<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">WCgHpMjGJTvTPVZxXmFNr6R</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000400318</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20180042</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorials</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Can Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Contribute to Train Soccer Players?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Santa Cruz</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Lisbon</city>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Santa Cruz/Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Miguel Mendes</bold> Hospital de Santa Cruz - Av. Prof. Reynaldo dos Santos, s/n. 2790-134 - Carnaxide, Portugal. E-mail: <email>miguel.mendes.md@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Jul-Aug</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>318</fpage>
      <lpage>319</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Football / trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Spirometry / methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Athletic Performance</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Soccer, which draws crowds and moves huge sums of money, has not been dissociated from science, being frequently approached in studies conducted by the academy or upon request of technical teams, aimed at optimizing the sports outcomes.</p>
    <p>A training plan is used to prepare for the soccer competition and comprises purely physical, psychological, technical (p. ex.: pass, dribble, feint, leaps) and tactical components. In the preseason and during the competitive season, coaches measure and monitor different variables of the training.</p>
    <p>The players of a soccer team, although having the same baseline physical fitness, face different physical challenges depending on their field position in the game. From the goalkeeper, exceptional capacity of instantaneous reaction, impulsion, flexibility and motor coordination, particularly of the upper limbs, are required. Field soccer players, however, must have good baseline aerobic conditioning associated with the capacity to repeatedly sprint during 2 to 4 seconds, every 90 seconds, covering distances that can range from 5 m to 40 m, in the case of lateral defenders and attackers, or be shorter, in the case of central-defenders and midfielders. During the 90 minutes of the game, elite soccer players walk or run approximately 10 km at a mean intensity similar to that achieved at the anaerobic threshold, with multiple explosive efforts, namely sprints, corresponding to as much as 11% of the distance covered during the game.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The intermittent nature of soccer games requires the use of three types of energy substrates. The aerobic pathway supports the periods of walking or slow running (90% of game duration), while phosphocreatine and the anaerobic pathway are the sources of energy used in repeated explosive efforts, frequently carried out at a velocity superior to that achieved at the maximal effort of exercise testing and that the athlete will be able to repeat only after properly restoring the different energy substrates to the muscles.</p>
    <p>The study by Souza e Silva et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> published in this IJCS issue, assessed, for the first time in athletes, the cardiorespiratory optimal point (COP) determined in a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX), performed on a treadmill according to the ramp protocol in 198 soccer players of a major team of a Carioca club, between January 2005 and December 2016. They concluded that COP values do not differ according to the soccer players&#8217; field positions.</p>
    <p>The COP is the minimum value of the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (ratio between ventilation per minute and oxygen consumption: VE/VO<sub>2</sub>) during a CPX. It represents the effort with the lowest ventilation per liter of oxygen consumed, considered the best integration point between respiration and circulation.</p>
    <p>The COP occurs at the initial phase of the CPX, at 30 - 50% of maximal oxygen consumption, correlated with neither maximal oxygen consumption nor anaerobic threshold. It is easily determined in incremental tests, independently of the observer or the athlete&#8217;s motivation, seeming useful for the assessment of healthy or ill individuals unable to achieve their maximum effort because of physical, psychological or other limitations.</p>
    <p>This new parameter has shown an inverse relationship with all-cause mortality of healthy and ill individuals aged 40 to 85 years, as well as an ability to estimate mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In the discussion of their article, Souza e Silva et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> hypothesized that the low COP values of those elite soccer players could represent a physiological advantage for sports practice, which, although logical, lacks confirmation.</p>
    <p>The consideration of COP, a parameter that occurs before the anaerobic threshold, to assess or guide the training of athletes, namely soccer players, raises doubts because the most intense and eventually discriminative efforts of soccer players occur at intensities close to the maximal effort.</p>
    <p>Psotta et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> studying young soccer players, have reported that the ability to perform sets of 10 repeated sprints can be predicted based on the mean velocity obtained in a 20-m sprint and in a 2-km race, suggesting the need for high-level anaerobic and aerobic abilities to properly respond to the demands of the game.</p>
    <p>Edwards et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> have reported that training brings the values of oxygen consumption at the anaerobic threshold and at the ventilatory threshold close to the values of oxygen consumption at peak effort, but it does not change the latter, as if the maximal oxygen consumption had already been optimized. The values of oxygen consumption at the anaerobic threshold and at maximal effort specifically reflect the ability to perform aerobic efforts. The COP should be studied in the context of sports training to assess whether it identifies athletes with excellent aerobic capacity at submaximal level or whether it can assess and monitor training during the competitive season.</p>
    <p>Regarding the possibility of parameters provided by an incremental and maximal CPX being capable of identifying the ability to sustain and repeat sudden and intense efforts in anaerobiosis and to recover rapidly, it seems more useful to focus on the parameters present close to the end of the exercise test, after overcoming the 2<sup>nd</sup> ventilatory threshold, which precedes the phase of exhaustion and defines the intensity of the effort the individual will be able to maintain during a few minutes, being useful to consider the load at which it occurs (e. g., the treadmill velocity).</p>
    <p>In addition, it might be useful to study how long an individual can sustain exercise at high lactatemia levels (e.g. &gt; 6 - 8 mmol) or high respiratory quotient (&gt; 1.10), considering the training of soccer players or other sports practitioners with similar physical requirements.</p>
    <p>This is a very interesting and challenging field of work and study for the scientific community, which continues committed to produce knowledge that might contribute to enhance the performance of athletes with access to new technologies.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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        <label>1</label>
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              <surname>Chamari</surname>
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              <surname>Castagna</surname>
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              <surname>Wisl&#248;ff</surname>
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          <article-title>Physiology of soccer an update</article-title>
          <source>Sports Med</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>501</fpage>
          <lpage>536</lpage>
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        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Souza e Silva CG, Castro CL, France JF, Bottino A, Myers J, Araujo CG. Ponto &#243;timo cardiorrespirat&#243;rio em futebolistas profissionais: uma nova vari&#225;vel subm&#225;xima de exerc&#237;cio. Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2018;[online].ahead print.PP.0-0</mixed-citation>
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						<name><surname>Araujo</surname><given-names>CG</given-names></name>
					</person-group>
          <article-title>Ponto &#243;timo cardiorrespirat&#243;rio em futebolistas profissionais: uma nova vari&#225;vel subm&#225;xima de exerc&#237;cio</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiovasc Sci</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <comment>online</comment>
          <comment>ahead print.PP.0-0</comment>
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        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Ramos PS, Ara&#250;jo CG. Cardiorespiratory optimal point during exercise testing as a predictor of all-cause mortality. Rev Port Cardiol. 2017;36(4):261-9.</mixed-citation>
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            <name>
              <surname>Ramos</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiorespiratory optimal point during exercise testing as a predictor of all-cause mortality</article-title>
          <source>Rev Port Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>261</fpage>
          <lpage>269</lpage>
        </element-citation>
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        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Psotta R, Bun V, Hendl J, Tenney D, Heller J. Is repeated-sprint ability of soccer players predictable from field-based or laboratory physiological tests? J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2011;51(1):18-25.</mixed-citation>
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            <name>
              <surname>Psotta</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bun</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hendl</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tenney</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heller</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Is repeated-sprint ability of soccer players predictable from field-based or laboratory physiological tests?</article-title>
          <source>J Sports Med Phys Fitness</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>18</fpage>
          <lpage>25</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
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        <mixed-citation>5 Edwards AM, Clark N, Macfadyen AM. Lactate and ventilatory thresholds reflect the training status of professional soccer players where maximum aerobic power is unchanged. J Sports Sci Med. 2003;2:23-9.</mixed-citation>
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            <name>
              <surname>Edwards</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clark</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Macfadyen</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lactate and ventilatory thresholds reflect the training status of professional soccer players where maximum aerobic power is unchanged</article-title>
          <source>J Sports Sci Med</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
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        </element-citation>
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    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editoriais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Teste de Exerc&#237;cio Cardiopulmonar Pode Contribuir para o Treino de Futebolistas?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Santa Cruz/Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Miguel Mendes</bold> Hospital de Santa Cruz - Av. Prof. Reynaldo dos Santos, s/n. 2790-134 - Carnaxide, Portugal. E-mail: <email>miguel.mendes.md@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Futebol/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Espirometria/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Desempenho Atl&#233;tico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>O futebol, que arrasta multid&#245;es e movimenta somas vultuosas, n&#227;o tem estado alheado da ci&#234;ncia, sendo frequentemente alvo de estudos realizados por iniciativa de acad&#234;micos ou a pedido das suas equipes t&#233;cnicas, com vista &#224; otimiza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados desportivos.</p>
      <p>A competi&#231;&#227;o &#233; preparada atrav&#233;s de um plano de treino que integra componentes puramente f&#237;sicos, psicol&#243;gicos, t&#233;cnicos (p. ex.: passe, remate, finta, saltos) e t&#225;ticos, entre outros. Na pr&#233;-temporada e ao longo da &#233;poca competitiva, os treinadores pretendem medir e monitorizar as diferentes vari&#225;veis do treino.</p>
      <p>Os jogadores de uma equipe de futebol, embora partilhando uma base comum de condi&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, t&#234;m exig&#234;ncias distintas consoante a posi&#231;&#227;o que ocupam no terreno de jogo. Ao goleiro exige-se uma capacidade de rea&#231;&#227;o instant&#226;nea, impuls&#227;o, flexibilidade e coordena&#231;&#227;o de movimentos excepcionais, particularmente ao n&#237;vel dos membros superiores, enquanto os jogadores de campo carecem de uma boa condi&#231;&#227;o aer&#243;bia de base, associada &#224; capacidade para realizarem repetidos sprints durante 2 a 4 segundos, a cada 90 segundos, percorrendo dist&#226;ncias que podem variar entre 5 m e 40 m para os defesas-laterais e para os atacantes e mais curtas para os defesas-centrais (zagueiros) e para os jogadores de meio-campo. Ao longo dos 90 minutos do jogo, os jogadores de elite caminham ou correm cerca de 10 km a uma intensidade m&#233;dia semelhante &#224; atingida no limiar anaer&#243;bio, realizando m&#250;ltiplos esfor&#231;os explosivos, nomeadamente sprints que constituem at&#233; 11% da dist&#226;ncia percorrida durante o jogo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Essa natureza intermitente do desporto faz apelo aos tr&#234;s tipos de substratos energ&#233;ticos. A via aer&#243;bia sustenta os per&#237;odos de marcha ou de corrida lenta (realizada em 90% do tempo de jogo) e a fosfocreatina e a via anaer&#243;bia s&#227;o as fontes da energia utilizada nos esfor&#231;os explosivos e repetitivos, efetuados frequentemente com velocidade superior &#224; atingida no esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo do teste de exerc&#237;cio e que o atleta s&#243; estar&#225; apto a repetir ap&#243;s reposi&#231;&#227;o adequada dos diferentes substratos energ&#233;ticos aos m&#250;sculos.</p>
      <p>Souza e Silva et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> publicam neste n&#250;mero do IJCS um artigo original onde estudaram, pela primeira vez em atletas, o ponto &#243;timo cardiorrespirat&#243;rio (POC) determinado em testes de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonares (TECP) m&#225;ximos, realizados em esteira rolante, segundo um protocolo de rampa em 198 futebolistas de uma equipe carioca da divis&#227;o A, entre janeiro de 2005 e dezembro de 2016. Conclu&#237;ram que o valor de POC n&#227;o diferencia os futebolistas em fun&#231;&#227;o da sua posi&#231;&#227;o no campo.</p>
      <p>O POC &#233; o menor valor atingido no equivalente do oxig&#234;nio (raz&#227;o entre ventila&#231;&#227;o por minuto e consumo de oxig&#234;nio - VE/VO<sub>2</sub>) no decorrer de um TECP. Marca o ponto do esfor&#231;o em que &#233; mais baixa a ventila&#231;&#227;o por cada litro de oxig&#234;nio consumido, sendo considerado como o momento em que se atinge a melhor integra&#231;&#227;o entre circula&#231;&#227;o e respira&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Esse par&#226;metro ocorre na fase inicial do TECP, a cerca de 30 - 50% do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio, e n&#227;o est&#225; correlacionado com o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio nem com o limiar anaer&#243;bio. &#201; f&#225;cil de determinar em testes incrementais, independente do observador ou da motiva&#231;&#227;o do atleta, pelo que parece &#250;til para avaliar indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis ou doentes que n&#227;o conseguem realizar esfor&#231;os m&#225;ximos por limita&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas, psicol&#243;gicas ou outras.</p>
      <p>Esse novo par&#226;metro j&#225; demonstrou ter rela&#231;&#227;o inversa com a mortalidade global em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e doentes, com idade entre 40 e 85 anos, al&#233;m de capacidade para estimar a mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Souza e Silva et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> na discuss&#227;o do artigo, colocam a hip&#243;tese de os valores baixos de POC, presentes nesses futebolistas de elevado n&#237;vel, poderem representar uma vantagem fisiol&#243;gica para a pr&#225;tica desportiva, o que parece l&#243;gico, mas carece de confirma&#231;&#227;o em estudos futuros.</p>
      <p>Considerar que o POC, um par&#226;metro que ocorre antes do limiar anaer&#243;bio, com interesse para avaliar ou orientar o treino de atletas, nomeadamente de futebolistas, suscita d&#250;vidas porque os esfor&#231;os mais intensos e eventualmente mais discriminativos entre os jogadores verificam-se a intensidades pr&#243;ximas do esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo.</p>
      <p>Psotta et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> estudando jovens futebolistas, verificaram que a capacidade de realizar s&#233;ries de 10 sprints repetidos pode ser predita pela velocidade m&#233;dia obtida num sprint de 20 m e numa corrida de 2 km, o que sugere ser necess&#225;rio ter capacidades anaer&#243;bia e aer&#243;bia de bom n&#237;vel para corresponder adequadamente &#224;s solicita&#231;&#245;es do jogo.</p>
      <p>Edwards et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> verificaram que o treino aproxima os valores de consumo de oxig&#234;nio do limiar anaer&#243;bio e dos limiares ventilat&#243;rios do consumo de oxig&#234;nio no pico de esfor&#231;o, mas n&#227;o modifica esse valor, como se o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio j&#225; estivesse otimizado. Os valores de consumo de oxig&#234;nio no limiar anaer&#243;bio e no esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo refletem especificamente a capacidade para realizar esfor&#231;os aer&#243;bios. O POC deve ser estudado no contexto do treino desportivo para avaliar se identifica atletas com excelente capacidade aer&#243;bia a n&#237;vel subm&#225;ximo ou se tem interesse para avaliar e monitorizar o treino ao longo da &#233;poca desportiva.</p>
      <p>Relativamente &#224; possibilidade de par&#226;metros fornecidos por um TECP incremental e m&#225;ximo serem capazes de identificar a capacidade para sustentar e repetir esfor&#231;os bruscos e intensos em anaerobiose e deles recuperar rapidamente, parece mais &#250;til focar a aten&#231;&#227;o nos par&#226;metros que se observam perto do final do teste de exerc&#237;cio, depois de ser ultrapassado o 2&#186; limiar ventilat&#243;rio (VT2), que antecede a fase de exaust&#227;o e define a intensidade de esfor&#231;o que o indiv&#237;duo ter&#225; capacidade para manter durante poucos minutos, parecendo &#250;til valorizar a carga (p. ex. a velocidade da esteira) a que ocorre.</p>
      <p>Os tempos de exerc&#237;cio que o indiv&#237;duo consegue sustentar a n&#237;veis elevados de lactatemia (p. ex. &gt; 6 - 8 mmol) ou de quociente respirat&#243;rio (&gt; 1,10) tamb&#233;m poder&#227;o ser par&#226;metros com utilidade para estudar, tendo em vista o treino de futebolistas ou de outros praticantes de desportos com exig&#234;ncias f&#237;sicas semelhantes.</p>
      <p>Trata-se de um campo de estudo e de trabalho muito interessante e desafiante para a comunidade cient&#237;fica, que continua empenhada em produzir conhecimento que possa contribuir para melhorar o desempenho dos atletas com recurso a novas tecnologias.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
