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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Pv3HgfLNTHRTMhrZWwhHmCJ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000400359</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S2359-56472018005004101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20180033</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Carotid Atherosclerosis in Pre- and Post-Menopausal Women with a History of Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension: Case-Control Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Alessandro Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Isly Maria Lucena de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Moacir de Novaes Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Olinda Bregieiro Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Recife</city>
            <state>PE</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Rafael Alessandro Ferreira Gomes</bold>. Rua dos Palmares, s/n, Santo Amaro. Postal Code: 50100-060, Recife, PE - Brazil. E-mail: <email>rafaelgomes@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Gomes RAF, Barros IML. Acquisition of data: Gomes RAF, Barros IML. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Gomes RAF, Barros IML. Statistical analysis: Gomes RAF, Barros IML. Writing of the manuscript: Gomes RAF. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Barros IML, Ferreira MNL, Costa LOBF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This manuscript is part of the master of the Graduate Program in Health Sciences of the University of Pernambuco by Rafael Alessandro Ferreira.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>Jul-Aug</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>359</fpage>
      <lpage>366</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rec-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Cardiovascular disease mortality among women remains high. Observational studies are controversial about the participation of a history of gestational hypertensive disorder in cardiovascular risk.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To verify the association between carotid atherosclerosis in menopausal women who had pregnancy-induced hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Case-control study, with cases consisting of women with carotid atherosclerosis, defined as carotid intima-media thickness &gt; 1 mm and/or presence of carotid plaques; the controls did not have these alterations. The significance level was set at 95%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 504 women without previous cardiovascular disease were assessed, 126 cases and 378 controls. Of the total, 67% were hypertensive; 76% were dyslipidemic; and 16% were diabetic. Approximately 10% reported a history of hypertension during pregnancy. Women with carotid atherosclerosis had higher values of systolic blood pressure (134.18 mmHg vs. 128.59 mmHg, p = 0.008) and LDL-cholesterol (156.52 mg% vs. 139.97 mg%; p = 0.0005). No statistical difference was found regarding the presence of carotid atherosclerosis and history of hypertension during pregnancy (OR 1.672, 95% CI: 0.883-3.131).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The history of hypertension during pregnancy was not associated with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in menopausal women. However, an association was observed between carotid atherosclerosis and classic risk factors, such as elevated systolic blood pressure and LDL-cholesterol levels.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Carotid Artery Diseases/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced</kwd>
        <kwd>Women, Premenopause</kwd>
        <kwd>Postmenopause</kwd>
        <kwd>Case-Control Studies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FACEPE</funding-source>
          <award-id>APQ-1386-4.00/08</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by <italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Ci&#234;ncia do estado de Pernambuco</italic> (FACEPE) (APQ-1386-4.00/08).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death among women worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In the United States, they account for almost a third of all causes of death in the female gender,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> and similar data are observed in Europe<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> and in Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Advances in CVD treatment in the last three decades have allowed a sustained decrease in mortality. However, socioeconomic and behavioral aspects have interrupted this process in recent years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In 2014, there were 340,284 CVD deaths among Brazilian women, representing an increase of almost 20% in relation to those occurring 10 years earlier.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The cardiovascular risk stratification in the female population has failed to detect and prevent the disease. The exploration of new risk factors thus becomes essential to reduce such indices.</p>
      <p>Pregnancy is an important moment to evaluate women's cardiovascular health, since the development of complications during this period may indicate an increase in future cardiovascular risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Several observational studies have shown a higher prevalence of atherosclerosis in women with a history of gestation-induced hypertension,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> and some have observed an association between the number of cardiac events and the number of complicated pregnancies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> even after the normalization of blood pressure levels after childbirth.</p>
      <p>Nonetheless, Romundstad et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> questioned whether such an association would be a factor of ambiguity, because pre-gestational characteristics - especially obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia - would attenuate the effect that the gestational hypertensive disorder has on the late cardiovascular outcome. Unfortunately, most studies have insufficient evidence, such as limited sample size and clinical follow-up.</p>
      <p>Considering that atherosclerosis is a gradual process that starts in childhood, the aim of this study was to verify the association between carotid atherosclerosis in menopausal women who had pregnancy-induced hypertension.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>A case-control study was carried out, with a population of women aged between 45 and 65 years, who had had menstrual irregularities or interruption in the last year. Women receiving hormone replacement therapy, those with chronic inflammatory conditions or any previously diagnosed conditions with high cardiovascular risk or heart disease were excluded from the analysis.</p>
      <p>The sample was calculated based on the systematic review performed by Brown et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> using as reference a hypertension exposure during pregnancy of around 8% and Odds Ratio (OR) to increase the risk of atherosclerosis of 2.28. For a paired study with a one-tailed hypothesis test, we calculated at least 116 cases and 348 controls in order to obtain a 95% level of significance and 80% of test power with a ratio of one case for three controls. Controls were obtained from the same database, and were paired by age group.</p>
      <p>All women underwent carotid ultrasound with the same examiner; the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) was quantified and the presence of carotid plaques was assessed. For image acquisition, a high-resolution device (EnVisor, Philips) was used with a 12.3 MHz linear transducer. The data were recorded for subsequent analysis using the QLAB-Intima Media Thickness (QLAB-IMT, Philips) software.</p>
      <p>The presence of carotid atherosclerosis was defined when the CIMT was greater than 1 mm (mean values obtained in the analyzed segments of the right and left carotid arteries) and / or the presence of atheroma plaque. Atheroma plaque was defined as: (1) localized parietal structure with a thickness greater than 1.5 mm; (2) protrusion into vessel lumen &gt; 0.5 mm or; (3) thickness &gt; 1.5-fold the adjacent CIMT, according to the Mannheim Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Plaque Consensus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The cases consisted of women who had carotid atherosclerosis and the controls, of women who did not have this alteration at the ultrasonographic assessment.</p>
      <p>The independent variable was pregnancy-induced hypertension, considered as the self-reported information of blood pressure increase during pregnancy. According to Diehl et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> this information shows good accuracy (specificity of 96% and sensitivity of 79.6%) for the antecedents of pregnancy-induced hypertension, even 24.5 years after the pregnancy. Other variables were considered, namely: blood pressure, income, smoking, type 2 diabetes mellitus, family history of coronary artery disease (CAD), body mass index (BMI), number of pregnancies, preterm birth, low birth-weight offspring, fasting glycemia, total cholesterol (CT), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol), triglycerides and ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (us-CRP).</p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of <italic>Complexo Hospitalar Hospital Universit&#225;rio Oswaldo Cruz/ Pronto-Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco</italic> under CAAE number 55361416.0.0000.5192 and Opinion number 1,593,189 of June 16, 2016.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The results were expressed as percentages for categorical variables and as statistical measures such as means, standard deviation and medians, when indicated, for numerical variables. The association between the occurrence of carotid atherosclerosis and the categorical variables was performed using Pearson's chi-square test, whereas the non-paired Student's <italic>t</italic> test was used to compare carotid atherosclerosis in relation to numerical variables. Cox regression analysis was performed to evaluate the influence of covariates on carotid atherosclerosis development in the menopausal period. The strength of the association between the categorical variables was evaluated using the odds ratio (OR) with the respective confidence interval. The normality hypothesis verification was performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The level of significance used in the statistical test decisions was 5% and the intervals had 95% of confidence. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 was the statistical program used for the statistical calculations.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 504 women were studied, of which 126 had carotid atherosclerosis and 378 did not. The groups did not differ regarding age, ethnicity, marital status and literacy (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). There was also no difference regarding the number of pregnancies, preterm birth and low birth-weight offspring (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of sociodemographic characteristics with carotid atherosclerosis in menopausal women</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total (504)n (%)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Carotid atherosclerosis</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8"><italic>p</italic> value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">No (378)<break/>n (%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Yes (126)<break/>n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">45-50</td>
              <td align="center">86 (17.1)</td>
              <td align="center">67 (17.7)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (15.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.585</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">51-55</td>
              <td align="center">122 (24.2)</td>
              <td align="center">89 (23.5)</td>
              <td align="center">33 (26.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.550</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">56-60</td>
              <td align="center">169 (33.5)</td>
              <td align="center">132 (34.9)</td>
              <td align="center">37 (29.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.277</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">61-65</td>
              <td align="center">127 (25.2)</td>
              <td align="center">90 (23.8)</td>
              <td align="center">37 (29.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.236</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ethnicity</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White</td>
              <td align="center">149 (29.6)</td>
              <td align="center">115 (30.4)</td>
              <td align="center">34 (27)</td>
              <td align="center">0.500</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Black</td>
              <td align="center">83 (16.5)</td>
              <td align="center">65 (17.2)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (14.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.491</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Asian</td>
              <td align="center">8 (1.6)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (1.6)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (1.6)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mixed-race</td>
              <td align="center">252 (50)</td>
              <td align="center">182 (48.1)</td>
              <td align="center">70 (55.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.181</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Native Brazilian</td>
              <td align="center">4 (0.8)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (0.8)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.8)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Marital status</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Single</td>
              <td align="center">216 (42.9)</td>
              <td align="center">158 (41.8)</td>
              <td align="center">58 (46)</td>
              <td align="center">0.408</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Married</td>
              <td align="center">288 (57.1)</td>
              <td align="center">220 (58.2)</td>
              <td align="center">68 (54)</td>
              <td align="center">0.408</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Literate</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">76 (15.1)</td>
              <td align="center">56 (14.8)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (15.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.775</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">428 (84.9)</td>
              <td align="center">322 (85.2)</td>
              <td align="center">106 (84.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.775</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Chi-square test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of pregnancy-related characteristics with carotid atherosclerosis in menopausal women</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total (504)n (%)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Carotid atherosclerosis</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8"><italic>p</italic> value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">No (378)<break/>n (%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Yes (126)<break/>n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Number of pregnancies</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">None</td>
              <td align="center">38 (7.5)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (7.1)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (8.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.561</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">One</td>
              <td align="center">42 (9)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (10.2)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (5.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.132</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Two</td>
              <td align="center">112 (24)</td>
              <td align="center">82 (23.3)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (26.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.530</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Three</td>
              <td align="center">114 (24.4)</td>
              <td align="center">86 (24.4)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (24.3)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Four</td>
              <td align="center">67 (14.3)</td>
              <td align="center">50 (14.2)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (14.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.879</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Five</td>
              <td align="center">41 (8.8)</td>
              <td align="center">29 (8.2)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (10.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.453</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Six</td>
              <td align="center">32 (6.9)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (6.3)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (8.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.396</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Pregnancy-induced hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">454 (90.1)</td>
              <td align="center">345 (91.3)</td>
              <td align="center">109 (86.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.124</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">50 (9.9)</td>
              <td align="center">33 (8.7)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (13.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.124</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">Low birth-weight newborn</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">475 (94.2)</td>
              <td align="center">358 (94.7)</td>
              <td align="center">117 (92.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.507</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">29 (5.8)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (5.3)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (7.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.507</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Preterm birth</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">454 (90.1)</td>
              <td align="center">340 (89.9)</td>
              <td align="center">114 (90.5)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">50 (9.9)</td>
              <td align="center">38 (10.1)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (9.5)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Teste do qui quadrado.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Carotid atherosclerosis showed a higher association with systemic arterial hypertension (OR 1.837, 95% CI 1.154-2.925, p = 0.01) and dyslipidemia (OR 1.971, 95% CI, 1.149-3.380, p = 0.01). There was a tendency to a higher prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis in women with metabolic syndrome (OR 1.442, 95% CI, 0.957-2.172, p = 0.08). Carotid atherosclerosis was also directly associated with higher systolic blood pressure (134.18 mmHg vs. 128.59 mmHg, p &lt; 0.01), LDL-cholesterol (156.52 mg% vs. 139.97 mg%, p &lt; 0.01) and TC levels (229.68 mg% vs. 214.31 mg%, p &lt; 0.01). There was no difference in relation to diastolic blood pressure, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, glycemia, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides or CRP levels (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of clinical characteristics, life habits and family history with carotid atherosclerosis in menopausal women</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Classic risk factors</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total (504)n (%)</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Carotid atherosclerosis</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8"><italic>p</italic> value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">No (378)<break/>n (%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Yes (126)<break/>n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">341 (67.7)</td>
              <td align="center">244 (64.6)</td>
              <td align="center">97 (77)</td>
              <td align="center">0.011</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">84 (16.7)</td>
              <td align="center">61 (16.1)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (18.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.583</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">387 (76.8)</td>
              <td align="center">280 (74.1)</td>
              <td align="center">107 (84.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.014</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI &#8211; obesity</td>
              <td align="center">166 (32.9)</td>
              <td align="center">122 (32.3)</td>
              <td align="center">44 (34.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.586</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Central obesity</td>
              <td align="center">481 (95.4)</td>
              <td align="center">366 (96.8)</td>
              <td align="center">115 (91.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.014</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Metabolic syndrome</td>
              <td align="center">270 (53.6)</td>
              <td align="center">194 (51.3)</td>
              <td align="center">76 (60.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.081</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sedentary life style</td>
              <td align="center">146 (29)</td>
              <td align="center">105 (27.8)</td>
              <td align="center">41 (32.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.310</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Consumption of &#8805; 5 servings of fruit/day</td>
              <td align="center">133 (26.4)</td>
              <td align="center">99 (26.2)</td>
              <td align="center">34 (27)</td>
              <td align="center">0.907</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Passive smoking &lt; 6 months</td>
              <td align="center">398 (79)</td>
              <td align="center">300 (79.4)</td>
              <td align="center">98 (77.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.706</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history of CAD</td>
              <td align="center">85 (16.9)</td>
              <td align="center">60 (15.9)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (19.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.336</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Test of the chi square. BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of classic cardiovascular risk factors with carotid atherosclerosis in menopausal women</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Dependent variables</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Carotid atherosclerosis</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8"><italic>p</italic> value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">No</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Yes</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">56.23 (&#177; 5.40)</td>
              <td align="center">56.25 (&#177; 5.334)</td>
              <td align="center">56.63 (&#177; 5.089)</td>
              <td align="center">0.477</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP</td>
              <td align="center">130.40 (&#177; 20.29)</td>
              <td align="center">128.59 (&#177; 19.87)</td>
              <td align="center">134.18 (&#177; 21.54)</td>
              <td align="center">0.008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP</td>
              <td align="center">84.03 (&#177; 11.51)</td>
              <td align="center">83.30 (&#177; 11.30)</td>
              <td align="center">84.50 (&#177; 13.07)</td>
              <td align="center">0.322</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI</td>
              <td align="center">28.45 (&#177; 5.05)</td>
              <td align="center">28.29 (&#177; 4.94)</td>
              <td align="center">28.79 (&#177; 5.07)</td>
              <td align="center">0.328</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Abdominal circumference</td>
              <td align="center">92.11 (&#177; 11.51)</td>
              <td align="center">91.73 (&#177; 11.29)</td>
              <td align="center">91.82 (&#177; 11.34)</td>
              <td align="center">0.945</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Brachial circumference</td>
              <td align="center">28.72 (&#177; 4.47)</td>
              <td align="center">28.73 (&#177; 4.58)</td>
              <td align="center">28.56 (&#177; 4.57)</td>
              <td align="center">0.714</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hip circumference</td>
              <td align="center">103.11 (&#177; 12.06)</td>
              <td align="center">103.09 (11.86)</td>
              <td align="center">102.39 (&#177; 12.18)</td>
              <td align="center">0.571</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glycemia</td>
              <td align="center">102.41 (&#177; 42.16)</td>
              <td align="center">100.00 (&#177; 36.03)</td>
              <td align="center">107.72 (&#177; 48.67)</td>
              <td align="center">0.060</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol</td>
              <td align="center">219.43 (&#177; 43.42)</td>
              <td align="center">214.31 (&#177; 42.48)</td>
              <td align="center">229.68 (&#177; 47.44)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL-cholesterol</td>
              <td align="center">51.80 (&#177; 11.11)</td>
              <td align="center">52.36 (&#177; 11.02)</td>
              <td align="center">51.91 (&#177; 12.39)</td>
              <td align="center">0.709</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL-cholesterol</td>
              <td align="center">143.85 (&#177; 40.84)</td>
              <td align="center">139.97 (&#177; 40.38)</td>
              <td align="center">156.52 (&#177; 42.59)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides</td>
              <td align="center">141.46 (&#177; 81.19)</td>
              <td align="center">134.26 (&#177; 74.68)</td>
              <td align="center">149.41 (&#177; 85.32)</td>
              <td align="center">0.058</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">us-CRP</td>
              <td align="center">0.34 (&#177; 0.54)</td>
              <td align="center">0.32 (&#177; 0.52)</td>
              <td align="center">0.34 (&#177; 0.47)</td>
              <td align="center">0.773</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Unpaired Student's t test. SBP: systemic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; us-CRP: ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Approximately 10% of the sample had a history of pregnancy-induced hypertension. No statistically significant difference was observed between carotid atherosclerosis in the menopausal period and history of pregnancy-induced hypertension (OR 1.631, 95% CI: 0.874-3.042, p = 0.12). When analyzing only the women with a history of pregnancy-induced hypertension and those with systemic arterial hypertension in the menopausal period, no statistical difference was observed either (OR 1.862, 95% CI: 0.955-3.628, p = 0.07).</p>
      <p>When the mean CIMT was evaluated, no statistical association was observed with the history of pregnancy-induced hypertension (0.8516 &#177; 0.1491 vs. 0.8101 &#177; 0.1441, p = 0.06). Also, no statistical difference was observed when only the presence of carotid plaques was compared with a history of pregnancy-induced hypertension (OR 1,332, 95% CI: 0.668-2.655, p = 0.41).</p>
      <p>In the logistic regression model, only systemic arterial hypertension (B = 0.108, p = 0.01) and dyslipidemia (B = 0.122, p = 0.01) showed statistical significance with carotid atherosclerosis in the menopausal period (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Logistic regression of variables with p &lt; 0.20 in the univariate analysis with carotid atherosclerosis</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">B</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8"><italic>p</italic> value*</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
              <td align="center">0.0005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glycemia</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.0005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic blood pressure</td>
              <td align="center">- 0.006</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic blood pressure</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>LDL: low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In our study, carotid atherosclerosis was associated with systemic arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia, but not with a history of pregnancy-induced hypertension, although the CIMT and the presence of carotid plaques were analyzed separately. These results indicate that pregnancy-induced hypertension is not associated with subclinical atherosclerosis.</p>
      <p>Increased CIMT and the presence of carotid plaques have been described as independent cardiovascular risk predictors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> However, most studies attempting to associate a history of pregnancy-induced hypertension and carotid atherosclerosis are conflicting, since they did not use standardized CIMT and carotid plaque measurements.</p>
      <p>Our data add information to the literature due to the large number of assessed patients. All ultrasonographic assessments were performed by the same examiner, blinded for the variable history of pregnancy-induced hypertension, eliminating measurement bias. The latest recommendations for CIMT and carotid plaque measurements were followed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The physiological behavior of CIMT was described by Akhter et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> who, after analyzing 57 healthy women, showed that CIMT remains practically stable during pregnancy, but decreases one year after delivery. Blaauw et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> believe that the effects of pregnancy, mediated by metabolic and immunological responses, could take up to more than one year to return to basal levels.</p>
      <p>When comparing the CIMT of women who developed hypertension during pregnancy and those who had uneventful pregnancies, the literature data show to be similar to those found in our study. Akhter et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> did not detect a statistically significant difference during pregnancy and up to one year postpartum when evaluating 55 women. Blaauw et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> also found no differences 5 years after the pregnancy. Moreover, when women between 40 and 50 years of age were assessed, there was no statistical difference regarding CIMT between those who had hypertension during pregnancy and those with uneventful pregnancies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, several observational studies have shown an association between gestational hypertensive disorder and cardiovascular clinical outcomes. Haukkama et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> when assessing 141 women, identified an almost three-fold higher cardiovascular risk in those with a history of gestational hypertension disorder. In the study by Kessous et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> the previous history of gestational hypertensive disorder was associated with a greater number of hospitalizations secondary to atherosclerosis 11 years after the pregnancy complicated by hypertensive disorder, even after statistical adjustment for maternal age, parity, diabetes and obesity. Canoy et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> identified in a large cohort that pregnancy-induced hypertension increased the risk of CVD in women in the menopausal period.</p>
      <p>Similarly, studies with longer follow-up periods also showed an increase in severe cardiac complications in women with a history of pregnancy-induced hypertension. As verified by Arnadottir et al., women who had hypertensive complications during pregnancy had a higher risk of death due to ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular diseases after 30 years, in addition to a shorter time of survival.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
			</p>
      <p>One of the explanations for not finding an association between carotid atherosclerosis and a history of pregnancy-induced hypertension would be the method used to measure CIMT. That would be caused by the fact that CIMT measured in the common carotid artery would not be a good parameter for the determination of cardiovascular outcomes, as it estimates the total thickness of the intima and media layers. Some authors have shown that only the increase in the intima layer in association with the reduction in the media layer would be important to increase cardiovascular risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> In our study, we did not analyze the measurements of the intima and media layers separately.</p>
      <p>In agreement with the literature,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> we have identified an association between carotid atherosclerosis and traditional cardiovascular risk factors, such as systemic arterial hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. A possible explanation is that both atherosclerosis and gestational hypertension share several common metabolic abnormalities, such as obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension itself, as well as the favoring of endothelial dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <p>According to Brand&#227;o et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> endothelial dysfunction precedes the clinical manifestations of a gestation complicated by hypertension and, therefore, it would accelerate the atherogenic process.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>According to McDonald et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> the persistence of classic risk factors is the foundation of carotid atherosclerosis development, since even after two decades, women with a history of pregnancy-induced hypertension still had more cardiovascular risk factors than those with uncomplicated pregnancies. In our study, women with a history of pregnancy-induced hypertension had a higher prevalence of obesity and chronic hypertension (data not shown in the tables).</p>
      <p>Although our population consists of outpatients from the public health care system, the sociodemographic characteristics did not differ from those of the general population. Moreover, it was not possible to evaluate information prior to the pregnancy, due to the proposal of the original study.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Carotid atherosclerosis was positively associated with some classic cardiovascular risk factors, such as increased systolic blood pressure and higher levels of LDL-cholesterol. A history of pregnancy-induced hypertension was not associated with carotid atherosclerosis in a group of menopausal and asymptomatic women, from the cardiovascular point of view. More studies are needed to understand the atherosclerosis process in women with a history of pregnancy-induced hypertension.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by <italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Ci&#234;ncia do estado de Pernambuco</italic> (FACEPE) (APQ-1386-4.00/08).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Rafael Alessandro Ferreira Gomes, from Universidade de Pernambuco.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the <italic>Complexo Hospitalar Hospital Universit&#225;rio Oswaldo Cruz/Pronto-Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco</italic> under the protocol number 55361416.0.0000.5192 (CAAE) and number 1.593.189 of June 16, 2016. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aterosclerose de Car&#243;tidas em Mulheres na Pr&#233; e P&#243;s-Menopausa com Antecedentes de Hipertens&#227;o na Gesta&#231;&#227;o: Estudo de Caso-Controle</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Alessandro Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Isly Maria Lucena de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Moacir de Novaes Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Olinda Bregieiro Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rafael Alessandro Ferreira Gomes</bold>. Rua dos Palmares, s/n, Santo Amaro. CEP: 50100-060, Recife, PE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>rafaelgomes@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Gomes RAF, Barros IML. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Gomes RAF, Barros IML. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Gomes RAF, Barros IML. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Gomes RAF, Barros IML. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Gomes RAF. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Barros IML, Ferreira MNL, Costa LOBF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> A mortalidade por doen&#231;a cardiovascular entre as mulheres permanece elevada. Estudos observacionais s&#227;o controversos sobre a participa&#231;&#227;o dos antecedentes de dist&#250;rbio hipertensivo gestacional no risco cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas em mulheres no climat&#233;rio que tiveram hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo de caso-controle, sendo os casos compostos por mulheres com aterosclerose de car&#243;tida, definida como espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia carot&#237;dea &gt; 1 mm e/ou presen&#231;a de placas de car&#243;tidas; os controles n&#227;o apresentavam estas altera&#231;&#245;es. Adotou-se n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 95%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram avaliadas 504 mulheres sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular pr&#233;via, sendo 126 casos e 378 controles. Eram hipertensas 67% delas; 76% eram dislipid&#234;micas; e 16%, diab&#233;ticas. Cerca de 10% referiram antecedentes de hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o. As mulheres com aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas apresentaram valores maiores dos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (134,18 mmHg vs. 128,59 mmHg; p = 0,008) e de LDL-colesterol (156,52 mg% vs. 139,97 mg%; p = 0,0005). N&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a de aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas e ao antecedente de hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o (OR 1,672; IC 95% 0,893-3,131).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O antecedente de hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi associado &#224; aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica de car&#243;tidas em mulheres na pr&#233; e p&#243;s-menopausa. No entanto, verificou-se a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a aterosclerose de car&#243;tida e os fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos, como press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica elevada e altos n&#237;veis de LDL-colesterol.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as das Art&#233;rias Car&#243;tidas / fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Induzida pela Gravidez</kwd>
        <kwd>Mulheres</kwd>
        <kwd>Pr&#233;-Menopausa</kwd>
        <kwd>P&#243;s-Menopausa</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudos de Casos e Controles</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FACEPE</funding-source>
          <award-id>APQ-1386-4.00/08</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Ci&#234;ncia do estado de Pernambuco (FACEPE) (APQ-1386-4.00/08).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) s&#227;o a principal causa de morte entre as mulheres no mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Nos Estados Unidos, elas representam quase um ter&#231;o de todas as causas de morte no sexo feminino,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> e dados semelhantes s&#227;o observados na Europa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> e no Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> O avan&#231;o no tratamento das DCV nas &#250;ltimas tr&#234;s d&#233;cadas possibilitou a diminui&#231;&#227;o sustentada da mortalidade. No entanto, aspectos socioecon&#244;micos e comportamentais interromperam este processo nos &#250;ltimos anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Em 2014, ocorreram 340.284 &#243;bitos por DCV entre mulheres brasileiras, representando um aumento de quase 20% em rela&#231;&#227;o a 10 anos antes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular na popula&#231;&#227;o feminina tem falhado em detectar e prevenir a doen&#231;a. A explora&#231;&#227;o de novos fatores de risco torna-se essencial para reduzir tais &#237;ndices.</p>
        <p>A gesta&#231;&#227;o constitui um momento importante para avaliar a sa&#250;de cardiovascular da mulher, uma vez que o desenvolvimento de complica&#231;&#245;es, neste per&#237;odo, pode indicar aumento no risco cardiovascular futuro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> V&#225;rios estudos observacionais mostraram maior preval&#234;ncia de aterosclerose em mulheres que possuem antecedentes de hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> e alguns observaram associa&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de eventos card&#237;acos com a quantidade de gesta&#231;&#245;es complicadas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> mesmo que ocorresse a normaliza&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos ap&#243;s o parto.</p>
        <p>No entanto, Romundstad et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> questionaram se tal associa&#231;&#227;o seria um fator de ambiguidade. Isto porque as caracter&#237;sticas pr&#233;vias &#224; gesta&#231;&#227;o &#8722; em especial obesidade, hipertens&#227;o e dislipidemia &#8722; atenuam o efeito que o dist&#250;rbio hipertensivo gestacional provoca no desfecho cardiovascular tardio. Infelizmente, a maioria dos trabalhos tem evid&#234;ncias insuficientes, como n&#250;mero amostral e acompanhamento cl&#237;nico limitados.</p>
        <p>Considerando que a aterosclerose &#233; um processo gradativo e que se inicia a partir da inf&#226;ncia, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas em mulheres no climat&#233;rio que tiveram hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Foi realizado um estudo do tipo caso-controle, cuja popula&#231;&#227;o foi composta por mulheres com idade entre 45 e 65 anos, e que apresentaram irregularidades ou interrup&#231;&#227;o da menstrua&#231;&#227;o no &#250;ltimo ano. Foram exclu&#237;das da an&#225;lise as mulheres que utilizavam terapia hormonal, com condi&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias cr&#244;nicas ou com quaisquer condi&#231;&#245;es de alto risco cardiovascular ou patologias card&#237;acas diagnosticada previamente.</p>
        <p>A amostra foi calculada com base na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica realizada por Brown et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> usando como refer&#234;ncia uma exposi&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o em torno de 8% e <italic>Odds Ratio</italic> (OR) para aumento no risco de aterosclerose de de 2,28. Para um estudo pareado com teste de hip&#243;tese monocaudal, calculamos, no m&#237;nimo, 116 casos e 348 controles, a fim de obter 95% de n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia e 80% de poder do teste com propor&#231;&#227;o de um caso para tr&#234;s controles. Os controles foram obtidos do mesmo banco de dados, mediante pareamento por faixa et&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>Todas as mulheres realizaram ultrassonografia de car&#243;tidas com o mesmo examinador, sendo quantificada a espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia carot&#237;dea (EIMC) e pesquisada a presen&#231;a de placa carot&#237;dea. Na aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens, foi utilizado aparelho de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o (EnVisor, Philips), com transdutor linear de 12,3 MHz. Os dados foram gravados para an&#225;lise posterior, utilizando-se o QLAB-Intima Media Thickness (QLAB-IMT, Philips).</p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas foi definida quando a EIMC foi maior que 1 mm (m&#233;dia dos valores obtidos nos segmentos das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas direita e esquerda analisados) e/ou da presen&#231;a de placa de ateroma. Placa de ateroma foi definida como: (1) estrutura parietal localizada com espessura maior que 1,5 mm; (2) protus&#227;o para a luz do vaso &gt; 0,5 mm ou; (3) espessura &gt; 1,5 vez a EIMC adjacente, de acordo com o <italic>Mannheim Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Plaque Consensus</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os casos foram compostos por mulheres que possu&#237;am aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas e os controles, por mulheres que n&#227;o apresentaram esta altera&#231;&#227;o ultrassonogr&#225;fica.</p>
        <p>A vari&#225;vel independente foi a hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o, considerada como informa&#231;&#227;o autorreferida de aumento press&#243;rico durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o. De acordo com Diehl et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> esta informa&#231;&#227;o apresenta boa acur&#225;cia (especificidade de 96% e sensibilidade de 79,6%) para os antecedentes de hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o, mesmo ap&#243;s 24,5 anos da gesta&#231;&#227;o. Outras vari&#225;veis foram consideradas, a saber: press&#227;o arterial, renda, tabagismo, diabetes melito tipo 2, antecedente familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), n&#250;mero de gesta&#231;&#245;es, prematuridade, prole com baixo peso ao nascer, glicemia em jejum, colesterol total (CT), lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade-colesterol (HDL-colesterol), lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade-colesterol (LDL-colesterol), triglicer&#237;deos e prote&#237;na C-reativa ultrassens&#237;vel (PCR-us).</p>
        <p>A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Complexo Hospitalar Hospital Universit&#225;rio Oswaldo Cruz/ Pronto-Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco, sob a CAAE n&#250;mero 55361416.0.0000.5192 e n&#250;mero do parecer 1.593.189, de 16 de junho de 2016.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os resultados foram expressos por percentuais para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e de medidas estat&#237;sticas como m&#233;dia, desvio padr&#227;o e mediana, quando indicada, para as vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre a ocorr&#234;ncia de aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas com as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi realizada utilizando o teste qui quadrado de Pearson e, para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre a aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas, foi utilizado o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> n&#227;o pareado. Realizou-se an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox para avaliar a influ&#234;ncia das covari&#225;veis no desenvolvimento de aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas no climat&#233;rio. A for&#231;a da associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi avaliada por meio da OR com respectivo intervalo de confian&#231;a. A verifica&#231;&#227;o da hip&#243;tese de normalidade foi realizada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia utilizado nas decis&#245;es dos testes estat&#237;sticos foi de 5% e os intervalos com 95% de confian&#231;a. O programa estat&#237;stico utilizado para digita&#231;&#227;o e obten&#231;&#227;o dos c&#225;lculos estat&#237;sticos foi o <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS) na vers&#227;o 21.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram estudadas 504 mulheres, sendo 126 com aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas e 378 sem aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas. Os grupos n&#227;o diferiram quanto a idade, ra&#231;a, estado civil e alfabetiza&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>). Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a quanto a n&#250;mero de gesta&#231;&#245;es, parto prematuro e prole com baixo peso ao nascer (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas com a aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas em mulheres no climat&#233;rio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total (504)n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">N&#227;o (378)<break/>n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Sim (126)<break/>n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">45-50</td>
                <td align="center">86 (17,1)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (17,7)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (15,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,585</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">51-55</td>
                <td align="center">122 (24,2)</td>
                <td align="center">89 (23,5)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (26,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,550</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">56-60</td>
                <td align="center">169 (33,5)</td>
                <td align="center">132 (34,9)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (29,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,277</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">61-65</td>
                <td align="center">127 (25,2)</td>
                <td align="center">90 (23,8)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (29,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,236</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ra&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branca</td>
                <td align="center">149 (29,6)</td>
                <td align="center">115 (30,4)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (27)</td>
                <td align="center">0,500</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Negra</td>
                <td align="center">83 (16,5)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (17,2)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (14,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,491</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Amarela</td>
                <td align="center">8 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Parda</td>
                <td align="center">252 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">182 (48,1)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (55,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,181</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ind&#237;gena</td>
                <td align="center">4 (0,8)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estado civil</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Solteira</td>
                <td align="center">216 (42,9)</td>
                <td align="center">158 (41,8)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (46)</td>
                <td align="center">0,408</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Casada</td>
                <td align="center">288 (57,1)</td>
                <td align="center">220 (58,2)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (54)</td>
                <td align="center">0,408</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alfabetiza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">76 (15,1)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (14,8)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (15,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,775</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">428 (84,9)</td>
                <td align="center">322 (85,2)</td>
                <td align="center">106 (84,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,775</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste do qui quadrado.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas relacionadas &#224; gesta&#231;&#227;o com a aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas em mulheres no climat&#233;rio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total (504)n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">N&#227;o (378)<break/>n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Sim (126)<break/>n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gesta&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nenhuma</td>
                <td align="center">38 (7,5)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (7,1)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (8,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,561</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uma</td>
                <td align="center">42 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (10,2)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (5,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,132</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Duas</td>
                <td align="center">112 (24)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (23,3)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (26,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,530</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tr&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">114 (24,4)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (24,4)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (24,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Quatro</td>
                <td align="center">67 (14,3)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (14,2)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (14,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,879</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cinco</td>
                <td align="center">41 (8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (8,2)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (10,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,453</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Seis</td>
                <td align="center">32 (6,9)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (6,3)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (8,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,396</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">454 (90,1)</td>
                <td align="center">345 (91,3)</td>
                <td align="center">109 (86,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,124</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">50 (9,9)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (8,7)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (13,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,124</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Rec&#233;m-nascido com baixo peso</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">475 (94,2)</td>
                <td align="center">358 (94,7)</td>
                <td align="center">117 (92,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,507</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">29 (5,8)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (5,3)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (7,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,507</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Parto prematuro</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">454 (90,1)</td>
                <td align="center">340 (89,9)</td>
                <td align="center">114 (90,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">50 (9,9)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (10,1)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (9,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste do qui quadrado.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas apresentou maior associa&#231;&#227;o com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (OR 1,837; IC95% 1,154-2,925; p = 0,01) e dislipidemia (OR 1,971; IC 95% 1,149-3,380; p = 0,01). Houve tend&#234;ncia a maior preval&#234;ncia de aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas em mulheres com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (OR 1,442; IC95% 0,957-2,172; p = 0,08). A aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas tamb&#233;m associou-se diretamente com maiores valores de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (134,18 mmHg vs. 128,59 mmHg; p &lt; 0,01), LDL-colesterol (156,52 mg% vs. 139,97 mg%; p &lt; 0,01) e CT (229,68 mg% vs. 214,31 mg%; p &lt; 0,01). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a com rela&#231;&#227;o a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, IMC, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril, glicemia, HDL-colesterol, triglic&#233;rides ou PCR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, h&#225;bitos de vida e antecedentes familiares com a aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas em mulheres no climat&#233;rio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total (504)n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">N&#227;o (378)<break/>n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Sim (126)<break/>n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">341 (67,7)</td>
                <td align="center">244 (64,6)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (77)</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes melito</td>
                <td align="center">84 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (16,1)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (18,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,583</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">387 (76,8)</td>
                <td align="center">280 (74,1)</td>
                <td align="center">107 (84,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC &#8211; obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">166 (32,9)</td>
                <td align="center">122 (32,3)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (34,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,586</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade central</td>
                <td align="center">481 (95,4)</td>
                <td align="center">366 (96,8)</td>
                <td align="center">115 (91,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center">270 (53,6)</td>
                <td align="center">194 (51,3)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (60,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,081</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sedentarismo</td>
                <td align="center">146 (29)</td>
                <td align="center">105 (27,8)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (32,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,310</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo &#8805; 5 por&#231;&#245;es frutas/dia</td>
                <td align="center">133 (26,4)</td>
                <td align="center">99 (26,2)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (27)</td>
                <td align="center">0,907</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo inativo &lt; 6 meses</td>
                <td align="center">398 (79)</td>
                <td align="center">300 (79,4)</td>
                <td align="center">98 (77,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,706</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antecedente familiar de DAC</td>
                <td align="center">85 (16,9)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (15,9)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (19,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,336</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste do qui quadrado. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares cl&#225;ssicos com a aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas em mulheres no climat&#233;rio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;veis dependentes</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">N&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Sim</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">56,23 (&#177; 5,40)</td>
                <td align="center">56,25 (&#177; 5,334)</td>
                <td align="center">56,63 (&#177; 5,089)</td>
                <td align="center">0,477</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS</td>
                <td align="center">130,40 (&#177; 20,29)</td>
                <td align="center">128,59 (&#177; 19,87)</td>
                <td align="center">134,18 (&#177; 21,54)</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD</td>
                <td align="center">84,03 (&#177; 11,51)</td>
                <td align="center">83,30 (&#177; 11,30)</td>
                <td align="center">84,50 (&#177; 13,07)</td>
                <td align="center">0,322</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">28,45 (&#177; 5,05)</td>
                <td align="center">28,29 (&#177; 4,94)</td>
                <td align="center">28,79 (&#177; 5,07)</td>
                <td align="center">0,328</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal</td>
                <td align="center">92,11 (&#177; 11,51)</td>
                <td align="center">91,73 (&#177; 11,29)</td>
                <td align="center">91,82 (&#177; 11,34)</td>
                <td align="center">0,945</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia braquial</td>
                <td align="center">28,72 (&#177; 4,47)</td>
                <td align="center">28,73 (&#177; 4,58)</td>
                <td align="center">28,56 (&#177; 4,57)</td>
                <td align="center">0,714</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia quadril</td>
                <td align="center">103,11 (&#177; 12,06)</td>
                <td align="center">103,09 (11,86)</td>
                <td align="center">102,39 (&#177; 12,18)</td>
                <td align="center">0,571</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicemia</td>
                <td align="center">102,41 (&#177; 42,16)</td>
                <td align="center">100,00 (&#177; 36,03)</td>
                <td align="center">107,72 (&#177; 48,67)</td>
                <td align="center">0,060</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total</td>
                <td align="center">219,43 (&#177; 43,42)</td>
                <td align="center">214,31 (&#177; 42,48)</td>
                <td align="center">229,68 (&#177; 47,44)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL</td>
                <td align="center">51,80 (&#177; 11,11)</td>
                <td align="center">52,36 (&#177; 11,02)</td>
                <td align="center">51,91 (&#177; 12,39)</td>
                <td align="center">0,709</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL</td>
                <td align="center">143,85 (&#177; 40,84)</td>
                <td align="center">139,97 (&#177; 40,38)</td>
                <td align="center">156,52 (&#177; 42,59)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides</td>
                <td align="center">141,46 (&#177; 81,19)</td>
                <td align="center">134,26 (&#177;74,68)</td>
                <td align="center">149,41 (&#177; 85,32)</td>
                <td align="center">0,058</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PCR-us</td>
                <td align="center">0,34 (&#177; 0,54)</td>
                <td align="center">0,32 (&#177; 0,52)</td>
                <td align="center">0,34 (&#177; 0,47)</td>
                <td align="center">0,773</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado. PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; PCR-us: prote&#237;na C-reativa ultrassens&#237;vel.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Cerca de 10% da amostra apresentou antecedente de hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa entre aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas no climat&#233;rio e antecedente de hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o (OR 1,631; IC95% 0,874-3,042; p = 0,12). Ao analisar apenas as mulheres com antecedentes de hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o e que apresentavam hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica no climat&#233;rio, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica (OR 1,862; IC95% 0,955-3,628; p = 0,07).</p>
        <p>Quando avaliamos a m&#233;dia do EIMC, n&#227;o encontramos associa&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica com o antecedente de hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o (0,8516 &#177; 0,1491 vs. 0,8101 &#177; 0,1441; p = 0,06). Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica quando comparamos apenas a presen&#231;a de placas carot&#237;deas com os antecedentes de hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o (OR 1,332; IC95% 0,668-2,655; p = 0,41).</p>
        <p>No modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, somente a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (B = 0,108; p = 0,01) e a dislipidemia (B = 0,122; p = 0,01) mostraram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica com a aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas no climat&#233;rio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica das vari&#225;veis que apresentaram valor de p &lt; 0,20 na an&#225;lise univariada com aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">B </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">0,0005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicemia</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,0005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center">- 0,006</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, a aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas se associou com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e dislipidemia, mas n&#227;o com antecedente de hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o, ainda que analisados separadamente o EIMC e a presen&#231;a de placa carot&#237;dea. Este resultado indica que a hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se associa com aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>O aumento da EIMC e a presen&#231;a de placa carot&#237;dea j&#225; foram descritos como preditores independentes de risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> No entanto, a maior parte dos estudos que tentaram associar o antecedente de hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o e a aterosclerose carot&#237;dea &#233; conflitante, pois n&#227;o utilizou medidas padronizadas de aferi&#231;&#227;o do EIMC e de placa carot&#237;dea.</p>
        <p>Nossos dados acrescentam informa&#231;&#245;es na literatura por conta do grande n&#250;mero de pacientes avaliados. Todas as ultrassonografias foram realizadas pelo mesmo examinador de forma cega, para a vari&#225;vel antecedente de hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o, eliminando vieses de aferi&#231;&#227;o. Seguiram-se as &#250;ltimas recomenda&#231;&#245;es para medi&#231;&#227;o de EIMC e placa carot&#237;dea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O comportamento fisiol&#243;gico do EIMC foi descrito por Akhter et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> que, ap&#243;s analisar 57 mulheres saud&#225;veis, evidenciaram que o EIMC permanece praticamente est&#225;vel durante a gravidez, mas que diminui ap&#243;s 1 ano do parto. Blaauw et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> acreditam que os efeitos da gesta&#231;&#227;o, mediados por respostas metab&#243;lica e imunol&#243;gicas, poderiam levar at&#233; mais de 1 ano para retornarem ao basal.</p>
        <p>Quando se compara o EIMC de mulheres que desenvolveram hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o e as que tiveram gesta&#231;&#245;es normais, encontram-se, na literatura, dados semelhantes aos de nosso estudo. Akhter et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> n&#227;o detectaram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o e em at&#233; 1 ano ap&#243;s o parto ao avaliarem 55 mulheres. Blaauw et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> tamb&#233;m n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;a ap&#243;s 5 anos da gesta&#231;&#227;o. Ainda, quando se avaliaram mulheres entre 40 e 50 anos de idade, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica no EIMC entre aquelas que tiveram hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o e as com gesta&#231;&#245;es normais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No entanto, v&#225;rios estudos observacionais mostram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre dist&#250;rbio hipertensivo gestacional e desfechos cl&#237;nicos cardiovasculares. Haukkama et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> avaliando 141 mulheres, identificaram risco cardiovascular quase tr&#234;s vezes maior naquelas que possu&#237;am antecedentes de dist&#250;rbio hipertensivo gestacional. No estudo de Kessous et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> a condi&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de dist&#250;rbio hipertensivo gestacional esteve associada a maior n&#250;mero de internamentos secund&#225;rios &#224; aterosclerose ap&#243;s 11 anos da gesta&#231;&#227;o complicada por dist&#250;rbio hipertensivo, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste estat&#237;stico para idade materna, paridade, diabetes e obesidade. Canoy et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> identificaram em uma grande coorte que a hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o aumentou o risco de DCV em mulheres no climat&#233;rio.</p>
        <p>Da mesma forma, estudos com maior tempo de seguimento tamb&#233;m demonstraram aumento de complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas graves em mulheres com antecedentes de hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o. Conforme verificaram Arnadottir et al., mulheres que apresentaram complica&#231;&#245;es hipertensivas na gesta&#231;&#227;o tiveram maior risco de morte por doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica e doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares ap&#243;s 30 anos, al&#233;m de menor tempo de sobrevida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Uma das explica&#231;&#245;es para a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas e o antecedente de hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o ter sido encontrada seria o m&#233;todo de medi&#231;&#227;o da EIMC. Isto porque a EIMC medida na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum n&#227;o seria bom par&#226;metro para determina&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cardiovasculares, pois estima a espessura total das camadas &#237;ntima e m&#233;dia. Alguns autores demonstraram que somente o aumento da camada &#237;ntima em associa&#231;&#227;o com a redu&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia &#233; que teria import&#226;ncia no aumento do risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o analisamos as medidas das camadas &#237;ntima e m&#233;dia separadamente.</p>
        <p>Em concord&#226;ncia com a literatura,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> identificamos a associa&#231;&#227;o entre aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas e fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais, como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e hipercolesterolemia. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o &#233; que tanto a aterosclerose quanto a hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o compartilham v&#225;rias anormalidades metab&#243;licas comuns, como obesidade, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, dislipidemia e a pr&#243;pria hipertens&#227;o, al&#233;m de favorecer a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Segundo Brand&#227;o et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial precede as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de uma gesta&#231;&#227;o complicada por hipertens&#227;o e, por conseguinte, aceleraria o processo aterog&#234;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Segundo McDonald et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> a persist&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos &#233; a base do desenvolvimento de aterosclerose carot&#237;dea, pois, mesmo ap&#243;s duas d&#233;cadas, as mulheres com antecedentes de hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o ainda possu&#237;am mais fatores de risco cardiovasculares do que aquelas com gesta&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o complicadas. Em nosso estudo, mulheres com antecedente de hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de obesidade e hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica (dados n&#227;o apresentados nas tabelas).</p>
        <p>Apesar de nossa popula&#231;&#227;o ser composta por mulheres de ambulat&#243;rio da rede p&#250;blica, as caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas n&#227;o diferem da popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Tamb&#233;m, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel a avalia&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias &#224; gesta&#231;&#227;o, devido a proposta do estudo original.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas foi associada positivamente com alguns fatores de risco cardiovasculares cl&#225;ssicos, como o aumento da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e LDL-colesterol mais elevado. Antecedente de hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi associado &#224; aterosclerose de car&#243;tidas, em um grupo de mulheres climat&#233;ricas e assintom&#225;ticas, do ponto de vista cardiovascular. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para a compreens&#227;o do processo de aterosclerose nas mulheres com antecedentes de hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Ci&#234;ncia do estado de Pernambuco (FACEPE) (APQ-1386-4.00/08).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este manuscrito &#233; parte da disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado da Universidade de Pernambuco de Rafael Alessandro Ferreira Gomes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Complexo Hospitalar Hospital Universit&#225;rio Oswaldo Cruz/Pronto-Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco, sob a CAAE n&#250;mero 55361416.0.0000.5192 e n&#250;mero do parecer 1.593.189, de 16 de junho de 2016. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
