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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">fM5jm6mQ6wsxyb955mmjcRb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000400320</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20180041</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorials</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Is Cardiorespiratory Optimal Point Measured During the Maximal Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test a Relevant Indicator of Sports Performance?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Laukkanen</surname>
            <given-names>Jari A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Eastern Finland</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Kuopio</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="FI">Finland</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition - University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio - Finland</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Jyv&#228;skyl&#228;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Jyv&#228;skyl&#228;</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="FI">Finland</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyv&#228;skyl&#228;, Jyv&#228;skyl&#228; - Finland</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Central Finland Health Care District</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Jyv&#228;skyl&#228;</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="FI">Finland</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Central Finland Health Care District, Department of Medicine, Jyv&#228;skyl&#228; - Finland</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Jari A. Laukkanen</bold> Seminaarinkatu 15. PO Box 35. FI-40014. University of Jyv&#228;skyl&#228;, Jyv&#228;skyl&#228; - Finland. E-mail: <email>jari.a.laukkanen@jyu.fi</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Jul-Aug</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>320</fpage>
      <lpage>322</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Respiratory Function Tests</kwd>
        <kwd>Athletes</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiorespiratory Fitness</kwd>
        <kwd>Athletic Performance</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is considered the gold standard for assessing aerobic performance among athletes and normal population and has recently been named as a clinical vital sign, being an essential indicator of cardiovascular and pulmonary function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with lower risk of non-fatal and fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) events, with studies demonstrating a consistent, inverse association between CRF and mortality even after adjustment for the traditional risk factor burden.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Additionally, both maximal oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>max) and VO<sub>2</sub> at ventilatory threshold (VT) have been associated with a reduced risk of adverse health outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A literature-based meta-analysis of 33 observational cohort studies has better delineated the relationship of CRF with CVD and all-cause mortality outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> However, VO<sub>2</sub>max and VT are often used to evaluate athletes&#8217; performance and to monitor their training responses. During the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX), many variables could be used to assess specific training responses to the cardiovascular, respiratory and musculoskeletal systems based on the analysis of submaximal and maximal responses to a progressively incremental exercise.</p>
    <p>Modern CPX systems allow for the analysis of gas exchange at rest, during mild, moderate and maximal exercise levels, and during recovery and yield measures of VO<sub>2</sub>, carbon dioxide output (VCO<sub>2</sub>), and ventilation (VE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> These advanced computerized systems provide both simple and complex analyses of these data that are easy to retrieve and store, which makes CPX widely available. Oxygen uptake at VT, often referred to as the anaerobic threshold, is a variable assessed at submaximal level of CPX.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> For majority of healthy individuals, the anaerobic threshold lies at exercise intensities between 50% and 75% of VO<sub>2</sub>max, while in trained endurance athletes, it can reach intensities as high as 80% of VO<sub>2</sub>max.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Observing the oxygen ventilatory equivalents (the ratio between VE in l/min and VO<sub>2</sub> in l/min, VE/VO<sub>2</sub>) in a given minute during CPX, it is possible to identify a U-shaped pattern with a clear minimal value. Ramos et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> have named this minimal VE/VO<sub>2</sub>, a dimensionless variable, as cardiorespiratory optimal point (COP) with age- and sex-reference data and suggested that COP reflects circulation-respiration integration and the most economical use of ventilation to obtain oxygen for the active tissues during exercise.</p>
    <p>In this context, it is worthwhile to comment that VO<sub>2</sub>max depends on performing a truly maximal exercise test. Although VT can be assessed at the submaximal level,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> it also requires a more intense exercise level compared to the assessment of COP, and VT measurement may be hindered by the existence of several distinct criteria for its identification and/or characterization, because it cannot be accurately defined in all cases, limiting its use in both clinical practice and sports performance.</p>
    <p>Applicability of the COP for the assessment of the athletes&#8217; exercise performance is potentially interesting.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> In addition to the fact that, as a submaximal variable of CPX, the use of COP is particularly interesting for people unable to achieve a maximal CPX because of functional limitations. In the sports scenario, where there are very limited opportunity or intention to have the athletes performing repeated maximal CPX during the competition season, COP could be a much easier and acceptable variable to be measured and followed along the season.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> As previously described by the same research group,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> the COP value increases with age and tends to be slightly higher in women, with associations being modest with other ventilation measures, suggesting an independent and potential contribution in the interpretation of the cardiorespiratory response at the CPX. Indeed, Ramos and Araujo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> have also showed that COP provides valuable information on the risk of all-cause mortality in middle-aged and older men and women. In healthy subjects with COP &lt; 22, there were no deaths during the six-year follow-up suggesting that the lowest level of COP is an indicator of good prognosis. Over the years, one can consider that there is a worsening in VE and a reduction in VO<sub>2</sub>max, i.e. variables directly involved in the calculation of the COP. However, it is possible that the decline in pulmonary ventilation is less significant or numerically important than the reduction in VO<sub>2</sub>, thereby explaining the higher COP values in older individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The study published in this issue of the Int J Cardiovasc Sci by de Souza e Silva et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> is the first one to describe the COP profile in athletes, as it was based on high-level soccer players undergoing CPX on a treadmill following the ramp protocol. They found that COP values did not significantly vary within the athlete&#8217;s field position.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The absence of association with VO<sub>2</sub>max and VT indicates that COP provides additional information on the top of conventional CPX parameters; however, it remains to be determined if this COP plays a significant role in terms of soccer performance and/or to the monitoring of the training responses along the competitive season. Notwithstanding, the information provided by this novel study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> is original and it should be confirmed by future studies including the interpretation of the various CPX variables in athletes, especially for those participanting in very long endurance sport events, such as marathon or triathlon, situations in which the athlete performs at an exercise intensity that is below VT and likely closer to COP.</p>
    <p>In conclusion, COP, defined as the lowest VE/VO<sub>2</sub> value in a given minute of CPX, has been associated with all-cause mortality in a population that is frequently seen for routine clinical exercise testing. COP is a reproducible and physiologically-based CPX variable. Additionally, the availability of age- and sex-reference data in a large sample of healthy subjects is an advantage compared to other CPX indices often obtained in a maximal CPX. The recent study by de Souza e Silva et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> moves COP one step ahead by suggesting its potential use among adult professional soccer players. Future longitudinal studies are needed to confirm COP relevance and if its measurement would become a possible substitute for some other relevant CPX ventilatory variables, such as VT or VO<sub>2</sub>max in athletes.</p>
  </body>
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          <year>2018</year>
          <comment>in press</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editoriais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Ponto &#211;timo Cardiorrespirat&#243;rio Medido Durante o Teste Cardiopulmonar de Exerc&#237;cio M&#225;ximo &#233; um Indicador Relevante de Desempenho Esportivo?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Laukkanen</surname>
            <given-names>Jari A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica e Nutri&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica, Universidade da Finl&#226;ndia Oriental, Kuopio, Finl&#226;ndia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de e Esporte, Universidade de Jyv&#228;skyl&#228;, Finl&#226;ndia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Conselho de Assist&#234;ncia &#224; Sa&#250;de da Finl&#226;ndia Central, Departamento de Medicina, Jyv&#228;skyl&#228;, Finl&#226;ndia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jari A. Laukkanen</bold> Seminaarinkatu 15. PO Box 35. FI-40014. University of Jyv&#228;skyl&#228;, Jyv&#228;skyl&#228; - Finl&#226;ndia. E-mail: <email>jari.a.laukkanen@jyu.fi</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Testes de Fun&#231;&#227;o Respirat&#243;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Atletas</kwd>
        <kwd>Aptid&#227;o Cardiorrespirat&#243;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Desempenho Atl&#233;tico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (ACR) &#233; considerada padr&#227;o-ouro para avalia&#231;&#227;o do desempenho aer&#243;bico de atletas e da popula&#231;&#227;o normal, tendo sido recentemente denominada sinal vital cl&#237;nico e indicador essencial de fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular e pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A ACR est&#225; associada a menor risco de eventos cardiovasculares fatais e n&#227;o fatais, tendo estudos demonstrado sua associa&#231;&#227;o consistente e inversa com mortalidade, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para fatores de risco tradicionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Al&#233;m disso, tanto o consumo de oxig&#234;nio m&#225;ximo (VO<sub>2</sub>max) quanto o consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>) no limiar ventilat&#243;rio (LV) foram associados com um risco reduzido de desfechos adversos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Uma meta-an&#225;lise com 33 estudos observacionais de coorte delineou melhor a rela&#231;&#227;o da ACR com os defechos de mortalidade por doen&#231;a cardiovascular e por todas as causas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Entretanto, o VO<sub>2</sub>max e o LV s&#227;o frequentemente usados para avaliar o desempenho de atletas e monitorar suas respostas ao treinamento. Durante o teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE), muitas vari&#225;veis podem ser usadas para avaliar respostas espec&#237;ficas ao treinamento nos sistemas cardiovascular, respirat&#243;rio e musculoesquel&#233;tico com base na an&#225;lise de respostas subm&#225;ximas e m&#225;ximas ao exerc&#237;cio incremental progressivo.</p>
      <p>Os sistemas modernos de TCPE permitem a an&#225;lise da troca gasosa em repouso, durante exerc&#237;cio leve, moderado e m&#225;ximo, e na recupera&#231;&#227;o, fornecendo medidas de VO<sub>2</sub>, de produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono (VCO<sub>2</sub>) e de ventila&#231;&#227;o (VE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Esses sistemas computadorizados avan&#231;ados permitem an&#225;lises simples e complexas dos dados que s&#227;o facilmente obtidos e armazenados, o que torna o TCPE amplamente dispon&#237;vel. O VO<sub>2</sub> no LV, frequentemente referido como limiar anaer&#243;bico, &#233; avaliado no n&#237;vel subm&#225;ximo do TCPE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Para a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, o limiar anaer&#243;bico &#233; atingido em intensidades de exerc&#237;cio que variam entre 50% e 75% do VO<sub>2</sub>max, enquanto que, para atletas de alto rendimento, pode ser atingido em intensidades de exerc&#237;cio de at&#233; 80% do VO<sub>2</sub>max.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Observando-se os equivalentes ventilat&#243;rios de oxig&#234;nio (raz&#227;o entre VE em l/min e VO<sub>2</sub> em l/min, VE/VO<sub>2</sub>) em um dado minuto durante o TCPE, &#233; poss&#237;vel identificar um padr&#227;o em forma de U com um claro valor m&#237;nimo. Ramos et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> denominaram esse VE/VO<sub>2</sub> m&#237;nimo, uma vari&#225;vel adimensional, de ponto &#243;timo cardiorrespirat&#243;rio (POC) com dados de refer&#234;ncia para idade e sexo. Sugeriram que o POC reflete a integra&#231;&#227;o circula&#231;&#227;o-respira&#231;&#227;o, assim como o uso mais econ&#244;mico da ventila&#231;&#227;o para a obten&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio para os tecidos ativos durante o exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, vale comentar que o VO<sub>2</sub>max depende da realiza&#231;&#227;o de um teste de exerc&#237;cio verdadeiramente m&#225;ximo. Embora o LV possa ser avaliado no n&#237;vel subm&#225;ximo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> ele tamb&#233;m requer um n&#237;vel de exerc&#237;cio mais intenso se comparado ao da avalia&#231;&#227;o do POC. Al&#233;m disso, a medida do LV pode ser comprometida pela exist&#234;ncia de v&#225;rios crit&#233;rios distintos para sua identifica&#231;&#227;o e/ou caracteriza&#231;&#227;o, pois n&#227;o pode ser precisamente definido em todos os casos, o que limita seu uso tanto na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica quanto no desempenho esportivo.</p>
      <p>A aplica&#231;&#227;o do POC para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do desempenho de atletas pode ser interessante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Al&#233;m disso, sendo o POC uma vari&#225;vel subm&#225;xima do TCPE, seu uso &#233; de particular interesse para indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o conseguem alcan&#231;ar um TCPE m&#225;ximo por limita&#231;&#245;es funcionais. No cen&#225;rio dos esportes, onde h&#225; muito pouca oportunidade ou inten&#231;&#227;o de realiza&#231;&#227;o de repetidos TCPE m&#225;ximos durante a temporada de competi&#231;&#227;o, o POC seria uma op&#231;&#227;o, pois sua medida e seu acompanhamento ao longo da temporada seriam de mais f&#225;cil obten&#231;&#227;o e aceita&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Como j&#225; descrito pelo mesmo grupo de pesquisa,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> o valor do POC aumenta com a idade e tende a ser ligeiramente mais alto em mulheres, com modestas associa&#231;&#245;es com outras medidas ventilat&#243;rias, sugerindo uma contribui&#231;&#227;o independente e potencial na interpreta&#231;&#227;o da resposta cardiorrespirat&#243;ria ao TCPE. Ramos e Araujo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> tamb&#233;m mostraram que o POC fornece valiosa informa&#231;&#227;o quanto ao risco de mortalidade por todas as causas em mulheres e homens a partir da meia-idade. Em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis com POC &lt; 22, n&#227;o houve morte durante um acompanhamento de seis anos, sugerindo que o menor n&#237;vel de POC seja um indicador de bom progn&#243;stico. Ao longo dos anos, pode-se considerar que haja piora na VE e redu&#231;&#227;o no VO<sub>2</sub>max, que s&#227;o vari&#225;veis diretamente envolvidas no c&#225;lculo do POC. Entretanto, o decl&#237;nio na ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar pode ser menos significativo ou numericamente importante do que a redu&#231;&#227;o no VO<sub>2</sub>, explicando, assim, os valores mais altos de POC em idosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O estudo publicado nesta edi&#231;&#227;o por Souza e Silva et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> &#233; o primeiro a descrever o perfil do POC em atletas, tendo se baseado em jogadores de futebol de elite submetidos a TCPE em esteira rolante conforme protocolo de rampa. Os autores relataram que os valores de POC n&#227;o diferiram significativamente conforme a posi&#231;&#227;o em campo dos atletas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o com VO<sub>2</sub>max e LV indica que o POC acrescenta informa&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros convencionais do TCPE; entretanto, falta determinar se esse POC tem papel significativo em termos de desempenho no futebol e/ou no monitoramento das respostas ao treinamento ao longo da temporada de competi&#231;&#245;es. N&#227;o obstante, a informa&#231;&#227;o fornecida por esse novo estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> &#233; original e deveria ser confirmada em futuros estudos que incluam a interpreta&#231;&#227;o de outras vari&#225;vels de TCPE em atletas, em especial aqueles que participam de eventos esportivos de resist&#234;ncia muito longos, como maratona ou triatlon, situa&#231;&#245;es em que o atleta se exercita em intensidade inferior ao LV e provavelmente mais pr&#243;xima ao POC.</p>
      <p>Concluindo, o POC, definido como o mais baixo valor de VE/VO<sub>2</sub> em um dado minuto do TCPE, foi associado com mortalidade por todas as causas na popula&#231;&#227;o frequentemente avaliada em teste de exerc&#237;cio cl&#237;nico de rotina. O POC &#233; uma vari&#225;vel reproduz&#237;vel e fisiologicamente baseada no TCPE. Al&#233;m disso, a disponibilidade de dados de refer&#234;ncia quanto a idade e sexo em uma grande amostra de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis &#233; uma vantagem em compara&#231;&#227;o aos demais &#237;ndices de TCPE frequentemente obtidos em um TCPE m&#225;ximo. O estudo recente de Souza e Silva et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> representa um avan&#231;o para o POC ao sugerir seu potencial uso em jogadores de futebol adultos profissionais. Futuros estudos longitudinais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar a relev&#226;ncia do POC e se sua medida poderia substituir outras vari&#225;vels ventilat&#243;rias relevantes do TCPE, como LV ou VO<sub>2</sub>max, em atletas.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
