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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">TrqHPRjN7kFhB4bCynt9VfD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000400383</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S2359-56472018005003101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20180028</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Adherence score for Users of Oral Anticoagulants</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Simonetti</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faro</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cristina Mancussi e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bianchi</surname>
            <given-names>Estela Regina Ferraz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Enfermagem</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: S&#233;rgio Henrique Simonetti</bold> Rua das T&#226;maras, 210. Postal Code: 04361-130, Vila Paulista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>shs.nurse04@gmail.com</email>, <email>sergioh@dantepazzanese.org.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Simonetti SH, Bianchi ERF, Faro ACM. Acquisition of data: Simonetti SH. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Simonetti SH, Bianchi ERF, Faro ACM. Statistical analysis: Simonetti SH. Writing of the manuscript: Simonetti SH, Bianchi ERF, Faro ACM. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Simonetti SH, Faro ACM. Supervision / as the major investigador: Simonetti SH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>Jul-Aug</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>383</fpage>
      <lpage>392</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The score is an effective instrument for the assessment of treatment adherence in users of oral anticoagulants and maintenance of INR (international normalized ratio) within the therapeutic range.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To develop an adherence score for oral anticoagulant users for the maintenance of INR within the therapeutic range.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This was an analytical, observational, cross-sectional study, with a quantitative approach, conducted in a public cardiology hospital. A total of 607 patients who met the inclusion criteria were evaluated. Variables with a significance level of 5% in the exploratory analysis and considered clinically relevant were included and subjected to a multiple logistic regression model. Predictive accuracy of the model was determined using the C statistic.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The variables with a significance level of 5% in the multivariate analysis were: education, family income, inadequate use of medications, drug-drug interactions, invasive procedures, food-drug interactions, physical activity, medical conditions, other factors, and complications related to oral anticoagulant therapy. The following prognostic variables were identified: family income, inadequate use of medications, invasive procedures, drug-drug interactions, dietary habits, medical conditions, other factors (stress, thinness, weight loss). C-statistic for adherence score was 0.94.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The Simonetti adherence score proved to be easily applicable and feasible, with high predictive value for influencing factors, promoting the improvement of adherence and maintenance of INR in the ideal range. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2018; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants/therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Probability</kwd>
        <kwd>Medication Adherence</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Education</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Health promotion is a key strategy for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients on oral anticoagulant therapy (OAC-T) in addition to other aspects related to the assistance of this population. In this context, health professionals, nurses and physicians play the role of educators, particularly in providing clear guidance on risk factors and possible signs and symptoms and related complications associated with a OAC-T.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Stability of OAC-T is associated with treatment adherence, in addition to other factors including age, concomitant use of other drugs, comorbidities, irregular use of vitamin K, inadequate use of the drug, and hereditary polymorphism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Educational programs for outpatient management of patients on OAC-T have been crucial for the approach of drug and dietary interactions with coumarin derivatives, which may affect treatment adherence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> pointed out important considerations about adherence to OAC-T. First, knowledge about adherence to OAC-T is still a challenge among health professionals in national and international contexts. Second, the study provides data on instruments proposed by health professionals aimed at improving patients&#8217; adherence and knowledge about the treatment, and on patients&#8217; sociodemographic status. The authors also reported the scarcity of studies on factors that may influence therapy adherence. Studies have so far highlighted the importance of health education as an efficient strategic intervention to improve the use of oral anticoagulants (OACs) but have not provided enough evidence on instruments to measure adherence and non-adherence. Finally, the study support the emerging need for a medication adherence scale for this population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In light of this context and current recommendations, a need for the development of a score to assess adherence and non-adherence in users of OACs has emerged.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This was an analytical, observational, cross-sectional study, with a quantitative approach, conducted at the Oral Anticoagulation Center of a public, cardiology hospital associated to the S&#227;o Paulo State Secretary of Health.</p>
      <p>For sample calculation, we considered the prevalence of altered INR (international normalized ratio), i.e., 5% among patients without other conditions that may affect this parameter; 15% among patients with conditions that may affect this parameter, additionally to an alpha of 5% and power of 95%. Therefore, inclusion of 5 and 2 patients with and without factors known to affect INR, respectively, was considered, resulting in a sample size of 574. An additional 5% was considered for possible dropouts, yielding a sample of 607 patients on OAC-T that met eligibility criteria. Altered INR was used as outcome measure and the following predicting variables were assessed: drug handling, drug-drug and drug-food interactions, surgeries and other procedures, clinical condition, health problems, among other factors - stress, weight loss / gain, use of (generic or similar) warfarin, alcohol abuse and physical activity.</p>
      <p>Data collection was performed in two stages - in phase I, general features of the sample were collected, and in phase II, clinical characteristics were collected. All patients signed an informed consent form before being included in the study. The study was approved by local ethics committee (approval number 4420; CAAE: 24118513.7.0000.5392).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Qualitative variables were expressed as absolute and relative frequency, and quantitative variables as mean and standard deviation. The chi-square test and Fisher&#8217;s exact test were used to assess associations between qualitative variables. Variables with p &lt; 0.10 and/or with clinical significance for adherence and INR within recommended therapeutic range were analyzed by a multiple logistic regression model, followed by a stepwise backward analysis for the final model. C-statistic was calculated by the ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve to evaluate the final model and final score. Significance level was set at 5%. Analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) and the R Core Team 2016 software.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical profile of users of OACs</title>
        <p>A total of 607 patients on OAC-T participated in the study. Fifty-two percent of patients were women, 57% married, 56% older than 60 years, 42% had some elementary school, in 55% the family income was between 1 and 3 minimum wage, and almost all of them (93%) came from Sao Paulo. Sociodemographic characteristics are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sociodemographic characteristics of patients on oral anticoagulation therapy (n = 607)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="60%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Variables</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">N&#186;</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female sex</td>
                <td align="center">315</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age &gt; 60 years</td>
                <td align="center">341</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Married</td>
                <td align="center">348</td>
                <td align="center">57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Some elementary school</td>
                <td align="center">280</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Family income (1 - 3 minimum wages)</td>
                <td align="center">332</td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Patients with MP and altered INR</td>
                <td align="center">119</td>
                <td align="center">36 </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Evidence of thromboembolism with altered INR </td>
                <td align="center">105</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>MP: mechanical prosthesis; INR: international normalized ratio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Normal INR levels used as reference were: &lt; 2 and &gt; 3 for patients with thromboembolic events, and &lt; 2.5 and &gt; 3.5 for patients with mechanical prosthesis. Forty percent of patients (n = 247) had altered INR, whereas 60% (n = 360) had normal INR.</p>
        <p>Most INR results were within the range from 2 to 3, whereas 119 participants (36%) with mechanical prosthesis had an INR &lt; 2.5 and &gt; 3.5. In addition, the presence of atrial fibrillation and/or atrial flutter was considered for patients with mechanical prosthesis. Most patients on OAC-T with INR &lt; 2.0 were those with atrial fibrillation (n = 105, 54%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>For patients with INR &gt; 2 (conditions with risk for thromboembolic events) and/or &gt; 2.5 (mechanical prosthesis), atrial fibrillation was the most frequent disease and mechanical prosthesis was the main valvular prosthesis - mitral valve (n = 58; 26%) and aortic valve (n = 41; 18%).</p>
        <p>With respect to participants&#8217; diseases and indication for OAC, 30 types of heart diseases were identified, 51% (783) clinical conditions and 24% (360) of surgical type, as well as related comorbidities (364; 25%).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Multiple logistic regression model</title>
        <p>The following variables were selected for the multiple logistic regression model: family income, educational attainment, inadequate doses, invasive procedures, drug interactions, eating habits, physical activity, health problems, OAC-related complications, among other factors (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Predictive variables by International Normalized Ratio (INR) values (normal/altered)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Variables</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Categories</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Normal INR</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#B2B2B2">Altered INR</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p-value</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">%</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">N&#186;</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Educational attainment</td>
                <td align="center">Elementary </td>
                <td align="center">160</td>
                <td align="center">64.8</td>
                <td align="center">217</td>
                <td align="center">60.3</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">High-school</td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">23.9</td>
                <td align="center">94</td>
                <td align="center">26.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">College</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">11.3</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">13.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Family income</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; MWs </td>
                <td align="center">128</td>
                <td align="center">51.8</td>
                <td align="center">217</td>
                <td align="center">60.3</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">3 - 7 MWs</td>
                <td align="center">87</td>
                <td align="center">35.2</td>
                <td align="center">110</td>
                <td align="center">30.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&gt; 7 MWs</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">9.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Use of medication</td>
                <td align="center">Correct use</td>
                <td align="center">237</td>
                <td align="center">96</td>
                <td align="center">188</td>
                <td align="center">52.2</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Higher dose</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0.8</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">11.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Lower dose</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">3.2</td>
                <td align="center">129</td>
                <td align="center">35.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Drug-drug interaction</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">2.0</td>
                <td align="center">132</td>
                <td align="center">36.7</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">242</td>
                <td align="center">98.0</td>
                <td align="center">228</td>
                <td align="center">63.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Invasive procedures</td>
                <td align="center">Minimum risk </td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0.4</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">8.9</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Maximum risk </td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0.4</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">9.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">No change</td>
                <td align="center">245</td>
                <td align="center">99.2</td>
                <td align="center">295</td>
                <td align="center">81.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Drug-food interaction</td>
                <td align="center">Increased the intake </td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0.8</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">12.2</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Decreased the intake</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">1.2</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">11.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">No change</td>
                <td align="center">242</td>
                <td align="center">98</td>
                <td align="center">276</td>
                <td align="center">76.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Physical activity</td>
                <td align="center">Active</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">1.2</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">4.7</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Non-active </td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0.8</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">3.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Not reported</td>
                <td align="center">242</td>
                <td align="center">98</td>
                <td align="center">329</td>
                <td align="center">91.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Clinical conditions</td>
                <td align="center">Influenza and similar conditions</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">8.1</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Diarrhea, vomiting </td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">1.6</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">4.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Clinical and invasive infections </td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">1.6</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">9.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Not reported </td>
                <td align="center">234</td>
                <td align="center">94.7</td>
                <td align="center">280</td>
                <td align="center">77.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Other factors</td>
                <td align="center">Yes </td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">6.1</td>
                <td align="center">132</td>
                <td align="center">36.7</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">232</td>
                <td align="center">93.9</td>
                <td align="center">228</td>
                <td align="center">63.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Drug-related complications</td>
                <td align="center">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0.8</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">6.7</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">No</td>
                <td align="center">245</td>
                <td align="center">99.2</td>
                <td align="center">336</td>
                <td align="center">93.3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Since all predictive variables showed a significative response, seven logistic regression models were considered for analysis at first. However, the model adopted in the study included the variables described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>, considering also the interactions between them.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Simonetti medication adherence score</title>
        <p>The variables used in the scores are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. First, the percentage of adherence was determined by Simonneti SH by multiplying the number of positive variables for adherence by the total number of predictive variables. A score was also developed to determine whether INR was within the normal range (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). The score was calculated by odds ratio.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Logistic regression model reduced by stepwise selection</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Variables</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Category</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">B-Coefficient </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">OR [95%CI]</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age/years</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
                <td align="center">-0.006</td>
                <td align="center">0.994 [0.975 - 1.014]</td>
                <td align="center">0.569</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sex</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
                <td align="center">-0.243</td>
                <td align="center">0.784 [0.456 - 1.347]</td>
                <td align="center">0.378</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Family income</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
                <td align="center">0.855</td>
                <td align="center">2.352 [1.161 - 4.765]</td>
                <td align="center">0.018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inadequate use of medication</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
                <td align="center">3.765</td>
                <td align="center">43.183 [19.575 - 95.262]</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Invasive procedure </td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
                <td align="center">1.619</td>
                <td align="center">5.047 [1.015 - 25.107]</td>
                <td align="center">0.048</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Drug-drug interaction</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
                <td align="center">4.221</td>
                <td align="center">68.095 [25.306 - 183.234]</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Eating habits</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
                <td align="center">2.822</td>
                <td align="center">16.805 [3.291 - 85.810]</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Clinical conditions </td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
                <td align="center">1.649</td>
                <td align="center">5.202 [2.265 - 11.943]</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Other factors</td>
                <td align="center">A</td>
                <td align="center">2.502</td>
                <td align="center">12.206 [6.016 - 24.763]</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Constant</td>
                <td align="center">-------</td>
                <td align="center">-14.328</td>
                <td align="center">-------</td>
                <td align="center">-------</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>OR: odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Simonetti medication adherence score.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-04-0383-80028-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Then, each condition known to affect INR was categorized into high (&#8804; 10 points), intermediate (11 - 30 points) and high (&#8805; 31 points) for normal INR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Internal validation of Simonetti adherence score.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-04-0383-80028-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The area under the ROC curve was determined based on the results of the variables proposed in the present study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). For the logistic model, C-statistic was 0.940 (95% CI = 0.920 - 0.960; p &lt; 0.001), indicating a satisfactory performance in detecting the occurrence of an event.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Areas under the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curves for medication adherence by the Simonetti score.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-04-0383-80028-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The optimal dose of OAC is variable between individuals and should be adjusted to ensure that INR is maintained within the therapeutic range. In addition, it is known that the patient may reduce, discontinue (e.g. bleeding) or increase (e.g. double dose to make up for a missed dose) the dose of OAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>OAC-T-related complications may also be associated with the use of Marevan<sup>&#174;</sup>, due to underdosing (risk of thrombus formation) or overdosing (bleeding), and the seek for medical care due to gum bleeding, hematuria, and other complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Therefore, the lack of appropriate instructions and recommendations for patients on OAC-T in the perioperative period of any clinical or surgical procedure may cause variability in routine practice and affect the maintenance of INR within therapeutic range. Nevertheless, evidence shows that changes in OAC-T are not required prior to tooth extraction for example, providing that INR is maintained between 2 and 4, and bleeding control measures are implemented in the perioperative period to prevent embolic events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Studies have suggested that patients on OAC-T may require parenteral anticoagulation in the perioperative period. The decision to discontinue anticoagulation and start an antithrombotic therapy is determined by the risk of bleeding, surgical treatment to which patients were submitted and the risk for thrombosis due to underlying diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> However, for patients at low risk of bleeding (skin biopsies, cataract or dental procedures), the use of OAC may be continued, providing that INR is maintained at lower values and control of local bleeding is successfully achieved.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Due to the risk of bleeding, when management of patients on OAC-T includes major surgery, it is recommended<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> that these individuals are classified into patients at minimal risk (atrial fibrillation without history of venous thromboembolism), intermediate risk or high risk of thromboembolism.</p>
      <p>In addition, one of the main factors that affect INR and treatment adherence is drug-drug interactions. Antonio et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> described the main drugs that interact with and potentiate the effect of OACs - allopurinol, amiodarone, cimetidine, cisapride, clofibrate and other fibrates, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, erythromycin, fluconazole, isoniazid, metronidazole, miconazole, omeprazole, phenylbutazone, piroxicam, propafenone, propranolol, salicylate, phenylbutazone. These drugs may increase INR and cause bleeding. However, some drugs may inhibit the effects of OAC, including barbiturates, carbamazepine, chlordiazepoxide, cholestyramine, griseofulvin, nafcillin, rifampicin, sucralfate and trazodone. These drugs may decrease INR results, and hence, increase the risk for thromboembolic events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Drug interactions related to OAC-T are of more or less importance, and are associated with processes that involve many pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic mechanisms - altered platelet function (clopidogrel, salicylic acid), gastrointestinal lesion (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), impaired vitamin K synthesis in the gastrointestinal tract (antibiotics - amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephalosporin, metronidazole, clarithromycin, norfloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole), impaired warfarin metabolism (amiodarone, rifampicin, simvastatin, gemfibrozil), and impaired vitamin K metabolism (acetaminophen).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In general, drug interactions reduce the therapeutic effects of OACs and increase the risk for clotting or potentiate such effects and increase the risk of bleeding.</p>
      <p>Some factors, however, should be considered<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> when the effects of OACs are decreased, such as inhibition of warfarin absorption by cholestyramine or by foods in the gastrointestinal tract; increased distribution volume and half-life reduction due to hypoproteinemia; increased metabolism caused by stimulation of CYP2C9 by other drugs (barbiturates); excess intake of vitamin K-rich foods. On the other hand, CYP2C9 inhibition by other drugs (fluoxetine, amiodarone, clopidogrel), protein binding displacement caused by diuretics and sodium valproate, as well as vitamin K deficiency may reduce vitamin K metabolism, and consequently increase its effect.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Amiodarone and simvastatin were the main drugs that significantly affected the required dose of OACs. Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic that inhibits warfarin, due to its role as a potent cytochrome P450 inhibitor including CYP2C9, which is involved in S-warfarin metabolism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Amiodarone inhibits warfarin metabolism and increases its effect, and the concomitant use of both drugs also affects prothrombin time. Simvastatin potentiates the effect of warfarin by binding to plasma proteins, reduces platelet aggregation and promotes thrombus formation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Besides, it is essential that patients on OAC-T are aware of the consumption of vitamin K-rich foods. Variations in the amount or in the frequency of consumption of these foods may change INR to values outside the therapeutic range.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In case of acute alcohol consumption, dehydrogenase pathway plays a key role in ethanol metabolism in the liver. Nevertheless, in case of chronic consumption, the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system, which requires the CYP2E1 enzyme, is used and increases ethanol metabolism by ten-fold.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Therefore, in the pharmacokinetics of warfarin, there is an interaction between ethanol and the drug - in case of acute ethanol consumption, warfarin metabolism is decreased by enzymatic inhibition, resulting in increased OAC effect and increased risk of bleeding.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> In chronic alcohol consumption, enzymatic activity decreases, with consequent increase of warfarin metabolism, reduction of its half-life and pharmacological effect. In this case, a higher dose of warfarin is recommended to reach the therapeutic range.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In addition, psychological distress has been associated with a prothrombotic state. In patients with diagnosis of thromboembolism, decreased INR was associated with psychological distress, anger, depression and anxiety.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>To minimize the risk of OAC-related complications, such as bleeding and thromboembolic events, the emergence of specialized clinics for the management of patients on OAC-T has become a common scenario worldwide. Besides, health professionals including pharmacists, nurses and physicians are responsible for implementing educational programs with oral and written instructions, videos, home visits, telephone follow-up and quality control indicators.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this perspective, predisposing factors related to oral anticoagulant therapy as continuous use in treatment of thromboembolic diseases and cardiac valvar prosthesis have to be studied. Mundial recommendations are relevant and published by of the American Heart Association<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and European Society of Cardiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>&#8203;</p>
      <p>Considering this assumption and the necessity to develop a medication adherence score for users of OACs, we adopted a complex, well-articulated and decisive methodological approach. This included the selection of predictive variables based on the clinical practice and also on researcher&#8217;s opinion, determined by practice-based evidence and current science.</p>
      <p>Variables with statistical significance lower than 5% were selected for multiple logistic regression analysis, with adjustment for determinant factors and covariables of adherence. Variables related to adherence were then independently determined.</p>
      <p>For adherence score development, variables known to affect INR were considered, including inadequate use of medication (higher or lower doses, missing doses), history of invasive or surgical procedures, drug-drug interaction, nutrient-drug interaction (particularly vitamin K), health problems or clinical conditions, other related factors such as considerable psychological distress, weight gain or loss and OAC-related complications. Thus, the score was developed using the variables of several models, classified and compared based on descriptive analysis of the independent variables, as well as interaction tests.</p>
      <p>Then, a score model for a Brazilian population of patients in OAC-T was developed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>); this was a simple instrument, easily applicable in the clinical setting of OAC-T. Results of the score were presented as odds ratio and respective 95% confidence interval and descriptive analysis.</p>
      <p>The tests revealed the independent nature of the variables and the impartiality of the event occurrence. Therefore, a score that attributed the same weight for the variables was developed.</p>
      <p>The proportion of the occurrence of an event will then be calculated by the number of positive variables for adherence and the number of predictive variables established in the model.</p>
      <p>Simonetti adherence score had a c-statistic of 0.94, indicating satisfactory performance and applicability. Therefore, the score proposed in the present study will contribute to a more accurate evaluation and decision-making process. However, a long-term evaluation of the instrument should be performed in the clinical setting, like any stratification model, in order to evaluate the occurrence of new variables that may affect adherence.</p>
      <p>Some limitations of the study should be considered. First, since the study was conducted in only one center, the model may not be reproducible in other settings. Second, since the score was not applied in an independent population for external validation, the performance of the instrument may not be satisfactory. It is worth pointing out, however, that our next step is to validate the instrument in another group of patients on OAC-T.</p>
      <p>Despite these limitations, we successfully developed a medication adherence score using a model with good statistical performance. We believe that the score is of public interest and can contribute to the improvement of oral anticoagulation centers.</p>
      <p>This study aimed to ensure and improve the provision of nursing services to patients on OAC-T in a specialized center, using a specific protocol. Although this characterized a limitation of the study, this would encourage different centers to revise their own protocols and to be informed of how treatment is being performed in other centers.</p>
      <p>The proposed model of medication adherence score is in conformity with the significant and independent variables identified in the study. This ensures its accessibility and applicability. Using adequate statistical methods, we developed the Simonetti adherence score, and confirmed the hypothesis of this study.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The medication adherence score here proposed for patients on OAC-T was shown to be an easy-to-use instrument, with high predictive value and good performance. We successfully developed an instrument aimed at measuring and improving adherence of patients to OAC-T by means of the proposed methods and results obtained, confirming the hypothesis of the study.</p>
      <p>This instrument will help professionals in accurately dealing with and hence improving adherence of patients to OAC-T and consequently improve the quality of life of this population.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by S&#233;rgio Henrique Simonetti, from USP Nursing School.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo under the protocol number 4420 e CAAE: 24118513.7.0000.5392. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Escore de Ades&#227;o para Usu&#225;rios de Anticoagulantes Orais</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Simonetti</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faro</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cristina Mancussi e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bianchi</surname>
            <given-names>Estela Regina Ferraz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: S&#233;rgio Henrique Simonetti</bold> Rua das T&#226;maras, 210. CEP: 04361-130, Vila Paulista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>shs.nurse04@gmail.com</email>, <email>sergioh@dantepazzanese.org.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Simonetti SH, Bianchi ERF, Faro ACM. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Simonetti SH. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Simonetti SH, Bianchi ERF, Faro ACM. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Simonetti SH. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Simonetti SH, Bianchi ERF, Faro ACM. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Simonetti SH, Faro ACM. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal: Simonetti SH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O escore &#233; um instrumento eficaz na avalia&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o de usu&#225;rios de anticoagulante oral e na manuten&#231;&#227;o do RNI (raz&#227;o normalizada internacional) na faixa terap&#234;utica segundo recomenda&#231;&#245;es americanas e europeias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Construir um escore de ades&#227;o aos usu&#225;rios de Anticoagulante Oral para a manuten&#231;&#227;o na faixa terap&#234;utica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo anal&#237;tico, observacional, transversal e abordagem quantitativa, realizado em hospital p&#250;blico especializado em cardiologia. Foram avaliados 607 pacientes que atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. Consideram-se as vari&#225;veis que apresentaram n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia menor que 5% na an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria ou que foram apreciadas de relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e submetidas a um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla. A acur&#225;cia preditiva do modelo foi determinada pelo C <italic>statistic</italic>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia menor que 5% na an&#225;lise multivariada: escolaridade, renda familiar, uso inadequado, intera&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa, procedimentos invasivos, intera&#231;&#245;es alimentar, atividade f&#237;sica, condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, outros fatores e complica&#231;&#245;es pr&#243;prias do uso do anticoagulante oral. Foram identificadas vari&#225;veis progn&#243;sticas: renda familiar, uso inadequado, procedimento invasivo, intera&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa, h&#225;bitos alimentares, condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, outros fatores (estresse, emagrecimento, perda de peso). O C <italic>Statistic</italic> para o Escore de Ades&#227;o foi de 0,94.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O escore de ades&#227;o Simonetti mostrou-se de aplicabilidade f&#225;cil e exequ&#237;vel, com alto valor preditivo mediante os fatores intervenientes, facilitando a melhoria da ades&#227;o e manuten&#231;&#227;o do RNI na faixa ideal. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2018; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes/terapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Probabilidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Ades&#227;o &#224; Medica&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Educa&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia fundamental na preven&#231;&#227;o de evento tromboemb&#243;lico em pacientes em Terapia com Anticoagulante Oral (T-ACO), al&#233;m de aspectos que permeiam a assist&#234;ncia prestada a essa clientela. Nessa perspectiva, profissionais da sa&#250;de, enfermeiros e m&#233;dicos exercem pap&#233;is de educadores no que tange, principalmente, &#224; correta clareza na orienta&#231;&#227;o do paciente sobre os fatores de risco e os prov&#225;veis sinais e sintomas de um evento recorrente e de poss&#237;vel complica&#231;&#227;o relacionados a T-ACO.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A estabilidade do uso de anticoagulantes orais est&#225; associada &#224; ades&#227;o, dentre outros variados fatores: idade, uso paralelo com outros medicamentos, comorbidades, uso irregular de vitamina K, uso inadequado do medicamento, e polimorfismos heredit&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Os programas de educa&#231;&#227;o para usu&#225;rios em tratamento ambulatorial de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral t&#234;m sido de grande import&#226;ncia para o manejo das intera&#231;&#245;es de f&#225;rmacos e de dietas com derivados cumar&#237;nicos, que se tornam fatores de interfer&#234;ncia para ades&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> apontou considera&#231;&#245;es pertinentes &#224; ades&#227;o &#224; T-ACO. Revelou-se que a produ&#231;&#227;o de conhecimento sobre a ades&#227;o de usu&#225;rios de ACO ainda &#233; um grande desafio aos profissionais de sa&#250;de no &#226;mbito nacional e internacional. Ainda, que os profissionais de sa&#250;de prop&#245;em instrumentos para favorecer a ades&#227;o e o conhecimento dos usu&#225;rios acerca do tratamento, e ainda traz informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a situa&#231;&#227;o sociodemogr&#225;fica desses pacientes. Os autores afirmam, ainda, que h&#225; escassez de trabalhos cient&#237;ficos que abordem v&#225;rios fatores que interferem a ades&#227;o destes usu&#225;rios. Ressaltam que os estudos analisados real&#231;aram a import&#226;ncia da educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de como interven&#231;&#227;o estrat&#233;gica eficaz para melhoria do uso do ACO e que a amostra dos estudos selecionados apresentou lacunas referentes a instrumentos mensur&#225;veis da ades&#227;o ou n&#227;o ades&#227;o, entretanto, refor&#231;ava a necessidade emergente de uma escala de ades&#227;o para essa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Diante desse contexto e das recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais, surgiu a necessidade de se construir um escore capaz de avaliar a ades&#227;o ou a n&#227;o ades&#227;o dos usu&#225;rios de ACOs.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo anal&#237;tico, observacional, transversal e abordagem quantitativa, realizado no Centro de Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o Oral de um hospital p&#250;blico especializado em cardiologia vinculado &#224; Secretaria da Sa&#250;de do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        <p>Para o c&#225;lculo deste tamanho amostral utilizou-se como proposi&#231;&#227;o a preval&#234;ncia de RNI (raz&#227;o normalizada internacional) alterada, ou seja, dos pacientes sem fatores intervenientes, esperou-se que 5% apresentaram o RNI alterado, e dos pacientes com o fator supunham em torno de 15%, considerando o alfa de 5%, e o poder do teste de 95%. Portanto, conjecturavam a aloca&#231;&#227;o de 5 pacientes com o fator interveniente e 2 sem o fator, considerando assim, um tamanho amostral de 574. Considerou-se, ainda, o acr&#233;scimo de 5% para eventuais perdas de participa&#231;&#227;o, obtendo uma amostra de 607 usu&#225;rios de ACO que atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade. Para o modelo de desenvolvimento, optou-se pela vari&#225;vel de desfecho o RNI alterado e as vari&#225;veis preditoras: a manipula&#231;&#227;o do medicamento, intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas e alimentar, atividade f&#237;sica, procedimentos e cirurgias, uso adequado do medicamento, condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e problemas de sa&#250;de, outros fatores (estresse, emagrecimento e/ou engorda, o uso de warfarina gen&#233;rica ou similar, uso abusivo de &#225;lcool, e se iniciou ou n&#227;o atividade f&#237;sica).</p>
        <p>A coleta de dados foi feita pelo pesquisador por conveni&#234;ncia e foram realizadas, na parte I, quest&#245;es relacionadas &#224; caracteriza&#231;&#227;o e, na parte II, quest&#245;es de perfil cl&#237;nico. Antes, aplicou-se o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido ap&#243;s o consentimento e aprova&#231;&#227;o do usu&#225;rio. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o sob n&#186; de protocolo 4420 e CAAE: 24118513.7.0000.5392.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram expressas pela frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa e as quantitativas pela m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. Para verificar se houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis qualitativas utilizou o teste Qui-quadrado ou o exato de Fisher. As vari&#225;veis que apresentaram valor de p &lt; 0,10 e/ou de signific&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica para ades&#227;o, o RNI na faixa terap&#234;utica recomendada, foram submetidas a um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla. Posteriormente, foi aplicado o m&#233;todo de <italic>stepwise backward</italic> para obter o modelo final. Foi calculado o <italic>C-statistic</italic> pela curva <italic>ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic)</italic>, para avaliar a capacidade do modelo e do escore final. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5%. Os dados foram analisados utilizando os programas <italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS) vers&#227;o 19 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) e o <italic>R Core Team</italic> 2016.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Perfil cl&#237;nico dos usu&#225;rios de ACOs</title>
          <p>Participaram 607 usu&#225;rios de ACO; o perfil sociodemogr&#225;fico da popula&#231;&#227;o foi de 52% g&#234;nero feminino, 57% casados, faixa et&#225;ria maior que 60 anos (56%), ensino fundamental incompleto (42%), renda familiar de 1 a 3 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos (55%), provenientes de S&#227;o Paulo (93%). As caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas dos usu&#225;rios de anticoagulantes orais (n = 607)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="60%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;veis </th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">N&#186;</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">315</td>
                  <td align="center">52</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade &gt; 60 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">341</td>
                  <td align="center">56</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Casado</td>
                  <td align="center">348</td>
                  <td align="center">57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ensino fundamental incompleto</td>
                  <td align="center">280</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Renda familiar (1 a 3 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos)</td>
                  <td align="center">332</td>
                  <td align="center">55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Portadores de PM com RNI alterados </td>
                  <td align="center">119</td>
                  <td align="center">36 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Indica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas com altera&#231;&#227;o do RNI</td>
                  <td align="center">105</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>PM: pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas; RNI: rela&#231;&#227;o normalizada internacional.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o a RNI alterados, identificou-se que 247 (40%) estavam com os exames fora no n&#237;vel considerado normal (&lt; 2 e &gt; 3 para os usu&#225;rios com eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, e menores que 2,5 e maior que 3,5 para portadores de pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas, enquanto 360 (60%) estavam com RNI n&#227;o alterado dentro dos par&#226;metros recomendados.</p>
          <p>Evidenciou-se que a maioria dos exames de RNI manteve na faixa de 2 a 3, enquanto 119 (36%) dos portadores de pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas apresentaram abaixo de 2,5 e acima de 3,5. Aos usu&#225;rios de pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica, foi considerada ainda a presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e/ou <italic>flutter</italic> atrial. A maioria dos n&#237;veis abaixo de 2,0 foi associada aos usu&#225;rios que tinham indica&#231;&#227;o do uso de ACO pela fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial totalizando 105 (54%) (vide <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>Quanto &#224;s faixas terap&#234;uticas dos exames acima de 2,0 (para doen&#231;as com indica&#231;&#227;o de ACO e risco de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos) e/ou acima de 2,5 (para as pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas), a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foi a ocorr&#234;ncia mais frequente com indica&#231;&#227;o para uso de ACO, e as pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas foram as principais pr&#243;teses valvares - valva mitral (n = 58, 26%) e valva a&#243;rtica (n = 41, 18%).</p>
          <p>Quanto &#224;s doen&#231;as apresentadas por cada usu&#225;rio e as indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas para o uso de ACO, os 607 usu&#225;rios que participaram deste estudo eram portadores de 30 tipos de cardiopatias classificadas em cl&#237;nicas 783 (51%), cir&#250;rgicos 360 (24%), e as comorbidades 384 (25%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Modelo da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla</title>
          <p>Para o modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, as seguintes vari&#225;veis foram selecionadas: renda familiar, escolaridade, uso inadequado da dose, procedimentos invasivos, intera&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa, h&#225;bitos alimentares, atividade f&#237;sica, problemas de sa&#250;de, outros fatores e complica&#231;&#245;es do uso do ACO conforme <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis preditoras segundo RNI alterado</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
                <col width="14%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;veis </th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Categorias</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">RNI normal</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">RNI alterado</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p-valor</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">N&#186;</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">N&#186;</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">Escolaridade</td>
                  <td align="center">Fundamental</td>
                  <td align="center">160</td>
                  <td align="center">64,8</td>
                  <td align="center">217</td>
                  <td align="center">60,3</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">M&#233;dio</td>
                  <td align="center">59</td>
                  <td align="center">23,9</td>
                  <td align="center">94</td>
                  <td align="center">26,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Superior</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">11,3</td>
                  <td align="center">49</td>
                  <td align="center">13,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">Renda familiar</td>
                  <td align="center">At&#233; 3 sal&#225;rios</td>
                  <td align="center">128</td>
                  <td align="center">51,8</td>
                  <td align="center">217</td>
                  <td align="center">60,3</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">3 a 7 sal&#225;rios</td>
                  <td align="center">87</td>
                  <td align="center">35,2</td>
                  <td align="center">110</td>
                  <td align="center">30,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Acima de 7</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">9,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">Uso da medica&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Uso adequado</td>
                  <td align="center">237</td>
                  <td align="center">96</td>
                  <td align="center">188</td>
                  <td align="center">52,2</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Dose maior</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td align="center">11,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Dose menor</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">129</td>
                  <td align="center">35,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Intera&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">2,0</td>
                  <td align="center">132</td>
                  <td align="center">36,7</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">242</td>
                  <td align="center">98,0</td>
                  <td align="center">228</td>
                  <td align="center">63,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">Procedimentos invasivos</td>
                  <td align="center">Risco m&#237;nimo</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">8,9</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Risco m&#225;ximo</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">9,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Sem varia&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">245</td>
                  <td align="center">99,2</td>
                  <td align="center">295</td>
                  <td align="center">81,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">Intera&#231;&#227;o alimentar</td>
                  <td align="center">Aumentou a ingesta </td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">12,2</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Diminuiu a ingesta</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">11,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Sem varia&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">242</td>
                  <td align="center">98</td>
                  <td align="center">276</td>
                  <td align="center">76,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">Atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                  <td align="center">Iniciou</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">4,7</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Parou</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">3,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o referiram</td>
                  <td align="center">242</td>
                  <td align="center">98</td>
                  <td align="center">329</td>
                  <td align="center">91,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="4">Condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas</td>
                  <td align="center">Gripe e similares</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                  <td align="center">8,1</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Diarreia e/ou v&#244;mito</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">4,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Infec&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e Invasivas</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">9,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o descreveram</td>
                  <td align="center">234</td>
                  <td align="center">94,7</td>
                  <td align="center">280</td>
                  <td align="center">77,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Outros fatores</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">6,1</td>
                  <td align="center">132</td>
                  <td align="center">36,7</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">232</td>
                  <td align="center">93,9</td>
                  <td align="center">228</td>
                  <td align="center">63,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2">Complica&#231;&#245;es pr&#243;prias do uso</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">6,7</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">245</td>
                  <td align="center">99,2</td>
                  <td align="center">336</td>
                  <td align="center">93,3</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Como cada vari&#225;vel preditora apresentou resposta significativa, <italic>a priori</italic> os testes estat&#237;sticos utilizados na an&#225;lise consideraram sete modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Por&#233;m, o modelo utilizado incluiu as vari&#225;veis apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>, considerando, tamb&#233;m a intera&#231;&#227;o entre elas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Escore Simonetti de ades&#227;o</title>
          <p>Para o escore as vari&#225;veis finais s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>. A propor&#231;&#227;o do evento de ades&#227;o, agora designado por Simonetti SH, teve inicialmente uma f&#243;rmula, em que o c&#225;lculo seria o resultado do n&#250;mero de vari&#225;veis positivas para ades&#227;o, multiplicada pelo n&#250;mero total de vari&#225;veis preditoras estabelecidas neste estudo.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Modelo de Regress&#227;o Log&#237;stica reduzido pelo Stepwise recategorizado</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Categoria</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">B-Coeficiente</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">OR [IC 95%]</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p-valor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade/anos</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,006</td>
                  <td align="center">0,994 [0,975 - 1,014]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,569</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,243</td>
                  <td align="center">0,784 [0,456 - 1,347]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,378</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Renda familiar</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                  <td align="center">0,855</td>
                  <td align="center">2,352 [1,161 - 4,765]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Uso inadequado</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                  <td align="center">3,765</td>
                  <td align="center">43,183 [19,575 - 95,262]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Procedimento invasivo</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                  <td align="center">1,619</td>
                  <td align="center">5,047 [1,015 - 25,107]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,048</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Intera&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                  <td align="center">4,221</td>
                  <td align="center">68,095 [25,306 - 183,234]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">H&#225;bitos alimentares</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                  <td align="center">2,822</td>
                  <td align="center">16,805 [3,291 - 85,810]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                  <td align="center">1,649</td>
                  <td align="center">5,202 [2,265 - 11,943]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Outros fatores</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                  <td align="center">2,502</td>
                  <td align="center">12,206 [6,016 - 24,763]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Constante</td>
                  <td align="center">-------</td>
                  <td align="center">-14,328</td>
                  <td align="center">-------</td>
                  <td align="center">-------</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>OR: odds ratio; IC 95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Foi tamb&#233;m desenvolvido um escore para medir se o RNI estava no intervalo normal conforme <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>. A pontua&#231;&#227;o foi calculada a partir do <italic>odds ratio</italic> de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Pontua&#231;&#227;o do escore de Ades&#227;o Simonetti.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-04-0383-80028-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Em seguida, os fatores intervenientes foram categorizados com base no escore obtido como baixo (&#8804; 10 pontos), m&#233;dio (11 a 30) e alto (&#8805; 31 pontos) para o evento RNI normal de acordo com a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Valida&#231;&#227;o interna do escore de Ades&#227;o Simonetti.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-04-0383-80028-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Destaca-se a &#225;rea sob a curva ROC determinada pelos resultados referentes &#224;s vari&#225;veis propostas para este estudo conforme a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>. O C <italic>Statistic</italic> para o modelo log&#237;stico foi de 0,940 (IC 95% = 0,920 - 0,960; p &lt; 0,001), demonstrando bom desempenho para discriminar a ocorr&#234;ncia do evento ou n&#227;o.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#193;reas sob a curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) da probabilidade do evento de ades&#227;o do escore Simonetti.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-04-0383-80028-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A dose do ACO varia de indiv&#237;duo para indiv&#237;duo e dever&#225; ser ajustada a fim de assegurar que o RNI permane&#231;a dentro da faixa terap&#234;utica. Deve-se considerar ainda, o fato de que o pr&#243;prio paciente, muitas vezes, modifica a dosagem do medicamento, reduzindo-a, suspendendo-a (p.ex. sangramento) ou aumentando-a (p.ex. dose dupla por esquecimento).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outra poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es est&#225; relacionada ao uso do medicamento Marevan<sup>&#174;</sup>, associadas &#224; <italic>subdose</italic> (forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo) e a <italic>overdose</italic> (sangramento), bem como a necessidade de buscar assist&#234;ncia de sa&#250;de em situa&#231;&#245;es de sangramentos na gengiva, na urina e outros.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Portanto, a aus&#234;ncia de orienta&#231;&#245;es e recomenda&#231;&#245;es apropriadas, relativas aos cuidados dos usu&#225;rios de ACO no perioperat&#243;rio de qualquer indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ou cir&#250;rgica, pode refletir em uma variabilidade de pr&#225;ticas cl&#237;nicas e repercuss&#245;es na manuten&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel terap&#234;utico do ACO. Contudo, evid&#234;ncias apontam que n&#227;o s&#227;o necess&#225;rias altera&#231;&#245;es no T-ACO antes de qualquer tipo de extra&#231;&#227;o dent&#225;ria, desde que o RNI mantenha-se entre 2 a 4, e os profissionais da &#225;rea utilizem medidas hemost&#225;ticas locais no controle de hemorragia no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, evitando que o usu&#225;rio fique exposto a eventos emb&#243;licos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos consideram que indiv&#237;duos em T-ACO podem requerer ACO parenteral no perioperat&#243;rio. Assim, a decis&#227;o de parar com ACO e passar para o antitromb&#243;tico &#233; determinado pelo risco de sangramento e procedimento submetido cir&#250;rgico e tamb&#233;m pelo risco de evoluir para uma trombose por doen&#231;as subjacentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> No entanto, para pacientes que apresentam baixo risco de sangramento (bi&#243;psias de pele, catarata e procedimentos dent&#225;rios), pode-se manter o uso do ACO, contanto que se mantenha o RNI em valores mais baixos e controle da hemostasia local.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Caso o manejo dos usu&#225;rios de ACO seja relacionado a procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos maiores e com riscos de sangramentos, torna-se necess&#225;rio o seguimento de classifica&#231;&#245;es recomendadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> como: pacientes com baixo risco de tromboembolismo (fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial sem hist&#243;ria de evento tromboemb&#243;lico venoso), pacientes com risco intermedi&#225;rio de tromboembolismo e pacientes com alto risco de tromboembolismo.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, dentre os principais fatores que interferem no RNI e dificultam a ades&#227;o ao tratamento, encontra-se a intera&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa. Antonio et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> identificou que os principais f&#225;rmacos que interagem com o ACO e produzem potencializa&#231;&#227;o destacam-se: alopurinol, amiodarona, cimetidina, cisaprida, clofibrato e outros fibratos, cloranfenicol, cotrimoxazol, eritromicina, fluconazol, isoniazida, metronidazol, miconazol, omeprazol, fenilbutazona, piroxicam, propafenona, propranolol, salicilatos, sulfimpirazona. Tais medicamentos podem elevar o resultado do RNI e desenvolver sangramentos. Entretanto, h&#225; aqueles que inibem a a&#231;&#227;o do ACO. Seguem alguns medicamentos identificados em estudos: barbit&#250;ricos, carbamazepina, clordiazep&#243;xido, colestiramina, griseofulvina, nafcilina, rifampicina, sucralfato e trazodona. Estes medicamentos podem reduzir o valor do RNI e, consequentemente, tornar o indiv&#237;duo propenso a eventos tromboemb&#243;licos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas que ocorrem concomitante com o uso do ACO, de maior ou menor import&#226;ncia, est&#227;o relacionadas a processos que envolvem diversos mecanismos farmacodin&#226;micos e farmacocin&#233;ticos: altera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria (clopidogrel, &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico), les&#227;o gastrointestinal associada (anti-inflamat&#243;rios n&#227;o esteroides), altera&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese de vitamina K no trato gastrointestinal (antibi&#243;ticos: amoxicilina, ampicilina, cefalosporinas, metronidazol, claritromicina, norfloxacina, nitrofuranto&#237;na e o cotrimoxazole), as altera&#231;&#245;es no metabolismo da Warfarina (amiodarona, rifampicina, sinvastatina, gemfibrozil) e a interfer&#234;ncia com o metabolismo da vitamina K (acetaminofeno).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> As causas das intera&#231;&#245;es, de maneira geral, repercutem na redu&#231;&#227;o do efeito terap&#234;utico e podem aumentar o risco de formar co&#225;gulos ou potencializar o efeito terap&#234;utico com riscos de sangramentos.</p>
        <p>Por&#233;m, na redu&#231;&#227;o do efeito, algumas considera&#231;&#245;es9 s&#227;o importantes, como a diminui&#231;&#227;o da absor&#231;&#227;o da warfarina, pela liga&#231;&#227;o da colestiramina ou pela presen&#231;a de alimentos no trato gastrointestinal; o aumento do volume de distribui&#231;&#227;o e diminui&#231;&#227;o do tempo da meia vida devido &#224; hipoproteinemia; o aumento do metabolismo referente &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o da <italic>CYP2C9</italic> por outros medicamentos (barbit&#250;ricos); quantidade excessiva de alimentos ricos em vitamina K. Por outro lado, a inibi&#231;&#227;o do <italic>CYP2C9</italic> por outros medicamentos (p.ex. fluxotina, amiodarona, clopidogrel); deslocamento das liga&#231;&#245;es proteicas por diur&#233;ticos e valproato de s&#243;dio, bem como a defici&#234;ncia de vitamina K podem levar &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do metabolismo da vitamina K e ao aumento de seu efeito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Dentre os medicamentos que influenciaram de forma significativa a dose requerida do ACO, sobressaem a amiodarona e a sinvastatina. A amiodarona &#233; um antiarr&#237;tmico que inibe a warfarina e causa sensibilidade porque &#233; um potente inibidor do citocromo <italic>P-450</italic>, incluindo a enzima <italic>CYP2C9</italic>, que &#233; respons&#225;vel pelo metabolismo do S-Warfarina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A amiodarona reduz o metabolismo e aumenta o efeito da warfarina, e o uso concomitante desses medicamentos afeta tamb&#233;m o tempo de protombina. A sinvastatina potencializa o efeito da warfarina, pois se liga &#224;s prote&#237;nas plasm&#225;ticas, reduz a agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria e promove a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, &#233; essencial que os usu&#225;rios de OACs tenham conhecimento sobre o consumo de alimentos ricos em vitamina K. A varia&#231;&#227;o na quantidade e na frequ&#234;ncia do consumo desses alimentos pode alterar o exame de RNI, inclusive para valores fora de faixa terap&#234;utica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Perante o consumo agudo de bebida alco&#243;lica, a via desidrogenase desempenha o papel principal na metaboliza&#231;&#227;o do etanol no f&#237;gado. Por&#233;m, diante de uma situa&#231;&#227;o de consumo cr&#244;nico, h&#225; atua&#231;&#227;o do sistema microssomal de oxida&#231;&#227;o do etanol pelo CYP2E1, que aumenta em at&#233; dez vezes a capacidade de metaboliza&#231;&#227;o do etanol por esse &#243;rg&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Assim, h&#225; entre a warfarina e o &#225;lcool intera&#231;&#227;o durante o processo da farmacocin&#233;tica. Diante da situa&#231;&#227;o de consumo agudo de &#225;lcool, ocorre inibi&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica e redu&#231;&#227;o do metabolismo da warfarina, aumentando o efeito do ACO e o risco de sangramento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> J&#225; em situa&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas do consumo excessivo de &#225;lcool, ocorre uma diminui&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica, consequentemente, aumenta o metabolismo da warfarina, reduz o tempo de meia vida e, assim, o efeito farmacol&#243;gico. Sugere-se que, nesta ocasi&#227;o, administre-se uma dose superior de warfarina, objetivando atingir o n&#237;vel terap&#234;utico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, o estresse psicol&#243;gico tem sido associado a um estado pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico. Em pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de tromboembolismo, observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o entre estresse, raiva, depress&#227;o e ansiedade e valores diminu&#237;dos de RNI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Para minimizar os riscos referentes &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es pelo uso de ACO, sendo eles, sangramentos e poss&#237;veis eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, h&#225; cl&#237;nicas especializadas em T-ACO que se tornaram comuns no cen&#225;rio mundial. Ainda, profissionais da sa&#250;de, incluindo farmac&#234;uticos, enfermeiros e m&#233;dicos s&#227;o respons&#225;veis em desenvolver programas educativos com orienta&#231;&#245;es verbais e escritas, uso de v&#237;deos instrucionais, visitas domiciliares, seguimento por telefone e indicadores de qualidade do servi&#231;o executado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nesta perspectiva, fatores predisponentes &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral relacionados ao uso cont&#237;nuo especificamente, indicados para doen&#231;as tromboemb&#243;licas e pr&#243;teses valvares card&#237;acas, &#233; de extrema relev&#226;ncia mundial, e repercute para todos os pa&#237;ses, haja visto que h&#225; recomenda&#231;&#245;es publicadas internacionalmente, como as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Heart Association</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diante desta premissa e pela necessidade de obter um escore de ades&#227;o para usu&#225;rios de ACO, foi necess&#225;rio percorrer um caminho metodol&#243;gico e estat&#237;stico &#225;rduo, contundente e bem articulado. A come&#231;ar pelas escolhas das vari&#225;veis preditoras e estudadas para estes fins, pautadas na realidade da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, assim como tamb&#233;m na opini&#227;o do pesquisador, que se baseou na relev&#226;ncia da evid&#234;ncia pr&#225;tica e na ci&#234;ncia atualizada.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia menor que 5% foram selecionadas para an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla, com ajuste para os dados usados na identifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores e covari&#225;veis determinantes na ades&#227;o. Assim, foram identificadas as vari&#225;veis relacionadas &#224; ades&#227;o de maneira independente.</p>
        <p>Para compor o desenvolvimento do escore, foram consideradas vari&#225;veis que interferiam no valor do exame RNI. Destacaram-se dentre essas vari&#225;veis, o uso err&#244;neo do medicamento (doses maiores ou menores ou esquecimentos), a exposi&#231;&#227;o a procedimentos invasivos ou cir&#250;rgicos, as intera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas, intera&#231;&#227;o droga-nutriente (particularmente vitamina K), os problemas de sa&#250;de e condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, o aparecimento de outros fatores relacionados como o estresse exacerbado, o emagrecimento ou ganho de peso e as complica&#231;&#245;es do pr&#243;prio uso do ACO. Assim, utilizou-se das vari&#225;veis para realiza&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios modelos e da necessidade de categoriz&#225;-las e compar&#225;-las com base nos n&#237;veis descritivos das vari&#225;veis independentes, assim como foram considerados alguns testes de intera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Assim, um modelo de escore para uma popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira de indiv&#237;duos anticoagulados foi desenvolvido (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>). A partir do modelo, foi constru&#237;do um escore simples e de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica dos profissionais da &#225;rea que atuam com essa popula&#231;&#227;o. Os resultados do escore foram apresentados em raz&#227;o de chances com seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% e n&#237;vel descritivo.</p>
        <p>Baseado nos testes aplicados, notou-se que as vari&#225;veis apresentaram como independente e denota que o evento poder&#225; ocorrer de maneira imparcial. Assim, optou-se pela manuten&#231;&#227;o de um escore que assegurasse o peso igual para todas as vari&#225;veis inerentes.</p>
        <p>Assim, a propor&#231;&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia do evento ades&#227;o ser&#225; calculada pelo n&#250;mero de vari&#225;veis positivas para ades&#227;o, pelo n&#250;mero total de vari&#225;veis preditoras estabelecidas no modelo.</p>
        <p>O Escore de Ades&#227;o Simonetti apresentou-se com bom desempenho definido pelo c-statistic de 0,94, justificando sua aplicabilidade. Assim, o escore proposto pelo presente estudo contribuir&#225; para que profissionais da &#225;rea de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral obtenham uma avalia&#231;&#227;o e tomadas de decis&#227;o mais acuradas. Por&#233;m, prop&#245;e-se a reavalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do modelo em longo prazo, assim como se faz com qualquer modelo de estratifica&#231;&#227;o, com intuito de analisar a probabilidade de novas vari&#225;veis intervenientes da ades&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Como limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo, considera-se que a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada para o desenvolvimento foi em um &#250;nico centro, o que poder&#225; deduzir que n&#227;o poder&#225; ser realizada a infer&#234;ncia do modelo para outros centros do mundo. H&#225; a poss&#237;vel indaga&#231;&#227;o de que devido a n&#227;o aplica&#231;&#227;o ou an&#225;lise de uma determinada popula&#231;&#227;o independente para valida&#231;&#227;o externa do escore o resultado de desempenho do instrumento pode n&#227;o ser satisfat&#243;rio. No entanto, deve-se salientar que o pesquisador tem como proposta futura a valida&#231;&#227;o externa cl&#237;nica do instrumento, o escore, em uma nova amostra desta popula&#231;&#227;o de usu&#225;rios de ACO.</p>
        <p>Mesmo com limita&#231;&#245;es, os resultados do estudo levaram na elabora&#231;&#227;o e constru&#231;&#227;o de um escore de ades&#227;o por meio de um modelo apontado com valores estat&#237;sticos recomend&#225;veis e sua aplicabilidade poder&#225; ser de utilidade p&#250;blica e desenvolvimento para melhoria dos centros de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral.</p>
        <p>Isto posto, este estudo foi realizado de modo a assegurar e qualificar a assist&#234;ncia de enfermagem aos pacientes em T-ACO, em um centro especializado e com um protocolo espec&#237;fico. Embora se configure uma limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo, tal fato tamb&#233;m possibilita que outros centros revejam seus pr&#243;prios protocolos e se inteirem do tratamento realizado nos demais centros, at&#233; que seja desenvolvido um estudo multic&#234;ntrico sobre o atendimento aos pacientes em T-ACO.</p>
        <p>O modelo de escore de ades&#227;o proposto confere com as vari&#225;veis identificadas e significativas, as quais se apresentaram independentes entre si, tornando o escore aplic&#225;vel e acess&#237;vel. A constru&#231;&#227;o do escore de ades&#227;o Simonetti tornou-se uma realidade por meio das an&#225;lises e testes estat&#237;sticos, sendo a hip&#243;tese deste estudo confirmada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O escore de ades&#227;o para usu&#225;rios de ACO demonstrou ser de f&#225;cil execu&#231;&#227;o, com alto valor preditivo e bom desempenho. O desenvolvimento de um instrumento para medir e melhorar a ades&#227;o de pacientes &#224; T-OAC por meio dos m&#233;todos propostos e resultados obtidos foi satisfat&#243;rio, confirmando as hip&#243;teses do estudo.</p>
        <p>Assim, o instrumento proposto poder&#225; ajudar os profissionais a abordarem com maior acur&#225;cia e, consequentemente, aumentar a ades&#227;o do paciente &#224; T-OAC, melhorando, assim, a qualidade de vida desses pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de S&#233;rgio Henrique Simonetti pela Escola de Enfermagem da USP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 4420 e CAAE: 24118513.7.0000.5392. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O Consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
