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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZPkRY8KbzDSDCfbFZfCFyHF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000400367</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S2359-56472018005004102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20180034</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evaluation of Lipid Profile in Adolescents</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo del Bosco Brunetti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fagundes</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scalabrin</surname>
            <given-names>Edson Em&#237;lio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Herai</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Hirochi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <state>PR</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; (PUCPR), PR - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Educacional Arauc&#225;ria</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <state>PR</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Educacional Arauc&#225;ria, PR - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Eduardo del Bosco Brunetti Cunha</bold>. Rua Costa Rica, 858. Postal Code: 82510-180, Bacacheri, Curitiba, PR - Brazil. E-mail: <email>edubrunetti@hotmail.com</email>, <email>edubrunetticunha@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Cunha EDBB, Fagundes RP; Acquisition of data: Fagundes RP; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Cunha EDBB; Statistical analysis: Cunha EDBB, Scalabrin EE; Writing of the manuscript: Cunha EDBB; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Herai RH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>Jul-Aug</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>367</fpage>
      <lpage>373</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rec-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Atherosclerosis is a chronic, multifactorial and insidious disease that can begin in childhood and adolescence, and whose major consequences appear during adulthood. Serum levels of lipoproteins, such as LDL-c, total cholesterol (TC), HDL-c, and non-HDL-c can be used as a screening method for disease diagnosis. In Brazil, few studies have correlated the serum levels of those lipoproteins with age.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the serum concentrations of TC, LDL-c, HDL-c, VLDL-c, non-HDL-c and triglycerides (TG) of adolescents aged 10 to 19 years in the municipality of Arauc&#225;ria, Paran&#225; state.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional retrospective study, collecting the following data from 600 adolescents: age, sex and serum levels of TC, LDL-c, HDL-c and TG from June to December 2016. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software 2.0, with Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman coefficient of correlation to identify statistical significance (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The female sex showed higher serum levels of TC, TG and LDL-c than the male sex. The HDL-c levels were identical in both sexes, with 48% of desirable values and 52% of low values. This study identified a strong correlation between the lipids and association with the age group of 10 to 14 years.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Non-HDL-c showed stronger correlation with the other lipids (TG, LDL-c and TC) as compared to LDL-c, suggesting that non-HDL-c can be used as an effective complementary diagnostic method to assess the risks for atherosclerosis in adolescents.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias/epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoproteins</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypercholesterolemia/epidemiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the major cause of death of men and women worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In Brazil, according to the last 2013 Ministry of Health survey, of a total of 201,062,789 inhabitants, 678,556 of the deaths were related to the circulatory system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The risk factors for CVD are classified as modifiable and nonmodifiable. Some of the modifiable risk factors are sedentary lifestyle, smoking, obesity and dyslipidemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Some nonmodifiable risk factors are family history of CVD, age, sex and ethnicity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Dyslipidemia has a great influence on the development of CVD, since an inadequate diet increases the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) in blood vessels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Such lipoproteins can adhere to the intimal layer of arteries, causing the formation of atheromatous plaques that lead to atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> This atherosclerotic process begins in childhood, before clinical symptoms can be perceived.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In the aorta, fatty streaks begin at the age of 3 years, while in the coronary arteries, 5 to 10 years later.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Over time, such fatty streaks form fatty plaques that can rupture, leading to different ischemic processes, such as acute myocardial infarction and stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The lipid profile is a panel of blood tests to assess the serum concentrations of lipoproteins, such as total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), LDL-c, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-c), non-HDL-c, and triglycerides (TG).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Knowing that dyslipidemia is associated with CVD, its diagnosis in adolescence can reduce the chances of future complications, because a change in lifestyle to healthier habits can be the best prevention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This study was aimed at assessing the lipid profile of adolescents of the municipality of Arauc&#225;ria, Paran&#225; state. It collected data of 600 adolescents aged 10 to 19 years and compared them to those of studies conducted in other regions of Brazil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the <italic>Instituto Paranaense de Otorrinolaringologia</italic> and is registered under the number 65932917.0.0000.5529, according to the Resolution 466/12 of the National Board of Health of the Ministry of Health, which regulates research with human beings. The results of 600 lipid profiles were collected from the Arauc&#225;ria Municipal Laboratory, which had been approved by the local coordinator, so that the study could begin even before approval by the Ethics Committee in Research.</p>
      <p>This is a cross-sectional, retrospective study with convenience sampling of the lipid profile of 600 adolescents aged 10 to 19 years, through systematic random sampling, from July to December 2016. Tests with TG levels greater than 400 mg/dL were excluded. The samples were collected 5-mL tubes containing serum separating gel and particles to activate clotting, and were tested by enzymatic photometric assay (Abbott Architect c8000), using the direct precipitation method for HDL-c quantitation (Ultra HDL). To calculate VLDL-c, the TG level was divided by 5, and to calculate LDL-c, the Friedewald formula was used. The collected data were organized in Excel 2007 sheets and stratified as TC, LDL-c, HDL-c, non-HDL-c (sum of the lipoproteins without HDL), VLDL-c and TG, in addition to age and sex of the adolescents, being identified by codes and organized in tables and graphs.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The descriptive statistical analysis included percentage and median with respective interquartile range (IQR). Continuous variables were expressed as median and IQR, because they had no normal distribution, while categorical variables were expressed as percentages. Normality was assessed by use of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The statistical analysis comprised Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman coefficient of correlation (S), using the SPSS software 2.0. The adopted significance level was 5% of probability and 95% confidence interval, and all tests were two-tailed.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The lipid profiles of 600 adolescents aged 10 to 19 years from the Arauc&#225;ria Municipal Laboratory were assessed. Of the 600 adolescents, 322 (54%) were of the female sex and 278 (46%) were of the male sex. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the analyzed data, which, in 1.83% (n = 11) of the adolescents, it is suggested familial hypercholesterolemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tables 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref> show the correlations between the lipids, where 1 means perfect positive correlation, that is, when one variable increases, the other increases at the same intensity, and -1 means perfect negative correlation, that is, when one variable increases, the other decreases at the same intensity.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Lipid profile of adolescents aged 10 to 19 years</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left" colspan="5" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>GENERAL TABLE (n = 600; male = 278; female = 322)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>Values</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>(%) n</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>(%) n</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>(%) n</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>(%) n</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lipids</td>
              <td align="center">TC</td>
              <td align="center">HDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">LDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">TG</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Desired</td>
              <td align="center">(72) 432</td>
              <td align="center">(48) 288</td>
              <td align="center">(77) 465</td>
              <td align="center">(70) 421</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Increased</td>
              <td align="center">(28) 168</td>
              <td align="center">-------------</td>
              <td align="center">(23)135</td>
              <td align="center">(30) 179</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left">Low</td>
              <td align="center">-------------</td>
              <td align="center">(52) 312</td>
              <td align="center">-------------</td>
              <td align="center">-------------</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left" colspan="5" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>STRATIFICATION BETWEEN SEXES</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <td align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>Values</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>(%) n</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>(%) n</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>(%) n</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                <bold>(%) n</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="5">FEMALE 54% n = 322</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lipids</td>
              <td align="center">TC</td>
              <td align="center">HDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">LDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">TG</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Desired</td>
              <td align="center">(69) 221</td>
              <td align="center">(48) 155</td>
              <td align="center">(75) 243</td>
              <td align="center">(67) 216</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Increased</td>
              <td align="center">(31) 101</td>
              <td align="center">-------------</td>
              <td align="center">(25) 79</td>
              <td align="center">(33) 106</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low</td>
              <td align="center">-------------</td>
              <td align="center">(52) 167</td>
              <td align="center">-------------</td>
              <td align="center">-------------</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="5">MALE 46% n = 278</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lipids</td>
              <td align="center">TC</td>
              <td align="center">HDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">LDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">TG</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Desired</td>
              <td align="center">(76) 211</td>
              <td align="center">(48) 133</td>
              <td align="center">(80) 222</td>
              <td align="center">(74) 205</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Increased</td>
              <td align="center">(24) 67</td>
              <td align="center">-------------</td>
              <td align="center">(20) 56</td>
              <td align="center">(26) 73</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low</td>
              <td align="center">-------------</td>
              <td align="center">(52) 145</td>
              <td align="center">-------------</td>
              <td align="center">-------------</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Values according to the 2017 Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis Prevention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> TC: total cholesterol; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; n: absolute number of individuals.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlations of the lipid variables in adolescents aged 10 to 19 years (n = 600)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Age</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">TG</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">LDL-c</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">HDL-c</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">TC</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">VLDL-c</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Non-HDL-c</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
              <td align="center">-0.079</td>
              <td align="center">-0.010</td>
              <td align="center">-0.071</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
              <td align="center">-0.080</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TG</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.292<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.232<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.396<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.999<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.493<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
              <td align="center">-0.079</td>
              <td align="center">0.292<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.024</td>
              <td align="center">0.896<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.289<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.935<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
              <td align="center">-0.010</td>
              <td align="center">-0.232<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.024</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.282<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.230<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.032</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TC</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
              <td align="center">-0.071</td>
              <td align="center">0.396<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.896<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.282<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.394<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.934<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VLDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
              <td align="center">0.999<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.289<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.230<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.394<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.490<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-HDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
              <td align="center">-0.080</td>
              <td align="center">0.493<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.935<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.032</td>
              <td align="center">0.934<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.490<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>TC: total cholesterol; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; Non-HDL-c: sum of the lipoproteins without HDL-c; S: Spearman correlation.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>* p &lt; 0.05;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.001.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlations of the lipid variables in adolescents aged 10 to 14 years (n = 339)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Age</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">TG</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">LDL-c</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">HDL-c</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">TC</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">VLDL-c</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Non-HDL-c</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">-0.056</td>
              <td align="center">-0.140<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.079</td>
              <td align="center">-0.138<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.056</td>
              <td align="center">-0.136<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TG</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
              <td align="center">-0.056</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.262<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.300<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.337<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.999<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.457<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
              <td align="center">-0.140<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.262<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.039</td>
              <td align="center">0.912<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.257<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.949<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
              <td align="center">-0.079</td>
              <td align="center">-0.300<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.039</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.282<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.298<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.053</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TC</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
              <td align="center">-0.138<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.337<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.912<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.282<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.333<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.926<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VLDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
              <td align="center">-0.056</td>
              <td align="center">0.999<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.257<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.298<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.333<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.452<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-HDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
              <td align="center">-0.136<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.457<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.949<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.053</td>
              <td align="center">0.926<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.452<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>TC: total cholesterol; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; Non-HDL-c: sum of the lipoproteins without HDL-c; S: Spearman correlation.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.001.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlations of the lipid variables in adolescents aged 15 to 19 years (n = 261)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
            <col width="11%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Age</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">TG</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">LDL-c</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">HDL-c</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">TC</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">VLDL-c</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Non-HDL-c</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.063</td>
              <td align="center">0.064</td>
              <td align="center">0.071</td>
              <td align="center">0.086</td>
              <td align="center">0.065</td>
              <td align="center">0.054</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TG</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
              <td align="center">0.063</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.328<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.143<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.468<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.999<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.537<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
              <td align="center">0.064</td>
              <td align="center">0.328<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
              <td align="center">0.878<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.329<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.919<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
              <td align="center">0.071</td>
              <td align="center">-0.143<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.281<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.142<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TC</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
              <td align="center">0.086</td>
              <td align="center">0.468<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.878<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.281<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.468<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.944<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VLDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
              <td align="center">0.065</td>
              <td align="center">0.999<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.329<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.142<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.468<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.538<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-HDL-c</td>
              <td align="center">S</td>
              <td align="center">0.054</td>
              <td align="center">0.537<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.919<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.007</td>
              <td align="center">0.944<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.538<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <p>TC: total cholesterol; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; Non-HDL-c: sum of the lipoproteins without HDL-c; S: Spearman correlation.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.001.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>When comparing between sexes, the female sex had a higher TC than that of the male sex (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>). Regarding non-HDL-c, the female sex had a median of 109 and IQR of 40.25, while the male sex had a median of 101 and IQR of 32.25, with no significant difference between them. In addition, in the non-stratified sample, positive correlations of non-HDL-c were found with TG, TC and VLDL-c as compared to LDL-c, and fewer negative correlations with HDL-c (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Assessment of the lipid profile of adolescents for the serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and triglycerides (TG). F: female; M: male. A) TC; difference between F (IQR = 44) and M (IQR = 36.25), p: 0.043<sup>*</sup> (Mann-Whitney U test); B) TG; difference between F (IQR = 37.5) and M (IQR = 42), p: 0.017<sup>*</sup> (Mann-Whitney U test); C) LDL; difference between F (IQR = 31.75) and M (IQR = 29.5), p: 0.049<sup>*</sup> (Mann-Whitney U test); D) TC; difference between F (IQR = 43.5) and M (IQR = 32), p: 0.026<sup>*</sup> (Mann-Whitney U test).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-04-0367-80034-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In adolescents aged 10 to 14 years, more positive correlations of non-HDL-c with TG, TC and VLDL-c were found as compared to LDL-c, and some negative correlations of LDL-c, TC and non-HDL-c with age (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). When comparing between sexes, only TG showed a difference (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1B</xref>). Regarding sexes, in adolescents aged 15 to 19 years, the correlations showed the same trend of the other age group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>), and the comparisons between sexes achieving significance for the LDL-c (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1C</xref>) and TC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1D</xref>), while the other lipids showed no statistically significant variation. </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The study by Silva et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> has reported desirable values of TC of 50%, similar to those found in the present study (49%), but different from the 37% reported by Araki et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> This difference was observed in a study conducted in the city of Aracaju, Sergipe state, which has found a higher TC value in the female sex as compared to that in the male sex, a result that corroborates that found in this study and in the specialized literature. Similar results have also been reported by Silva et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> in a study conducted in the city of Janeiro, and by Araki et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> in a study conducted in the city of Aracaju, Sergipe state, and by Kruger et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> in a study conducted in the municipality of Mambor&#233;, Paran&#225; state.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The serum levels of TG in adolescents aged 10 to 14 years were higher in the female sex, which has been also reported by Silva et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> and Kruger et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding LDL-c, the findings are similar to those reported by Araki et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and by Seki et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> who have shown a strong positive correlation between LDL-c and non-HDL-c, between LDL-c and TC, and between non-HDL-c and TC. Some negative correlations have been reported involving non-HDL-c and HDL-c, coinciding with the same studies. In addition, our study showed that as the adolescents from the 10-to-14-year-old group aged, their serum levels of LDL-c, TC and non-HDL-c decreased. </p>
      <p>Several studies have shown that non-HDL-c is one of the best indicators of the atherosclerotic risk in children and adolescents,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> because it is more strongly associated with lesions in the abdominal aorta and coronary arteries than the other lipids are,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> in addition to being associated with metabolic diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> The stronger correlations of non-HDL-c with the other lipids (TG, LDL-c and TC) found in this study as compared to those of LDL-c are in accordance with the literature, and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) has already included reference values for non-HDL-c, recommending it for screening during childhood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> In adults, non-HDL-c is a better predictor of CVD than LDL-c is.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this study, among the adolescents aged 10 to 19 years, changes in HDL-c levels were observed in 52% of the sample, similarly to the study by Silva et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> conducted in the municipality of Barras, Piau&#237; state, which reported changes in HDL-c levels in 70% of the sample, and the study by Ramos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> conducted in the municipality of Campina Grande, Para&#237;ba state, which reported changes in HDL-c levels in 80.6% of the sample. Some different results have also been reported. Silva et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> have reported 22% of changed HDL-c values in a study conducted in the city of Rio de Janeiro, while Seki et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> in a study conducted in Londrina, Paran&#225; state, have reported 14.3% of changed HDL-c values. Such differences reported in the literature might be related to genetic, environmental and local factors, because the studies are from distinct geographic, ethnical and cultural regions. It is worth noting that this study has limitations, because it is a retrospective study with convenience sampling of a specific population, whose samples had already been collected.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>This study's results showed that, of the 600 adolescents, 30% had some type of hypercholesterolemia and more than 50% had some type of dyslipidemia. Regarding the adolescents with dyslipidemia, the female sex had the highest prevalence, suggesting that preventive measures should be taken considering sex.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the serum level of non-HDL-c showed stronger correlation with the other lipids (TG, LDL-c and TC) as compared to LDL-c. This suggests that non-HDL-c can be used as an effective complementary diagnostic method to assess the risks for atherosclerosis in adolescents of this study's age group. Non-HDL-c can be an important biomarker, and should be included in the lipid profile, as already used for adults.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Graduation by Rafael Pereira Fagundes and Doctoral submitted by Eduardo del Bosco Brunetti Cunha, from <italic>Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</italic> and <italic>Faculdade Educacional Arauc&#225;ria</italic>.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the <italic>Instituto Paranaense de Otorrinolaringologia</italic> under the protocol number 65932917.0.0000.5529. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Silva GA, Menezes AM, Monteiro CA, Barreto SM, et al. Doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis no Brasil: carga e desafios atuais. In: Victora CG, Leal MC, Barreto ML, Schimidt MI, Monteiro CA. Sa&#250;de no Brasil: a s&#233;rie The Lancet. Rio de Janeiro: Fiocruz; 2011. p. 61-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
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              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duncan</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Menezes</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Monteiro</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barreto</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis no Brasil: carga e desafios atuais</chapter-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Victora</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Perfil Lip&#237;dico de Adolescentes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo del Bosco Brunetti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fagundes</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scalabrin</surname>
            <given-names>Edson Em&#237;lio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Herai</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Hirochi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; (PUCPR), PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Educacional Arauc&#225;ria, PR - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Eduardo del Bosco Brunetti Cunha</bold>. Rua Costa Rica, 858. CEP: 82510-180, Bacacheri, Curitiba, PR - Brasil. E-mail: edubrunetti@hotmail.com, edubrunetticunha@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Cunha EDBB, Fagundes RP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Fagundes RP; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados:Cunha EDBB; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Cunha EDBB, Scalabrin EE; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito:Cunha EDBB; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Herai RH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>A aterosclerose &#233; uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica, multifatorial e insidiosa, podendo iniciar-se na inf&#226;ncia ou adolesc&#234;ncia, com suas principais consequ&#234;ncias aparecendo na fase adulta. As dosagens s&#233;ricas de lipoprote&#237;nas como LDL-c, colesterol total (CT), HDL-c e N&#195;O HDL-c podem ser usadas como forma de triagem de um diagn&#243;stico. No Brasil h&#225; ainda pouqu&#237;ssimos estudos correlacionando n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos dessas lipoprote&#237;nas com a idade das pessoas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar as concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de LDL-c, CT, HDL-c, N&#195;O HDL-c, VLDL-c e triglicer&#237;deos (TG) em adolescentes de 10 a 19 anos do munic&#237;pio de Arauc&#225;ria/PR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Pesquisa transversal retrospectiva, que coletou os seguintes dados de 600 adolescentes: idade, sexo e dosagens de LDL-c, CT, HDL-c, N&#195;O HDL-c, VLDL-c e TG. Os dados foram avaliados com o programa de an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica SPSS 2.0, o teste U de Mann-Whitney e o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman para identifica&#231;&#227;o de significado estat&#237;stico (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O sexo feminino exprimiu n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CT, TG e LDL-c maiores que o sexo masculino. O HDL-c apresentou valores id&#234;nticos em ambos os sexos, com 48% de valores desej&#225;veis e 52% de baixos. O estudo identificou forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre as fra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas e associa&#231;&#227;o com a idade de 10 a 14 anos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Os resultados apontam que, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao LDL-c, o N&#195;O HDL-c apresentou maior correla&#231;&#227;o com as demais fra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas (TG, LDL-c e CT), sugerindo que o N&#195;O HDL-c pode ser utilizado como um m&#233;todo eficaz na complementa&#231;&#227;o de diagn&#243;stico para avaliar riscos ateroscler&#243;ticos em adolescentes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias/epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipoproteinas</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipercolesterolemia/epidemiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) est&#227;o entre as principais causas de mortalidade em homens e mulheres no mundo todo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> No Brasil, de acordo com o &#250;ltimo levantamento feito em 2013 pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, de um total de 201.062.789 habitantes, 678.556 das mortes estavam relacionadas com o sistema circulat&#243;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os fatores de risco para DCV s&#227;o classificados como modific&#225;veis e n&#227;o modific&#225;veis. Entre os riscos modific&#225;veis podemos encontrar sedentarismo, tabagismo, obesidade e dislipidemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Para os riscos n&#227;o modific&#225;veis encontramos hist&#243;rico familiar de DCV, idade, sexo e ra&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A dislipidemia representa uma grande influ&#234;ncia no desenvolvimento de DCV, j&#225; que uma alimenta&#231;&#227;o inadequada aumenta a concentra&#231;&#227;o de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c) nos vasos sangu&#237;neos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Tais lipoprote&#237;nas podem aderir &#224; t&#250;nica &#237;ntima das art&#233;rias, ocasionando a forma&#231;&#227;o de placas de ateroma que levam a aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Esse processo ateroscler&#243;tico tem in&#237;cio ainda na inf&#226;ncia, antes mesmo dos sintomas cl&#237;nicos serem percebidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Na aorta, as estrias gordurosas podem come&#231;ar a se aderir j&#225; aos 3 anos de idade, enquanto nas coron&#225;rias, 5 a 10 anos mais tarde.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Com o tempo, essas estrias gordurosas formam placas de gordura que podem se romper, levando a diferentes processos isqu&#234;micos, como o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e o acidente vascular encef&#225;lico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O perfil lip&#237;dico &#233; o exame que avalia as concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de lipoprote&#237;nas, como colesterol total (CT), lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-c), LDL-c, lipoprote&#237;na de muita baixa densidade (VLDL-c), n&#227;o HDL-c (N&#195;O HDL-c), e triglicer&#237;deos (TG).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Sabendo que a dislipidemia est&#225; associada &#224;s DCV, um diagn&#243;stico ainda na adolesc&#234;ncia pode diminuir as chances de complica&#231;&#245;es futuras, j&#225; que uma mudan&#231;a de estilo de vida com h&#225;bitos mais saud&#225;veis pode se tornar a melhor forma de preven&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma an&#225;lise de perfil lip&#237;dico de adolescentes do munic&#237;pio de Arauc&#225;ria, no estado do Paran&#225;. O estudo reuniu informa&#231;&#245;es de 600 adolescentes entre 10 e 19 anos, comparando-as com as de outros estudos publicados e realizados em outras regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CEP) do Instituto Paranaense de Otorrinolaringologia e est&#225; registrado com o n&#250;mero 65932917.0.0000.5529, seguindo os requisitos da Resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/12 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, que regulamenta a pesquisa envolvendo seres humanos. Ap&#243;s sua aprova&#231;&#227;o, foram coletados 600 resultados de exames de perfil lip&#237;dico do Laborat&#243;rio Municipal de Arauc&#225;ria, contando tamb&#233;m com a aprova&#231;&#227;o do coordenador do local para que o estudo pudesse ser iniciado, antes mesmo do envio ao CEP.</p>
        <p>Pesquisa transversal, retrospectiva de amostra por conveni&#234;ncia, onde foram selecionados 600 exames de perfil lip&#237;dico de pacientes entre 10 e 19 anos de idade, de amostragem aleat&#243;ria sistem&#225;tica, entre os meses de julho e dezembro de 2016. Foram exclu&#237;dos os exames com valor de TG superior a 400 mg/dl. As amostras foram colhidas em tubo de 5 ml contendo gel separador e ativador de co&#225;gulo para obten&#231;&#227;o do soro. Os resultados foram determinados pelo m&#233;todo de fotometria de absor&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica por meio do equipamento Architect c8000 da Abbott, usando-se para o HDL o m&#233;todo direto por precipita&#231;&#227;o (Ultra HDL). Para c&#225;lculo de VLDL-c, dividiu-se o resultado de TG por 5 e, para o LDL-c, foi usada a f<italic>&#243;rmula de Friedewald</italic>. A coleta de dados foi organizada em planilhas no Excel 2007 da Microsoft e foram estratificadas em CT, LDL-c, HDL-c, N&#195;O HDL-c (soma das lipoprote&#237;nas sem HDL), VLDL-c e TG, al&#233;m de idade e sexo dos adolescentes, sendo identificados por c&#243;digos e organizados por tabelas e gr&#225;ficos.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica descritiva incluiu c&#225;lculo de porcentagem e mediana (m) e respectivos intervalos interquartis (IIQ). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas est&#227;o expressas como mediana e IIQ, pois n&#227;o apresentam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, e as categ&#243;ricas, como porcentagem. Foram avaliadas quanto &#224; satisfa&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios de normalidade atrav&#233;s do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Utilizou-se para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica o teste U de Mann-Whitney e o coeficiente de Spearman (S), empregando-se o <italic>software</italic> SPSS 2.0. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5% de probabilidade e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, sendo todos os testes bicaudais. </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram avaliados 600 adolescentes de 10 a 19 anos de idade no laborat&#243;rio Municipal de Arauc&#225;ria, no Paran&#225;. Dos dados coletados, 322 (54%) foram do sexo feminino e 278 (46%), do sexo masculino. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta um detalhamento dos dados analisados, sendo que em 1,83% (n = 11) dos adolescentes os dados s&#227;o sugestivos de hipercolesterolemia familiar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> As <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabelas 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">4</xref> apresentam as correla&#231;&#245;es entre as fra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas, onde 1 significa correla&#231;&#227;o positiva perfeita, ou seja, quando uma vari&#225;vel aumenta, a outra aumenta na mesma intensidade, e -1 correla&#231;&#227;o negativa perfeita, quando uma vari&#225;vel aumenta, a outra diminui na mesma intensidade.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Perfil lip&#237;dico de adolescentes de 10 a 19 anos de idade</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left" colspan="5" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>TABELA GERAL (n = 600; sexo masculino = 278; sexo feminino = 322)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>Valores</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>(%) n</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>(%) n</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>(%) n</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>(%) n</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas</td>
                <td align="center">CT</td>
                <td align="center">HDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">LDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">TG</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desej&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">(72) 432</td>
                <td align="center">(48) 288</td>
                <td align="center">(77) 465</td>
                <td align="center">(70) 421</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aumentado</td>
                <td align="center">(28) 168</td>
                <td align="center">-------------</td>
                <td align="center">(23)135</td>
                <td align="center">(30) 179</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left">Baixo</td>
                <td align="center">-------------</td>
                <td align="center">(52) 312</td>
                <td align="center">-------------</td>
                <td align="center">-------------</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left" colspan="5" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>ESTRATIFICA&#199;&#195;O ENTRE SEXOS</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <td align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>Valores</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>(%) n</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>(%) n</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>(%) n</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <bold>(%) n</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="5">FEMININO 54% n = 322</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas</td>
                <td align="center">CT</td>
                <td align="center">HDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">LDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">TG</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desej&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">(69) 221</td>
                <td align="center">(48) 155</td>
                <td align="center">(75) 243</td>
                <td align="center">(67) 216</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aumentado</td>
                <td align="center">(31) 101</td>
                <td align="center">-------------</td>
                <td align="center">(25) 79</td>
                <td align="center">(33) 106</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixo</td>
                <td align="center">-------------</td>
                <td align="center">(52) 167</td>
                <td align="center">-------------</td>
                <td align="center">-------------</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="5">MASCULINO 46% n = 278</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas</td>
                <td align="center">CT</td>
                <td align="center">HDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">LDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">TG</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Desej&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">(76) 211</td>
                <td align="center">(48) 133</td>
                <td align="center">(80) 222</td>
                <td align="center">(74) 205</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aumentado</td>
                <td align="center">(24) 67</td>
                <td align="center">-------------</td>
                <td align="center">(20) 56</td>
                <td align="center">(26) 73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixo</td>
                <td align="center">-------------</td>
                <td align="center">(52) 145</td>
                <td align="center">-------------</td>
                <td align="center">-------------</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>Valores de acordo com a atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemia e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose &#8211; 2017.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> CT: colesterol total; HDLc: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDLc: liporote&#237;na de baixa densidade; TG: triglicer&#237;deos; n: quantidade absoluta de pessoas.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas em adolescentes de 10 a 19 anos de idade (n = 600)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Idade</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">TG</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">LDL-c</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">HDL-c</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">CT</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">VLDL-c</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">N&#227;o HDLc</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">,004</td>
                <td align="center">-,079</td>
                <td align="center">-,010</td>
                <td align="center">-,071</td>
                <td align="center">,004</td>
                <td align="center">-,080</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TG</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
                <td align="center">,004</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">,292<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-,232<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,396<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,999<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,493<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
                <td align="center">-,079</td>
                <td align="center">,292<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">,024</td>
                <td align="center">,896<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,289<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,935<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
                <td align="center">-,010</td>
                <td align="center">-,232<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,024</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">,282<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-,230<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-,032</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CT</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
                <td align="center">-,071</td>
                <td align="center">,396<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,896<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,282<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">,394<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,934<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VLDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
                <td align="center">,004</td>
                <td align="center">,999<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,289<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-,230<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,394<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">,490<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o HDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
                <td align="center">-,080</td>
                <td align="center">,493<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,935<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-,032</td>
                <td align="center">,934<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,490<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <p>LDL-c: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; N&#227;o HDL-c: soma das lipoprote&#237;nas sem HDL-c; HDL-c: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; CT: colesterol total; TG: triglicer&#237;deos; S: correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <p>* p &lt; 0,05;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,001.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas em adolescentes de 10 a 14 anos de idade (n = 339)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Idade</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">TG</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">LDL-c</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">HDL-c</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">CT</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">VLDL-c</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">N&#227;o HDL-c</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">-,056</td>
                <td align="center">-,140<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-,079</td>
                <td align="center">-,138<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-,056</td>
                <td align="center">-,136<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TG</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
                <td align="center">-,056</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">,262<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-,300<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,337<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,999<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,457<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
                <td align="center">-,140<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,262<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">,039</td>
                <td align="center">,912<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,257<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,949<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
                <td align="center">-,079</td>
                <td align="center">-,300<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,039</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">,282<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-,298<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-,053</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CT</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
                <td align="center">-,138<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,337<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,912<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,282<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">,333<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,926<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VLDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
                <td align="center">-,056</td>
                <td align="center">,999<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,257<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-,298<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,333<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">,452<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o HDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
                <td align="center">-,136<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,457<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,949<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-,053</td>
                <td align="center">,926<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,452<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <p>LDL-c: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; N&#227;o HDL-c: soma das lipoprote&#237;nas sem HDL-c; HDL-c: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; CT: colesterol total; TG: triglicer&#237;deos; S: correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,001.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis lip&#237;dicas em adolescentes de 15 a 19 anos de idade (n = 261)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
              <col width="11%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Idade</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">TG</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">LDL-c</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">HDL-c</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">CT</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">VLDL-c</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">N&#227;o HDL-c</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">,063</td>
                <td align="center">,064</td>
                <td align="center">,071</td>
                <td align="center">,086</td>
                <td align="center">,065</td>
                <td align="center">,054</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TG</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
                <td align="center">,063</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">,328<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-,143<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,468<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,999<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,537<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
                <td align="center">,064</td>
                <td align="center">,328<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">,006</td>
                <td align="center">,878<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,329<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,919<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
                <td align="center">,071</td>
                <td align="center">-,143<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,006</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">,281<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-,142<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CT</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
                <td align="center">,086</td>
                <td align="center">,468<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,878<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,281<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">,468<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,944<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VLDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
                <td align="center">,065</td>
                <td align="center">,999<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,329<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-,142<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,468<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">,538<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o HDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">S</td>
                <td align="center">,054</td>
                <td align="center">,537<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,919<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-,007</td>
                <td align="center">,944<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">,538<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <p>LDL-c: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; N&#227;o HDL-c: soma das lipoprote&#237;nas sem HDL-c; HDL-c: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; CT: colesterol total; TG: triglicer&#237;deos; S: correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,001.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os sexos, o feminino apresentou CT mais elevado que o masculino (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1A</xref>). Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o N&#195;O HDL-c, o sexo feminino apresentou m = 109 e IIQ = 40,25 e o masculino, m = 101 e IIQ = 32,25, sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre eles. Ainda na amostra n&#227;o estratificada, foram encontradas correla&#231;&#245;es positivas do N&#195;O HDL-c com outras fra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas (TG, CT e VLDL-c) comparado com o LDL-c, e tamb&#233;m, em menor quantidade, correla&#231;&#245;es negativas com o HDL-c (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do perfil lipoproteico de adolescentes para os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol total (CT), lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) e triglicer&#237;deos (TG). F: feminino; M: masculino. A) CT; diferen&#231;a entre F (IIQ = 44) e M (IIQ = 36,25), p: 0,043<sup>*</sup> (teste U de Mann-Whitney); B) TG; diferen&#231;a entre F (IIQ = 37,5) e M (IIQ = 42), p: 0,017<sup>*</sup> (teste U de Mann-Whitney); C) LDL; diferen&#231;a entre F (IIQ = 31,75) e M (IIQ = 29,5), p: 0,049<sup>*</sup> (teste U de Mann-Whitney); D) CT; diferen&#231;a entre F (IIQ = 43,5) e M (IIQ = 32), p: 0,026<sup>*</sup> (teste U de Mann-Whitney).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-04-0367-80034-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Nos adolescentes de 10 a 14 anos, foram encontradas correla&#231;&#245;es mais positivas do N&#195;O HDL-c com outras fra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas (TG, CT e VLDL-c) quando comparado com o LDL-c; tamb&#233;m foram encontradas algumas correla&#231;&#245;es negativas do LDL-c, CT e N&#195;O HDL-C com idade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>). Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os sexos, somente a fra&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica TG apresentou diferen&#231;a (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1B</xref>). Quanto ao sexo, entre 15 a 19 anos, as correla&#231;&#245;es apresentaram a mesma tend&#234;ncia que as anteriores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>) e as compara&#231;&#245;es significativas entre os sexos foram do LDL-c (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1C</xref>) e do CT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1D</xref>), e as demais fra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas n&#227;o apresentaram varia&#231;&#245;es com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em um estudo realizado por Silva et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> foram apresentados valores de CT desej&#225;veis de 50%, semelhantes ao encontrado pelo presente estudo que foi de 49%, por&#233;m diferente dos 37% encontrados por Araki et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Essa diferen&#231;a foi observada em um estudo realizado na cidade de Aracaju, Sergipe, em que o valor de CT foi superior no sexo feminino quando comparado ao masculino, resultado esse que corrobora os deste trabalho e os da literatura especializada. Resultados equivalentes foram apresentados por Silva et al,.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> em um estudo realizado na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, por Araki et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> em um estudo feito em Aracaju, Sergipe, e por Kruger et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> no munic&#237;pio de Mambor&#233;, Paran&#225;.</p>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos dos TG nas idades entre 10 e 14 anos foram superiores no sexo feminino, resultados tamb&#233;m encontrados por Silva et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> e Kruger et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao LDL-c, os achados s&#227;o semelhantes aos reportados por Araki et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e Seki et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> que mostraram forte correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre LDL-c e N&#195;O HDL-c, entre LDL-c e CT, e entre N&#195;O HDL-c e CT. Foram tamb&#233;m encontradas algumas correla&#231;&#245;es negativas envolvendo N&#195;O HDL-c e HDL-c, que coincidem com os mesmos estudos. Nossa pesquisa tamb&#233;m evidenciou que conforme os adolescentes de 10 a 14 anos aumentavam a idade, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de LDL-c, CT e N&#195;O HDL-c diminu&#237;am.</p>
        <p>Diversos estudos apontam que o N&#195;O HDL-c &#233; um dos melhores indicadores de risco ateroscler&#243;tico em crian&#231;as e adolescentes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> pois est&#225; mais fortemente associado a les&#245;es na aorta abdominal e nas coron&#225;rias que as demais fra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> al&#233;m de estar associado tamb&#233;m a doen&#231;as metab&#243;licas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> As maiores correla&#231;&#245;es encontradas por esse estudo do N&#195;O HDL-c com as demais fra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas (TG, LDL-c e CT) comparado com a fra&#231;&#227;o LDL-c corroboram com a literatura, tanto que o <italic>National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute</italic> (NHLBI) j&#225; inclui valores de refer&#234;ncia para o N&#195;O HDL-c e recomendam-no para a triagem em crian&#231;as.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Em adultos, o N&#195;O HDL-c &#233; considerado melhor preditor que o LDL-c para DCV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Na amostra de adolescentes de 10 a 19 anos deste estudo, encontramos n&#237;veis de HDL-c com 52% de valores alterados, semelhante ao estudo de Silva et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> realizado no munic&#237;pio de Barras, estado do Piau&#237;, que mostrou 70% de n&#237;veis de HDL-c alterados, e o estudo de Ramos et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> realizado no munic&#237;pio de Campina Grande, Para&#237;ba, mostrou 80,6% de n&#237;veis de HDL-c alterados. Alguns resultados diferentes tamb&#233;m foram observados em outras pesquisas. Silva et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> encontraram 22% dos valores de HDL-c alterados em pesquisa realizada no Rio de Janeiro e Seki et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> em um estudo realizado em Londrina, Paran&#225;, encontraram 14,3% de valores de HDL-c alterados. Essas diferen&#231;as encontradas na literatura podem estar relacionadas a fatores gen&#233;ticos, ambientais e locais, pois s&#227;o estudos de regi&#245;es bem distintas geogr&#225;fica, &#233;tnica e culturalmente. Vale ressaltar que esse trabalho apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es, pois trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo com amostra por conveni&#234;ncia e de uma popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica, onde as amostras j&#225; estavam coletadas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados apresentados no presente trabalho constataram que, da amostra de 600 adolescentes, 30% apresentaram algum tipo de hipercolesterolemia e mais de 50%, algum tipo de dislipidemia. Entre os adolescentes com dislipidemia, a maior preval&#234;ncia foi em pessoas do sexo feminino, sugerindo medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o a serem realizadas considerando o sexo.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo permitiu concluir que o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de N&#195;O HDL-c apresentou maior correla&#231;&#227;o com as demais fra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas (TG, LDL-c e CT) quando comparado com o LDL-c. Isso sugere que o N&#195;O HDL-c pode ser utilizado como m&#233;todo eficaz na complementa&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico para avaliar riscos ateroscler&#243;ticos em adolescentes da faixa et&#225;ria deste estudo. O N&#195;O HDL-c pode ser um importante biomarcador, devendo ser inclu&#237;do na avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial do perfil lip&#237;dico, como j&#225; ocorre em adultos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte da tese de Gradua&#231;&#227;o de Rafael Pereira Fagundes e de Doutorado de Eduardo del Bosco Brunetti Cunha pela Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; e Faculdade Educacional Arauc&#225;ria.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto Paranaense de Otorrinolaringologia sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 65932917.0.0000.5529. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
