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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LjX9cPM4sPxXvXQHgZXLLfd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000400374</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S2359-56472018005004103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20180035</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Waiting for Cardiac Procedure in Congenital Heart Disease: Portrait of an a Hospital in the Amazonian Region</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jesus</surname>
            <given-names>Valeria Santos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio dos Anjos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Joel Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tyll</surname>
            <given-names>Milene de Andrade Gouvea</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ver&#237;ssimo</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana de Oliveira Lameira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas Gaspar Vianna</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Bel&#233;m</city>
            <state>PA</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas Gaspar Vianna, Bel&#233;m, PA - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Joel Silva Lima</bold>. Passagem Jo&#227;o Marcos, n: 9, Icu&#237;-Guajar&#225;. Postal Code: 67125-099, Ananindeua, PA - Brazil. E-mail: <email>joelsiilva@live.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Jesus VS, Nascimento AM, Miranda RA, Ver&#237;ssimo AOL. Acquisition of data: Jesus VS, Nascimento AM, Lima JS. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Jesus VS, Nascimento AM, Ver&#237;ssimo AOL. Statistical analysis: Jesus VS, Nascimento AM. Writing of the manuscript: Jesus VS, Nascimento AM, Lima JS, Tyll MAG. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Miranda RA, Tyll MAG, Ver&#237;ssimo AOL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>Jul-Aug</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>374</fpage>
      <lpage>382</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rec-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Congenital heart disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in childhood, and in 50% of cases, surgery is required in the first year of life. A high deficit of surgical procedures is estimated in Northern Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To analyze the waiting time for elective surgical treatment and/ or intervention in children with congenital heart disease in a Cardiology referral center, and to make considerations about heart diseases and forms of treatment in that institution.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A cross-sectional study of all patients aged less than 14 years, with a diagnosis of congenital heart disease that were waiting for elective surgical or percutaneous cardiac treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Among the 407 children with congenital heart defects, the most prevalent age group was &gt; 2 to 6 years (34.0%). The average waiting time was 23.1 &#177; 18.3 months, with a median of 19. The most frequent heart disease was ventricular septal defect (28.98%), patent ductus arteriosus (18.42%) and atrial septal defect (11.05%). Most children (63.4%) were not from the metropolitan area. The percutaneous interventions represented only 27.84% of the catheterization procedures and 14,85% of all heart treatments. Approximately 60% of the pediatric surgeries occurred in children who were not previously registered due to urgency cases.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Most of the children waiting for a cardiac procedure were not from the metropolitan area and had malformations potentially treatable by catheterization. It is necessary to increase the capacity of the single referral center in the state of Par&#225;, as well as decentralize the high-complexity cardiological care in the metropolitan region.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Defects, Congenital / therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Waiting Lists</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Defects, Congenital / surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Congenital heart defects, defined as structural abnormalities of the heart or the intrathoracic vessels, in different anatomical forms, are one of the most frequent congenital anomalies identified at birth.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> These malformations are the ones with the greatest impact on children's morbidity and mortality and on the cost of health services<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> and they represent the main cause of death among all congenital malformations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The prevalence of congenital heart diseases is between four and nine per thousand live births, with an estimated 1.5 million new cases per year worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Hoffman estimated that between 1940 and 2002, 1.5 million people were born in the United States affected by heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In Brazil, 28,846 new cases of congenital heart disease are estimated per year. Spontaneous cure occurs in approximately 20% of the cases, related to less complex defects with a mild hemodynamic effect.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The estimated need for surgical procedures to repair congenital heart defects is 7.2 per thousand births, with reports of more significant deficits for treatment in the North and Northeast Regions, with rates close to 90%, and less significant in the Southern and Midwest regions, with rates of 46.4% and 57.4%, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Congenital heart diseases are important causes of hospital admissions in the pediatric population, and the earlier the diagnosis and the therapeutic intervention of these conditions, the lower the mortality and hospital readmission rates, and the better the quality of life of these children.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Considering the severe or potentially severe nature of these cardiopathies, which may have significant effects for morbidity and mortality, it is essential to know the reality of heart diseases in the only public referral hospital for these conditions in the State of Par&#225;, Brazil.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to analyze the waiting time for elective surgical and/or interventional treatment in children with congenital heart defects in a cardiology referral center, as well as to evaluate the patients' origin and make considerations about heart diseases and their types of treatment in that institution.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Cross-sectional study of patients aged 14 years or less, diagnosed with congenital cardiac malformations, who were waiting for surgical or percutaneous cardiac treatments, including reoperation cases.</p>
      <p>The data were obtained from the medical and statistical archive service (SAME) of <italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas Gaspar Vianna</italic>. The study variables were: gender, age, place of residence, diagnosis and time waiting for the procedure. Additionally, data from patients submitted to surgical and/or catheterization treatment were collected from January 2012 to October 2014.</p>
      <p>The descriptive analysis of data was performed using the BioStat program, and the variables were shown as measures of central tendency and dispersion or frequencies.</p>
      <p>The present study was submitted to and approved by the Research Ethics Committee Involving Human Beings of Funda&#231;&#227;o Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas Gaspar Vianna, under CAAE number 39903014.2.0000.0016.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of the 417 children waiting for cardiac surgery or hemodynamic procedure, 407 had a diagnosis of congenital heart disease; of these, 55.1% were females, and the most prevalent age groups were preschoolers (&gt; 2 to 6 years), with 34.0%, and schoolchildren (&gt; 6 to 12 years), with 33.3% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). The mean age was 5.7 (&#177; 3.9), with a median of 5.0 years, ranging from 1 month to 14 years. There were no neonates waiting for treatment.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Patients enrolled for elective pediatric cardiac procedures</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="80%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Characteristic</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">n total (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gender</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">183 (44.94)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">224 (55.06)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age group, years</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 1</td>
              <td align="center">45 (11.06)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1-2</td>
              <td align="center">66 (16.22)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 2-6</td>
              <td align="center">142 (34.89)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 6-12</td>
              <td align="center">133 (32.68)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 12</td>
              <td align="center">21 (5.16)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waiting time</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 1 month</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1-6 months</td>
              <td align="center">80 (19.66)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">7 months-1 year</td>
              <td align="center">50 (12.29)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 1-3 years</td>
              <td align="center">197 (48.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 3-5 years</td>
              <td align="center">57 (14)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 5 years</td>
              <td align="center">23 (5.65)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Par&#225; Mesoregion<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bel&#233;m Metropolitan Area: Ananindeua, Barcarena, Castanhal, Santa Izabel do Par&#225;, Bel&#233;m, Santo Antonio do Tau&#225;, Benevides and Marituba</td>
              <td align="center">149 (36.60)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Northeast of Par&#225;: Abaetetuba, Santa Luzia do Par&#225;, Acar&#225;, Irituia, Santa Maria do Par&#225;, Augusto Corr&#234;a, Aurora do Par&#225;, M&#227;e do Rio, S&#227;o Caetano de Odivelas, Bai&#227;o, S&#227;o Domingos do Capim, Maracan&#227;, Bragan&#231;a, Marapanim, Mocajuba, S&#227;o Jo&#227;o de Pirabas, Camet&#225;, Moju, S&#227;o Miguel do Guam&#225;, Capanema, Nova Esperan&#231;a do Piri&#225;, Tail&#226;ndia, Capit&#227;o Po&#231;o, Colares, Oeiras do Par&#225;, Tom&#233;-A&#231;u, Our&#233;m, Tracuateua, Curu&#231;&#225;, Peixe-Boi, Primavera, Viseu, Igarap&#233;-A&#231;u, Igarap&#233;-Miri and Salin&#243;polis</td>
              <td align="center">111 (27.27)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Southeast of Par&#225;: Rio Maria, Itupiranga, Rondon do Par&#225;, Jacund&#225;, Bom Jesus do Tocantins, Marab&#225;, Santana do Araguaia, Nova Ipixuna, Breu Branco, Novo Repartimento, S&#227;o F&#233;lix do Xingu, Cana&#227; dos Caraj&#225;s, Concei&#231;&#227;o do Araguaia, Paragominas, Curion&#243;polis, Parauapebas, Tucum&#227;, Dom Eliseu, Pau D'arco, Tucuru&#237;, Eldorado do Caraj&#225;s, Ulian&#243;polis, Reden&#231;&#227;o and Xinguara</td>
              <td align="center">72 (17.69)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lower Amazon: Alenquer, Juruti, Almeirim, Monte Alegre, Prainha, &#211;bidos, Santar&#233;m, Curu&#225;, Oriximin&#225; and Placas</td>
              <td align="center">33 (8.10)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Maraj&#243;: Curralinho, Salvaterra, Anaj&#225;s, Gurup&#225;, Melga&#231;o Breves, Soure, Cachoeira do Arari, Ponta de Pedras, Chaves and Portel</td>
              <td align="center">22 (5.40)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Southwest of Par&#225;: Altamira, Medicil&#226;ndia, Pacaj&#225;, Itaituba and Rur&#243;polis</td>
              <td align="center">19 (4.66)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>For all characteristics, n = 407, for mesoregions, n = 406;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>&#8224; except for one patient from Santana (AP).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The mean waiting time, in months, was 23.1 &#177; 18.3, with a median of 19, a minimum of 1 month and a maximum of 94 months. The two patients who had been waiting for 91 and 94 months (longer waiting periods) were incommunicable by the social service of the institution, which may justify the delay.</p>
      <p>Regarding their origin, 36.6% came from the municipality of Bel&#233;m Metropolitan Mesoregion, followed by 27.2% from the Northeast of Par&#225;, 17.6% from the Southeast of Par&#225; and the remaining 18.1% from the Lower Amazon region, Southwest of Par&#225; and Maraj&#243; together; one patient was from Amap&#225; state (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of patients waiting for elective pediatric cardiac procedures according to the place of residence in mesoregions.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-04-0374-80035-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The most commonly diagnosed type of congenital heart disease was ventricular septal defect (VSD), isolated or associated with other cardiac malformations, totaling 28.98%, followed by persistent ductus arteriosus (PDA) with 18.42%, atrial septal defect (ASD) with 11.05%, with or without associations, and Tetralogy of Fallot, with 8.59% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Type of congenital heart disease of patients enrolled for elective procedure</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Cardiopathies</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ventricular septal defect</td>
              <td align="center">110 (27.02)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Patent ductus arteriosus</td>
              <td align="center">75 (18.42)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Atrial septal defect</td>
              <td align="center">41 (10.07)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tetralogy of Fallot</td>
              <td align="center">35 (8.59)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Congenital pulmonary stenosis</td>
              <td align="center">24 (5.89)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Coarctation of the aorta</td>
              <td align="center">15 (3.68)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pulmonary atresia</td>
              <td align="center">12 (2.94)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ventricular septal defect + associations<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">8 (1.96)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Congenital aortic stenosis</td>
              <td align="center">8 (1.96)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Atrioventricular defect</td>
              <td align="center">7 (1.71)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Double-outlet right ventricle</td>
              <td align="center">5 (1.22)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Congenital tricuspid stenosis</td>
              <td align="center">5 (1.22)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Congenital mitral regurgitation</td>
              <td align="center">5 (1.22)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypoplastic right heart syndrome</td>
              <td align="center">4 (0.98)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Common arterial trunk</td>
              <td align="center">3 (0.73)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Double inlet left ventricle</td>
              <td align="center">3 (0.73)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Atrial septal defects + pulmonary stenosis</td>
              <td align="center">3 (0.73)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Congenital subaortic stenosis</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.49</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Cor triatriatum</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.24)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ebstein's anomaly</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.24)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypoplastic left heart syndrome</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.24)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Anomalous pulmonary venous return</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.24)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cardiac aneurysm</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.24)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Discordant atrioventricular connection</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.24)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Discordant ventriculoatrial connection</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.24)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Double outlet left ventricle</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.24)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aortic regurgitation</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.24)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Double mitral valve lesion</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.24)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Congenital pulmonary insufficiency</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.24)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Others<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">34 (8.35)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defect, pulmonary stenosis and coarctation of the aorta;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>other congenital malformations of the tricuspid valve, other congenital malformations of the cardiac chambers and connections, congenital malformations of the cardiac septa, non-specific congenital malformation of the tricuspid valve, malformations of the coronary vessels, primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension, and unregistered ones.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the performed surgeries, in 2012, 172 children underwent 201 pediatric cardiac surgeries; in 2013, 176 patients underwent 207 surgeries; and in 2014, until October 146 children underwent 158 cardiac surgeries. In 85.3% of the cases, it was possible to determine whether the child was previously enrolled for elective treatment or not: in 2012, 62.2% were not enrolled, being submitted to emergency procedures, and only 37.7% belonged to the elective enrollment group. In 2013, the same thing occurred, with 59.0% and 40.9% of cases, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Patients submitted to pediatric cardiac surgery according to the enrollment status in the waiting list for cardiac procedures</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Month</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">2012 (n = 201)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">2013 (n = 207)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Enrolled</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Not enrolled</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Not informed</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Enrolled</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Not enrolled</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Not informed</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">January</td>
              <td align="center">8 (3.98)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (3.98)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.50)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (2.42)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (5.31)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (2.90)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">February</td>
              <td align="center">6 (2.99)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (2.49)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (0.49)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (2.90)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (6.76)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (2.42)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">March</td>
              <td align="center">4 (1.99)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (4.98)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (1.99)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (3.86)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (8.21)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.97)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">April</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">3 (1.49)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (1.00)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (2.90)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (1.45)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.97)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">May</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">12 (5.97)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">6 (2.90)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (1.93)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">June</td>
              <td align="center">4 (1.99)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (6.97)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (1.00)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (1.93)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (3.38)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.97)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">July</td>
              <td align="center">6 (2.99)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (2.99)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (1.49)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (2.42)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (5.80)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (2.90)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">August</td>
              <td align="center">4 (1.99)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (5.97)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (2.49)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (2.90)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (5.31)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.48)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">September</td>
              <td align="center">9 (4.48)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (2.49)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (1.00)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (2.90)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (2.90)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (1.93)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">October</td>
              <td align="center">12 (5.97)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (3.98)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.50)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (3.86)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (3.38)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">November</td>
              <td align="center">5 (2.49)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (6.47)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (1.49)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (1.93)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (3.86)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.48)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">December</td>
              <td align="center">7 (3.48)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (5.47)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (1.49)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (3.86)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (1.93)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.97)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In 2012, an average of 16.7 pediatric heart surgeries were performed per month. In 2013, this average was 17.2 and in 2014, until the end of October, of 15.8. Among pediatric hemodynamic procedures, there was a greater increase: in 2012, the average number of monthly procedures was 9.5, in 2013, 9.8 and until October 2014, 13.6 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Surgical and hemodynamic procedures (diagnostic and therapeutic) performed per year</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Month</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Surgical procedures</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Hemodynamic procedures</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">2012</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">2013</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">2014</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">2012</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">2013</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">2014</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">January</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">February</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">March</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">April</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">May</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">June</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">July</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">August</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">September</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">20</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">October</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">November</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">December</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the type of hemodynamic procedure, the rate of cardiac diagnostic catheterization was 73.9%, while the rate of therapeutic interventions corresponded to 26.1% of the total procedures performed since 2012 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Hemodynamic procedures performed according to the type of intervention per year</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="70%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Procedure</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">2012</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">2013</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">2014</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diagnostic cardiac catheterization</td>
              <td align="center">77</td>
              <td align="center">87</td>
              <td align="center">108</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diagnostic cardiac catheterization + percutaneous intervention</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cardiac catheterization + angioplasty</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cardiac catheterization + embolization</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cardiac catheterization + PDA/ASD/ VSD closure</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cardiac catheterization + atrial septostomy</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cardiac catheterization + valvuloplasty</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Percutaneous intervention</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pulmonary Embolization</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Valvuloplasty</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Angioplasty</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PDA closure</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>PDA: patent ductus arteriosus; ASD: atrial septal defect; VSD: ventricular septal defect.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Type of hemodynamic procedure performed.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-04-0374-80035-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Of the total of 662 therapeutic cardiac procedures performed between 2012 and October 2014, 86.1% corresponded to cardiac surgeries and only 13.8% to percutaneous interventions. This proportion remained stable over the years (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 6</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t6">
        <label>Table 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cardiac surgery and therapeutic hemodynamic procedures</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">Treatment</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">2012</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">2013</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#B2B2B2">2014</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Surgical</td>
              <td align="center">201 (84.10)</td>
              <td align="center">207 (86.97)</td>
              <td align="center">158 (85.40)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Percutaneous</td>
              <td align="center">38 (15.89)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (13.02)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (14.59)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In Brazil, it is estimated that the average need for cardiovascular surgery in congenital cases is approximately 23,000 procedures/year, considering in this estimate, in addition to new births with congenital heart disease, the reintervention cases. In 2002, a total of 8,092 patients underwent surgery, which shows a 65% gap - with higher rates in the Northern Region (93.5%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the present study, it was observed that of the 407 children diagnosed with congenital heart disease, the most prevalent age groups were preschoolers (&gt; 2 to 6 years) and schoolchildren (&gt; 6 to 12 years), with no neonates waiting for treatment. These results differ from those observed in the analysis of the prevalence of congenital heart diseases at the time of the first consultation in a pediatric hospital in the city of Curitiba, state of Paran&#225;, where there was a predominance of children with congenital heart disease in the infancy period, followed by the neonatal period, with 52.1%, and 19.4%, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Considering that the sample of the present study refers to the patients waiting for elective procedures, this may reflect the differences regarding the time of referral for these patients and the delay during the waiting period.</p>
      <p>Regarding the type of congenital heart disease, the most frequent one was VSD, followed by PDA and ASD. These results are consistent with those found in the study by Arag&#227;o et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> who demonstrated the following frequencies: VSD (21%), PDA (18%), Tetralogy of Fallot (14%) and ASD (7.7%). As for Huber et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> they were as follows: VSD with or without associations (13.9%), Tetralogy of Fallot (12.9%), obstructive lesions of the right ventricular outflow tract (9.8%), and isolated ASD (9.6%). It can be said that the assessed institution had similar characteristics to those observed in other regions of Brazil.</p>
      <p>The most frequent origin of the children who comprised the waiting list for cardiologic procedures was the Bel&#233;m Metropolitan Mesoregion, a result consistent with those of a referral hospital in the Northeast region of Brazil, where most of the children came from the metropolitan region of the state.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, 63.4% of the children did not live in the Metropolitan Region of Bel&#233;m; thus, a point to be discussed is the need to qualify new high cardiovascular complexity referral units in the State of Par&#225;. For the geographical distribution of the High Complexity Care Services in Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, according to Ordinance 210,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> which is based on the proportion of 1:800 thousand inhabitants, the State of Par&#225; needs nine centers capable of performing pediatric cardiovascular surgery, but the regionalization of services has not yet occurred, generating a deficit of 78.49%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> This reality can be explained by several causes, such as the lack of qualified professionals and hospital institutions with infrastructure to perform the required complex procedures.</p>
      <p>In our reality, there is also the hypothesis that the low rate of patients coming from the Lower Amazon region, Maraj&#243; island and southwest of Par&#225; regions is due to the difficulties of access to basic care for this population, thus resulting in the underdiagnosis of congenital heart diseases and, therefore, fewer referrals to the assessed center.</p>
      <p>A highly complex service requires multiprofessional attention, with cardiac surgeons, hemodynamicists, pediatric cardiologists, anesthesiologists, pediatric intensivists, in-hospital and outpatient clinic pediatricians, perfusionists, nurses and physical therapists. The treatment outcomes should be part of a lifelong care cycle, and not only the immediate surgical outcome. The large number of patients with cardiac malformations requires multi-institutional cooperation to achieve these goals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p><italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas Gaspar Vianna</italic> is the only referral public hospital in Par&#225; that performs hemodynamic and surgical treatment of pediatric congenital heart disease. The mean monthly number of cardiac surgeries was similar in the study period (16.6 surgeries/month). Regarding pediatric hemodynamic procedures (diagnostic and/or therapeutic cardiac catheterization), there was an increase: in 2012, the average number of monthly procedures was 9.5; in 2013, of 9.8; and in 2014, until October, of 13.6 - it is noteworthy that this increase was accompanied by an increase in the number of diagnostic cardiac catheterizations to the detriment of therapeutic ones. The latter, in turn, accounted for only 14.85% of all therapeutic procedures.</p>
      <p>The low number of therapeutic cardiac catheterizations when compared to diagnostic procedures is a consequence of the absence of other diagnostic methods, such as computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance, due to the possible lack of devices for therapeutic percutaneous procedures.</p>
      <p>Considering that VSD, ASD, PDA, congenital pulmonary stenosis and coarctation of the aorta account for 65.2% of all diagnoses, which are malformations potentially treatable by cardiac catheterization, it can be observed that there is a low rate of these interventions in our country. Thus, investing in hemodynamic treatment is a strategy to reduce the waiting time, since the interventional treatment does not require prolonged hospital length of stay,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> and therefore favors a greater turnover of recovery beds, consisting of pediatric intensive care units and pediatric ward beds.</p>
      <p>At the same time, it can be observed that at <italic>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</italic> of <italic>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</italic> of <italic>Faculdade de Medicina</italic> of <italic>Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</italic>, the number of percutaneous interventions remained stable, with only one record of case that was not treated due to structural limitations, considering the limited number of beds in the institution.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Making investments aiming to reducing the waiting time for congenital cardiovascular procedures also improves morbimortality outcomes. However, this generates high short-term costs to the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). The devices used for closure of ASD, VSD and PDA are not covered by SUS, which creates more difficulties in their acquisition. There is also the challenge of financial transfer, sometimes insufficient for cardiac surgeries, limiting their increase. The fact that there is almost no differentiation regarding the payment of the procedure related to its degree of complexity punishes the referral center dedicated to the more complex cases and discourages the increase in the number of procedures in neonates and infants, especially in the higher complexity cases. Some international studies have shown that there is a linear association between the complexity and cost of the procedure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Another great difficulty that the service faces in reducing the waiting list for elective cardiac surgery is the high demand for urgent surgeries in patients without previous enrollment, as these cases are prioritized to the detriment of elective ones. A strategy to mitigate the problem in the short term would be the performance of congenital heart surgeries in patients already enrolled for it, aiming to reduce the repressed demand of SUS users.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this sense, it is proposed: the creation of outpatient care and specialized centers for the diagnosis and early treatment of the population, reducing underdiagnosing and improving pre- and postoperative clinical follow-up, with a possible reduction of costs for out-of-home treatment and, consequently, less social impact for the affected families; investment in diagnosis performed through computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, which would reduce diagnostic cardiac catheterizations and increase the availability of hospital support for therapeutic procedures; the promotion of hemodynamic procedures, including a funding policy for Orthoses, Devices and Special Materials (<italic>&#211;rteses, Pr&#243;teses e Materiais Especiais</italic> - OPME) not covered by SUS, due to the proven effectiveness and shorter hospital length of stay, with a consequent decrease in hospital expenses and an increase in the volume of treated cases per unit of time; increased functional capacity at the referral hospital; decentralization of surgical and cardiac hemodynamic care, with the internalization of this type of service in medium-sized municipalities, such as Marab&#225; and Santar&#233;m, both in the state of Par&#225;; and reliable, detailed and updated data registry regarding the surgical and hemodynamic procedures, for permanent control and evaluation of the outcomes. The promotion of improvements in the care for children with heart disease is a priority and involves the participation of all - public services, professionals and several sectors of society.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Most of the children awaiting cardiac procedures come from outside the metropolitan area and have malformations potentially treatable through cardiac catheterization. However, even with changes in the treatment profile, with the increase in percutaneous procedures in the last years, it still requires further increase.</p>
      <p>The limitations of the public hospital system in meeting the great demand of the region for elective therapeutic cardiovascular procedures generate an important care deficit, with the need to increase the functional capacity of the only public referral center for these diseases in the region, as well as decentralization of cardiological, clinical, surgical and hemodynamic care, to better treat the population that depends on SUS.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the <italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o P&#250;blica Estadual Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Gaspar Vianna</italic> under the protocol number 39903014.2.0000.0016. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
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    </fn-group>
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          <article-title>Evolution of cardiovascular surgery at the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o: analysis of 71,305 surgeries</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>162</fpage>
          <lpage>181</lpage>
          <page-range>162-8, 174-81, 164-71</page-range>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Caneo LF, Jatene MB, Yatsuda N, Gomes WJ. A reflection on the performance of pediatric cardiac surgery in the State of S&#227;o Paulo. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2012;27(3):457-62.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Caneo</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jatene</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yatsuda</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A reflection on the performance of pediatric cardiac surgery in the State of S&#227;o Paulo</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>457</fpage>
          <lpage>462</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fila de Espera para Tratamento de Pacientes com Cardiopatia Cong&#234;nita: Retrato de um Centro de Refer&#234;ncia Amaz&#244;nico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jesus</surname>
            <given-names>Valeria Santos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio dos Anjos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Joel Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tyll</surname>
            <given-names>Milene de Andrade Gouvea</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ver&#237;ssimo</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana de Oliveira Lameira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas Gaspar Vianna, Bel&#233;m, PA - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Joel Silva Lima</bold>. Passagem Jo&#227;o Marcos, n: 9, Icu&#237;-Guajar&#225;. CEP: 67125-099, Ananindeua, PA - Brasil. E-mail: <email>joelsiilva@live.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Jesus VS, Nascimento AM, Miranda RA, Ver&#237;ssimo AOL. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Jesus VS, Nascimento AM, Lima JS. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Jesus VS, Nascimento AM, Ver&#237;ssimo AOL. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Jesus VS, Nascimento AM. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Jesus VS, Nascimento AM, Lima JS, Tyll MAG. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Miranda RA, Tyll MAG, Ver&#237;ssimo AOL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>As cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas s&#227;o importantes causas de morbimortalidade infantil e, em cerca de 50% dos casos, &#233; necess&#225;ria a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica no primeiro ano de vida. Estima-se alto d&#233;fice de procedimentos na Regi&#227;o Norte do Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Analisar o tempo de espera para realiza&#231;&#227;o de tratamento eletivo cir&#250;rgico e/ou intervencionista de crian&#231;as portadoras de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas em um centro de refer&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gico, e fazer considera&#231;&#245;es sobre as cardiopatias e suas formas de tratamento na referida institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>Estudo anal&#237;tico, de car&#225;ter transversal do per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2012 a outubro de 2014, de pacientes com idade igual ou inferior a 14 anos diagnosticados com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas que estavam na fila de tratamento card&#237;aco eletivo cir&#250;rgico ou percut&#226;neo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Das 407 crian&#231;as que aguardavam por tratamento, a faixa et&#225;ria mais prevalente foi a de &gt; 2 a 6 anos (34,0%). O tempo m&#233;dio de espera, em meses, foi 23,1 &#177; 18,3, com mediana de 19. As cardiopatias mais frequentes foram comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular (28,98%), persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial (18,42%) e comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (11,05%). A maioria das crian&#231;as (63,4%) n&#227;o pertencia &#224; regi&#227;o metropolitana. As interven&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas representaram somente 27,84% do total de cateterismos e 14,85% de todos os tratamentos card&#237;acos. Cerca de 60% do volume de cirurgias pedi&#225;tricas ocorreu em crian&#231;as sem cadastro pr&#233;vio no sistema, devido ao car&#225;ter de urg&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Grande parte das crian&#231;as que aguardam por procedimento card&#237;aco &#233; procedente de fora da regi&#227;o metropolitana e tem malforma&#231;&#245;es potencialmente trat&#225;veis por cateterismo. &#201; necess&#225;rio aumentar a capacidade operacional do &#250;nico centro de refer&#234;ncia p&#250;blico do Estado, al&#233;m de descentralizar o atendimento em alta complexidade cardiol&#243;gica da regi&#227;o metropolitana.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas / terapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Listas de Espera</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, definidas como anormalidades estruturais do cora&#231;&#227;o ou dos vasos intrator&#225;cicos, nas diferentes formas anat&#244;micas, constituem uma das anomalias cong&#234;nitas mais frequentes ao nascimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> S&#227;o as malforma&#231;&#245;es de maior impacto na morbimortalidade de crian&#231;as e nos custos com servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> e representam a principal causa de morte entre todas as malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia das cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas figura entre quatro a nove por mil rec&#233;m-nascidos vivos, com estimativa de 1,5 milh&#227;o de casos novos por ano, em todo o globo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Hoffman estimou que, no per&#237;odo entre os anos de 1940 e 2002, nasceram, nos Estados, 1,5 milh&#227;o de afetados por cardiopatia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> No Brasil, estima-se o surgimento de 28.846 novos casos de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas por ano. Em torno de 20% dos casos, a cura &#233; espont&#226;nea, e est&#225; relacionada a defeitos menos complexos e de repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica discreta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A estimativa de necessidade de procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos para corre&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas &#233; de 7,2 por mil nascimentos, com relatos de d&#233;fices mais significativos para tratamento nas Regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste, com &#237;ndices pr&#243;ximos a 90%, e menos importantes nas Regi&#245;es Sul e Centro-Oeste, com 46,4% e 57,4%, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas s&#227;o importantes causas de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos e, quanto mais precoces o diagn&#243;stico e a interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica dessas condi&#231;&#245;es, menores s&#227;o os &#237;ndices de mortalidade e as taxas de reinterna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares, e melhor a qualidade de vida dessas crian&#231;as.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Considerando a natureza grave ou potencialmente grave dessas cardiopatias, que podem trazer repercuss&#245;es significativas de morbimortalidade, &#233; imprescind&#237;vel o conhecimento da realidade das cardiopatias no &#250;nico hospital p&#250;blico de refer&#234;ncia para estas condi&#231;&#245;es no Estado do Par&#225;.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o tempo de espera para realiza&#231;&#227;o de tratamento eletivo cir&#250;rgico e/ou intervencionista em crian&#231;as portadoras de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas em um centro de refer&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gico, al&#233;m de avaliar a proced&#234;ncia dos pacientes, e fazer considera&#231;&#245;es sobre as cardiopatias e suas formas de tratamento na referida institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo de car&#225;ter transversal de pacientes com idade igual ou inferior a 14 anos, com diagn&#243;stico de malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas, que esperavam por tratamentos card&#237;acos cir&#250;rgicos ou percut&#226;neos, incluindo casos de reopera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Os dados foram provenientes do Servi&#231;o de Arquivo M&#233;dico e Estat&#237;stica (SAME) da Funda&#231;&#227;o Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas Gaspar Vianna. Constitu&#237;ram as vari&#225;veis do estudo: sexo, idade, local de resid&#234;ncia, diagn&#243;stico e tempo de espera pelo procedimento. Adicionalmente, foram coletados dados de pacientes submetidos a tratamento cir&#250;rgico e/ou por cateterismo no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2012 a outubro de 2014.</p>
        <p>Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise descritiva dos dados utilizando o programa BioStat, e as vari&#225;veis foram apresentadas por meio de medidas de tend&#234;ncia central e dispers&#227;o ou frequ&#234;ncias.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi submetido &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Envolvendo Seres Humanos da Funda&#231;&#227;o Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas Gaspar Vianna, CAAE 39903014.2.0000.0016.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Dentre as 417 crian&#231;as que aguardavam por cirurgia card&#237;aca ou procedimento hemodin&#226;mico, 407 tinham diagn&#243;stico de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas; destas, 55,1% eram do sexo feminino, e as faixas et&#225;rias mais prevalentes foram a pr&#233;-escolar (&gt; 2 a 6 anos), com 34,0%, e a escolar (&gt; 6 a 12 anos), com 33,3% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 1</xref>). A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 5,7 (&#177; 3,9), com mediana de 5,0, variando de 1 m&#234;s a 14 anos. N&#227;o existiam neonatos na fila de espera.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Pacientes cadastrados para procedimento card&#237;aco infantil eletivo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="80%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n total (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">183 (44,94)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">224 (55,06)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Faixa et&#225;ria, anos</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 1</td>
                <td align="center">45 (11,06)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1-2</td>
                <td align="center">66 (16,22)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 2-6</td>
                <td align="center">142 (34,89)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 6-12</td>
                <td align="center">133 (32,68)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 12</td>
                <td align="center">21 (5,16)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de espera</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 1 m&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1-6 meses</td>
                <td align="center">80 (19,66)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">7 meses-1 ano</td>
                <td align="center">50 (12,29)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 1-3 anos</td>
                <td align="center">197 (48,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 3-5 anos</td>
                <td align="center">57 (14)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 5 anos</td>
                <td align="center">23 (5,65)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mesorregi&#227;o paraense<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Metropolitana de Bel&#233;m: An anindeua, Barcarena, Castanhal, Santa Izabel do Par&#225;, Bel&#233;m, Santo Antonio do Tau&#225;, Benevides e Marituba</td>
                <td align="center">149 (36,60)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nordeste Paraense: Abaetetuba, Santa Luzia do Par&#225;, Acar&#225;, Irituia, Santa Maria do Par&#225;, Augusto Corr&#234;a, Aurora do Par&#225;, M&#227;e do Rio, S&#227;o Caetano de Odivelas, Bai&#227;o, S&#227;o Domingos do Capim, Maracan&#227;, Bragan&#231;a, Marapanim, Mocajuba, S&#227;o Jo&#227;o de Pirabas, Camet&#225;, Moju, S&#227;o Miguel do Guam&#225;, Capanema, Nova Esperan&#231;a do Piri&#225;, Tail&#226;ndia, Capit&#227;o Po&#231;o, Colares, Oeiras do Par&#225;, Tom&#233;-A&#231;u, Our&#233;m, Tracuateua, Curu&#231;&#225;, Peixe-Boi, Primavera, Viseu, Igarap&#233;-A&#231;u, Igarap&#233;-Miri e Salin&#243;polis</td>
                <td align="center">111 (27,27)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sudeste Paraense: Rio Maria, Itupiranga, Rondon do Par&#225;, Jacund&#225;, Bom Jesus do Tocantins, Marab&#225;, Santana do Araguaia, Nova Ipixuna, Breu Branco, Novo Repartimento, S&#227;o F&#233;lix do Xingu, Cana&#227; dos Caraj&#225;s, Concei&#231;&#227;o do Araguaia, Paragominas, Curion&#243;polis, Parauapebas, Tucum&#227;, Dom Eliseu, Pau D'arco, Tucuru&#237;, Eldorado do Caraj&#225;s, Ulian&#243;polis, Reden&#231;&#227;o e Xinguara</td>
                <td align="center">72 (17,69)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixo Amazonas: Alenquer, Juruti, Almeirim, Monte Alegre, Prainha,&#211;bidos, Santar&#233;m, Curu&#225;, Oriximin&#225; e Placas</td>
                <td align="center">33 (8,10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Maraj&#243;: Curralinho, Salvaterra, Anaj&#225;s, Gurup&#225;, Melga&#231;o Breves, Soure, Cachoeira do Arari, Ponta de Pedras, Chaves e Portel</td>
                <td align="center">22 (5,40)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sudoeste Paraense: Altamira, Medicil&#226;ndia, Pacaj&#225;, Itaituba e Rur&#243;polis</td>
                <td align="center">19 (4,66)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Para todas as caracter&#237;sticas, n = 407, para as mesorregi&#245;es, n = 406;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>&#8224; excetuando-se um paciente procedente de Santana (AP).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de espera, em meses, foi 23,1 &#177; 18,3, com mediana de 19, m&#237;nimo de 1 m&#234;s e m&#225;ximo de 94 meses. Os dois pacientes que aguardavam h&#225; 91 e 94 meses (maiores per&#237;odos de espera) encontravam-se incomunic&#225;veis pelo servi&#231;o social da institui&#231;&#227;o, o que pode justificar o atraso.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; proced&#234;ncia, 36,6% eram provenientes da Mesorregi&#227;o Metropolitana de Bel&#233;m, seguidos de 27,2% do Nordeste Paraense, 17,6% do Sudeste Paraense e os 18,1% restantes, do Baixo Amazonas, Sudoeste do Par&#225; e Maraj&#243; juntos; um paciente era procedente de Amap&#225; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes em espera para cirurgia card&#237;aca infantil eletiva segundo local de resid&#234;ncia em mesorregi&#245;es.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-04-0374-80035-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O tipo de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita diagnosticada mais comumente encontrado foi a comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular (CIV), isolada ou associada a outras malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, totalizando 28,98%, seguida de persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial (PCA) com 18,42%, comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial (CIA) com 11,05%, com ou sem associa&#231;&#245;es, e tetralogia de Fallot com 8,59% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Tipo de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita dos pacientes cadastrados para procedimento eletivo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Cardiopatias</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular</td>
                <td align="center">110 (27,02)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial</td>
                <td align="center">75 (18,42)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial</td>
                <td align="center">41 (10,07)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tetratlogia de Fallot</td>
                <td align="center">35 (8,59)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estenose pulmonar cong&#234;nita</td>
                <td align="center">24 (5,89)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta</td>
                <td align="center">15 (3,68)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Atresia pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">12 (2,94)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular + associa&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">8 (1,96)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estenose a&#243;rtica cong&#234;nita</td>
                <td align="center">8 (1,96)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Comunica&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular</td>
                <td align="center">7 (1,71)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dupla via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito</td>
                <td align="center">5 (1,22)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estenose cong&#234;nita tric&#250;spide</td>
                <td align="center">5 (1,22)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia mitral cong&#234;nita</td>
                <td align="center">5 (1,22)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#237;ndrome do cora&#231;&#227;o direito hipopl&#225;sico</td>
                <td align="center">4 (0,98)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tronco arterial comum</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,73)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ventr&#237;culo com dupla via de entrada</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,73)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial + estenose pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,73)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estenose suba&#243;rtica cong&#234;nita</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Cor triatriatum</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,24)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anomalia de Ebstein</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,24)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#237;ndrome do cora&#231;&#227;o esquerdo hipopl&#225;sico</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,24)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Drenagem an&#244;mala de veias pulmonares</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,24)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aneurisma card&#237;aco</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,24)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Comunica&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular discordante</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,24)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Comunica&#231;&#227;o ventr&#237;culo-atrial discordante</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,24)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dupla via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,24)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,24)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dupla les&#227;o de valva mitral</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,24)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia pulmonar cong&#234;nita</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,24)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outros<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">34 (8,35)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial, comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial, estenose pulmonar e coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>outras malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas da valva tric&#250;spide, outras malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas das c&#226;maras e das comunica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas dos septos card&#237;acos, malforma&#231;&#227;o cong&#234;nita n&#227;o espec&#237;fica da valva tric&#250;spide, malforma&#231;&#245;es dos vasos coron&#225;rios, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria, e n&#227;o registrados.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quanto &#224;s cirurgias efetivadas, em 2012, 172 crian&#231;as foram submetidas a 201 cirurgias card&#237;acas infantis; em 2013, 176 pacientes passaram por 207 cirurgias; e, em 2014, at&#233; outubro, 146 submeteram-se a 158 cirurgias card&#237;acas. Em 85,3% dos casos, foi poss&#237;vel determinar se a crian&#231;a estava previamente cadastrada para tratamento eletivo ou n&#227;o: em 2012, 62,2% n&#227;o eram cadastrados, sendo operados em car&#225;ter de urg&#234;ncia, e somente 37,7% pertenciam ao grupo de cadastro eletivo. Em 2013, o mesmo evento repetiu-se, com 59,0% e 40,9%, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca infantil segundo situa&#231;&#227;o de cadastro na fila de espera para procedimento card&#237;aco</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">M&#234;s</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">2012 (n = 201)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">2013 (n = 207)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Cadastrados</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">N&#227;o cadastrados</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">N&#227;o informado</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Cadastrados</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">N&#227;o cadastrados</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">N&#227;o informado</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Janeiro</td>
                <td align="center">8 (3,98)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (3,98)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,50)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (2,42)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (5,31)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2,90)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fevereiro</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2,99)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (2,49)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,49)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2,90)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (6,76)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (2,42)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mar&#231;o</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,99)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (4,98)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,99)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (3,86)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (8,21)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,97)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Abril</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1,49)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,00)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2,90)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1,45)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,97)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Maio</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">12 (5,97)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2,90)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,93)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Junho</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,99)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (6,97)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,00)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,93)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (3,38)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,97)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Julho</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2,99)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2,99)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1,49)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (2,42)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (5,80)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2,90)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Agosto</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,99)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (5,97)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (2,49)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2,90)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (5,31)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,48)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Setembro</td>
                <td align="center">9 (4,48)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (2,49)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,00)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2,90)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2,90)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,93)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outubro</td>
                <td align="center">12 (5,97)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (3,98)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,50)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (3,86)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (3,38)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Novembro</td>
                <td align="center">5 (2,49)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (6,47)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1,49)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,93)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (3,86)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,48)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dezembro</td>
                <td align="center">7 (3,48)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (5,47)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1,49)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (3,86)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,93)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,97)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em 2012, foram realizadas, em m&#233;dia, 16,7 cirurgias card&#237;acas pedi&#225;tricas por m&#234;s. Em 2013, esta m&#233;dia foi de 17,2 e, em 2014, at&#233; o fechamento de outubro, de 15,8. Entre os procedimentos hemodin&#226;micos pedi&#225;tricos, houve um crescimento maior: em 2012, a m&#233;dia de procedimentos mensal foi de 9,5, em 2013 de 9,8 e at&#233; outubro de 2014, de 13,6 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos e hemodin&#226;micos (diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos) realizados por ano</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">M&#234;s</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Cirurgias</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Procedimentos hemodin&#226;micos</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">2012</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">2013</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">2014</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">2012</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">2013</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">2014</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Janeiro</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fevereiro</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mar&#231;o</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Abril</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Maio</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Junho</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Julho</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Agosto</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Setembro</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outubro</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Novembro</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dezembro</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de procedimento hemodin&#226;mico, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cateterismo card&#237;aco diagn&#243;stico foi de 73,9%, enquanto que o n&#250;mero de interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas correspondeu a 26,1% do total realizado desde 2012 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabela 5</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t11">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Procedimentos hemodin&#226;micos realizados de acordo com o tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o por ano</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="70%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Procedimento</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">2012</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">2013</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">2014</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cateterismo diagn&#243;stico</td>
                <td align="center">77</td>
                <td align="center">87</td>
                <td align="center">108</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cateterismo diagn&#243;stico + interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cateterismo + angioplastia</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cateterismo + emboliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cateterismo + fechamento de PCA/CIA/CIV</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cateterismo + atriosseptostomia</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cateterismo + valvoplastia</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Emboliza&#231;&#227;o pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Valvoplastia</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angioplastia</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fechamento de PCA</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>PCA: persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial; CIA: comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial; CIV: comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tipo de procedimento hemodin&#226;mico realizado.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-04-0374-80035-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Do total de 662 procedimentos card&#237;acos terap&#234;uticos realizados entre 2012 a outubro de 2014, 86,1% corresponderam &#224;s cirurgias card&#237;acas e somente 13,8% &#224;s interven&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas. Esta propor&#231;&#227;o manteve-se est&#225;vel ao longo dos anos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">Tabela 6</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t12">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cirurgia card&#237;aca e procedimentos hemodin&#226;micos terap&#234;uticos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Tratamento</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">2012</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">2013</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">2014</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cir&#250;rgico</td>
                <td align="center">201 (84,10)</td>
                <td align="center">207 (86,97)</td>
                <td align="center">158 (85,40)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Percut&#226;neo</td>
                <td align="center">38 (15,89)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (13,02)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (14,59)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>No Brasil, estima-se que a necessidade m&#233;dia de cirurgia cardiovascular em cong&#234;nitos &#233; em torno de 23 mil procedimentos/ano, considerando nesta estimativa, al&#233;m dos novos nascimentos com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, os casos de reinterven&#231;&#245;es. Em 2002, foram operados 8.092 pacientes, o que evidencia defasagem de 65% &#8722; com maiores &#237;ndices na Regi&#227;o Norte (93,5%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, observou-se que, entre as 407 crian&#231;as com diagn&#243;stico de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, as faixas et&#225;rias mais prevalentes foram a pr&#233;-escolar (&gt; 2 a 6 anos) e a escolar (&gt; 6 a 12 anos), n&#227;o havendo neonatos na fila de espera. Estes resultados diferem dos observados em an&#225;lise de preval&#234;ncia de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas na ocasi&#227;o do primeiro atendimento em um hospital infantil de Curitiba (PR), em que houve predom&#237;nio de crian&#231;as com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita no per&#237;odo de lactente, seguido do per&#237;odo neonatal, com 52,1%, e 19,4%, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Considerando que a casu&#237;stica do presente estudo referiu-se aos pacientes que aguardavam por procedimentos eletivos, isto pode refletir as diferen&#231;as no tempo de encaminhamento desses pacientes e a demora durante a perman&#234;ncia na fila de espera.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, o mais frequente foi CIV, seguido de PCA e CIA. Estes resultados s&#227;o convergentes com os encontrados no estudo de Arag&#227;o et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> que demonstrou a seguinte frequ&#234;ncia: CIV (21%), PCA (18%), tetralogia de Fallot (14%) e CIA (7,7%). J&#225; Huber et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> apresentaram o seguinte: CIV com ou sem associa&#231;&#245;es (13,9%), tetralogia de Fallot (12,9%), les&#245;es obstrutivas da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito (9,8%) e CIA isolada (9,6%). Pode-se dizer que a institui&#231;&#227;o estudada tinha caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes &#224;s de outras regi&#245;es do Brasil.</p>
        <p>A origem mais frequente das crian&#231;as que compunham a fila de espera para procedimento cardiol&#243;gico foi a Mesorregi&#227;o Metropolitana de Bel&#233;m, resultado concordante com os de hospital de refer&#234;ncia na Regi&#227;o Nordeste do pa&#237;s, em que a maioria das crian&#231;as era proveniente da regi&#227;o metropolitana do Estado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No entanto, 63,4% das crian&#231;as n&#227;o pertenciam &#224; Regi&#227;o Metropolitana de Bel&#233;m; assim, um ponto a ser discutido &#233; a necessidade de habilita&#231;&#227;o de novas unidades de refer&#234;ncia em alta complexidade cardiovascular no Estado do Par&#225;. Para a distribui&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica dos Servi&#231;os de Assist&#234;ncia de Alta Complexidade em Cirurgia Cardiovascular Pedi&#225;trica, de acordo com a Portaria 210,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> que toma como base a propor&#231;&#227;o de 1:800 mil habitantes, o Estado do Par&#225; necessita de nove centros com capacidade para realizar cirurgia cardiovascular pedi&#225;trica, por&#233;m a regionaliza&#231;&#227;o dos servi&#231;os ainda n&#227;o se concretizou, gerando d&#233;fice de 78,49%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Essa realidade pode ser explicada por diversas causas, como falta de profissionais qualificados e de institui&#231;&#245;es hospitalares com infraestrutura, para que sejam realizados os complexos procedimentos demandados.</p>
        <p>Em nossa realidade, h&#225; ainda a hip&#243;tese de que o baixo &#237;ndice de pacientes procedentes das regi&#245;es do Baixo Amazonas, Maraj&#243; e Sudoeste Paraense seja devido &#224;s dificuldades de acesso ao atendimento b&#225;sico para essa popula&#231;&#227;o, gerando, por conseguinte, subdiagn&#243;sticos de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas e, portanto, menor referenciamento ao centro estudado.</p>
        <p>Um servi&#231;o de alta complexidade requer aten&#231;&#227;o multiprofissional, com cirurgi&#245;es card&#237;acos, hemodinamicistas, cardiologistas pedi&#225;tricos, anestesistas, intensivistas pedi&#225;tricos, pediatras de aten&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e ambulatorial, perfusionistas, enfermeiros e fisioterapeutas. Os resultados do tratamento devem fazer parte de um ciclo de atendimento ao longo da vida, e n&#227;o ser apenas o resultado cir&#250;rgico imediato. O n&#250;mero grande de pacientes com malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas demanda coopera&#231;&#227;o multi-institucional para atingir esses objetivos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A Funda&#231;&#227;o Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas Gaspar Vianna &#233; o &#250;nico hospital p&#250;blico de refer&#234;ncia no Par&#225; que realiza tratamento hemodin&#226;mico e cir&#250;rgico de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita na inf&#226;ncia. A m&#233;dia mensal de cirurgias card&#237;acas foi semelhante no per&#237;odo estudado (16,6 cirurgias/m&#234;s). J&#225; em rela&#231;&#227;o aos procedimentos hemodin&#226;micos pedi&#225;tricos (cateterismo diagn&#243;stico e/ou terap&#234;utico), houve crescimento: em 2012, a m&#233;dia de procedimentos mensal foi de 9,5; em 2013, de 9,8; e, em 2014, at&#233; outubro, de 13,6 - importante frisar que este crescimento foi acompanhado do aumento no n&#250;mero de cateterismo diagn&#243;stico em detrimento do tratamento. Este &#250;ltimo, por sua vez, representou somente 14,85% de todos os procedimentos terap&#234;uticos.</p>
        <p>A baixa realiza&#231;&#227;o de cateterismo terap&#234;utico a contraponto do diagn&#243;stico &#233; consequ&#234;ncia da aus&#234;ncia de outros m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos, como tomografia e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, pela poss&#237;vel falta de pr&#243;teses para procedimentos percut&#226;neos terap&#234;uticos.</p>
        <p>Considerando-se que CIV, CIA, PCA, estenose pulmonar cong&#234;nita e coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta perfazem 65,2% de todos os diagn&#243;sticos, que s&#227;o malforma&#231;&#245;es potencialmente trat&#225;veis por cateterismo, percebe-se a baixa taxa de realiza&#231;&#227;o destas interven&#231;&#245;es em nossa realidade. Assim, investir no tratamento hemodin&#226;mico &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia para reduzir a fila de espera, uma vez que o tratamento intervencionista n&#227;o exige tempo prolongado de interna&#231;&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> e, assim, favorece a maior rotatividade dos leitos de retaguarda, compostos pelos leitos de unidade de terapia intensiva e enfermaria pedi&#225;trica.</p>
        <p>Paralelamente, observa-se, no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo que os n&#250;meros de interven&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas mantiveram-se est&#225;veis, registrando uma n&#227;o atendida por limita&#231;&#245;es estruturais, considerada a quantidade limitada de leitos na institui&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Fazer investimentos na redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de espera para o procedimento cardiovascular cong&#234;nito assegura tamb&#233;m resultados de morbimortalidade. No entanto, isso gera elevado custeio de curto prazo ao Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS). As pr&#243;teses para fechamento de CIA, CIV e PCA n&#227;o t&#234;m cobertura pelo SUS, o que gera mais dificuldades em suas aquisi&#231;&#245;es. H&#225; tamb&#233;m o desafio do repasse financeiro, por vezes insuficiente para as cirurgias card&#237;acas, limitando sua expans&#227;o. O fato de quase n&#227;o haver diferencia&#231;&#227;o no pagamento do procedimento respeitando seu grau de complexidade pune o centro de refer&#234;ncia que se dedica aos casos mais complexos e desestimula o crescimento do n&#250;mero de procedimentos em neonatos e lactentes, em especial nos escores de complexidade mais elevados. Alguns estudos internacionais t&#234;m demonstrado que existe rela&#231;&#227;o linear entre a complexidade e o custo do procedimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outra grande dificuldade que o servi&#231;o encontra para a redu&#231;&#227;o da fila de espera de cirurgia card&#237;aca eletiva &#233; a elevada demanda de cirurgias de urg&#234;ncia em pacientes sem cadastro pr&#233;vio, uma vez que estes casos s&#227;o priorizados em detrimento aos da demanda eletiva. Uma estrat&#233;gia para amenizar o problema, em curto prazo, seria a realiza&#231;&#227;o de mutir&#245;es de cirurgias card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas para o atendimento de pacientes j&#225; cadastrados na fila, a fim de reduzir a demanda reprimida dos usu&#225;rios do SUS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Neste sentido, prop&#245;e-se: cria&#231;&#227;o de polos de atendimento ambulatorial e especializado, para diagn&#243;stico e tratamento precoce da popula&#231;&#227;o, diminuindo subdiagn&#243;sticos e melhorando o seguimento cl&#237;nico pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, com poss&#237;vel diminui&#231;&#227;o de gastos para tratamento fora de domic&#237;lio e consequentemente, menor impacto social &#224;s fam&#237;lias envolvidas; investimento em diagn&#243;stico por tomografia computadorizada e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiol&#243;gica, o que reduziria os cateterismos diagn&#243;sticos e aumentaria a disponibilidade de suporte hospitalar para procedimentos terap&#234;uticos; o fomento a procedimentos hemodin&#226;micos, incluindo pol&#237;tica de financiamento de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses e materiais especiais (OPME) n&#227;o cobertos pelo SUS, por conta da comprovada efic&#225;cia e do menor tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, com consequente diminui&#231;&#227;o de gastos hospitalares e aumento no volume de casos tratados por unidade de tempo; aumento da capacidade funcional instalada no hospital de refer&#234;ncia; descentraliza&#231;&#227;o do atendimento cir&#250;rgico e hemodin&#226;mico cardiol&#243;gico, com interioriza&#231;&#227;o deste tipo de servi&#231;o em cidades de m&#233;dio porte, como Marab&#225; e Santar&#233;m, ambas no Estado do Par&#225;; e registro fidedigno, detalhado e atualizado de dados referentes aos procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos e hemodin&#226;micos, para controle e avalia&#231;&#227;o permanente dos resultados. A promo&#231;&#227;o de melhorias no atendimento &#224; crian&#231;a cardiopata &#233; uma prioridade e envolve a participa&#231;&#227;o de todos &#8722; poder p&#250;blico, profissionais e diversos setores da sociedade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Grande parte das crian&#231;as que aguardam por procedimento card&#237;aco &#233; procedente de fora da regi&#227;o metropolitana e tem malforma&#231;&#245;es potencialmente trat&#225;veis por cateterismo. Por&#233;m, mesmo com mudan&#231;as no perfil de tratamentos, com crescimento da abordagem percut&#226;nea nos &#250;ltimos anos, esta ainda necessita de maior incremento.</p>
        <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es do sistema p&#250;blico hospitalar em suprir a grande demanda da regi&#227;o por procedimentos cardiovasculares terap&#234;uticos eletivos geram importante d&#233;fice assistencial, com necessidade de amplia&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional do &#250;nico centro de refer&#234;ncia p&#250;blico para estas doen&#231;as na regi&#227;o, bem como de descentraliza&#231;&#227;o do atendimento cardiol&#243;gico, cl&#237;nico, cir&#250;rgico e hemodin&#226;mico, para melhor atender a popula&#231;&#227;o que depende do SUS.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Full texts in English - <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.onlineijcs.org">http://www.onlineijcs.org</ext-link>
					</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Funda&#231;&#227;o P&#250;blica Estadual Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas Gaspar Vianna sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 39903014.2.0000.0016. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
