the HRVT1 followed by 1 minute close to the HRVT2, and maintained this alternating scheme until completing 30 minutes of workout. Due to its specificity, this training intensity promoted a greater increase in the VO<sub>2</sub> of the VT2, a fact confirmed by the findings of the present study. It is important to highlight that this AT with intervals, limited by the maximum stable lactate phase, has already been proven. Cornish et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> have published a meta-analysis involving 213 patients with seven randomized studies, which demonstrated the need for more studies in order to determine the risks and benefits of interval training above the VT2. In addition, the authors have noted different prescription methodologies, with the patients starting the exercise program with sets of high intensity training with intervals in the majority of cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> We believe that periodization allows for a greater chance of standardizing the prescriptions.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Body composition</title>
        <p>The volunteers in the PG showed reductions in their fat mass, weight of fat above the ideal value and in their body weight. Increments in body mass and body fat are associated with several chronic diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Studies have shown that moderate AT promotes an improvement in body composition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> This was important because obesity is considered to be an important modifiable cardiovascular risk factor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> A simple improvement in food habits is not sufficient for a rapid and appropriate decrease in fat mass. Therefore, the physical exercise association was fundamental for body weight decrease and long-term maintenance of these changes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> have recognized aerobic exercise as the most suitable form of training by providing positive effects on glucose and lipids and decrease on body fat and the strength exercises. Inoue et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> have shown that the association of strength and AT was more effective than only AT to improve lipid profile and insulin resistance sensitivity on obese adolescents.</p>
        <p>The improvement in aerobic capacity or exercise tolerance results in a greater consumption of calories to maintain the activity and, consequently, burning more fat.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Lira et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> have studied the effects of intensity and type of exercise on lipoprotein profiles and highlighted the higher energy expenditure achieved by associating volume and intensity. This fact justifies the finding that the PG, with its greater cardiopulmonary evolution and tolerance to exercise, presented greater body fat decrease. This is because improving the aerobic capacity increases the caloric expenditure per session, since the patient is walking more within a same time interval.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Skeletal muscle function</title>
        <p>Both training groups presented a significant improvement in strength after the training period. In this case, the PG showed no advantage.</p>
        <p>During MAD the patients worked with loads equivalent to 30% of the maximum determined in the 1RM test, in the MFU, with 40%, and in the MSP, with 50%. This organized progression of the load was not more effective than the random progression used for the NPG. This could be attributed to the fact that these low training loads did not recruit different energy sources and/or types of muscle fibers. In addition, in the first 12 weeks of training, the increase in strength occurs due to neural adaptation and not to hypertrophy, which is independent of the load.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The increase in strength noted in both groups could have contributed to the improvement in the VO<sub>2</sub> peak, in the walking speed and in the inclination reached during the treadmill test.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Therefore, the training study is extremely important to both athletes, to reach high performance, and patients, such as those with heart disease, to reduce the risk of mortality, which has great social relevance.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The present study showed that, within the cardiac rehabilitation programs for coronary disease patients, periodization of the training can improve the results as compared to the conventional model, when considering the following variables: VO<sub>2</sub> peak, VO<sub>2</sub> for the VT2, VO<sub>2</sub> for the VT1, %fat and body weight. These findings are very important for future studies involving physical training and cardiac rehabilitation.</p>
      <p>We believe that, at the present moment, before evolving into comparative studies between continuous exercises of moderate intensity versus high intensity exercises with intervals, periodization should be included as a prescription tool aimed at improving the results of the intervention or treatment of those with coronary disease with physical exercise.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>Some of the study limitations were the small size of the sample and not using the Faulkner protocol to evaluate body composition. In addition, inflammatory biomarkers, oxidative stress analysis and drug reduction for hypertension were not performed.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Post Doctoral submitted by Rafael Michel de Macedo, from <italic>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</italic>.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the <italic>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</italic> under the protocol number 434/2010. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeito Cardiovascular Superior do Modelo Periodizado para Prescri&#231;&#227;o de Exerc&#237;cios Comparado ao Convencional em Coronariopatias</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Michel de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carolina Brandt de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jose R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costantini</surname>
            <given-names>Costantino R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costantini</surname>
            <given-names>Costantino O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Olandoski</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sebasti&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael P. da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Katherine A. Teixeira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guarita-Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Cesar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pequeno Pr&#237;ncipe, Curitiba, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rafael Michel de Macedo</bold> Rua Pedro Collere, 890. CEP: 80320-320, Vila Izabel, Curitiba, PR - Brasil. E-mail: <email>rafael.macedo@hospitalcostantini.com.br</email>, <email>acbrandt@bol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Macedo RM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Macedo RM, Sebasti&#227;o Neto F; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Macedo RM, Macedo ACB, Olandoski M; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Macedo RM, Guarita-Souza LC, Silveira RP; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito:Macedo RM, Macedo ACB, Faria-Neto JR, Costantini CR, Costantini CO, Guarita-Souza LC, Carvalho KAT; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Macedo RM, Macedo ACB, Faria-Neto JR, Guarita-Souza LC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico melhora a sobrevida e a qualidade de vida de pacientes coronarianos, mas a maneira ideal de prescrev&#234;-lo &#233; ainda controversa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Criar um modelo periodizado para prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios para pacientes coronarianos e compar&#225;-lo com o modelo convencional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Randomiza&#231;&#227;o de 62 pacientes coronarianos em tratamento farmacol&#243;gico em dois grupos: treinamento convencional, n&#227;o periodizado (GNP, n = 33) e periodizado (GP, n = 29). Os dois grupos foram submetidos aos mesmos exerc&#237;cios durante as 36 sess&#245;es do programa, mas prescritos de maneira diferente. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; seguinte avalia&#231;&#227;o: consulta m&#233;dica admissional, teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar, teste de 1 repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima (1RM) e avalia&#231;&#227;o da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O VO<sub>2</sub> pico melhorou nos dois grupos, embora de maneira mais efetiva no GP (4% <italic>versus</italic> 1,7%, p &lt; 0,001). Al&#233;m disso, a capacidade funcional do GP aumentou em 13%, tendo havido significativa redu&#231;&#227;o no percentual de gordura corporal (2,1%, p &lt; 0,005) e no peso corporal (1,9 kg, p &lt; 0,005). A for&#231;a muscular nos dois grupos melhorou como diagnosticado pelo teste de 1RM para seis diferentes grupos musculares (qu&#225;driceps, isquiotibiais, b&#237;ceps, tr&#237;ceps braquial, peitoral e grande dorsal), mas sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos, tendo os dois modelos a mesma efici&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>O presente estudo mostrou que a periodiza&#231;&#227;o do treinamento de pacientes card&#237;acos pode melhorar a capacidade cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e reduzir a porcentagem de gordura corporal mais efetivamente do que o modelo convencional.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana / fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia por Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnicas de Exerc&#237;cio e Movimento</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de, a doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; respons&#225;vel por 33% de todas as mortes que ocorrem no mundo por ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> No Brasil, em 2011, foram registradas mais de 900 mil mortes de indiv&#237;duos com mais de 30 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A despeito disso, o n&#250;mero de pacientes com mais de 60 anos que sobrevive a um evento cardiovascular e necessita de aten&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria cresce a cada ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e/ou de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca tornou-se fundamental para a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade e das comorbidades associadas &#224; doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> O treinamento f&#237;sico de pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) acompanha-se de melhora das fun&#231;&#245;es cardiovascular e musculoesquel&#233;tica, da resist&#234;ncia, da inflama&#231;&#227;o, da qualidade de vida e das fun&#231;&#245;es cognitivas, al&#233;m de al&#237;vio de sintomas cl&#237;nicos (dispneia, dist&#250;rbios do sono, estresse e sintomas depressivos).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As diretrizes que incluem exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico como uma forma de tratamento para DAC respeitam a rela&#231;&#227;o de equil&#237;brio entre seguran&#231;a e efeito do treinamento,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> e recomendam a combina&#231;&#227;o de treinamento de resist&#234;ncia (TR) com treinamento aer&#243;bio (TA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Para o TR, indicam limites de carga m&#225;xima durante o treinamento, como 50% da intensidade no teste de uma repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima (1RM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Para o TA, o limiar ventilat&#243;rio medido durante o teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar (TECP) m&#225;ximo &#233; usado com frequ&#234;ncia em pacientes com DAC. Para iniciantes com baixa aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica/maior risco card&#237;aco, as diretrizes recomendam 40% a 50% de consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub> pico), e para pacientes com DAC e maior n&#237;vel de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica ou menor risco card&#237;aco, 50% a 75% do VO<sub>2</sub> pico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Entretanto, nenhum desses documentos descreve como a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios deve ser organizada no tempo. Os limites de carga m&#225;xima para treinamento permitem a elabora&#231;&#227;o de uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio, mas n&#227;o de um programa de treinamento progressivo. Tal programa, que deve envolver o tipo de est&#237;mulo de acordo com a fase do treinamento (cont&#237;nuo e/ou intervalado), a forma de progress&#227;o da carga (volume e/ou intensidade),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> a frequ&#234;ncia do treinamento (sess&#227;o/semana) e as datas de avalia&#231;&#227;o e reavalia&#231;&#227;o, &#233; conhecido como periodiza&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A periodiza&#231;&#227;o &#233; usada no treinamento esportivo desde a d&#233;cada de 1990,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e a sua inclus&#227;o na reabilita&#231;&#227;o foi recentemente debatida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> O treinamento pode ser mais detalhado atrav&#233;s do uso da periodiza&#231;&#227;o, enfatizando seus princ&#237;pios b&#225;sicos de especificidade, sobrecarga e reversibilidade. A periodiza&#231;&#227;o &#233; o processo de manipular as vari&#225;veis do treinamento para evitar excessos, maximizar as adapta&#231;&#245;es ao treinamento e alcan&#231;ar supercompensa&#231;&#227;o ou um efeito do treinamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> A abordagem cl&#225;ssica para a periodiza&#231;&#227;o &#233; o treinamento periodizado linear, que aparece nas diretrizes de exerc&#237;cio para pacientes card&#237;acos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Esse tipo consiste em alto volume inicial e baixa intensidade. Portanto, os resultados cl&#237;nicos e f&#237;sicos obtidos atrav&#233;s do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico periodizado nos programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar e metab&#243;lica poderiam ser aperfei&#231;oados, melhorando a qualidade de vida dos pacientes envolvidos.</p>
        <p>Este estudo visou criar um modelo de periodiza&#231;&#227;o para a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios destinados a pacientes com DAC na fase II do programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, e comparar os resultados &#224;queles de pacientes submetidos a um programa n&#227;o periodizado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o do projeto pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidad Cat&#243;lica Pontifica do Paran&#225; (434/2010), 534 pacientes encaminhados para o servi&#231;o de reabilita&#231;&#227;o do Hospital Cardiol&#243;gico Costantini (HCC) foram avaliados.</p>
          <p>O crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o foi: homens submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea/angioplastia ou ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda &#8805; 50% (avaliada por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica) e estratificados como de baixo ou moderado risco para a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio de acordo com a Sociedade Americana de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar e Preven&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: les&#245;es musculoesquel&#233;ticas induzidas por exerc&#237;cio, falha em completar as 36 sess&#245;es e/ou complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares que levem &#224; interrup&#231;&#227;o do programa de exerc&#237;cio. Os pacientes estratificados como de baixo ou moderado risco segundo o Col&#233;gio Americano de Medicina Esportiva,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> foram submetidos a uma consulta m&#233;dica admissional.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o, 62 pacientes que atenderam ao crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o foram selecionados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados das medidas</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar</title>
            <p>O TECP foi realizado por m&#233;dico do HCC usando um analisador de gases (Cortex, modelo Metalyzer3B), uma esteira el&#233;trica (Inbramed, modelo Inbrasport Super ATL) e um programa de computador (Ergo PC Elite). O TECP escolhido foi um protocolo de rampa individualizado para cada paciente, com medida de press&#227;o arterial a cada 3 minutos com esfigmoman&#244;metro anal&#243;gico (Missouri) e estetosc&#243;pio (BD). Al&#233;m disso, o tra&#231;ado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico foi monitorado com eletrodos (3M) durante toda a fase de resist&#234;ncia e o per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o. Os volumes e gases (O<sub>2</sub> e CO<sub>2</sub>) foram calibrados antes dos testes. O m&#233;todo V-slope foi usado para determinar o primeiro limiar ventilat&#243;rio (LV1). O segundo limiar ventilat&#243;rio (LV2) foi determinado pelo ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria, isso &#233;, a transi&#231;&#227;o entre os sistemas aer&#243;bio e anaer&#243;bio no TECP. Nesse momento, a produ&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub>2</sub> perde a linearidade, aumenta exponencialmente e excede o consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>). Esse ponto foi considerado o LV2. Consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio foi estabelecido a partir da m&#233;dia obtida durante os &#250;ltimos 30 segundos do exerc&#237;cio.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Teste de uma repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima</title>
            <p>O teste de 1RM foi realizado por um dos instrutores do servi&#231;o de reabilita&#231;&#227;o do HCC. Foi definido como a carga mais pesada que pode ser movida em um exerc&#237;cio com apenas uma repeti&#231;&#227;o. Antes de iniciar o teste, todos os indiv&#237;duos realizaram um aquecimento geral de 5 minutos pedalando e, ent&#227;o, fizeram dez repeti&#231;&#245;es sem carga adicional para ajustar a velocidade e o &#226;ngulo do movimento. Primeiro, o instrutor explicou como executar cada movimento. O teste de 1RM foi realizado utilizando os grandes grupos musculares (qu&#225;driceps, isquiotibiais, peitoral, b&#237;ceps, tr&#237;ceps e grande dorsal), aumentando-se o peso em 5 kg a cada repeti&#231;&#227;o, com 3-5 minutos de descanso entre as eleva&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s tr&#234;s a quatro tentativas subsequentes. O teste foi interrompido quando o paciente n&#227;o conseguiu completar uma repeti&#231;&#227;o com a carga proposta, sendo, nesse caso, a carga anterior considerada a ideal. A esta&#231;&#227;o de muscula&#231;&#227;o <italic>Movement Mega II</italic> foi usada para o teste nas seguintes posi&#231;&#245;es: cadeira extensora, flex&#227;o de perna, adu&#231;&#227;o e abdu&#231;&#227;o do quadril, supino plano, rosca b&#237;ceps e tr&#237;ceps e pulley alto costas.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal</title>
            <p>A composi&#231;&#227;o corporal (CC) foi avaliada por um instrutor de reabilita&#231;&#227;o. O protocolo <italic>Faulkner</italic> foi composto pela medida de seis circunfer&#234;ncias (panturrilha, coxa, bra&#231;o, antebra&#231;o, quadril e abdome) e quatro pregas cut&#226;neas (abdominal, suprail&#237;aca, subescapular e tricipital).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Usou-se uma trena antropom&#233;trica (Wiso modelo R88) combinada a um adip&#244;metro (Cescorf). A porcentagem de gordura, a massa corporal ideal e as massas magra e gorda foram calculadas usando a equa&#231;&#227;o de Faulkner.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Os volunt&#225;rios foram reavaliados ap&#243;s 36 sess&#245;es (consulta m&#233;dica admissional + TECP + 1RM + CC).</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do experimento</title>
          <p>Trata-se de estudo randomizado e controlado, incluindo 62 pacientes do sexo masculino aleatoriamente designados para dois grupos: grupo de treinamento n&#227;o periodizado (GNP, n = 33); e grupo de treinamento periodizado (GP, n = 29). A designa&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes para os grupos deu-se &#224;s cegas, utilizando-se envelopes com pap&#233;is onde se liam GP ou GNP, mantidos em seguran&#231;a por um indiv&#237;duo independente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Desenho do estudo.</title>
                <p>GP: grupo de treinamento periodizado; GNP: grupo de treinamento n&#227;o periodizado; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; RM: repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima.</p>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-04-0393-80036-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <sec>
            <title>Protocolos de treinamento</title>
            <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos dos dois grupos foram submetidos a TA e TR por 12 semanas, com 3 sess&#245;es por semana (36 sess&#245;es) em dias n&#227;o consecutivos.</p>
            <p>O TA foi conduzido em esteira el&#233;trica (Movement modelos RT250, LX160 e LX150), enquanto para o TR, usaram-se caneleiras, alteres e aparelhos de tonifica&#231;&#227;o muscular (esta&#231;&#227;o de muscula&#231;&#227;o <italic>Movement Mega II</italic>).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Protocolo de resist&#234;ncia</title>
            <p>Realizou-se TR com duas sess&#245;es para os membros inferiores e uma sess&#227;o para os membros superiores. Portanto, o treinamento consistiu de 24 sess&#245;es de TA em esteira el&#233;trica e exerc&#237;cio de resist&#234;ncia de membros inferiores, e outras 12 sess&#245;es de TA em esteira el&#233;trica e exerc&#237;cio de resist&#234;ncia de membros superiores. Assim, a cada duas sess&#245;es consecutivas de esteira + exerc&#237;cio de resist&#234;ncia de membros inferiores seguiu-se uma sess&#227;o de esteira + exerc&#237;cio de resist&#234;ncia de membros superiores.</p>
            <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios para TR foi similar nos dois grupos e incluiu: extens&#227;o de perna, flex&#227;o de perna, flex&#227;o do quadril, flex&#227;o do joelho, adu&#231;&#227;o e abdu&#231;&#227;o do quadril, plantiflex&#227;o do tornozelo e flex&#227;o do quadril associada a flex&#227;o do joelho, flex&#227;o e extens&#227;o do cotovelo, abdu&#231;&#227;o do ombro, adu&#231;&#227;o das esc&#225;pulas, flex&#227;o anterior do ombro, exerc&#237;cio de p&#234;ndulo para decoapta&#231;&#227;o da articula&#231;&#227;o do ombro, supino plano, puxador para as costas, rosca b&#237;ceps e tr&#237;ceps e pulley alto costas. Os dois grupos fizeram tr&#234;s s&#233;ries de 15 repeti&#231;&#245;es de cada exerc&#237;cio, tendo a intensidade do TR variado de 30% a 50% das cargas obtidas no teste de 1RM. A diferen&#231;a entre os dois grupos foi que, no GP, a intensidade aumentou progressivamente em cada microciclo (quatro semanas) e, no GNP, a intensidade aumentou conforme a resili&#234;ncia do paciente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>). Seguindo a recomenda&#231;&#227;o do Col&#233;gio Americano de Medicina Esportiva,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> os intervalos de descanso entre as s&#233;ries variaram de 1 a 2 minutos.</p>
            <table-wrap id="t6">
              <label>Tabela 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Programas de treinamento de resist&#234;ncia e aer&#243;bio no grupo de treinamento n&#227;o periodizado (GNP) e no grupo de treinamento periodizado (GP)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                  <col width="25%"/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Per&#237;odos de treinamento </th>
                    <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">S&#233;ries</th>
                    <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Repeti&#231;&#245;es</th>
                    <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Carga (%1RM)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" colspan="4">
                      <bold>Treinamento de resist&#234;ncia</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">GNP</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Semanas 1 - 12</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">15</td>
                    <td align="center">30-50%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">GP</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Semanas 1 - 4</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">15</td>
                    <td align="center">30%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Semanas 5 - 8</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">15</td>
                    <td align="center">40%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Semanas 9 - 12</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">15</td>
                    <td align="center">50%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">
                      <bold>Treinamento aer&#243;bio</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="3">
                      <bold>Intensidade</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">GNP</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Semanas 1 - 12</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="3">FCLV1 a FCLV2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">GP</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                    <td align="center">
										</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Semanas 1 - 6</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="3">FCLV1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Semanas 7 - 12</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="3">Treinamento intervalado (2 min FCLV1+FCM, 1 min FCLV2)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN11">
                  <p>FCLV1: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no limiar ventilat&#243;rio 1; FCLV2: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no limiar ventilat&#243;rio 2; FCM: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Protocolo aer&#243;bio</title>
            <p>A intensidade do TA na esteira el&#233;trica para os dois grupos foi definida a partir dos resultados obtidos no TECP. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) correspondente ao LV1 foi definida como o limite inferior de FC de treino (FCLV1), enquanto a FC correspondente ao LV2 foi definida como o limite superior de FC de treino (FCLV2). O intervalo entre FCLV1 e FCLV2 correspondeu &#224; intensidade ideal de treino para cada paciente, conhecida como zona-alvo (ZA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Os dois grupos come&#231;aram o programa de TA com 25 minutos de atividade assim divididos: 5 minutos de aquecimento, 15 minutos de treinamento na ZA e 5 minutos finais de <italic>cool down</italic>. A cada tr&#234;s sess&#245;es, adicionavam-se 5 minutos ao treinamento na ZA. Da 10&#170; &#224; 36&#170; sess&#227;o, o tempo total de trabalho foi de 40 minutos, 30 dos quais na ZA. Os 5 minutos de aquecimento e <italic>cool down</italic> foram mantidos nas 36 sess&#245;es.</p>
            <p>O GNP treinou nas 36 sess&#245;es dentro da ZA proposta e prescrita conforme a FC (correspondendo a LV1 e LV2 do TECP) sem previs&#227;o de progress&#227;o de carga. O paciente escolheu a intensidade de treinamento, contanto que estivesse na ZA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2A</xref>).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f4">
                <label>Figura 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Modelo de periodiza&#231;&#227;o da prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio. A, B- Varia&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no treinamento aer&#243;bio. CModelo de prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio.</title>
                  <p>RM: repeti&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima; FCLV1: limite inferior de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de treino; FCLV2: Limite superior de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de treino.</p>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-04-0393-80036-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>O TA do GP foi dividido em dois microciclos de 18 sess&#245;es. Primeiro, determinou-se a FC m&#233;dia (FCM) entre a FCLV1 e a FCLV2, obtida a partir da f&#243;rmula: FCM = (FCLV2-FCLV1)/2. A intensidade do treinamento at&#233; a 18&#170; sess&#227;o foi determinada por FCLV1 + FCM, sendo designada zona-alvo 1 (ZA1). A segunda zona-alvo (ZA2) foi determinada pelo intervalo entre FCLV1 + FCM e FCLV2. Por exemplo, se o paciente apresentou FC em LV1 de 100 bpm e de 130 bpm em LV2, a ZA1 foi o intervalo entre 100 e 115 bpm, e a ZA2 foi o intervalo entre 115 e 130 bmp. Depois da 18&#170; sess&#227;o, come&#231;ou o treinamento intervalado, com 2 minutos na intensidade com FCM e 1 minuto com FCLV2.</p>
            <p>Portanto, a diferen&#231;a entre os modelos de TA propostos baseou-se na progress&#227;o da carga, isso &#233;, foi predeterminada no GP (18&#170; sess&#227;o), regulada pelo aumento da FC de treino e mudan&#231;a dentro da ZA (ZA1 para ZA2), enquanto no GNP, a intensidade foi regulada apenas pelo paciente, sempre entre ZA1 e ZA2 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>). Os pacientes do GNP e do GP treinaram com um monitor de FC convencional (Oregon modelo HR102). Al&#233;m disso, os instrutores checaram regularmente a FC com ox&#237;metro digital (Nonin). &#201; importante frisar que pacientes coronariopatas de baixo risco para a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio foram instru&#237;dos a treinar entre os limiares ventilat&#243;rios, seguindo a recomenda&#231;&#227;o da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Ao longo das 36 sess&#245;es de treinamento do GNP, os crit&#233;rios de seguran&#231;a e os limites de intensidade foram respeitados, com as cargas para o TR variando de 30% a 50% do teste de 1RM, e observando-se os limites da ZA para o TA. Al&#233;m disso, o volume do treinamento foi mantido, realizando-se tr&#234;s s&#233;ries de 15 repeti&#231;&#245;es para cada exerc&#237;cio localizado e um tempo m&#225;ximo de 40 minutos de TA a partir da 10&#170; sess&#227;o. Tais limites foram apresentados aos pacientes, que definiram suas cargas ideais de treinamento de acordo com suas zonas de conforto e foram orientados pelo instrutor quanto &#224; implementa&#231;&#227;o dos movimentos.</p>
            <p>No GP, a prescri&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios foi periodizada. Esse grupo realizou o mesmo volume de treinamento com os mesmos intervalos de intensidade prescritos para o GNP, mas tendo a prescri&#231;&#227;o organizada por tempo. Assim, criaram-se tr&#234;s macrociclos de treinamento, o primeiro conhecido como adapta&#231;&#227;o, o segundo como fundamental e o terceiro como espec&#237;fico. Cada macrociclo, que teve um objetivo diferente, foi composto por 12 microciclos, sendo cada microciclo definido como um grupo de tr&#234;s aulas ou sess&#245;es de treinamento. O objetivo do macrociclo de adapata&#231;&#227;o foi melhorar a coordena&#231;&#227;o neuromuscular e a adapta&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar. O objetivo do macrociclo fundamental foi melhorar o limiar ventilat&#243;rio e o recrutamento de fibra muscular. E o objetivo do macrociclo espec&#237;fico foi melhorar o VO<sub>2</sub> pico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>) e a for&#231;a de resist&#234;ncia.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de dados</title>
          <p>Os resultados obtidos neste estudo foram expressos como m&#233;dias, medianas, valores m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo e desvios-padr&#227;o (vari&#225;veis quantitativas) ou frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens (vari&#225;veis qualitativas). Os dados foram avaliados quanto &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o normal usando o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Os grupos foram comparados quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis quantitativas usando o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> para amostras dependentes ou teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney. Quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis qualitativas, as compara&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas com o teste exato de Fisher ou o teste qui-quadrado. O teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> ou o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Wilcoxon foi usado para comparar os momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o no caso de amostras pareadas. Para comparar os grupos e os momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o (inicial x final), considerou-se um modelo de an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia com um fator de medidas repetidas (<italic>split-plot</italic>). Todas as vari&#225;veis que apresentaram significativa intera&#231;&#227;o entre o grupo e o momento de avalia&#231;&#227;o foram analisadas comparando-se os grupos em cada momento, e os momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o dentro de cada grupo, onde os valores de p &lt; 0,05 indicaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. O programa Statistica vers&#227;o 8.0 foi usado para a an&#225;lise dos dados.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
          <p>Um paciente do GNP e outro do GP n&#227;o completaram as 36 sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio. Assim, um total de 60 pacientes (GNP n = 32 e GP n = 28) foi reavaliado.</p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas basais dos 60 pacientes que atenderam ao crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o. Todas as vari&#225;veis avaliadas apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal (teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, p &gt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="60%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">GP</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">GNP</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">n (homens)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (100%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade &#177; DP, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">55,89 &#177; 8,2</td>
                  <td align="center">62,4 &#177; 11,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">**</xref> %</td>
                  <td align="center">65,57 &#177; 5,5</td>
                  <td align="center">66,09 &#177; 5,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal</td>
                  <td align="center">28,2 &#177; 3,5</td>
                  <td align="center">28,9 &#177; 4,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal</td>
                  <td align="center">100,7 &#177; 9,0</td>
                  <td align="center">101,0 &#177; 10,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar positiva/ doen&#231;a cardiovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (71,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (80%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (96,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (100%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (42,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (68,75%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sedentarismo</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (78,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (78,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Estresse</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (89,2,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (68,75%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (14,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (25%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (17,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (9,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (42,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (46,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para exerc&#237;cios</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">risco baixo</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (75%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (78,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">risco moderado</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (21,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">Localiza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da les&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Coron&#225;ria direita</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (14,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Descendente posterior</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (7,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Descendente anterior</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (64,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diagonal</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (17,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Circunflexa</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (21,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Marginal</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">Art&#233;rias com <italic>stents</italic> implantados</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Coron&#225;ria direita</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1 <italic>stent</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">4 (14,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2 <italic>stents</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3 <italic>stents</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Descendente posterior</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1 <italic>stent</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">Tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1 <italic>stent</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">2 (7,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Descendente anterior</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1 <italic>stent</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">16 (57,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diagonal</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1 <italic>stent</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Circunflexa</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1 <italic>stent</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">6 (21,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">2 <italic>stents</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">6 (21,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Marginal</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1 <italic>stent</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica incompleta</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cirurgia pr&#233;via de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (7,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Angioplastia anterior</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (14,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Medica&#231;&#245;es, <sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8224;</xref> %</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Anticoagulantes</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Anti-hipertensivos</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (46,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Betabloqueadores</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (92,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <p>GP: grupo de treinamento periodizado; GNP: grupo de treinamento n&#227;o periodizado; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>Obtido por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>Dose-padr&#227;o de medica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eventos adversos durante o per&#237;odo de tratamento</title>
          <p>N&#227;o foram registraram eventos adversos significativos durante o per&#237;odo de treinamento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Par&#226;metros de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal</title>
          <p>N&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos. Dentro de cada grupo, entretanto, houve uma diferen&#231;a significativa em todas as vari&#225;veis do GP, mas apenas na porcentagem de gordura acima do ideal no GNP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Par&#226;metros de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Grupo</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">GP (n = 28)</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">GNP (n = 32)</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Pr&#233;</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">P&#243;s</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Pr&#233;</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">P&#243;s</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gordura corporal (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24,0 &#177; 3,5</td>
                  <td align="center">21,9 &#177; 3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">23,9 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">22,9 &#177; 4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gordura acima do ideal (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,7 &#177; 3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">4,8 &#177; 2,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">5,6 &#177; 5,7</td>
                  <td align="center">4,5 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Massa corporal (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">85,9 &#177; 11,7</td>
                  <td align="center">77,4 &#177; 9,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">83,9 &#177; 15,1</td>
                  <td align="center">83,2 &#177; 14,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <p>GP: grupo de treinamento periodizado; GNP: grupo de treinamento n&#227;o periodizado.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 (teste t de Student) diferen&#231;as intra-grupo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar</title>
          <p>Os dois grupos n&#227;o diferiram significativamente quanto aos valores basais das vari&#225;veis cardiopulmonares. Entretanto, observaram-se altera&#231;&#245;es significativas ap&#243;s o treinamento na capacidade funcional alcan&#231;ada, no VO<sub>2</sub> pico e no VO<sub>2</sub> para o LV1 e o LV2, com superior efeito de treinamento para o GP. Al&#233;m disso, houve diferen&#231;a significativa dentro dos grupos quanto &#224; capacidade funcional alcan&#231;ada, ao VO<sub>2</sub> pico, ao VO<sub>2</sub> no LV1, ao VO<sub>2</sub> no LV2 e &#224; velocidade no LV2 nos dois grupos comparando-se os valores antes e depois do treinamento. Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos, notou-se diferen&#231;a significativa na velocidade m&#225;xima alcan&#231;ada no GP e na inclina&#231;&#227;o no LV1 e no LV2 no GNP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Grupo</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">GP (n = 28)</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">GNP (n = 32)</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Pr&#233;</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">P&#243;s</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Pr&#233;</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">P&#243;s</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CFA (% do valor previsto)</td>
                  <td align="center">88,7 &#177; 12,4</td>
                  <td align="center">101,9 &#177; 13,8<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">80,2 &#177; 15,3</td>
                  <td align="center">86,5 &#177; 12,2<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> pico (ml/kg/min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,2 &#177; 6,3</td>
                  <td align="center">31,5 &#177; 7,3<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">22,9 &#177; 5,7</td>
                  <td align="center">24 &#177; 6<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> LV2</td>
                  <td align="center">23,64 &#177; 4,8</td>
                  <td align="center">27,7 &#177; 3<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">19,9 &#177; 5,4</td>
                  <td align="center">21,6 &#177; 5,4<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> LV1</td>
                  <td align="center">17,0 &#177; 2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">20,7 &#177; 2,3<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">15,8 &#177; 3,5</td>
                  <td align="center">16,4 &#177; 3,4<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC m&#225;xima alcan&#231;ada</td>
                  <td align="center">159,7 &#177; 22 </td>
                  <td align="center">162,6 &#177; 18,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                  <td align="center">138,3 &#177; 18,3</td>
                  <td align="center">136,1 &#177; 18,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC LV2</td>
                  <td align="center">169,9 &#177; 21</td>
                  <td align="center">141,9 &#177; 20,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,39</td>
                  <td align="center">119,2 &#177; 16,2</td>
                  <td align="center">118,8 &#177; 15,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC LV1</td>
                  <td align="center">110 &#177; 14,5</td>
                  <td align="center">114,3 &#177; 15,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">100 &#177; 15,6</td>
                  <td align="center">96,1 &#177; 20,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Velocidade m&#225;xima alcan&#231;ada (km/h)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,2 &#177; 2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">8,8 &#177; 2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">6,8 &#177; 1,9</td>
                  <td align="center">7,2 &#177; 1,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Velocidade LV2 (km/h)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,1 &#177; 1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">7,9 &#177; 1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">5,7 &#177; 1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">6,3 &#177; 1,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Velocidade LV1 (km/h)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,4 &#177; 1,4</td>
                  <td align="center">6 &#177; 1,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">4,5 &#177; 1,3</td>
                  <td align="center">4,8 &#177; 1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">% inclina&#231;&#227;o m&#225;x (graus)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 &#177; 6,1</td>
                  <td align="center">14,3 &#177; 6,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">12,3 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">13,8 &#177; 4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">% inclina&#231;&#227;o LV2 (graus)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 &#177; 5,4</td>
                  <td align="center">12,5 &#177; 6,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45</td>
                  <td align="center">10,3 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">12,2 &#177; 3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">% inclina&#231;&#227;o LV1 (graus)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,4 &#177; 4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">9,6 &#177; 5,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">7,4 &#177; 3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">8,7 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN17">
                <p>GP: grupo de treinamento periodizado; GNP: grupo de treinamento n&#227;o periodizado; CFA: capacidade funcional alcan&#231;ada; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN18">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Diferen&#231;a intragrupo (teste t de Student para amostras dependentes, p&#8804;0,05);</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN19">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>Diferen&#231;a entre os grupos (teste t de Student, p &lt; 0,05).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o musculoesquel&#233;tica</title>
          <p>Comparando-se antes e depois do treinamento, a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros de for&#231;a muscular dentro dos grupos mostrou uma significativa melhora. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#245;es da for&#231;a muscular intra- e intergrupo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Grupo</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">GP</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">GNP</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Pr&#233;</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">P&#243;s</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Pr&#233;</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">P&#243;s</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cadeira extensora (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,5 &#177; 5,5</td>
                  <td align="center">24,0 &#177; 8,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">10,4 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">20,6 &#177; 8,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Flex&#227;o de perna (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,9 &#177; 3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">14,1 &#177; 4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">6,5 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">11 &#177; 6,5 </td>
                  <td align="center">0,00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Supino plano</td>
                  <td align="center">12,6 &#177; 4,5</td>
                  <td align="center">21,2 &#177; 6,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">9,7 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">18,2 &#177; 6,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tr&#237;ceps</td>
                  <td align="center">8,9 &#177; 3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">15,5 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">7,2 &#177; 3,5</td>
                  <td align="center">12,3 &#177; 3,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">B&#237;ceps</td>
                  <td align="center">8,4 &#177; 2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">13,3 &#177; 3,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">7,2 &#177; 3,1</td>
                  <td align="center">11,4 &#177; 3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left"><italic>Pulley</italic> alto costas</td>
                  <td align="center">15,5 &#177; 5,7</td>
                  <td align="center">28,5 &#177; 7,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">11,8 &#177; 7,2</td>
                  <td align="center">23,9 &#177; 11,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN20">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Diferen&#231;a intra-grupo (teste t de Student para amostras dependentes, p &lt; 0,05).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os achados deste estudo foram: melhora superior de gordura corporal, percentual de gordura acima do ideal e massa corporal, VO<sub>2</sub> pico e VO<sub>2</sub> no LV1 e LV2 no GP; e melhora da for&#231;a muscular nos dois grupos. O treinamento periodizado &#233; sugerido na maioria das diretrizes recentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Entretanto, a superioridade do treinamento periodizado (TR e TA) foi pouco estudada em pacientes com DAC.</p>
        <p>O principal achado deste estudo foi que o programa de exerc&#237;cio periodizado foi superior ao convencional em rela&#231;&#227;o ao aumento do VO<sub>2</sub> pico para coronariopatas participando de um programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o. O VO<sub>2</sub> pico acha-se intimamente associado com morbimortalidade em cardiopatas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Essa informa&#231;&#227;o &#233; muito importante, pois a periodiza&#231;&#227;o ainda n&#227;o &#233; parte dos programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o VO<sub>2</sub> pico &#233; reconhecidamente o melhor indicador de sobrevida nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Logo, a inclus&#227;o da periodiza&#231;&#227;o como fundamental para a prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio em programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca pode melhorar os resultados do VO<sub>2</sub> pico.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar</title>
          <p>Os dois grupos de treinamento mostraram melhoras no VO<sub>2</sub> pico e no VO<sub>2</sub> do LV2, mas apenas o GP apresentou significativo aumento no VO<sub>2</sub> do LV1. O VO<sub>2</sub> pico &#233; um preditor independente de morbimortalidade em pacientes com DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos, o GP mostrou um significativo efeito em compara&#231;&#227;o ao GNP. Os dois grupos apresentaram melhora em sua capacidade funcional (% do valor previsto), com diferen&#231;as mais significativas em favor do GP, atribu&#237;das &#224; melhor estrutura&#231;&#227;o da progress&#227;o da carga nesse grupo. A abordagem cl&#225;ssica para a periodiza&#231;&#227;o &#233; o treinamento periodizado linear, que aparece nas diretrizes de treinamento para pacientes card&#237;acos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> mas nunca foi comparado ao treinamento n&#227;o periodizado nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. O treinamento periodizado linear apresenta fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e musculoesquel&#233;tica superior se comparado ao treinamento n&#227;o periodizado para atletas e indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> e com rela&#231;&#227;o ao risco cardiometab&#243;lico em adolescentes obesos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Ribeiro et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> descreveram que, para iniciantes, os programas de caminhada continuam sendo a modalidade mais prescrita para pacientes com DAC, pois s&#227;o seguros, controlados e podem ser realizados em qualquer lugar.</p>
          <p>A intensidade do TA do GNP foi moderada, entre LV1 e LV2, isso &#233;, entre as fases est&#225;veis m&#237;nima e m&#225;xima da produ&#231;&#227;o de lactato.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Portanto, treinaram durante quase todo o per&#237;odo (36 sess&#245;es) usando predominantemente o sistema aer&#243;bio como fonte de energia, sem gerar acidose, n&#227;o sendo necess&#225;ria a recupera&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica durante a sess&#227;o, permitindo a manuten&#231;&#227;o do treinamento cont&#237;nuo. Jolliffe et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> realizaram uma meta-an&#225;lise envolvendo 8.440 pacientes com 32 estudos randomizados e controlados. Conclu&#237;ram que o TA era seguro, melhorava a capacidade aer&#243;bia e reduzia a mortalidade, confirmando os achados do presente estudo para o GP.</p>
          <p>Os pacientes no GP treinaram no mesmo intervalo de intensidade que aqueles do GNP (entre FCLV1 e FCLV2). Criou-se uma ZA de treinamento para os dois grupos correspondendo ao intervalo de FC para o LV1 e o LV2, mas a progress&#227;o da carga foi organizada para o GP. A intensidade do TA foi limitada &#224; FCM at&#233; a 18&#170; sess&#227;o, sendo esse treinamento intervalado definido como o ideal para melhorar o desempenho aer&#243;bio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> A melhora do VO<sub>2</sub> do LV2 no GP foi atribu&#237;da a essa especificidade do treinamento, que n&#227;o ocorreu no GNP. A partir da 19&#170; sess&#227;o (metade do macrociclo fundamental), os pacientes iniciaram o treinamento acima da FCM at&#233; a FC correspondente ao LV2. Devido ao aumento da intensidade de treino, iniciou-se o treinamento intervalado no GP. A partir do 5&#186; minuto de caminhada na esteira, o paciente treinou por 2 minutos pr&#243;ximo &#224; FCLV1, seguindo-se 1 minuto pr&#243;ximo &#224; FCLV2, mantendo-se esse esquema alternado at&#233; completar 30 minutos de treino. Devido &#224; sua especificidade, tal intensidade de treino causou maior aumento no VO<sub>2</sub> do LV2, um fato confirmado pelos achados do presente estudo. &#201; importante salientar que esse TA intervalado, limitado pela fase est&#225;vel m&#225;xima da produ&#231;&#227;o de lactato, j&#225; foi comprovado. Cornish et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> publicaram uma meta-an&#225;lise envolvendo 213 pacientes de sete estudos randomizados, demonstrando a necessidade de mais estudos para determinar os riscos e benef&#237;cios do treinamento intervalado acima do LV2. Al&#233;m disso, os autores ressaltaram as diferentes metodologias de prescri&#231;&#227;o, com pacientes iniciando o programa de exerc&#237;cio com s&#233;ries de treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade na maioria dos casos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Acreditamos que a periodiza&#231;&#227;o permita maior padroniza&#231;&#227;o das prescri&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Composi&#231;&#227;o corporal</title>
          <p>Os participantes do GP apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o da massa gorda, da percentagem de gordura acima da ideal e do peso corporal. Incrementos na massa corporal e gordura corporal est&#227;o associados com v&#225;rias doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, como diabetes e doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Estudos mostraram que o TA moderado promove melhora da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Isso &#233; importante uma vez que a obesidade &#233; considerada um relevante fator de risco cardiovascular modific&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> A simples melhora dos h&#225;bitos alimentares n&#227;o &#233; suficiente para uma diminui&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida e apropriada da massa gorda. Logo, a associa&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico &#233; fundamental para a redu&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal e a manuten&#231;&#227;o de longo prazo dessas altera&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Estudos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> reconheceram o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio como a forma de treinamento mais adequada, pois promove efeitos positivos no metabolismo da glicose e dos lip&#237;deos e diminui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal, em associa&#231;&#227;o com exerc&#237;cios de fortalecimento. Inoue et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> mostraram que a associa&#231;&#227;o de for&#231;a e TA foi mais eficiente do que apenas o TA para melhorar o perfil lip&#237;dico e a resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica em adolescentes obesos.</p>
          <p>A melhora na capacidade aer&#243;bia ou toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio resulta em maior consumo de calorias para manter a atividade, queimando, consequentemente, mais gordura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Lira et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> estudaram os efeitos da intensidade e do tipo de exerc&#237;cio nos perfis de lipoprote&#237;nas, enfatizando o maior gasto de energia obtido com a associa&#231;&#227;o de volume e intensidade. Isso justifica o achado de que o GP, com sua maior evolu&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar e toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, apresentou maior redu&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal. Isso resulta do fato de que a melhora da capacidade aer&#243;bia aumenta o gasto cal&#243;rico por sess&#227;o, pois o paciente caminha mais no mesmo intervalo de tempo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o musculoesquel&#233;tica</title>
          <p>Os dois grupos de treinamento apresentaram significativa melhora na for&#231;a depois do per&#237;odo de treinamento. Nesse caso, o GP apresentou vantagem.</p>
          <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de adapta&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes trabalharam com cargas equivalentes a 30% do m&#225;ximo determinado no teste de 1RM. No per&#237;odo fundamental, trabalharam com cargas equivalentes a 40%, e, no per&#237;odo espec&#237;fico, com 50%. Essa progress&#227;o organizada da carga foi mais efetiva do que a progress&#227;o aleat&#243;ria usada para o GNP. Isso poderia ser atribu&#237;do ao fato de que tais cargas de treinamento baixas n&#227;o recrutariam diferentes fontes de energia e/ou tipos de fibras musculares. Al&#233;m disso, nas primeiras 12 semanas de treinamento, o aumento da for&#231;a ocorre devido &#224; adapta&#231;&#227;o neural e n&#227;o &#224; hipertrofia, que independe da carga.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> O aumento da for&#231;a observada nos dois grupos pode ter contribu&#237;do para melhorar o VO<sub>2</sub> pico, a velocidade da caminhada e a inclina&#231;&#227;o alcan&#231;ada durante o TECP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Portanto, o estudo do treinamento &#233; extremamente importante para que os atletas alcancem alto desempenho e os pacientes, como os cardiopatas, reduzam o risco de mortalidade, o que tem alta relev&#226;ncia social.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo mostrou que, nos programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca para pacientes com DAC, a periodiza&#231;&#227;o do treinamento pode melhorar os resultados se comparado ao modelo convencional, ao se considerar as seguintes vari&#225;veis: VO<sub>2</sub> pico, VO<sub>2</sub> para o LV2, VO<sub>2</sub> para o LV1, porcentagem de gordura e peso corporal. Esses achados s&#227;o muito importantes para futuros estudos envolvendo treinamento f&#237;sico e reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Acreditamos que, no presente momento, antes de passar para estudos comparativos entre exerc&#237;cios cont&#237;nuos de intensidade moderada <italic>versus</italic> exerc&#237;cios intervalados de alta intensidade, deve-se incluir a periodiza&#231;&#227;o como ferramenta de prescri&#231;&#227;o para aprimorar os resultados da interven&#231;&#227;o ou tratamento com exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico para indiv&#237;duos com DAC.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>O pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes avaliados e o uso do protocolo de Faulkner para avaliar composi&#231;&#227;o corporal s&#227;o limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo. N&#227;o foram avaliados os marcadores inflamat&#243;rios nem o estresse oxidativo, nem realizada a redu&#231;&#227;o dos medicamentos para hipertens&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de P&#243;s-Doutorado de Rafael Michel de Macedo pela Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 434/2010. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
