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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">WpZpsMjhV3rgNm9Nzf4rfVw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000400323</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S2359-56472018005003102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20180030</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiorespiratory Optimal Point in Professional Soccer Players: A Novel Submaximal Variable During Exercise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Christina Gr&#252;ne de Souza e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Lucia Barros de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franca</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bottino</surname>
            <given-names>Altamiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Myers</surname>
            <given-names>Jonathan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Gil Soares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Stanford University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Palo Alto</city>
          <state>California</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System/Stanford University, Palo Alto, California - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio, CLINIMEX, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">S&#227;o Paulo Futebol Clube</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">S&#227;o Paulo Futebol Clube, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Christina Gr&#252;ne de Souza e Silva</bold> Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255 - 8&#186; andar - Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Campus do Fund&#227;o. Postal Code: 21941-913, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>christina.g.dss@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: de Souza e Silva CG, Castro CLB, Franca JF, Bottino A, Myers J, Ara&#250;jo CGS; Acquisition of data: Castro CLB, Franca JF, Ara&#250;jo CGS; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: de Souza e Silva CG, Ara&#250;jo CGS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Castro CLB, Franca JF, Bottino A, Myers J, Ara&#250;jo CGS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>Jul-Aug</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>323</fpage>
      <lpage>332</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Maximal oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>max) and ventilatory threshold (VT) obtained during a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX) are used in the evaluation of athletes. However, the identification of these variables may sometimes be unreliable, which limits their use. In contrast, the cardiorespiratory optimal point (COP) is a submaximal variable derived from CPX with objective measurement and prognostic significance. However, its behavior in athletes is unknown.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To describe the behavior of COP in professional soccer players and its association with VO<sub>2</sub>max and VT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>VO<sub>2</sub>max, VT and COP were obtained retrospectively from 198 soccer players undergoing maximal treadmill CPX using ramp protocol. COP was defined as the lowest value of the ventilation/oxygen consumption ratio in a given minute of the CPX. The soccer players were stratified according to their field position: goalkeeper, center-defender, left/right-back, midfielder and forwarder. Continuous variables were compared using unpaired Student t test or ANOVA, or Mann-Whitney test or Kruskal-Wallis test depending on their distribution, and categorical variables were compared using chi-square test. Pearson correlation was used to test the association between COP and other ventilatory variables. A level of 5% was used for statistical significance.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>COP (mean &#177; SD) was 18.2 &#177; 2.1 and was achieved at a speed 4.3 &#177; 1.4 km.h<sup>-1</sup> lower than that achieved at the VT. While VO<sub>2</sub>max (62.1 &#177; 6.2 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>) tended to be lower in goalkeepers (p &lt; 0.05), the COP did not vary according to field position (p = 0.41). No significant association was observed between COP and VO<sub>2</sub>max (r = 0.032, p = 0.65) or between COP and VT (r = -0.003, p = 0.96).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>COP can be easily determined during submaximal exercise performed with incremental speed in soccer players and does not vary according to the athlete&#8217;s field position. The absence of association with VO<sub>2</sub>max and VT indicates that COP provides distinct and complementary information to these variables. Future studies are needed to determine the practical implications of COP in assessing athletes. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2018; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Football / trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Spirometry / methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Bronchospirometry / methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Athletic Performance</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX) is a functional and noninvasive procedure used to assess the integration of the cardiovascular, respiratory and musculoskeletal systems based on the analysis of submaximal and maximal responses to exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The information obtained from CPX is important to the prognostic assessment of healthy and unhealthy individuals,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> and the measures of maximal aerobic power, represented by maximal oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>max), and of ventilatory threshold (VT) are often used to assess and monitor athletes&#8217; training.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> For example, soccer players with higher VO<sub>2</sub>max are known to cover longer distances during a match,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and their mean exercise intensity during the match is approximately 75% of their VO<sub>2</sub>max, similarly to the VT level of those players.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, limitations such as low reproducibility, different techniques and criteria for identification of both VO<sub>2</sub>max and VT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> hinder their routine use. In addition, mistakes in such measurements can jeopardize the planning of individualized trainings, impairing the athlete&#8217;s performance improvement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In 2012, Ramos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> showed the minimum value of the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (minimum VE/VO<sub>2</sub>) during a CPX - the cardiorespiratory optimal point (COP) - and described its behavior, which, theoretically, represents the point of the best association or integration between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Based on the assessment of more than 600 healthy and non-athletes individuals aged aged between 23 and 73 years, those authors showed that COP tends to be higher in women and increases with age. In addition, studies conducted by that same group have shown that COP measurement is easy, objective and stable in CPX performed in adults,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> supporting its potential use in physiological research and in clinical practice. Similarly to VO<sub>2</sub>max and VT, COP proved to be an excellent predictor of all-cause mortality in healthy and unhealthy individuals aged between 40 and 85 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>So far, the behavior of COP in athletes is unknown. Thus, our objectives are: a) to describe the behavior of COP in professional soccer players; and b) to assess its association with VO<sub>2</sub>max and VT.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materials and Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample</title>
        <p>This study analyzed retrospectively the data of 247 soccer players of the major team of a Rio de Janeiro club of the Brazilian Soccer Championship A series, who underwent a maximal CPX at a private Exercise and Sports Medicine clinic between January 2005 and December 2016. Of those, 198 players concomitantly meeting the following inclusion criteria were selected: a) to have undergone a treadmill CPX; b) to have completed a truly maximal CPX, which was not interrupted due to clinical reasons or lack of motivation; c) to have no history of cardiorespiratory diseases. Based on the information provided by the soccer players, they were categorized according to their predominant field positions: goalkeeper, center-defender, left/right-back, midfielder and forwarder.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment protocol</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical assessment</title>
          <p>Included clinical history and physical examination, as well as anthropometric, spirometric and resting 12-lead electrocardiographic data.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resting spirometry test</title>
          <p>At least three maneuvers were carried out to determine the flow-volume curves using a pneumograph (SP-1 Spirometer, Schiller, Switzerland or KoKo, United States) periodically calibrated according to the protocol recommended by the North American and European guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test</title>
          <p>The CPX were performed on a treadmill (ATL Master, Inbramed, Brazil) in a properly climatized room. All players underwent the same ramp protocol, at an initial velocity of 8.0 km.h<sup>-1</sup>, with progressive increase of 0.1 km.h<sup>-1</sup> every 7.5 seconds, and without any inclination. All CPX were conducted by specialized physicians with large experience in assessing athletes, following a well-defined routine, mainly regarding the stimulus to achieve truly maximal exertion. CPX was considered maximal based on the physician&#8217;s subjective assessment and other objective variables, such as: occurrence of VT, U-pattern ventilatory equivalent, and a 10-score in the 0-10 Borg scale.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> During the CPX, the players were monitored continuously by use of a digital electrocardiograph (ErgoPC Elite versions 3.2.1.5 or 3.3.4.3 or 3.3.6.2, Micromed, Brazil), which measured heart rate (HR) on the electrocardiographic tracing in the CC5 or CM5 leads at the end of every minute.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Analysis of the expired gases</title>
          <p>During the CPX, the expired gases were collected by use of a Prevent pneumograph (MedGraphics, United States) coupled to a mouth piece, with concomitant use of a nose clip. The expired gases were measured and analyzed with the VO2000 metabolic analyzer (MedGraphics, United States), which was calibrated with a 2L-serinje and with gases of known concentrations before the first assessment of the day, and this procedure was repeated when necessary. Pulmonary ventilation (VE) and oxygen and carbon dioxide partial fractions were expressed every 10 seconds, and their mean values for each minute of CPX were then calculated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determining maximal oxygen consumption and ventilatory threshold</title>
          <p>The VO<sub>2</sub>max was considered the highest value at a given minute of CPX. The VT was visually determined as the point at which an interruption in VE's curve linearity and a sustained increment in VE/VO<sub>2</sub> ratio occurred, being described as the percentage of VO<sub>2</sub>max at that velocity. In addition, the velocity and the VO<sub>2</sub> at which the VT occurred were recorded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determining the cardiorespiratory optimal point</title>
          <p>The COP was obtained by identifying the lowest VE/VO<sub>2</sub> ratio at a given minute of CPX, being, thus, a non-dimensional value. In addition, the VO<sub>2</sub> and the running velocity in the ramp protocol at that point were recorded.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data distribution was assessed by use of the Shapiro-Wilk normality test. Continuous variables with parametric distribution were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD), being compared by use of the unpaired Student t test or ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni test, when appropriate. Continuous variables with non-parametric distribution were expressed as median (interquartile range) and compared by use of Mann-Whitney test or Kruskal-Wallis test, when appropriate. Categorical variables were expressed as percentage of the frequency and compared by use of the chi-square test. The coefficients of variation of the variables COP, VT and VO<sub>2</sub>max, obtained by the ratio between standard deviation and mean, were calculated. Pearson correlation was used to test the association between COP and other ventilatory variables. The statistical calculations were performed using the Stata14<sup>&#174;</sup> software, adopting a significance level of 5%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical considerations</title>
        <p>All soccer players underwent the assessment willingly, having read and signed the specific written informed consent before the CPX, and having authorized the use of their data for scientific research. The retrospective analysis of data was previously approved by the Ethics Committee on Research of the institution.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> describes the major demographic characteristics, and the resting spirometry and CPX results of the soccer players. Age, weight, height and body mass index (BMI) ranged from 16 to 36 years, from 57.5 to 102.0 kg, from 163.3 to 196.3 cm, and from 19.3 to 29.6 kg.m<sup>-2</sup>, respectively. COP, VT and VO<sub>2</sub>max showed a parametric distribution (p &gt; 0.05), with values ranging from 13.1 to 25.3, from 61.8 to 92.7% of VO<sub>2</sub>max, and from 45.0 to 76.2 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. The coefficients of variation for COP, VT and VO<sub>2</sub>max were 16.1%, 10.7% and 10.0%, respectively. On average, COP, VT and VO<sub>2</sub>max occurred at the velocities of 10.0 &#177; 1.0, 14.3 &#177; 1.1, and 18.7 &#177; 0.9 km.h<sup>-1</sup>, respectively (p &lt; 0.01).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Major demographic characteristics and results of maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test on treadmill of professional soccer players</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Variables<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total<break/> (n = 198)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Goalkeeper<break/> (n = 13)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Left/right-back<break/> (n = 27)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Center-defender<break/> (n = 32)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Midfielder<break/> (n = 76)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Forwarder<break/> (n = 50)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Characteristics</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (21 - 27)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (19 - 24)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (21 - 28)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (21 - 26)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (21 - 28)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (10 - 27)</td>
              <td align="center">0.35</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
              <td align="center">76.7 &#177; 7.6</td>
              <td align="center">85.1 &#177; 4.7</td>
              <td align="center">74.3 &#177; 6.2</td>
              <td align="center">80.7 &#177; 5.4</td>
              <td align="center">74.1 &#177; 7.6<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#223;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">77.3 &#177; 7.6<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#223;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Height (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">179.2 &#177; 6.4</td>
              <td align="center">187.5 &#177; 4.1</td>
              <td align="center">175.5 &#177; 4.2</td>
              <td align="center">184.3 &#177; 3.8</td>
              <td align="center">176.5 &#177; 6.0<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#223;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">180.0 &#177; 5.8</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass index (kg.m<sup>-2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">23.9 &#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">24.2 &#177; 1.1</td>
              <td align="center">24.1 &#177; 1.7</td>
              <td align="center">23.8 &#177; 1.6</td>
              <td align="center">23.8 &#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">23.9 &#177; 2.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.86</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR at rest (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">59 (53 - 66)</td>
              <td align="center">62 (57 - 66)</td>
              <td align="center">57 (51 - 62)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">61 (53 - 65)</td>
              <td align="center">61 (54 - 66)</td>
              <td align="center">57 (52 - 66)</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP at rest <break/> (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">130 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center">130 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center">130 &#177; 14</td>
              <td align="center">129 &#177; 7</td>
              <td align="center">129 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">131 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center">0.92</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DBP at rest (mm Hg)</td>
              <td align="center">70 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">72 &#177; 7</td>
              <td align="center">71 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">70 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center">70 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">71 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">0.95</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2">
                <bold>Resting spirometry</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FEV1 (L)</td>
              <td align="center">4.31 (3.94 - 4.69)</td>
              <td align="center">4.74 (4.35 - 5.04)</td>
              <td align="center">4.16 (3.96 - 4.41)</td>
              <td align="center">4.44 (4.13 - 5.00)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">$</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">4.24 (3.79 - 4.61)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#223;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">4.41 (3.90 - 4.71)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#223;</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8364;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">% of predicted FEV1</td>
              <td align="center">98.5 (90.8 - 105.6)</td>
              <td align="center">101.9 (93.9 - 105.3)</td>
              <td align="center">96.7 (93.5 - 104.8)</td>
              <td align="center">98.5 (88.6 - 105.8)</td>
              <td align="center">98.5 (91.6 - 105.0)</td>
              <td align="center">100.8 (87.3 - 107.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.99</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FVC (L)</td>
              <td align="center">5.05 &#177; 0.68</td>
              <td align="center">5.70 &#177; 0.68</td>
              <td align="center">4.83 &#177; 0.50</td>
              <td align="center">5.23 &#177; 0.66</td>
              <td align="center">4.94 &#177; 0.62<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#223;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">5.05 &#177; 0.75<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#223;</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8364;</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">% of predicted FVC</td>
              <td align="center">96.2 &#177; 10.5</td>
              <td align="center">100.5 &#177; 10.8</td>
              <td align="center">95.7 &#177; 8.4</td>
              <td align="center">94.0 &#177; 10.3</td>
              <td align="center">97.0 &#177; 10.0</td>
              <td align="center">95.6 &#177; 12.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.38</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">FEV1/FVC ratio (%)</td>
              <td align="center">86.0 &#177; 5.3</td>
              <td align="center">83.1 &#177; 5.6</td>
              <td align="center">87.3 &#177; 4.1<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">87.6 &#177; 5.3<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">85.4 &#177; 5.1<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">c</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">85.8 &#177; 5.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>CPX</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Duration (min)</td>
              <td align="center">13.0 (13.0 - 14.0)</td>
              <td align="center">13.0 (13.0 - 14.0)</td>
              <td align="center">14.0 (13.0 - 14.0)</td>
              <td align="center">13.0 (13.0 - 14.0)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">14.0 (13.0 - 14.0)</td>
              <td align="center">13.0 (13.0 - 14.0)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Maximal RER</td>
              <td align="center">1.10 (1.06 - 1.15)</td>
              <td align="center">1.09 (1.06 - 1.13)</td>
              <td align="center">1.09 (1.05 - 1.15)</td>
              <td align="center">1.13 (1.07 - 1.16)</td>
              <td align="center">1.11 (1.06 - 1.15)</td>
              <td align="center">1.10 (1.06 - 1.14)</td>
              <td align="center">0.59</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Maximal HR (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">192 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">194 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center">187 &#177; 7</td>
              <td align="center">194 &#177; 10<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">$</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">192 &#177; 10<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">$</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8364;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">192 &#177; 8<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">$</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8364;</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Maximal VE (L.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">123.2 (113.1 - 133.2)</td>
              <td align="center">129.8 (122.6 - 135.2)</td>
              <td align="center">123.1 (112.8 - 133.7)</td>
              <td align="center">125.4 (113.7 - 136.0)</td>
              <td align="center">121.7 (111.6 - 129.9)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">122.9 (113.9 - 134.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Maximal velocity <break/> (km.h<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">18.8 (18.4 - 19.2)</td>
              <td align="center">18.4 (18.0 - 19.2)</td>
              <td align="center">19.2 (18.4 - 19.5)</td>
              <td align="center">18.5 (17.9 - 19.2)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">18.8 (18.4 - 19.2)</td>
              <td align="center">18.6 (18.4 - 19.2)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">COP (lowest VE/VO<sub>2</sub>)</td>
              <td align="center">18.2 &#177; 2.1</td>
              <td align="center">19.1 &#177; 2.2</td>
              <td align="center">18.7 &#177; 2.1</td>
              <td align="center">17.9 &#177; 2.5</td>
              <td align="center">18.1 &#177; 2.2</td>
              <td align="center">18.2 &#177; 1.9<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#223;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.41</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Time to reach COP (min)</td>
              <td align="center">2.0 (2.0 - 3.0)</td>
              <td align="center">3.0 (2.0 - 4.0)</td>
              <td align="center">2.0 (2.0 - 3.0)</td>
              <td align="center">2.0 (2.0 - 3.0)</td>
              <td align="center">2.0 (2.0 - 2.5)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">2.0 (2.0 - 2.0)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref>.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">c</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Velocity at the COP (km.h<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">9.6 (9.6 - 10.4)</td>
              <td align="center">10.4 (9.6 - 11.2)</td>
              <td align="center">9.6 (9.6 - 10.4)</td>
              <td align="center">9.6 (9.6 - 10.4)</td>
              <td align="center">9.6 (9.6 - 10.0)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">9.6 (9.6 - 9.6)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref>.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">c</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR at the COP (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">132 (122 - 142)</td>
              <td align="center">142 (134 - 148)</td>
              <td align="center">131 (122 - 138)</td>
              <td align="center">139 (128 - 152)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">$</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">131 (121 - 140)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">$</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">128 (121-137)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#223;</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> at the COP (mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">31.8 (29.0 - 34.6)</td>
              <td align="center">33.6 (31.0 - 33.7)</td>
              <td align="center">32.2 (28.6 - 35.7)</td>
              <td align="center">33.1 (30.9 - 35.6)</td>
              <td align="center">31.3 (28.2 - 34.4)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">c</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">31.3 (33.8 - 29.7)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">c</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">%VO<sub>2</sub>max at the COP</td>
              <td align="center">51.4 (46.4 - 55.8)</td>
              <td align="center">57.0 (53.3 - 59.3)</td>
              <td align="center">48.4 (45.1 - 54.7)</td>
              <td align="center">55.9 (51.2 - 59.2)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">$</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">51.0 (44.2 - 54.3)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#223;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">50.7 (45.9 - 54.0)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#223;</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Time to reach the VT (min)</td>
              <td align="center">7.9 &#177; 1.4</td>
              <td align="center">8.1 &#177; 0.9</td>
              <td align="center">8.1 &#177; 1.3</td>
              <td align="center">7.3 &#177; 1.3<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">8.0 &#177; 1.6<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">c</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">7.8 &#177; 1.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Velocity at the VT (km.h<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">14.3 &#177; 1.1</td>
              <td align="center">14.5 &#177; 0.7</td>
              <td align="center">14.5 &#177; 1.0</td>
              <td align="center">13.8 &#177; 1.1<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">14.4 &#177; 1.2<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">c</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">14.3 &#177; 1.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR at the VT (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">169 (160 - 178)</td>
              <td align="center">178 (168 - 181)</td>
              <td align="center">165 (162-169)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">172 (160 - 178)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">b</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">167 (160 - 177)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">166 (160 - 178)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> at the VT (mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">46.8 &#177; 5.0</td>
              <td align="center">45.3 &#177; 2.5</td>
              <td align="center">47.9 &#177; 4.7</td>
              <td align="center">45.5 &#177; 4.5</td>
              <td align="center">46.7 &#177; 6.1</td>
              <td align="center">47.4 &#177; 4.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">%VO<sub>2</sub>max at the VT</td>
              <td align="center">75.5 &#177; 5.7</td>
              <td align="center">77.3 &#177; 4.3</td>
              <td align="center">74.7 &#177; 4.8</td>
              <td align="center">76.1 &#177; 6.3</td>
              <td align="center">74.7 &#177; 6.2</td>
              <td align="center">76.0 &#177; 5.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.42</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub>max (L.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">4.75 &#177; 0.52</td>
              <td align="center">4.98 &#177; 0.35</td>
              <td align="center">4.74 &#177; 0.35</td>
              <td align="center">4.82 &#177; 0.43</td>
              <td align="center">4.63 &#177; 0.60<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">a</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">4.81 &#177; 0.53</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub>max <break/> (mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">62.1 &#177; 6.2</td>
              <td align="center">58.6 &#177; 3.6</td>
              <td align="center">64.2 &#177; 6.5</td>
              <td align="center">59.8 &#177; 4.8$</td>
              <td align="center">62.6 &#177; 6.8<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#223;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">62.5 &#177; 5.8<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#223;</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">#</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Data expressed as median (interquartile range) or mean &#177; standard deviation according to the distribution of the variables. The results were compared by use of the unpaired Student t test, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test or chi-square test, according to the characteristics of the variables.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>$</label>
            <p>No statistically significant difference as compared to the goalkeeper group (p &gt; 0.05).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>#</label>
            <p>No statistically significant difference as compared to the midfielder group (p &gt; 0.05).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>&#223;</label>
            <p>No statistically significant difference as compared to the left/right-back group.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>&#8364;</label>
            <p>No statistically significant difference as compared to the center-defender group.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>There was a statistically significant difference as compared to the goalkeeper group (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>b</label>
            <p>There was a statistically significant difference as compared to the left/right-back group (p &lt; 0.05);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>c</label>
            <p>There was a statistically significant difference as compared to the center-defender group (p &lt; 0.05). FVC: forced vital capacity; HR: heart rate; VT: ventilatory threshold; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; COP: cardiorespiratory optimal point; RER: respiratory exchange rate; CPX: cardiopulmonary exercise test; VE: ventilation; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in the first second; VO<sub>2</sub>max: maximal oxygen consumption.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>When stratified by their field positions during the match (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>), the only characteristics that differed were weight and height, with goalkeepers showing the highest values for both variables (p &lt; 0.01). The BMI, however, was similar among the soccer players of different field positions (p = 0.86). Regarding CPX, goalkeepers achieved the lowest VO<sub>2</sub>max values relative to their body weight (mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>) (p = 0.01) and reached the COP at a higher HR and percentage of VO<sub>2</sub>max than the players of other field positions (p &lt; 0.01). However, the values of COP (p = 0.41) and VT (% of VO<sub>2</sub>max) (p = 0.42) did not differ according to the soccer players&#8217; field positions.</p>
      <p>The coefficients of correlation between COP and VO<sub>2</sub>max (mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>) and between COP and VT (% of VO<sub>2</sub>max) were 0.032 (p = 0.65) and -0.003 (p = 0.96), respectively, evidencing the low association between those variables. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows those data.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diagram of dispersion between variables: a) cardiorespiratory optimal point (COP) and maximal oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>max); and b) COP and percentage of VO<sub>2</sub>max reached at the ventilatory threshold (VT).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-04-0323-80030-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>During an exercise training with progressive intensity increase up to the voluntary maximum, the relationship between VE and VO<sub>2</sub> is nonlinear,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> and the curve that illustrates that relation has a U shape, suggesting higher ventilatory efficiency (lower VE/VO<sub>2</sub>) at submaximal exercise levels when compared to rest and to the highest exertion intensities. Based on that, COP was described as the lowest VE/VO<sub>2</sub> value at a given minute during an incremental exercise, representing the time point with the lowest amount of ventilation per liter of oxygen to be consumed, which is the best integration of the relationship between circulation and respiration.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Recent studies have shown the clinical applicability of the COP for the diagnostic and prognostic assessment of the cardiorespiratory interaction of both healthy individuals and those with chronic diseases; in addition, by being a submaximal variable of CPX, the use of COP is particularly interesting for patients unable to achieve a maximal CPX because of functional limitations (eg, peripheral obstructive arterial disease, orthopedic disorders) or because of their fear of achieving peak exertion (eg, patients with panic syndrome),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> as well as for athletes during the competition season.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> For example, the COP bears an inverse relationship with all-cause mortality in healthy and ill individuals aged from 40 to 85 years, having, thus, prognostic value and being a new possibility for mortality risk assessment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Based on those observations, it is worth trying to expand the applicability of COP to other scenarios. In theory, one might assume that for athletes of modalities with high aerobic demands, such as soccer, low COP values can represent a physiological advantage, especially when occurring at relatively high velocities. Because the aerobic demands vary according to the field position during the match, the opportunity to compare a large number of elite soccer players tested in standard conditions can contribute to better understand the meaning and the potential applicability of COP in sports. The present study is an original contribution because it is the first to describe the COP behavior in athletes, in particular, high-level adult soccer players submitted to a CPX on a treadmill following the ramp protocol.</p>
      <p>The COP has advantages related to its determination and measurement when compared to VO<sub>2</sub>max and VT, the two major variables of CPX used to assess the performance of athletes. Obtaining a true VO<sub>2</sub>max suggests the existence of a plateau in the VO<sub>2</sub> curve, which is not always possible, and it can vary according to the CPX protocol used and the gas sampling or collection interval.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In addition, VO<sub>2</sub>max depends on performing a truly maximal exercise test, whose determination criteria vary in the literature, being subjective to a certain extent. On the other hand, although the VT does not require a maximal test, it requires a more intense exercise than COP does, and VT measurement is hindered by the existence of several distinct criteria for its identification and/or characterization, which, in a significant percentage of cases, cannot be obtained, limiting its use in clinical practice and sports.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In addition, although both VO<sub>2</sub>max and VT can be detected automatically with commercial software, the methods available for that have been developed from varied definitions and algorithms, implying the need for its review by at least one experienced observer, making those measures subjective and widening the potential of high inter- and intraobserver variability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> In contrast, COP is easily determined from the identification of the lowest value of the VE/VO<sub>2</sub> ratio for each minute of CPX, not depending, thus, on the interpretation and experience of the observer, and relying on a relatively small effort, because it occurs at relatively low exercise intensities, before the VT.</p>
      <p>Regarding the COP of the soccer players assessed, some findings are worth noting: 1- as expected, COP was obtained at lower percentage of VO<sub>2</sub>max and velocity than those at the VT; 2- similarly to VT, but opposite to VO<sub>2</sub>max, COP did not differ according to the different field positions of the soccer players; 3- no significant association was observed between COP and the variables VO<sub>2</sub>max and VT; and 4- the coefficient of variation of oxygen consumption at the time of the COP was greater than that observed at the VT and VO<sub>2</sub>max. It is interesting to point out that, on average, the COP values found for the soccer players were below the 50<sup>th</sup> percentile of the values found for healthy male non-athletes of the same age group in a previous study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and that only eight (4%) soccer players had COP over 22, considered the cutoff point for optimal clinical prognosis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> suggesting that those soccer players have a privileged circulation-respiration interaction, probably more economic at the submaximal exercise. However, it is worth noting that the COP values described for non-athletes were obtained from a CPX performed on a lower limb cycle ergometer, with an individualized ramp protocol. Thus, the description of COP in different exercise modalities and protocols should be approached in future studies, because there is evidence that the behavior of some variables obtained in CPX differ depending on the ergometer and protocol used.</p>
      <p>The running velocity on the treadmill and the exercise intensity represented by the percentage of VO<sub>2</sub>max at which the soccer players assessed in this study reached the COP (10.0 &#177; 1.0 km.h<sup>-1</sup> and 51.3 &#177; 8.7%, respectively) were lower than the values obtained at the VT by soccer players assessed in other studies, even when compared to those of players of lower athletic performance, who are expected to reach an earlier VT. For example, according to Ziogas et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> soccer players of the first, second and third Greek division submitted to a CPX in the pre-season period reached the VT at a mean velocity of 13.2, 12.6 and 12.3 km.h<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. Boone et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> however, assessing 289 soccer players of the first Belgian division, have reported mean running velocities on the treadmill at the VT ranging from 12.7 &#177; 1.4 in goalkeepers to 14.4 &#177; 0.7 km.h<sup>-1</sup> in center-defenders. Regarding the exercise intensity, Impellizzeri et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> and Helgerud et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> have reported that junior soccer players reached the VT at a mean percentage of VO<sub>2</sub>max greater than 80%. Considering that the running velocity and the exercise intensity at which the VT is reached reflect the training status of the soccer players, future studies should assess whether COP is also useful to differentiate the physical performance of athletes.</p>
      <p>When comparing the soccer players according to their field positions, goalkeepers, midfielders, left/right-backs, center-defenders and forwarders did not differ regarding the COP. Manari et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> comparing the VT and the VO<sub>2</sub>max of 450 European elite soccer players of different field positions, have found no differences regarding the VT, similarly to our study&#8217;s findings regarding VT and COP. However, similarly to our study&#8217;s findings, VO<sub>2</sub>max was lower in goalkeepers. Tonessem et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> assessing 1,545 male soccer athletes, have found small to moderate differences in VO<sub>2</sub>max according to the athlete&#8217;s field position, with greater values in the midfielders, followed, in decreasing order, by the defense athletes, forwarders and goalkeepers. Similarly, Balikian et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> assessing 25 professional soccer players, have found lower mean VO<sub>2</sub>max values of goalkeepers (52.68 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>) as compared to the mean values of soccer players of other field positions. However, in contrast to our study&#8217;s findings, the mean velocity at which the players reached the VT differed according to their field position, being lower for goalkeepers (12.66 km.h<sup>-1</sup>) and higher for left/right-backs (14.33 km.h<sup>-1</sup>) and midfielders (14.11 km.h<sup>-1</sup>). Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the heterogeneity of the methods used to measure VT hinders the comparison of the results between the studies.</p>
      <p>Finally, the COP failed to show a linear association with the variables VT and VO<sub>2</sub>max. Ramos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> have not only described a moderate association with VO<sub>2</sub>max (-0.47) and VT (-0.42), but have also observed that the combination of COP and VO<sub>2</sub>max adds more prognostic information to all-cause mortality than each variable in isolation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Such findings suggest a possible independence and complementarity of COP regarding VO<sub>2</sub>max and VT, which could contribute with additional information to the interpretation of the relationship between the cardiovascular and respiratory systems during a CPX. Thus, one can speculate that the submaximal variables - COP and VT - might better reflect the energetic demands of a soccer match in the current context, in which the differences in distance and in percentage of time spent in intense efforts are less evident in soccer players of different field positions.</p>
      <p>The present study has some limitations in addition to those already mentioned. The CPX analyzed were limited to those performed in the pre-season period, not allowing us to assess the COP behavior in different training periods of the soccer players. In addition, this study only assessed male adult elite soccer players, which limits the extrapolation of the results to female soccer players, other age groups, different technical levels and other sport modalities.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The present study described the COP behavior and its absence of association with VO<sub>2</sub>max and VT of male adult elite soccer players. Thus, future studies are required to assess whether COP can provide additional and relevant information to other sport contexts.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Suprema - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de de Juiz de Fora under the protocol number 0218/11. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ARTIGOS ORIGINAIS</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ponto &#211;timo Cardiorrespirat&#243;rio em Futebolistas Profissionais: Uma Nova Vari&#225;vel Subm&#225;xima do Exerc&#237;cio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Christina Gr&#252;ne de Souza e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Lucia Barros de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franca</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bottino</surname>
            <given-names>Altamiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Myers</surname>
            <given-names>Jonathan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Gil Soares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System/Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif&#243;rnia - EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio, CLINIMEX, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">S&#227;o Paulo Futebol Clube, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Christina Gr&#252;ne de Souza e Silva</bold> Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255 - 8&#186; andar - Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Campus do Fund&#227;o. Cep: 21941-913, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>christina.g.dss@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: de Souza e Silva CG, Castro CLB, Franca JF, Bottino A, Myers J, Ara&#250;jo CGS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Castro CLB, Franca JF, Ara&#250;jo CGS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: de Souza e Silva CG, Ara&#250;jo CGS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Castro CLB, Franca JF, Bottino A, Myers J, Ara&#250;jo CGS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>O consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>max) e o limiar anaer&#243;bico (LA) obtidos no teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) s&#227;o utilizados na avalia&#231;&#227;o de atletas. Todavia, dificuldades na identifica&#231;&#227;o e mensura&#231;&#227;o dessas vari&#225;veis dificultam sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica. O ponto &#243;timo cardiorrespirat&#243;rio (POC) &#233; uma vari&#225;vel subm&#225;xima do TCPE de mensura&#231;&#227;o objetiva e com significado cl&#237;nico progn&#243;stico. Contudo, &#233; desconhecido o seu comportamento em atletas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Descrever o comportamento do POC em jogadores profissionais de futebol e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com VO<sub>2</sub>max e LA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Materiais e M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>An&#225;lise retrospectiva de 198 futebolistas submetidos a TCPE m&#225;ximo em esteira rolante com protocolo em rampa, divididos pela posi&#231;&#227;o em campo: goleiro, zagueiro, lateral, meio-campo e atacante. Foram determinados VO<sub>2</sub>max, LA e POC. O POC correspondeu ao menor valor de ventila&#231;&#227;o/consumo de oxig&#234;nio em um dado minuto do TCPE. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas pelo teste ABREITALICOtFECHAITALICO de ABREITALICOStudentFECHAITALICO n&#227;o emparelhado ou ANOVA, ou teste de Mann-Whitney ou de Kruskal-Wallis dependendo na distribui&#231;&#227;o das mesmas, e vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado. A correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi utilizada para testar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre POC e outras vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias. Adotou-se um n&#237;vel de 5% para signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O POC (m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o) foi de 18,2 &#177; 2,1 a uma velocidade 4,3 &#177; 1,4 km.h<sup>-1</sup> menor do que a do LA. Enquanto o VO<sub>2</sub>max (62,1 &#177; 6,2 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>) tendeu a ser menor nos goleiros (p &lt; 0,05), o POC n&#227;o variou conforme a posi&#231;&#227;o em campo (p = 0,41). N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre POC e VO<sub>2</sub>max (r = 0,032, p = 0,65) nem com LA (r = -0,003, p = 0,96).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O POC pode ser facilmente determinado em exerc&#237;cio subm&#225;ximo realizado com velocidades incrementais em futebolistas e n&#227;o varia pela posi&#231;&#227;o em campo. A aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o com VO<sub>2</sub>max e LA indica que o POC traz uma informa&#231;&#227;o distinta e complementar a essas vari&#225;veis. Estudos futuros s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para determinar implica&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas do POC na avalia&#231;&#227;o de atletas. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2018; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Futebol / tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Espirometria / m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Broncospirometria / m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Desempenho Atl&#233;tico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) &#233; um procedimento funcional e n&#227;o invasivo que permite avaliar a integra&#231;&#227;o dos sistemas cardiovascular, respirat&#243;rio e musculoesquel&#233;tico a partir da an&#225;lise das respostas subm&#225;ximas e m&#225;ximas ao exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> As informa&#231;&#245;es do TCPE s&#227;o importantes para a avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis ou n&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> sendo que as medidas da pot&#234;ncia aer&#243;bica m&#225;xima, representada pelo consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>max), e do limiar anaer&#243;bico (LA) s&#227;o frequentemente utilizadas para avalia&#231;&#227;o e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do treinamento de atletas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Sabe-se, por exemplo, que futebolistas com VO<sub>2</sub>max mais alto tendem a percorrer maiores dist&#226;ncias em uma partida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e que a intensidade m&#233;dia de exerc&#237;cio em uma partida &#233; de aproximadamente 75% do VO<sub>2</sub>max, similar ao n&#237;vel do LA desses jogadores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No entanto, limita&#231;&#245;es como baixa reprodutibilidade, diferentes t&#233;cnicas e crit&#233;rios de identifica&#231;&#227;o tanto do VO<sub>2</sub>max quanto do LA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> dificultam a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o rotineira. Em adendo, erros nessas medidas podem comprometer o planejamento dos treinamentos individualizados prejudicando, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, o aprimoramento do desempenho do atleta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em 2012, Ramos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> apresentaram o valor m&#237;nimo do equivalente ventilat&#243;rio de oxig&#234;nio (VE/VO<sub>2</sub> m&#237;nimo) durante um TCPE - ponto &#243;timo cardiorrespirat&#243;rio (POC) - e descreveram o seu comportamento, que, em teoria, representa o momento de melhor associa&#231;&#227;o ou integra&#231;&#227;o entre os sistemas respirat&#243;rio e cardiovascular. A partir da avalia&#231;&#227;o de mais de 600 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis n&#227;o atletas entre 23 e 73 anos, foi verificado que o POC tende a ser maior nas mulheres e aumenta com a idade. Al&#233;m disso, estudos posteriores realizados pelo mesmo grupo mostraram que o POC &#233; de f&#225;cil e objetiva mensura&#231;&#227;o e bastante est&#225;vel em TCPE realizados em adultos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> corroborando o seu uso potencial em pesquisas fisiol&#243;gicas e na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Interessantemente, de forma semelhante ao observado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao VO<sub>2</sub>max e ao LA, o POC mostrou ser um excelente preditor de mortalidade por todas as causas em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e n&#227;o saud&#225;veis entre 40 e 85 anos de idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>At&#233; o presente momento, &#233; desconhecido o comportamento do POC em atletas. Dessa forma, os nossos objetivos s&#227;o: a) descrever o comportamento do POC em jogadores profissionais de futebol; e b) avaliar sua associa&#231;&#227;o com o VO<sub>2</sub>max e o LA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materiais e M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Amostra</title>
          <p>Foram analisados retrospectivamente dados de 247 jogadores de futebol da equipe principal de um clube carioca da s&#233;rie A do campeonato brasileiro submetidos entre janeiro de 2005 e dezembro de 2016 a um TCPE m&#225;ximo em uma cl&#237;nica privada de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio e Esporte. Desses, foram selecionados 198 jogadores que preenchiam concomitantemente os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: a) ter realizado TCPE em esteira rolante; b) ter completado um TCPE considerado verdadeiramente m&#225;ximo, n&#227;o tendo esse sido interrompido por raz&#245;es cl&#237;nicas ou falta de motiva&#231;&#227;o; c) n&#227;o ter hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;as cardiorrespirat&#243;rias. Com base na informa&#231;&#227;o proporcionada pelos futebolistas, foi feita uma categoriza&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s posi&#231;&#245;es em que predominantemente jogavam: goleiro, zagueiro, lateral, meio-campo e atacante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de avalia&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</title>
            <p>Inclu&#237;a anamnese e exame f&#237;sico. Foram obtidos ainda dados antropom&#233;tricos, de espirometria e eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es em repouso.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Espirometria de repouso</title>
            <p>Ao menos tr&#234;s manobras para determina&#231;&#227;o das curvas de fluxo-volume foram realizadas usando um pneumat&#243;grafo (SP-1 Spirometer, Schiller, Su&#237;&#231;a ou KoKo, Estados Unidos) periodicamente calibrado de acordo com o protocolo recomendado pelas diretrizes americana e europeia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Teste cardiopulmonar m&#225;ximo</title>
            <p>Os TCPE foram realizados em uma sala adequadamente climatizada em uma esteira rolante (ATL Master, Inbramed, Brasil). Todos os jogadores submeteram-se ao mesmo protocolo em rampa, com velocidade inicial de 8,0 km.h<sup>-1</sup> e aumento progressivo de 0,1 km.h<sup>-1</sup> a cada 7,5 segundos, sem qualquer inclina&#231;&#227;o. Todos os TCPE foram presencialmente conduzidos por m&#233;dicos especializados na &#225;rea e com ampla experi&#234;ncia na avalia&#231;&#227;o de atletas, seguindo uma rotina bem definida, principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao est&#237;mulo para obten&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o verdadeiramente m&#225;ximo. O TCPE foi considerado m&#225;ximo com base na avalia&#231;&#227;o subjetiva do m&#233;dico avaliador e em outras vari&#225;veis objetivas tais como: a ocorr&#234;ncia do LA, curvas de equivalentes ventilat&#243;rios em um padr&#227;o em U e escore de 10 na escala de Borg de 0-10.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do TCPE, os jogadores foram monitorados continuamente por eletrocardi&#243;grafo digital (ErgoPC Elite vers&#245;es 3.2.1.5 ou 3.3.4.3 ou 3.3.6.2, Micromed, Brasil), que fornecia a medida da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) nos registros de eletrocardiograma na deriva&#231;&#227;o CC5 ou CM5 ao final de cada minuto.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>An&#225;lise de gases expirados</title>
            <p>Durante o TCPE, os gases expirados foram coletados por um pneumat&#243;grafo Prevent (MedGraphics, Estados Unidos) acoplado a uma pe&#231;a bucal, com oclus&#227;o nasal concomitante. Para medida e an&#225;lise dos gases expirados, foi utilizado o analisador metab&#243;lico VO2000 (MedGraphics, Estados Unidos) calibrado por uma seringa de 2L e por gases de concentra&#231;&#227;o conhecida antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o da primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o do dia e repetido quando necess&#225;rio. A ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (VE) e as fra&#231;&#245;es parciais de oxig&#234;nio e di&#243;xido de carbono eram expressas a cada 10 segundos e ent&#227;o calculadas como a m&#233;dia de valores para cada minuto do TCPE.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Determina&#231;&#227;o do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio e do limiar anaer&#243;bico</title>
            <p>O VO<sub>2</sub>max foi considerado como o maior valor em um dado minuto do TCPE. O LA foi determinado visualmente pelo ponto em que ocorreu uma quebra da linearidade da curva de VE e um incremento sustentado da rela&#231;&#227;o VE/VO<sub>2</sub> e foi descrito pelo percentual do VO<sub>2</sub>max naquela velocidade. A velocidade e o VO<sub>2</sub> em que ocorreu o LA tamb&#233;m foram registrados.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Determina&#231;&#227;o do ponto &#243;timo cardiorrespirat&#243;rio</title>
            <p>O POC foi obtido pela identifica&#231;&#227;o da menor raz&#227;o VE/VO<sub>2</sub> em um dado minuto do TCPE, sendo, assim, um valor adimensional. Foi registrado, ainda, o VO<sub>2</sub> e a velocidade de corrida no protocolo em rampa em que era observado.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi avaliada pelo teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o param&#233;trica foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o e foram comparadas atrav&#233;s do teste t de Student n&#227;o emparelhado ou ANOVA e post-hoc de Bonferroni, conforme apropriado. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o param&#233;trica foram expressas como mediana (intervalo interquartil) e comparadas atrav&#233;s do teste de Mann-Whitney ou teste de Kruskal-Wallis, conforme apropriado. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em percentual de frequ&#234;ncia e comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado. Os coeficientes de varia&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis POC, LA e VO<sub>2</sub>max, obtidos pela raz&#227;o entre desvio-padr&#227;o e m&#233;dia, foram calculados. A correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi utilizada para testar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o POC e outras vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias. Os c&#225;lculos estat&#237;sticos foram realizados no programa Stata14<sup>&#174;</sup>, considerando um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
          <p>Todos os jogadores submeteram-se voluntariamente &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o, tendo lido e assinado o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido espec&#237;fico antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o do TCPE e autorizado o uso dos dados em pesquisas cient&#237;ficas. A an&#225;lise retrospectiva dos dados foi previamente aprovada por um comit&#234; institucional de &#233;tica em pesquisa.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref> descreve as principais caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, os resultados da espirometria de repouso e do TCPE dos jogadores. Idade, peso, altura e o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) variaram de 16 a 36 anos, 57,5 a 102,0 kg, 163,3 a 196,3 cm e de 19,3 a 29,6 kg.m<sup>-2</sup>, respectivamente. POC, LA e VO<sub>2</sub>max apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o param&#233;trica (p &gt; 0,05) e os valores do POC, do LA e do VO<sub>2</sub>max variaram de 13,1 a 25,3, 61,8 a 92,7% do VO<sub>2</sub>max e de 45,0 a 76,2 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>, respectivamente. Os coeficientes de varia&#231;&#227;o para POC, LA e VO<sub>2</sub>max foram de 16,1%, 10,7% e 10,0%, respectivamente. Em m&#233;dia, o POC, o LA e o VO<sub>2</sub>max ocorreram nas velocidades de 10,0 &#177; 1,0, 14,3 &#177; 1,1 e 18,7 &#177; 0,9 km.h<sup>-1</sup>, respectivamente (p &lt; 0,01).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Principais caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e resultados do teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo em esteira em jogadores profissionais de futebol</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;veis<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total<break/> (n = 198)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Goleiro<break/> (n = 13)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Lateral<break/> (n = 27)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Zagueiro<break/> (n = 32)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Meio-campo<break/> (n = 76)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Atacante<break/> (n = 50)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (21 - 27)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (19 - 24)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (21 - 28)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (21 - 26)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (21 - 28)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (10 - 27)</td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">76,7 &#177; 7,6</td>
                <td align="center">85,1 &#177; 4,7</td>
                <td align="center">74,3 &#177; 6,2</td>
                <td align="center">80,7 &#177; 5,4</td>
                <td align="center">74,1 &#177; 7,6<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#223;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">77,3 &#177; 7,6<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#223;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Altura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">179,2 &#177; 6,4</td>
                <td align="center">187,5 &#177; 4,1</td>
                <td align="center">175,5 &#177; 4,2</td>
                <td align="center">184,3 &#177; 3,8</td>
                <td align="center">176,5 &#177; 6,0<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#223;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">180,0 &#177; 5,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal (kg.m<sup>-2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">23,9 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">24,2 &#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">24,1 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">23,8 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">23,8 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">23,9 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC de repouso (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (53 - 66)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (57 - 66)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (51 - 62)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">61 (53 - 65)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (54 - 66)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (52 - 66)</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS de repouso (mm Hg)</td>
                <td align="center">130 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">130 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">130 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">129 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">129 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">131 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">0,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAD de repouso <break/> (mm Hg)</td>
                <td align="center">70 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">72 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">71 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">70 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">70 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">71 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Espirometria de repouso</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VEF1 (L)</td>
                <td align="center">4,31 (3,94 - 4,69)</td>
                <td align="center">4,74 (4,35 - 5,04)</td>
                <td align="center">4,16 (3,96 - 4,41)</td>
                <td align="center">4,44 (4,13 - 5,00)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">$</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">4,24 (3,79 - 4,61)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#223;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">4,41 (3,90 - 4,71)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#223;</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">#</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8364;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">% do previsto da VEF1</td>
                <td align="center">98,5 (90,8 - 105,6)</td>
                <td align="center">101,9 (93,9 - 105,3)</td>
                <td align="center">96,7 (93,5 - 104,8)</td>
                <td align="center">98,5 (88,6 - 105,8)</td>
                <td align="center">98,5 (91,6 - 105,0)</td>
                <td align="center">100,8 (87,3 - 107,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CVF (L)</td>
                <td align="center">5,05 &#177; 0,68</td>
                <td align="center">5,70 &#177; 0,68</td>
                <td align="center">4,83 &#177; 0,50</td>
                <td align="center">5,23 &#177; 0,66</td>
                <td align="center">4,94 &#177; 0,62<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#223;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">5,05 &#177; 0,75<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#223;</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8364;</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">#</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">% do previsto da CVF</td>
                <td align="center">96,2 &#177; 10,5</td>
                <td align="center">100,5 &#177; 10,8</td>
                <td align="center">95,7 &#177; 8,4</td>
                <td align="center">94,0 &#177; 10,3</td>
                <td align="center">97,0 &#177; 10,0</td>
                <td align="center">95,6 &#177; 12,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Raz&#227;o VEF1/CVF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">86,0 &#177; 5,3</td>
                <td align="center">83,1 &#177; 5,6</td>
                <td align="center">87,3 &#177; 4,1<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">87,6 &#177; 5,3<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">85,4 &#177; 5,1<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">c</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">85,8 &#177; 5,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>TCPE</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o (min)</td>
                <td align="center">13,0 (13,0 - 14,0)</td>
                <td align="center">13,0 (13,0 - 14,0)</td>
                <td align="center">14,0 (13,0 - 14,0)</td>
                <td align="center">13,0 (13,0 - 14,0)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">14,0 (13,0 - 14,0)</td>
                <td align="center">13,0 (13,0 - 14,0)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RER m&#225;ximo</td>
                <td align="center">1,10 (1,06 - 1,15)</td>
                <td align="center">1,09 (1,06 - 1,13)</td>
                <td align="center">1,09 (1,05 - 1,15)</td>
                <td align="center">1,13 (1,07 - 1,16)</td>
                <td align="center">1,11 (1,06 - 1,15)</td>
                <td align="center">1,10 (1,06 - 1,14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC m&#225;xima (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">192 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">194 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">187 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">194 &#177; 10<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">$</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">192 &#177; 10<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">$</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8364;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">192 &#177; 8<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">$</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8364;</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">#</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VE m&#225;xima (L.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">123,2 (113,1 - 133,2)</td>
                <td align="center">129,8 (122,6 - 135,2)</td>
                <td align="center">123,1 (112,8 - 133,7)</td>
                <td align="center">125,4 (113,7 - 136,0)</td>
                <td align="center">121,7 (111,6 - 129,9)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">122,9 (113,9 - 134,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Velocidade m&#225;xima <break/> (km.h<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">18,8 (18,4 - 19,2)</td>
                <td align="center">18,4 (18,0 - 19,2)</td>
                <td align="center">19,2 (18,4 - 19,5)</td>
                <td align="center">18,5 (17,9 - 19,2)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">18,8 (18,4 - 19,2)</td>
                <td align="center">18,6 (18,4 - 19,2)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">POC (menor raz&#227;o VE/VO<sub>2</sub>)</td>
                <td align="center">18,2 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">19,1 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">18,7 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">17,9 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">18,1 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">18,2 &#177; 1,9<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#223;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo para atingir POC (min)</td>
                <td align="center">2,0 (2,0 - 3,0)</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 (2,0 - 4,0)</td>
                <td align="center">2,0 (2,0 - 3,0)</td>
                <td align="center">2,0 (2,0 - 3,0)</td>
                <td align="center">2,0 (2,0 - 2,5)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">2,0 (2,0 - 2,0)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">a</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">c</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Velocidade no POC (km.h<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">9,6 (9,6 - 10,4)</td>
                <td align="center">10,4 (9,6 - 11,2)</td>
                <td align="center">9,6 (9,6 - 10,4)</td>
                <td align="center">9,6 (9,6 - 10,4)</td>
                <td align="center">9,6 (9,6 - 10,0)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">9,6 (9,6 - 9,6)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">a</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">c</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC no POC (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">132 (122 - 142)</td>
                <td align="center">142 (134 - 148)</td>
                <td align="center">131 (122 - 138)</td>
                <td align="center">139 (128 - 152)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">$</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">131 (121 - 140)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#223;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">128 (121 - 137)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#223;</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">#</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> no POC <break/> (mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">31,8 (29,0 - 34,6)</td>
                <td align="center">33,6 (31,0 - 33,7)</td>
                <td align="center">32,2 (28,6 - 35,7)</td>
                <td align="center">33,1 (30,9 - 35,6)</td>
                <td align="center">31,3 (28,2 - 34,4)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">c</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">31,3 (33,8 - 29,7)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">c</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">%VO<sub>2</sub>max no POC</td>
                <td align="center">51,4 (46,4 - 55,8)</td>
                <td align="center">57,0 (53,3 - 59,3)</td>
                <td align="center">48,4 (45,1 - 54,7)</td>
                <td align="center">55,9 (51,2 - 59,2)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">$</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">51,0 (44,2 - 54,3)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#223;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">50,7 (45,9 - 54,0)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#223;</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">#</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo para atingir LA (min)</td>
                <td align="center">7,9 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">8,1 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">8,1 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">7,3 &#177; 1,3<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">8,0 &#177; 1,6<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">c</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">7,8 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Velocidade no LA (km.h<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">14,3 &#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">14,5 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">14,5 &#177; 1,0</td>
                <td align="center">13,8 &#177; 1,1<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">14,4 &#177; 1,2<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">c</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">14,3 &#177; 1,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC no LA (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">169 (160 - 178)</td>
                <td align="center">178 (168 - 181)</td>
                <td align="center">165 (162 - 169)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">172 (160 - 178)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">b</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">167 (160 - 177)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">166 (160 - 178)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> no LA <break/> (mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">46,8 &#177; 5,0</td>
                <td align="center">45,3 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">47,9 &#177; 4,7</td>
                <td align="center">45,5 &#177; 4,5</td>
                <td align="center">46,7 &#177; 6,1</td>
                <td align="center">47,4 &#177; 4,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">%VO<sub>2</sub>max no LA</td>
                <td align="center">75,5 &#177; 5,7</td>
                <td align="center">77,3 &#177; 4,3</td>
                <td align="center">74,7 &#177; 4,8</td>
                <td align="center">76,1 &#177; 6,3</td>
                <td align="center">74,7 &#177; 6,2</td>
                <td align="center">76,0 &#177; 5,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub>max (L.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">4,75 &#177; 0,52</td>
                <td align="center">4,98 &#177; 0,35</td>
                <td align="center">4,74 &#177; 0,35</td>
                <td align="center">4,82 &#177; 0,43</td>
                <td align="center">4,63 &#177; 0,60<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">a</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">4,81 &#177; 0,53</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub>max <break/> (mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">62,1 &#177; 6,2</td>
                <td align="center">58,6 &#177; 3,6</td>
                <td align="center">64,2 &#177; 6,5</td>
                <td align="center">59,8 &#177; 4,8<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">$</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">62,6 &#177; 6,8<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#223;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">62,5 &#177; 5,8<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#223;</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">#</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>os dados s&#227;o apresentados como mediana (intervalo interquartil) ou m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o conforme a distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis; a compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados foi feita por teste-t de Student n&#227;o emparelhado, ANOVA, teste de Mann-Whitney, teste de Kruskal-Wallis ou teste de qui-quadrado, conforme as caracter&#237;sticas das vari&#225;veis.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>$</label>
              <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa ao grupo goleiro (p &gt; 0,05).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa ao grupo meio-campo (p &gt; 0,05).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>&#223;</label>
              <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa ao grupo lateral.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>&#8364;</label>
              <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa ao grupo zagueiro.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>Houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa ao grupo goleiro (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>Houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa ao grupo lateral (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>c</label>
              <p>Houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa ao grupo zagueiro (p &lt; 0,05). CVF: capacidade vital for&#231;ada; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; LA: limiar anaer&#243;bico; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; POC: ponto &#243;timo cardiorrespirat&#243;rio; RER: raz&#227;o de troca respirat&#243;ria; TCPE: teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio; VE: ventila&#231;&#227;o; VEF1: ventila&#231;&#227;o for&#231;ada no primeiro segundo; VO<sub>2</sub>max: consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quando estratificados por posi&#231;&#227;o adotada no jogo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>), pode-se observar que as &#250;nicas caracter&#237;sticas que diferiram entre as posi&#231;&#245;es foram peso e altura, em que os goleiros apresentaram os maiores valores para ambas as vari&#225;veis (p &lt; 0,01). No entanto, o IMC foi semelhante entre os jogadores de todas as posi&#231;&#245;es (p = 0,86). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao TCPE, os goleiros atingiram os menores valores de VO<sub>2</sub>max relativo ao peso corporal (mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>) (p = 0,01), e atingiram o POC em uma FC e em um percentual do VO<sub>2</sub>max maiores do que os jogadores das demais posi&#231;&#245;es (p &lt; 0,01). No entanto, o valor do POC (p = 0,41) e o do LA (% do VO<sub>2</sub>max) (p = 0,42) n&#227;o diferiram em fun&#231;&#227;o da posi&#231;&#227;o de futebolistas.</p>
        <p>Os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o entre POC e VO<sub>2</sub>max (mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>) e entre POC e LA (% do VO<sub>2</sub>max) foram de 0,032 (p = 0,65) e -0,003 (p = 0,96), respectivamente, evidenciando a baixa associa&#231;&#227;o entre essas vari&#225;veis. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> representa esses dados.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diagrama de dispers&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis a) ponto &#243;timo cardiorrespirat&#243;rio (POC) e consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>max); e b) POC e % do VO<sub>2</sub>max atingido no limiar anaer&#243;bico (LA).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-04-0323-80030-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em um exerc&#237;cio com aumento progressivo da intensidade at&#233; o m&#225;ximo volunt&#225;rio, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre VE e VO<sub>2</sub> n&#227;o &#233; linear<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> e a curva que ilustra essa rela&#231;&#227;o apresenta um formato em U, o que sugere uma maior efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria (menor VE/VO<sub>2</sub>) em n&#237;veis subm&#225;ximos de exerc&#237;cio em rela&#231;&#227;o ao repouso e &#224;s intensidades mais altas de esfor&#231;o. Partindo dessa premissa, o POC foi descrito como o menor valor do VE/VO<sub>2</sub> em um dado minuto durante um exerc&#237;cio incremental, representando o momento em que h&#225; a menor quantidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o por litro de oxig&#234;nio a ser consumido, ou seja, a melhor integra&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o entre circula&#231;&#227;o e respira&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Estudos recentes mostraram sua aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica na avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e progn&#243;stica da intera&#231;&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria tanto de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis quanto daqueles com v&#225;rias formas de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, e, por ser uma vari&#225;vel subm&#225;xima do TCPE, o uso do POC &#233; particularmente interessante em pacientes incapazes de atingir um TCPE m&#225;ximo devido a limita&#231;&#245;es funcionais (ex. doen&#231;a arterial obstrutiva perif&#233;rica, problemas ortop&#233;dicos) ou devido ao receio em atingir o pico de esfor&#231;o (ex. pacientes com s&#237;ndrome do p&#226;nico),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> assim como em atletas durante a temporada competitiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Como exemplo, o POC possui rela&#231;&#227;o inversa com mortalidade por todas as causas em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e doentes entre 40 e 85 anos, apresentando, portanto, valor progn&#243;stico e uma nova possibilidade de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco de mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A partir dessas observa&#231;&#245;es, &#233; pertinente tentar expandir as aplicabilidades do POC em outros cen&#225;rios. Em teoria, pode-se pensar que em atletas de modalidades com exig&#234;ncias aer&#243;bicas elevadas, como &#233; o caso do futebol, valores baixos de POC podem representar uma vantagem fisiol&#243;gica, especialmente se ocorrerem em velocidades relativamente altas. Como as demandas aer&#243;bicas variam de acordo com a posi&#231;&#227;o de jogo, a oportunidade de comparar um n&#250;mero grande de futebolistas de elite testados em condi&#231;&#245;es padronizadas pode contribuir para uma melhor compreens&#227;o do significado e da potencial aplicabilidade desportiva do POC. O presente estudo traz uma contribui&#231;&#227;o original por ser o primeiro a descrever o comportamento do POC em atletas e, em especial, em futebolistas adultos de alto n&#237;vel t&#233;cnico submetidos a TCPE em esteira rolante com protocolo em rampa.</p>
        <p>O POC apresenta vantagens relacionadas a sua determina&#231;&#227;o e mensura&#231;&#227;o quando comparado ao VO<sub>2</sub>max e ao LA, as duas principais vari&#225;veis do TCPE utilizadas para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do desempenho de atletas. A obten&#231;&#227;o de um VO<sub>2</sub>max verdadeiro sugere a exist&#234;ncia de um plat&#244; na curva do VO<sub>2</sub>, o que nem sempre &#233; poss&#237;vel, e sua obten&#231;&#227;o pode variar de acordo com o protocolo do TCPE utilizado e com o intervalo de amostragem ou de coleta dos gases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o VO<sub>2</sub>max depende da realiza&#231;&#227;o de um teste de exerc&#237;cio verdadeiramente m&#225;ximo, cujos crit&#233;rios de determina&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o vari&#225;veis na literatura e, at&#233; certo ponto, subjetivos. J&#225; o LA, apesar de n&#227;o exigir obrigatoriamente que o teste seja m&#225;ximo, tamb&#233;m requer um exerc&#237;cio de maior intensidade do que o POC e tem sua mensura&#231;&#227;o dificultada pela exist&#234;ncia de v&#225;rios crit&#233;rios distintos para sua identifica&#231;&#227;o e/ou caracteriza&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de, em um percentual importante de casos, a sua caracteriza&#231;&#227;o ou determina&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o ser poss&#237;vel, prejudicando a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e no esporte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Em adendo, apesar da possibilidade de detec&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica tanto do VO<sub>2</sub>max quanto do LA em alguns softwares comerciais, os m&#233;todos dispon&#237;veis para tal foram desenvolvidos a partir de defini&#231;&#245;es e algoritmos variados, o que implica na necessidade de sua revis&#227;o por pelo menos um observador experiente, tornando essas medidas subjetivas e ampliando o potencial de alta variabilidade inter- e intraobservador.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Em contraste, a determina&#231;&#227;o do POC &#233; facilmente obtida a partir da identifica&#231;&#227;o do menor valor num&#233;rico da rela&#231;&#227;o entre VE e VO<sub>2</sub> para cada minuto do TCPE, n&#227;o sendo, portanto, dependente da interpreta&#231;&#227;o e experi&#234;ncia do avaliador, e depende de um esfor&#231;o relativamente pouco intenso, visto que ocorre em n&#237;veis relativamente baixos de exerc&#237;cio, bem antes mesmo do LA.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao POC nos futebolistas avaliados, alguns achados principais devem ser destacados: 1- como esperado, a obten&#231;&#227;o do POC ocorreu em percentual do VO<sub>2</sub>max e velocidade mais baixos do que naquele em que ocorreu o LA; 2- o POC n&#227;o foi diferente entre os futebolistas de diferentes posi&#231;&#245;es de jogo, semelhante ao observado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao LA, por&#233;m contr&#225;rio ao observado com o VO<sub>2</sub>max; 3- n&#227;o foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre POC e as vari&#225;veis VO<sub>2</sub>max e LA; e 4- o coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o do valor do consumo de oxig&#234;nio no momento da obten&#231;&#227;o do POC foi maior do que aquele observado no LA e no VO<sub>2</sub>max. Ressalta-se, ainda, que os valores do POC obtidos nos jogadores ficaram em m&#233;dia abaixo do percentil 50 dos valores encontrados para homens saud&#225;veis n&#227;o atletas da mesma faixa et&#225;ria em estudo anterior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> e que apenas oito (4%) dos futebolistas tiveram POC superiores ao valor de 22, considerado como ponto de corte para &#243;timo progn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> sugerindo assim que esses futebolistas possuem uma privilegiada intera&#231;&#227;o circula&#231;&#227;o-respira&#231;&#227;o, provavelmente mais econ&#244;mica no exerc&#237;cio subm&#225;ximo. No entanto, deve-se destacar que os valores do POC descritos para indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o atletas foram obtidos a partir de TCPE realizados em cicloerg&#244;metro de membros inferiores, com um protocolo em rampa individualizado, e, portanto, a descri&#231;&#227;o do POC em diferentes modalidades e protocolos de exerc&#237;cio deve ser abordada em estudos futuros, visto que h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de comportamentos distintos de algumas vari&#225;veis obtidas no TCPE em fun&#231;&#227;o do protocolo e do erg&#244;metro utilizados.</p>
        <p>A velocidade de corrida na esteira rolante e a intensidade de exerc&#237;cio representada pelo percentual do VO<sub>2</sub>max em que os futebolistas avaliados neste estudo atingiram o POC (10,0 &#177; 1,0 km.h<sup>-1</sup> e 51,3 &#177; 8,7%, respectivamente) foram menores do que os valores obtidos no LA em futebolistas avaliados em outros estudos, mesmo quando comparados com jogadores de menor desempenho atl&#233;tico, nos quais &#233; esperada uma ocorr&#234;ncia mais precoce do LA. Por exemplo, segundo Ziogas et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> futebolistas da primeira, segunda e terceira divis&#227;o da Gr&#233;cia submetidos a um TCPE no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-temporada atingiram o LA a uma velocidade m&#233;dia de 13,2, 12,6 e 12,3 km.h<sup>-1</sup>, respectivamente. J&#225; Boone et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> avaliaram 289 futebolistas da primeira divis&#227;o da B&#233;lgica e observaram velocidades m&#233;dias de corrida na esteira rolante no LA que variaram entre 12,7 &#177; 1,4 nos goleiros at&#233; 14,4 &#177; 0,7 km.h<sup>-1</sup> nos zagueiros. Em rela&#231;&#227;o a intensidade de exerc&#237;cio, Impellizzeri et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> e Helgerud et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> avaliaram futebolistas juniores e observaram que esses atingiram o LA em um percentual de VO<sub>2</sub>max m&#233;dio acima de 80%. Na medida em que a velocidade de corrida e a intensidade de exerc&#237;cio em que se atinge o LA refletem o estado de treinamento de futebolistas, deve-se indagar e avaliar em estudos futuros se o POC tamb&#233;m pode ser &#250;til para diferenciar o desempenho f&#237;sico de atletas.</p>
        <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os futebolistas de diferentes posi&#231;&#245;es de jogo, goleiros, meio-campistas, laterais, zagueiros e atacantes n&#227;o diferiram em rela&#231;&#227;o ao POC. Manari et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> comparam o LA e o VO<sub>2</sub>max de 450 futebolistas da elite europeia de diferentes posi&#231;&#245;es de jogo e n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as no LA, assim como observado tanto com o LA como com o POC em nosso estudo. Por outro lado, e semelhante ao encontrado no nosso estudo, o VO<sub>2</sub>max foi menor nos goleiros. Em outro estudo, Tonessem et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> avaliaram 1.545 atletas de futebol masculino e observaram diferen&#231;as pequenas a moderadas no VO<sub>2</sub>max de acordo com a posi&#231;&#227;o de jogo, sendo maior nos futebolistas de meio-campo, seguido de modo decrescente nos de defesa, atacantes e goleiros. De forma semelhante, na avalia&#231;&#227;o de 25 futebolistas profissionais, Balikian et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> observaram valores m&#233;dios de VO<sub>2</sub>max menores em goleiros (52,68 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; m&#233;dia dos futebolistas das demais posi&#231;&#245;es. No entanto, ao contr&#225;rio do encontrado no nosso estudo, a m&#233;dia da velocidade em que os jogadores atingiram o LA diferiu de acordo com a posi&#231;&#227;o em campo, sendo menor para os goleiros (12,66 km.h<sup>-1</sup>) e maior para os laterais (14,33 km.h<sup>-1</sup>) e meio-campistas (14,11 km.h<sup>-1</sup>). N&#227;o obstante, deve-se destacar, por&#233;m, que a diferen&#231;a entre os m&#233;todos utilizados para a mensura&#231;&#227;o do LA dificulta a compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados entre os estudos.</p>
        <p>Finalmente, o POC n&#227;o apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o linear com as vari&#225;veis LA e VO<sub>2</sub>max. Ramos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> n&#227;o apenas descreveram uma associa&#231;&#227;o moderada com o VO<sub>2</sub>max (-0,47) e o LA (-0,42) como tamb&#233;m observaram que a combina&#231;&#227;o POC e VO<sub>2</sub>max possui maior informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica para mortalidade por todas as causas do que cada uma das vari&#225;veis isoladas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Tais achados sugerem uma poss&#237;vel independ&#234;ncia e complementaridade do POC em rela&#231;&#227;o ao VO<sub>2</sub>max e ao LA, podendo, assim, contribuir com informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais na interpreta&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o entre sistemas cardiovascular e respirat&#243;rio durante um TCPE. Dessa forma, pode-se especular que as vari&#225;veis subm&#225;ximas - POC e LA - talvez reflitam melhor as demandas energ&#233;ticas de uma partida de futebol no contexto atual, no qual as diferen&#231;as de dist&#226;ncia e de percentual do tempo dispendido em esfor&#231;os intensos &#233; menos evidente entre os futebolistas das v&#225;rias posi&#231;&#245;es de jogo.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es al&#233;m das apresentadas anteriormente. Os TCPE analisados foram restritos aos realizados no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-temporada, n&#227;o permitindo a avalia&#231;&#227;o do comportamento do POC em diferentes per&#237;odos de treinamento dos futebolistas. Al&#233;m disso, apenas futebolistas adultos, do sexo masculino e de alto n&#237;vel t&#233;cnico foram avaliados, o que restringe a extrapola&#231;&#227;o dos resultados para jogadoras, outras faixas et&#225;rias, diferentes n&#237;veis t&#233;cnicos ou outras modalidades esportivas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo descreveu o comportamento do POC e a sua aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o com VO<sub>2</sub>max e o LA em futebolistas adultos, do sexo masculino e de alto n&#237;vel t&#233;cnico. Dessa forma, estudos futuros s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar se o POC &#233; capaz de prover informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais e relevantes em outros contextos desportivos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Suprema - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de de Juiz de Fora sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 0218/11. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
