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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KLKrfqYHKnVxNzyPcrTcBVM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000300290</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S2359-56472018005001104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20180010</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Clinical Usefulness of Cystatin C to Assess the Prognosis of Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martucheli</surname>
            <given-names>Karine Farnese Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Domingueti</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o Del-Rei</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Jo&#227;o Del-Rei</city>
            <state>MG</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o Del-Rei, S&#227;o Jo&#227;o Del-Rei, MG - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Caroline Pereira Domingueti.</bold> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o Del-Rei - Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu - Rua Sebasti&#227;o Gon&#231;alves Coelho, 400. Postal Code: 35501-296, Chanadour, Divin&#243;polis, MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>caroldomingueti@ufsj.edu.br</email>, <email>caroldomingueti@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Martucheli KFC, Domingueti CP. Acquisition of data: Martucheli KFC, Domingueti CP. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Martucheli KFC, Domingueti CP. Statistical analysis: Martucheli KFC, Domingueti CP. Writing of the manuscript: Martucheli KFC. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Domingueti CP. Supervision / as the major investigador: Domingueti CP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>290</fpage>
      <lpage>307</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Cystatin C is used as a marker of renal function and has been shown to be promising for evaluating the prognosis of acute coronary syndromes (ACSs). To evaluate the prognostic value of cystatin C in patients with ACSs. The articles were searched using PubMed, Web of Science and Scielo databases. Observational cohort studies that evaluated the association between increased cystatin C and the development of cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with ACSs were included. Only studies that evaluated similar outcomes, studies that compared the highest with the lowest quartiles of cystatin C, and studies that performed multivariate analysis that included glomerular filtration rate or serum creatinine, were included in the meta-analysis. Methodological quality of the articles was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale questionnaire for cohort studies. After applying the eligibility criteria, 17 studies were included in the systematic review. All included studies reported a significant association between higher levels of cystatin C and outcomes. The meta-analysis demonstrated that elevated levels of cystatin C are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality or non-fatal myocardial infarction in patients with ACSs, and such association is independent of renal function [OR = 1.65 (1.464 - 1.861), p &lt; 0.001]. Among the studies included, 4 have good quality and 13 have excellent methodological quality.The systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated that there is a significant association between increased cystatin C levels and the development of cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with ACSs.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome / Physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Cystatin C</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cystatin C is a protein belonging to cystatin superfamily of human cysteine protease inhibitors, which is composed of 12 proteins.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> It is produced at a constant rate by nucleated cells. Due to its low molecular weight (13-kDa) and basic isoelectric point, cystatin C is removed from the bloodstream by glomerular filtration, reabsorbed and catabolized by tubular epithelial cells.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Serum cystatin C has been used as a marker of renal function, and suggested as a better endogenous marker of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) compared with serum creatinine.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The protein is able to detect small reductions in GFR, enabling the early diagnosis of renal dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Some studies have demonstrated that increased levels of cystatin C in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular events, cardiovascular death and overall mortality, indicating that cystatin C is a promising prognostic marker of ACSs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> However, due to lack of scientific evidence of its prognostic value, cystatin C has not been used in clinical practice.</p>
      <p>Few systematic reviews<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> or meta-analysis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> have been performed on the theme, and none of them has included exclusively ACS patients. Therefore, it is of great importance the development of a systematic review and a meta-analysis on this subject in order to compile and analyze the results of currently available studies. In light of this, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the prognostic value of cystatin C in patients with ACS.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Search strategy</title>
        <p>An electronic search was conducted in Medline via PubMed, Web of Science and Scielo databases. Descriptors were determined using the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) for the search in PubMed and Web of Science, and the Health Sciences Descriptors for Scielo database. The search was conducted until 30 May, 2016.</p>
        <p>The search strategy in Pubmed and Web of Science included the term "cystatin C" and its variations, combined with all variations of the term "acute coronary syndrome", using the connector word "AND". The search strategy in Scielo included the term "cystatin C" combined with all variations of the term "acute coronary syndrome", using the connector word "AND".</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Eligibility criteria</title>
        <p>Articles written in English, Portuguese or Spanish that met these eligibility criteria were included:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Study design: observational cohort studies.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Study population: patients with ACS - unstable angina, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) - with increased baseline cystatin C levels.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Exposure: increased cystatin C levels.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Clinical outcome: cardiovascular events or mortality evaluated by odds ratio/relative risk and/or differences between the proportions of patients with higher and lower levels of cystatin C.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>The following events were considered cardiovascular events: acute myocardial infarction, need for revascularization, stroke, recurrent angina, unstable angina, heart failure and cardiovascular death.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Article selection</title>
        <p>After exclusion of duplicate articles, articles published until 30 May 2016 that met the eligibility criteria were selected. The articles were selected by two independent investigators in two steps: in the first step, analysis of the title and abstracts was performed; in the second step, the articles selected in the previous step were read in full.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data extraction from the articles</title>
        <p>The following information was extracted from each article: type of ACS, diagnostic method for ACS, number of patients, patients' age range; time of follow-up, outcome measures, method for cystatin C measurement, patients' kidney function (normal or not), GFR or serum creatinine, patients' classification by cystatin levels, variables included in the multivariate analysis, results (frequency of cardiovascular events, cardiovascular death or all-cause mortality and/or odds ratio).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of the methodological quality of the articles</title>
        <p>Methodological quality of the articles included in the systematic review was assessed by two reviewers. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> for cohort studies was used, which also included the following evaluation categories - cohort selection, comparability of cohorts and outcome. A maximum of one star can be attributed to the categories selection of the cohorts and outcome, a maximum of two stars can be attributed to comparability of the cohorts, such that quality of the studies can be awarded up to nine stars. Articles awarded 5 or 6 stars were considered of good methodological quality, and those awarded 7 stars were considered of excellent methodological quality.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Meta-analysis</title>
        <p>In this meta-analysis, we included only studies that analyzed similar outcomes, studies that compared the fourth quartile with the first quartile of cystatin C, and studies that performed multivariate analysis (which included, among other variables, GFR or serum creatinine). Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval adjusted by multivariate analysis and heterogeneity between studies were analyzed by the I2 test. The studies were considered homogeneous when I2 was greater than 50% and p-value was lower than 0.10. Odds ratio was calculated using the fixed or the random effect model in case of homogeneity or heterogeneity, respectively. The Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software version 3 was used for statistical analysis.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>In the initial search, 640 articles were identified, and 17 were included in this systematic review (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flowchart of the articles selected for systematic review and meta-analysis.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-03-0290-80010-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The studies that met the eligibility criteria were published between 2004 and 2015; characteristics of these studies are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. The studies included patients with ACS, 29.4% (n = 5) of them included STEMI patients only, 17.7% (n = 3) evaluated only patients with NSTEMI, 23.5% (n = 4) analyzed patients with unstable angina, STEMI and NSTEMI, and 17.7% (n = 3) examined patients with unstable angina and NSTEMI, and 11.7% (n = 2) evaluated patients with NSTEMI and STEMI. Among the studies evaluated, 35.3% (n = 6) used the recommended diagnostic criteria,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> whereas 41.2% (n = 7) did not use these criteria; 23.5% (n = 4) did not report the criteria used.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of the selected studies</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Author/Year</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Type of acute coronary syndrome</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Diagnostic method for acute coronary syndrome</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Number of patients /<break/>Age range (years)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Time of follow-up / Outcome measure</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Method of cystatin C measurement</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Inclusion of patients with normal kidney function only </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">GFR of patients (mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>) or serum creatinine </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" colspan="8">Studies included only in the systematic review and meta-analysis</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tonkin et al., 2015<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Unstable angina, NSTEMI, STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">NI</td>
              <td align="center">9014/<break/>31-75</td>
              <td align="center">5 years/<break/>Cardiovascular death, non-fatal infarction</td>
              <td align="center">Immunoturbidimetry</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">GFR = 69 (60-80)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Akerblom et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">NSTEMI, STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">NSTEMI: at least two of these criteria: change in ST segment; increase in cardiac marker levels; presence of one of the risk factors.<break/>STEMI: at least two of the following criteria: ST segment elevation in ECG; recent left bundle branch block; intention to perform primary PCI.</td>
              <td align="center">16401/<break/>57 (51-64)<break/>(1<sup>st</sup> quartile) 59 (52-67)<break/>(2<sup>nd</sup> quartile)<break/>63 (56-71)<break/>(3<sup>rd</sup> quartile)<break/>70 (61-76)<break/>(4<sup>th</sup> quartile)</td>
              <td align="center">12 months/<break/>Cardiovascular death, non-fatal infarction</td>
              <td align="center">Immunoturbidimetry</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">GFR = 82,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" colspan="8">Studies included only in the systematic review</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tang et al., 2015<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">Chest pain &gt; 30 min, ST segment elevation in ECG; recent left bundle branch block; increase in cardiac markers</td>
              <td align="center">108/<break/>58.8 &#177; 9.8 (cystatin C &lt; 1.36 mg/L)<break/>65.9 &#177; 11.3 (cystatin C &#8805; <break/>1.36 mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">6 months/<break/>Cardiovascular death, non-fatal infarction, need of revascularization, stroke and CHF</td>
              <td align="center">Immunoturbidimetry</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">GFR = 81.6 &#177; 22.5 (cystatin C &#8805; <break/>1.36 mg/L)<break/>GFR = 99.5 &#177; 20.8 (cystatin C &lt; <break/>1.36 mg/L)<break/>p = 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fu et al., 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Unstable angina, NSTEMI, STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">NI</td>
              <td align="center">660/<break/>81.74 &#177; 2.54 (group with diabetes)<break/>81.99 &#177; 2.21 (group without diabetes)</td>
              <td align="center">28 months/<break/>All-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, need of revascularization</td>
              <td align="center">NI</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">GFR = 68.67 (55.97-82.14) (with DM)<break/>GFR = 72.55 (63.08-81.74) (without DM)<break/>p = 0.106</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Akgul et al., 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">Chest pain &gt; 30 min, ST segment elevation in ECG</td>
              <td align="center">475/<break/>62.8 &#177; 13.1<break/>(3<sup>rd</sup> quartile)<break/>52.3 &#177; 10.5<break/>(1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> quartiles)</td>
              <td align="center">1 month/<break/>Cardiovascular death,<break/>non-fatal infarction, need of revascularization</td>
              <td align="center">Immunoturbidimetry</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">GFR = 70.6 &#177; 24.3 (cystatin C &gt; <break/>1.12 mg/L)<break/>GFR = 98.1 &#177; 22.8 (cystatin C &#8804; <break/>1.12 mg/L)<break/>p &lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Widera et al., 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Unstable angina, NSTEMI</td>
              <td align="center">Unstable angina: increased levels of cardiac troponin.<break/>NSTEMI: increased levels or cardiac troponin, signs of ischemia in ECG, CAD, at least one 50% coronary stenosis</td>
              <td align="center">1146/<break/>74 (68-80) (with cardiac event)<break/>69 (59-76) (without cardiac event)</td>
              <td align="center">6 months/<break/>All-cause mortality, non-fatal infarction</td>
              <td align="center">Immunoturbidimetry</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">Serum creatinine (mg/dL) = 1.20(0.90-1.65) (with cardiac event)<break/>Serum creatinine (mg/dL) = 0.93 (0.79-1.13) (without cardiac event)<break/>p &lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Manzano -Fern&#225;ndez et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Unstable angina, NSTEMI</td>
              <td align="center">Chest pain &#8805; 10 min within 72 hours before hospital admission and/or ST segment deviation or increased cardiac markers</td>
              <td align="center">226/<break/>58 &#177; 11<break/>(1<sup>st</sup> quartile)<break/>64 &#177; 10<break/>(2<sup>nd</sup> quartile)<break/>71 &#177; 10<break/>(3<sup>rd</sup> quartile)<break/>76 &#177; 7<break/>(4<sup>th</sup> quartile)</td>
              <td align="center">At least 12 months/<break/>All-cause mortality</td>
              <td align="center">Immunonephelometry</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">GFR = 92.1 &#177; 25.7 (1<sup>st</sup> quartile)<break/>GFR = 85.9 &#177; 19.8 (2<sup>nd</sup> quartile)<break/>GFR = 77.8 &#177; 14.2 (3<sup>rd</sup> quartile)<break/>GFR = 54.8 &#177; 16.8 (4<sup>th</sup> quartile)<break/>p &#8804; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ristiniemi et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">NSTEMI</td>
              <td align="center">NI</td>
              <td align="center">245/<break/>62 (10.9)<break/>(1<sup>st</sup> tertile)<break/>69 (9.5)<break/>(2<sup>nd</sup> tertile)<break/>76 (8.8)<break/>(3<sup>rd</sup> tertile)</td>
              <td align="center">12 months/<break/>All-cause mortality non-fatal infarction</td>
              <td align="center">Immunofluorescence</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">GFR = 76 (17.4) (1<sup>st</sup> tertile)<break/>GFR = 62 (15.2) (2<sup>nd</sup> tertile)<break/>GFR = 44 (15.5) (3<sup>rd</sup> tertile)<break/>p &lt; 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Silva et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">Chest pain at rest &gt; 30 min, ST segment elevation in ECG or left bundle branch block</td>
              <td align="center">151/<break/>61 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">12 months/<break/>All-cause mortality, non-fatal infarction</td>
              <td align="center">Immunonephelometry</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">GFR = 96.9 &#177; 37.1<break/>(no death or infarction)<break/>GFR = 80.9 &#177; 25.3<break/>(death or infarction)<break/>p &gt; 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sun et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Unstable angina, NSTEMI, STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">NI</td>
              <td align="center">660 patients/<break/>62.5 &#177; 10.5 (with cardiac event)<break/>59.9 &#177; 10.6 (without cardiac event)</td>
              <td align="center">At least 12 months/<break/>All-cause mortality, non-fatal infarction, need of revascularization, CHF, recurrent chest angina, stroke</td>
              <td align="center">Immunoturbidimetry</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">GFR = 96.00 (with cardiac event)<break/>GFR = 104.08 (without cardiac event)<break/>p = 0.057</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Kaski et al., 2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Unstable angina, NSTEMI</td>
              <td align="center">Chest pain at rest &gt; 5 min, and &#8805; 1 of these criteria: signs of myocardial ischemia in ECG, CAD and/or myocardial revascularization with PCI or bypass surgery; increased cardiac troponin</td>
              <td align="center">610/<break/>67.2 &#177; 10.9 (with cardiac event)<break/>64.5 &#177; 11.3 (without cardiac event)</td>
              <td align="center">12 months/<break/>All-cause mortality, non-fatal infarction</td>
              <td align="center">Immunonephelometry</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">GFR = 74 (58-87) (with cardiac event)<break/>GFR = 78 (64-94) (without cardiac event)<break/>p = 0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Taglieri et al., 2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">NSTEMI</td>
              <td align="center">Chest pain and at least one of the following criteria: signs of myocardial ischemia in ECG; increased cardiac markers; history of CAD</td>
              <td align="center">525/<break/>58 (50-66)<break/>(1<sup>st</sup> quartile)<break/>63 (53-70)<break/>(2<sup>nd</sup> quartile)<break/>68 (59-74)<break/>(3<sup>rd</sup> quartile)<break/>72 (67-67)<break/>(4<sup>th</sup> quartile)</td>
              <td align="center">12 months/<break/>Cardiovascular death, non-fatal infarction, unstable angina</td>
              <td align="center">Immunonephelometry</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">GFR = 92.3 (80.2-107.4)<break/>(1<sup>st</sup> quartile)<break/>GFR = 84.0 (74.9-97.3)<break/>(2<sup>nd</sup> quartile)<break/>GFR = 75.1(62.6-89.8)<break/>(3<sup>rd</sup> quartile)<break/>GFR = 59.1(47.5-72.9)<break/>(4<sup>th</sup> quartile)<break/>p &lt; 0.001<break/>(4<sup>th</sup> quartile x 1<sup>st</sup>, 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> quartile)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Derzhko et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">Chest pain &gt; 20 min, ST segment elevation in ECG, increased cardiac troponin</td>
              <td align="center">150/<break/>56.99 &#177; 11.3</td>
              <td align="center">6 months/<break/>CHF, non-fatal infarction, unstable angina, all-cause mortality</td>
              <td align="center">Immunonephelometry</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">Serum creatinine (mg/dL) (general) = <break/>1.02 &#177; 0.17</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ichimoto et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">Chest pain &gt; 30 min, ST segment elevation in ECG, CK-MB levels twice greater than upper normal limit</td>
              <td align="center">71/<break/>61.9 &#177; 10.4 (cystatin C &lt; 0.96 mg/L)<break/>66.5 &#177; 12.6 (cystatin C &#8805; <break/>0.96 mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">Approximately 6 months/<break/>All-cause mortality, non-fatal infarction, need of revascularization, stroke, CHF</td>
              <td align="center">Immunoturbidimetry</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">Serum creatinine (mg/dL) = 0,93 &#177; 0,22 (cystatin C &#8805; 0,96 mg/L)<break/>Serum creatinine (mg/dL) = 0,72 &#177; 0,14 (cystatin C &lt; 0,96 mg/L)<break/>p &lt; 0,01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Kilic et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Unstable angina, NSTEMI, STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">Increased cardiac markers and at least one of these criteria: chest pain; development of pathological Q waves in ECG; signs of ischemia in ECG; PCI; pathological findings of AMI</td>
              <td align="center">160/<break/>59 &#177; 10 (without cardiovascular events)<break/>61 &#177; 10 (with cardiovascular events)</td>
              <td align="center">12 months/<break/>Cardiovascular death, non-fatal infarction, recurrent angina</td>
              <td align="center">Immunoenzymatic assay</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">GFR = 80 &#177; 31 (with cardiac events)<break/>GFR = 92 &#177; 35 (without cardiac events)<break/>p = 0,03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Garc&#237;a Acu&#241;a et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">NSTEMI, STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">At least two of these criteria: chest pain: signs of ischemia in ECG; increased cardiac markers</td>
              <td align="center">203/<break/>59.21 &#177; 12.26 (cystatin C &#8804; <break/>0.95 mg/L)<break/>72.49 &#177; 10.69 (cystatin C &gt; 0.95 mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">Approximately 6 months/<break/>Heart failure, no-fatal infarction, cardiovascular death</td>
              <td align="center">Immunonephelometry</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">Patients with cystatin C &gt; <break/>0.95 mg/L had a higher frequency of GFR &lt; 60 and a lower frequency of GFR &gt; 90 in comparison with patients with cystatin C levels &#8804; 0,95 mg/L <break/>p = 0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Windhausen et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">NSTEMI</td>
              <td align="center">Chest pain with increasing intensity or at rest, increased levels of cardiac troponin, and one of these criteria: signs of ischemia in ECG; CAD</td>
              <td align="center">1128/<break/>57 &#177; 10<break/>(1<sup>st</sup> tertile)<break/>62 &#177; 10<break/>(2<sup>nd</sup> tertile)<break/>67 &#177; 9<break/>(3<sup>rd</sup> tertile)</td>
              <td align="center">3 years (infarction) and 4 years (death)/<break/>All-cause mortality, non-fatal infarction</td>
              <td align="center">Immunonephelometry</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">GFR = 102 (87-118) (1<sup>st</sup> tertile)<break/>GFR = 87 (75-103) (2<sup>nd</sup> tertile)<break/>GFR = 68 (56-82) (3<sup>rd</sup> tertile)<break/>p &lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>CK-MB: Creatine kinase isoenzyme MB; CAD: Coronary artery disease; ECG: Electrocardiogram; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; CHF: congestive heart failure; NI: not informed; NSTEMI: non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; STEMI: ST segment elevation myocardial infarction; GFR: glomerular filtration rate.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Sample size of these studies varied from 71 to 16,401 patients; it was greater than 1,000 in 23.5% of the studies (n = 4);<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> between 200 and 1,000 in 52.9% (n = 8) of the studies, and lower than 200 in 29.4% (n = 5) of the studies. Age of the study groups ranged from 31 to 82 years. Mean follow-up period was 15 months, varying from 1 month to 5 years. Patients were followed for 1-6 months in 35.3% (n = 6) of the studies and for more than 6 months in 64.7% (n = 11).</p>
      <p>In 52.9% (n = 9) of the studies, outcome measures were all-cause mortality and non-fatal cardiovascular events; 41.2% (n = 7) of them evaluated cardiovascular death and non-fatal cardiovascular events, and one study (5.9%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> analyzed all-cause mortality only.</p>
      <p>The methods for cystatin C measurement were immunonephelometry (41.2% [n = 7]), immunoturbidimetry (41.2% [n = 7]), immunofluorimetry (5.9% [n = 1]) and immunoenzymatic assay (5.9% [n = 1]), and one study (5.9%) did not report the method used.</p>
      <p>In 88.2% (n = 15) of the studies, patients with normal and altered kidney function were included, whereas 11.8% (n = 2) of the studies included patients with normal kidney function only. Kidney function was assessed mostly by GFR (82.4% [n = 14]), followed by serum creatinine (17.6% [n = 3]).</p>
      <p>Classification criteria of patients, the variables included in the multivariate analysis and results of each study are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. In 14 (82.3%) studies, patients were classified by cystatin levels, in 7 (41.2%) by quartiles, in 3 (17.6%) by tertiles. Two studies (11.8%) adopted the cutoff point to prevent cardiovascular events, one (5.9%) study used the median values of cystatin C levels, another study used the reference value of the cystatin C measurement method (immunonephelometry), whereas 3 (17.6%) studies did not make this classification.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Classification of patients, variables included in the multivariate analysis and results of the selected studies</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Author/Year</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Classification of patients according to cystatin C levels </th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Variables included in the multivariate analysis</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Results</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" colspan="4">Studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tonkin et al., 2015<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1<sup>st</sup> quartile (&lt; 0.72 mg/L)<break/>2<sup>nd</sup> quartile (0.72-0.81 mg/L)<break/>3<sup>rd</sup> quartile (0.81-0.93 mg/L)<break/>4<sup>th</sup> quartile (&gt; 0.93 mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">Age; sex; DM; current smoking; total cholesterol; triglycerides; fasting glycemia; acute coronary syndrome; hospitalization for unstable angina; History of coronary revascularization; systolic arterial pressure, history of hypertension; atrial fibrillation; GFR; BMI; level of dyspnea; level of angina; white blood cell count; peripheral arterial disease; use of aspirin; history of stroke.</td>
              <td align="center">Risk of cardiovascular events or death <break/>Univariate analysis:<break/>2<sup>nd</sup> quartile x 1<sup>st</sup> quartile: OR = 1.30 (1.07-1.59)<break/>3<sup>rd</sup> quartile x 1<sup>st</sup> quartile: OR = 1.33 (1.08-1.63)<break/>4<sup>th</sup> quartile x 1<sup>st</sup> quartile: OR = 1.75 (1.41-2.18). p &lt; 0.001<break/>Multivariate analysis:<break/>2<sup>nd</sup> quartile x 1<sup>st</sup> quartile: OR = 1.27 (1.05-1.54)<break/>3<sup>rd</sup> quartile x 1<sup>st</sup> quartile: OR = 1.31 (1.08-1.58)<break/>4<sup>th</sup> quartile x 1<sup>st</sup> quartile: OR = 1.64 (1.36-1.99). p &lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Akerblom et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1<sup>st</sup> quartile (&lt; 0.68 mg/L)<break/>2<sup>nd</sup> quartile (0.68-0.83 mg/L)<break/>3<sup>rd</sup> quartile (0.83-1.01 mg/L)<break/>4<sup>th</sup> quartile (&#8805;1.01 mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">Age; female sex; weight; smoking; hypertension; DM; MI; CHF; non-hemorrhagic stroke; peripheral artery disease; CKD; acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation; acute coronary syndrome with ST segment elevation; use of aspirin; use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors; use of beta-blockers, use of ACE inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blockers, or both; use of statin; use of proton-pump inhibitors; coronary angiography; primary PCI for acute coronary syndrome with ST segment elevation; other PCIs before index event; myocardial revascularization; serum creatinine</td>
              <td align="center">Risk of cardiovascular events or cardiovascular death:<break/>Multivariate analysis of STEMI patients:<break/>2<sup>nd</sup> quartile x 1<sup>st</sup> quartile: OR = 1.10 (0.86-1.42)<break/>3<sup>rd</sup> quartile x 1<sup>st</sup> quartile: OR = 1.23 (0.96-1.58)<break/>4<sup>th</sup> quartile x 1<sup>st</sup> quartile: OR = 1.81 (1.43-2.29)<break/>Multivariate analysis of NSTEMI patients:<break/>2<sup>nd</sup> quartile x 1<sup>st</sup> quartile: OR = 0.94 (0.74-1.18)<break/>3<sup>rd</sup> quartile x 1<sup>st</sup> quartile: OR = 1.19 (0.96-1.47)<break/>4<sup>th</sup> quartile x 1<sup>st</sup> quartile: OR = 1.55(1.26-1.90)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" colspan="4">Studies included in the systematic review</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tang et al., 2015<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Cystatin C &lt; median<break/>(&lt; 1.36 mg/L)<break/>Cystatin C &#8805; median<break/>(&#8805; 1.36 mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">Angiography without reflux; ST segment resolution &lt; 30%; IMR &gt; 33.7 U after PCI; serum cystatin C &#8805; median; peak CK-MB; baseline LVEF; left ventricular remodeling.</td>
              <td align="center">Proportion of patients who developed cardiovascular events or cardiovascular death:<break/>18.5% (cystatin C &#8805; median) x 13.0% (cystatin C &lt; median). p = 0.43<break/>Proportion of patients who developed CHF:<break/>18.5% (cystatin C &#8805; median) x 5.6% (cystatin C &lt; median). p = 0.022<break/>Risk for CHF:<break/>Univariate analysis:<break/>cystatin C &#8805; median x cystatin C &lt; median: <break/>OR = 4.54 (3.51 - 7.82).<break/>p &lt; 0.001<break/>Multivariate analysis:<break/>cystatin C &#8805; median x cystatin C &lt; median: <break/>OR = 3.85 (2.82 - 5.96).<break/>p = 0.005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fu et al., 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1<sup>st</sup> quartile (&lt; 1.23 mg/L)<break/>2<sup>nd</sup> quartile (1.23-1.43 mg/L)<break/>3<sup>rd</sup> quartile (1.44-1.82 mg/L)<break/>4<sup>th</sup> quartile (1.83-5.12 mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
              <td align="center">Risk of all-cause mortality:<break/>Univariate analysis:<break/>2<sup>nd</sup> quartile x 1<sup>st</sup> quartile: OR = 1.31 (1.23-1.43)<break/>3<sup>rd</sup> quartile x 1<sup>st</sup> quartile: OR = 1.59 (1.44-1.82)<break/>4<sup>th</sup> quartile x 1<sup>st</sup> quartile: OR = 2.23 (1.83-5.12)<break/>p = 0.0001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Akgul et al., 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> tertile (&#8804; 1.12 mg/L)<break/>3<sup>rd</sup> tertile (&gt; 1.12 mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">Age; female sex; DM; hypertension; current smoking; Killip class &gt; 1; anemia at admission; KF; lesion in three cardiac vessels; unsuccessful PCI; LVEF &lt; 40%; use of tirofiban; serum creatinine &gt; 1.5 mg/dL.</td>
              <td align="center">Proportion of patients who developed cardiovascular events:<break/>21.4% (3<sup>rd</sup> tertile) x 8.5% (1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> tertile).<break/>p &lt; 0.001<break/>Risk of cardiovascular death:<break/>Univariate analysis:<break/>3<sup>rd</sup> tertile x 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> tertiles: <break/>OR = 5.9 (2.6-13.3). p &lt; 0.001<break/>Multivariate analysis:<break/>3<sup>rd</sup> tertile x 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> tertiles: <break/>OR = 4.66 (1.3-16.6). p = 0.017</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Widera et al., 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Without classification</td>
              <td align="center">NA</td>
              <td align="center">Risk of cardiovascular event or all-cause mortality:<break/>Univariate analysis:<break/>Log (cystatin C): OR = 1.9 (1.6-2.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Manzano -Fern&#225;ndez et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1<sup>st</sup> quartile (&lt; 0.79 mg/L)<break/>2<sup>nd</sup> quartile (0.79-0.91 mg/L)<break/>3<sup>rd</sup> quartile (0.92-1.13 mg/L)<break/>4<sup>th</sup> quartile (1.14-2.55 mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">BTP; serum cystatin C; serum creatinine; GFR; hemoglobin, anterior acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation; GRACE risk score.</td>
              <td align="center">Risk of all-cause mortality<break/>Univariate analysis:<break/>2<sup>nd</sup> quartile x 1<sup>st</sup> quartile: OR = 1.89 (0.35-10.3)<break/>3<sup>rd</sup> quartile x 1<sup>st</sup> quartile: OR = 2.41 (0.47-12.4)<break/>4<sup>th</sup> quartile x 1<sup>st</sup> quartile: OR = 7.87 (1.78-34.9)<break/>p = 0.004<break/>Multivariate analysis:<break/>2<sup>nd</sup> quartile x 1<sup>st</sup> quartile: OR = 1.85 (0.34-10.1)<break/>3<sup>rd</sup> quartile x 1<sup>st</sup> quartile: OR = 1.98 (0.38-10.4)<break/>4<sup>th</sup> quartile x 1<sup>st</sup> quartile: OR = 6.32 (1.40-28.6)<break/>p = 0.014</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ristiniemi et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1<sup>st</sup> tertile (&lt; 0.96 mg/L)<break/>2<sup>nd</sup> tertile (0.96-1.21mg/L)<break/>3<sup>rd</sup> tertile (&gt; 1.21 mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">Age &gt; 65 years; BMI (median &gt; <break/>27,1 kg/m<sup>2</sup>); sex; CHF; hypertension; previous MI; current smoking; DM; family history of CVD</td>
              <td align="center">All-cause mortality rate:<break/>18% (3<sup>rd</sup> tertile) x 10% (2<sup>nd</sup> tertile) x 4% (1<sup>st</sup> tertile). p &lt; 0.012<break/>Proportion of cardiovascular events:<break/>35% (3<sup>rd</sup> tertile) x 20% (2<sup>nd</sup> tertile) x 12% (1<sup>st</sup> tertile). p &lt; 0.0012 (3<sup>rd</sup> tertile x 1<sup>st</sup> tertile)<break/>Risk of all-cause mortality:<break/>Univariate analysis:<break/>3<sup>rd</sup> tertile x 1<sup>st</sup> tertile: <break/>OR = 2.19 (1.27-3.77). p = 0.0046<break/>Multivariate analysis<break/>3<sup>rd</sup> tertile x 1<sup>st</sup> tertile: <break/>OR = 2.19 (1.28-3.78). p = 0.0046<break/>Risk of cardiovascular events:<break/>Univariate analysis:<break/>3<sup>rd</sup> tertile x 1<sup>st</sup> tertile: <break/>OR= 1.86 (1.31-2.65). p = 0.0005<break/>Multivariate analysis<break/>3<sup>rd</sup> tertile x 1<sup>st</sup> tertile OR = 1.75 (1.22-2.51). <break/>p = 0.0024</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Silva et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1<sup>st</sup>, 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> quartiles<break/>(&lt; 0.84 mg/L)<break/>4<sup>th</sup> quartile (&#8805; 0.84 mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">Serum cystatin C &#8805; 0,84 mg/L; creatinine &#8805; 1,10 mg/dL; <break/>GFR &#8804; 71,1 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>; <break/>urea &#8805; 52,25 mg/dL; <break/>uric acid &#8805; 6,3 mg/dL; <break/>NT-proBNP &#8805; 688,5 pg/mL; <break/>EF &#8804; 40%.</td>
              <td align="center">Risk of all-cause mortality:<break/>Univariate analysis <break/>4<sup>th</sup> quartile x 1<sup>st</sup> quartile: <break/>OR = 8.5 (1.71-42.15). p= 0.009<break/>Risk of all-cause mortality or reinfarction:<break/>Univariate analysis:<break/>4<sup>th</sup> quartile x 1<sup>st</sup> quartile: <break/>OR = 3.40 (1.23-9.39). p = 0.018<break/>Multivariate analysis<break/>4<sup>th</sup> quartile x 1<sup>st</sup> quartile: <break/>OR = 3.89 (1.23-12.31). p = 0.021</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sun et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1<sup>st</sup> quartile (&lt; 1.02 mg/L)<break/>2<sup>nd</sup> quartile (1.02-1.16 mg/L)<break/>3<sup>rd</sup> quartile (1.17-1.34 mg/L)<break/>4<sup>th</sup> quartile (&#8805;1.35 mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">Age; sex; DM; hypertension; serum creatinine; GFR; LVEF;<break/>serum troponin; number of arteries affected; implanted stents</td>
              <td align="center">Proportion of patient who developed cardiovascular events or all-cause mortality:<break/>29.68% (4<sup>th</sup> quartile); 15.29% (3<sup>rd</sup> quartile); <break/>9.10% (2<sup>nd</sup> quartile); 4.67% (1<sup>st</sup> quartile).<break/>p &lt; 0.001<break/>Risk of cardiovascular events or all-cause mortality:<break/>Multivariate analysis: <break/>3<sup>rd</sup> quartile x 1<sup>st</sup> quartile: OR = 3.930 (1.306-11.829). p = 0.015<break/>4<sup>th</sup> quartile x 1<sup>st</sup> quartile: <break/>OR = 6.380 (2.171-18.751). p = 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Kaski et al., 2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Without classification</td>
              <td align="center">CHF; previous CVD; TIMI risk score</td>
              <td align="center">Risk of cardiovascular events or all-cause mortality:<break/>Multivariate analysis: OR = 2.15 (0.93-4.92)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Taglieri et al., 2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1<sup>st</sup> quartile (&lt; 0.81 mg/L)<break/>2<sup>nd</sup> quartile (0.81-0.92 mg/L)<break/>3<sup>rd</sup> quartile (0.93-1.10 mg/L)<break/>4<sup>th</sup> quartile (&#8805;1.11 mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">Age; sex; heart rate; BMI; hypertension; hypercholesterolemia; statin therapy; HDL cholesterol; hemoglobin; DM; smoking; myocardial revascularization; previous stroke ; TIMI risk score; troponin levels; CHD during hospitalization; RCP; PCI; administration of clopidogrel; creatinine levels at admission; GFR; serum cystatin C.</td>
              <td align="center">Proportion of patient who developed cardiovascular events or all-cause mortality <break/>50% (4<sup>th</sup> quartile); 44% (3<sup>rd</sup> quartile); <break/>37% (2<sup>nd</sup> quartile); 26 % (1<sup>st</sup> quartile). p &lt; 0.044<break/>Risk of cardiovascular events:<break/>Univariate analysis:<break/>3<sup>rd</sup> quartile x 1<sup>st</sup> quartile: <break/>OR = 1.73 (1.08-2.81). p = 0.027<break/>4<sup>th</sup> quartile x 1<sup>st</sup> quartile: <break/>OR = 1.88 (1.17-3.02). p = 0.009<break/>Multivariate analysis:<break/>3<sup>rd</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup> quartiles x 1<sup>st</sup> quartile: <break/>OR = 1.66 (1.07-2.57). p = 0.025</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Derzhko et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Without classification</td>
              <td align="center">Age; sex; BMI; concomitant DM and hypertension; LDL cholesterol; HDL cholesterol; multivessel disease; left anterior descending artery infarction; mitral insufficiency; time of reperfusion; use of ACE inhibitor, use of &#223;-blocker and statin, baseline levels of the biomarkers CRP, cystatin C, NT-proBNP and troponin</td>
              <td align="center">Risk of cardiovascular events <break/>or all-cause mortality:<break/>Multivariate analysis: <break/>OR = 2.98 (1.21-7.40). p= 0.008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ichimoto et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Cystatin C &#8805; 0.96 mg/L <break/>Cystatin C &lt; 0.96 mg/L</td>
              <td align="center">Killip class &#8805; 2; time elapsed from hospital admission to angioplasty; cystatin C &#8805; 0,96 mg/L; previous MI; increased creatinine; age.</td>
              <td align="center">Risk of cardiovascular events or all-cause mortality:<break/>Multivariate analysis:<break/>Cystatin C &#8805; 0.96 mg/L: OR = 2.17 (1.07-6.98). p = 0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Kilic et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Patients with cystatin C &gt; 1,051 ng/mL who developed fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular events<break/>Patients with cystatin C &gt; 1,051 ng/mL who did not develop fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular events</td>
              <td align="center">Female sex; previous hypertension; previous DM; smoking; previous use of ACE inhibitor; previous use of diuretics; EF; creatinine clearance; fasting glycemia; log cystatin C; log BNP</td>
              <td align="center">Proportion of patients cystatin C &gt; 1051 ng/mL who developed or not fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events:<break/>67% x 30% (developed cardiovascular events X did not develop cardiovascular events). <break/>p &lt; 0.001<break/>Risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events<break/>Univariate analysis:<break/>Log (Cystatin C): RR = 9.25 (3.94-21.6). <break/>p = &lt; 0.001<break/>Multivariate analysis:<break/>Log (Cystatin C): RR = 9.43 (4-21.8). p = &lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Garc&#237;a Acu&#241;a et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">Cystatin C &gt; 0.95 mg/L<break/>Cystatin C &#8804; 0.95 mg/L</td>
              <td align="center">Age; EF; serum cystatin C; hs-CRP; TFG.</td>
              <td align="center">Risk of cardiovascular events or <break/>cardiovascular death:<break/>Multivariate analysis: <break/>RR = 1,91 (1,03-3,53), p = 0,03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Windhausen et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1<sup>st</sup> tertile (&lt; 0.86 mg/L)<break/>2<sup>nd</sup> tertile (0.86-1.01 mg/L)<break/>3<sup>rd</sup> tertile (&gt; 1.01 mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center">Age &gt; 65 years; sex; hypertension; DM; smoking; hypercholesterolemia; history of CAD; history of MI; PCI or myocardial revascularization; use of aspirin; use of beta-blockers; use or ACE inhibitors before randomization; NT-proBNP &#8805; <break/>1170 ng/L in men and &#8805; 2150 ng/L in women; CRP &#8805; 10 mg/L; cardiac troponin &#8805; 0,3 &#181;g/L; ST segment deviation &#8805; 0,1 mV in ECG ad admission.</td>
              <td align="center">Risk of mortality death:<break/>Univariate analysis:<break/>2<sup>nd</sup> tertile x 1st tertile: OR = 1.81 (0.89-3.67)<break/>3<sup>rd</sup> tertile x 1<sup>st</sup> tertile: <break/>OR = 4.07 (2.16-7.66). p &lt; 0.001<break/>Multivariate analysis:<break/>2<sup>nd</sup> tertile x 1<sup>st</sup> tertile: OR = 1.41 (0.68-2.94)<break/>3<sup>rd</sup> tertile x 1<sup>st</sup> tertile: <break/>OR = 2.04 (1.02-4.10). p = 0.004<break/>Risk of cardiovascular event:<break/>Univariate analysis:<break/>2<sup>nd</sup> tertile x 1<sup>st</sup> tertile: OR = 1.26 (0.67-2.35)<break/>3<sup>rd</sup> tertile x 1<sup>st</sup> tertile: <break/>OR = 2.06 (1.17-3.63). p = 0.01<break/>Multivariate analysis:<break/>2<sup>nd</sup> tertile x 1<sup>st</sup> tertile: OR = 1.32 (0.70-2.50)<break/>3<sup>rd</sup> tertile x 1<sup>st</sup> tertiile: <break/>OR = 1.95 (1.05-3.63). p = 0.04</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; CK-MB: Creatine kinase isoenzyme MB; CAD: Coronary artery disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease; DM: Diabetes mellitus; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; ECG: Electrocardiography; EF: ejection fraction; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; CHF: congestive heart failure; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; ACE: angiotensin-converting-enzyme; MI: myocardial infarction; BMI: body mass index; IMR: Index of microcirculatory resistance; KF: kidney failure; LDL: low density lipoprotein; NA: not applicable; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; BTP: beta-trace protein; CRP: C reactive protein; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C reactive protein. CKD: chronic kidney disease.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Most studies (88.2%, n = 15) performed multivariate analysis; 58.8% (n = 10) of them included, among other variables, GFR or serum creatinine in this analysis. On the other hand, five studies (29.4%) included other variables than GFR or serum creatinine.</p>
      <p>All studies included in this systematic review assessed the association between increased cystatin C and outcome measures using odds ratio or relative risk and found a significant association between them. A significant association was found of increased cystatin C with cardiovascular events or all-cause mortality in 47.1% (n = 8) of the studies, with cardiovascular events or cardiovascular mortality in 17.6% (n = 3), with cardiovascular events in 17.6% (n = 3) and with cardiovascular death or all-cause mortality in 17.6% (n = 3).</p>
      <p>In addition, 35.3% (n = 6) of the studies compared the proportion of patients with increased cystatin C levels who had outcomes with those who did not. This proportion was significantly greater for cardiovascular events in 2 (11.8%) studies, for cardiovascular events or all-cause mortality in two (11.8%), and for cardiovascular events or cardiovascular death in one study (5.9%). Only one (5.9%) study did not report a statistically significant difference between the proportions of patients with increased cystatin C levels who developed cardiovascular events or cardiovascular death in comparison with those with lower cystatin C levels who developed these outcomes.</p>
      <p>Analysis of the methodological quality of the studies is described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>, with the criteria for assignment of the stars described in detail in the legend. Four (23.5%) studies showed good methodological quality and 13 (76.5%) showed excellent methodological quality.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Assessment of the studies' quality according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Author/Year</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Selection</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Comparability</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Outcomes</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total points</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">1</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">2</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">3</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">4</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">5</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">6</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">7</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">8</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tonkin et al., 2015<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">**</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Akerblom et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">**</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tang et al., 2015<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fu et al., 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Akgul et al., 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">**</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Widera et al.,2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Manzano-Fern&#225;ndez et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">**</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ristiniemi et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Silva et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">**</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sun et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">**</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Kaski et al., 2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Taglieri et al., 2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">**</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Derzhko et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ichimoto et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">**</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Kilic et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">**</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Garc&#237;a Acu&#241;a et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">**</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Windhausen et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">*</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>1- Representativeness of the exposed cohort: all studies were awarded one star, since the exposed cohort was somewhat representative of the average; 2 - Selection of the non-exposed cohort: in the studies that were awarded one star, the non-exposed cohort was drawn from the same community as the exposed cohort; in the studies that did not receive any star, no comparison was performed between patients exposed to high cystatin C levels and those who were not exposed; 3 - Ascertainment of exposure: studies that performed the measurement of cystatin C levels and informed which method was used were awarded one star, whereas no star was assigned if the study performed the measurements but did not inform the method used. 4- Demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at start of study: no study received a star, since patients had one of the outcome measures (acute coronary syndrome) in the beginning of the study; 5 - Comparability of cohorts on the basis of the design or analysis: studies that performed multivariate analysis, which included GFR or serum creatinine, among other variables, were awarded two stars; studies that performed multivariate analysis, which included variables other than GFR or serum creatinine, were awarded one star, whereas no star was awarded to studies that did not perform a multivariate analysis. 6 - Assessment of outcome; all studies were awarded one star, since assessment of outcome was performed independently, by the physicians. 7-Period of follow-up (long enough for outcomes to occur): studies in which patients were followed for at least 6 months were awarded one star, and studies in which patients were followed for less than 6 months received no star. 8 - Adequacy of follow up of cohorts: studies in which at least 90 of patients were followed until the end of the study or those with no description of significant losses were awarded one star.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Only 5 studies compared the fourth and the first quartile of cystatin C and performed multivariate analysis, including GFR and serum creatinine in this analysis. Of these, only 2 evaluated similar outcomes (cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial death), and thereby were included in the meta-analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). Since the studies were heterogeneous (I2 &lt; 0,001 e p = 0,621), the odds ratio was calculated using the random effect model. Results of the meta-analysis (OR = 1.65 [1.464 - 1.861], p &lt; 0.001) indicate a significant association between increased levels of cystatin C and the risk of cardiovascular death or non-fatal myocardial infarction in ACS patients.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Meta-analysis of the studies investigating the association between increased cystatin C levels and the development of cardiovascular death or non-fatal infarction by the comparison of the fourth and the first quartiles of cystatin C.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-03-0290-80010-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The current study aimed to assess the association between increased levels of cystatin C and the development of cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with ACS by a systematic review and meta-analysis. All studies included in the systematic review found a significant association between increased cystatin C levels and the outcome measures by odds ratio or relative risk, which was confirmed in the meta-analysis. Some studies also compared the proportion of patients with increased cystatin C levels who developed or not outcomes, and only one study showed no statistically significant difference. Therefore, results of the studies included in this systematic review and meta-analysis indicate a significant association between increased cystatin C levels and the development of cardiovascular events and mortality in ACS patients.</p>
      <p>The mechanism responsible for this association has not been fully elucidated. However, a possible mechanism is based on the fact that cystatin C is a more sensitive marker for kidney dysfunction, capable to detect small reductions in GFR,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> and a pre-clinical status of kidney dysfunction, which cannot be detected by serum creatinine or creatinine-based GFR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Some studies have shown that the presence of mild-to-moderate kidney failure is an important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular events and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Thus, patients with increased cystatin C levels could have a mild kidney dysfunction, which could contribute to increased risk of cardiovascular events and worse prognosis.</p>
      <p>Another possible mechanism is related to inflammation associated with the atherogenic process, since some studies have suggested that increased cystatin C levels are associated with inflammation and atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Inflammatory cytokines and atherosclerosis stimulate the production of lysosomal cathepsins,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> such as cathepsin S that seems to contribute to disruption of atherosclerotic plaque.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Since cystatin C is a cathepsin inhibitor,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> increased cystatin C levels may be associated with inhibition of these cathepsins involved in atherosclerotic plaque disruption, contributing to the development of cardiovascular events. </p>
      <p>Although all studies included in this review had good or excellent methodological quality, evaluated by the NOS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> they also showed some limitations. Only two studies (11.8%) included exclusively patients with normal kidney function. Nevertheless, most studies (88.2%, n = 15) performed a multivariate analysis, and more than half (58.8%, n = 10) included GFR or serum creatinine, which gives greater credibility to results. After adjustment for these and other risk factors, a significant association was found between increased cystatin C levels and the development of cardiovascular events and mortality, suggesting that such association is independent of patients' kidney function. However, 7 studies did not include GFR or serum creatinine in the multivariate analysis or did not perform this analysis. Iin this case, a poor patient prognosis may result from kidney dysfunction rather from increased cystatin C levels, since several studies have demonstrated that kidney dysfunction is associated with cardiovascular events and mortality.</p>
      <p>Only studies that performed multivariate analysis including GFR or serum creatinine were included in this meta-analysis. We found that the association between increased cystatin C levels and the risk for cardiovascular death or non-fatal myocardial infarction is independent of patient's kidney function.</p>
      <p>Analysis of the studies that classified patients according to cystatin C tertiles or quartiles showed that patients with higher cystatin C levels were also older, which results from a progressive, physiological decrease in GFR associated with aging.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> However, 58.8% (n = 10) of the studies included age in the multivariate analysis, including the two studies included in the meta-analysis, indicating that the association between increased cystatin C levels and worse cardiovascular prognosis is independent of age.</p>
      <p>All studies assessed patients' kidney function, and most of them (82.4%, n = 14) (including the two studies included in the meta-analysis) used GFR, which is a better marker of kidney function than serum creatinine.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Serum creatinine levels may be affected by several factors like muscle mass, age, sex, and hence, it is not specific for assessment of kidney function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Besides, increases in serum creatinine occur only when there is a decrease greater than 50% in glomerular ultrafiltration, and thereby is not considered a sensitive marker for assessment of kidney function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Determination of GFR by calculation of creatinine clearance or equations based in serum creatinine levels may mitigate or eliminate these limitations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> The most common equations used to estimate GFR are the Cockcroft &amp; Gault, MDRD and CKD-EPI equations, which include clinical and demographic variables in place of physiological factors known to affect creatinine serum concentrations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Classification of patients according to cystatin C levels was heterogeneous in the studies. A considerable number of these studies (58.8%) classified patients in quartiles or tertiles, which may have influenced the results. It is easier to obtain a correlation of increased cystatin C levels with poor prognosis when patients in the fourth quartile or third tertile (who have higher levels of cystatin C) are compared with patients in the first quartile or first tertile (whose cystatin C levels are decreased) than in comparison between patients with cystatin C levels above and below reference/median values. Nevertheless, classification of cystatin C levels in quartiles and tertiles is of greater clinical value, since it may be used in the determination of cutoff points above which the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality is significantly greater. Therefore, only studies in which patients were classified by cystatin C quartiles, and higher quartiles were compared with lower quartiles were included in the meta-analysis.</p>
      <p>Immunonephelometry and immunoturbidimetry are the most used methods of cystatin C determination,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> which has been confirmed in this systematic review, since 84.2% (n = 14) of the studies used these methods for cystatin C measurement, and only 3 studies used other methods or did not mention the method used. Immunonephelometry and immunoturbidimetry are the methods of choice for determination of cystatin C levels in body fluids due to their high accuracy, convenience, automation, in addition to being simple and fast for daily routine.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Besides, immunonephelometry has been suggested as a better method than immunoturbidimetry for its high sensitivity in detecting smaller immune aggregates, and monitoring an increase in light intensity against a low background signal, which gives the method a theoretical edge.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Although a lack of standardization of the methods may affect the results reported in different studies, the fact that most studies used immunonephelometry and immunoturbidimetry may indicate high reliability of the results. In addition, all studies included in the meta-analysis used these methods for cystatin C measurement.</p>
      <p>The predominant type of ACS was NSTEMI followed by STEMI and unstable angina. STEMI involves a total coronary obstruction and hence a more critical cardiovascular event than NSTEMI and unstable angina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> A well-established diagnosis of AMI should take into consideration all recommended criteria, that consist in increased levels of myocardial necrosis markers (preferably troponin or CK-MB mass) combined with at least one of the following parameters: symptoms suggestive of ischemia (chest pain), pathological Q-wave in ECG, significant changes in ST segment or T-wave inversion, new left bundle branch block, loss of viable myocardium, changes in segmental ventricular contractility in imaging tests, and intracoronary thrombus in angiography. Unstable angina is diagnosed by the same criteria, except for myocardial necrosis markers, which are not increased.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Some studies (23.5%) did not report the criteria used (i.e., it was not possible to determine whether these criteria were used or not), and 7 studies (41.2%) did not use these criteria, which may yield an incorrect diagnosis of ACS, and variations in the groups of patients included in these studies.</p>
      <p>A study performed in 2009 demonstrated that STEMI is associated with increased short-term mortality risk, whereas NSTEMI is associated with increased long-term mortality risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> All studies evaluated mortality, either alone or in combination with cardiovascular events, requiring a longer period of follow-up. Among the studies included in this systematic review, only one (5.9%) had a follow-up period shorter than six months; however, despite that, a significant association between increased levels of cystatin C and cardiovascular events or mortality was reported. Both studies included in the meta-analysis had a follow-up period longer than 12 months.</p>
      <p>Four studies (23.5%) had a sample size greater than 1,000, which may increase their statistical power. Although 5 studies (29.4%) had a sample size smaller than 200, these studies also reported a significant association of cystatin C and the outcomes. The only study that did not find any significant difference between the frequencies of patients who developed cardiovascular events or cardiovascular death and of those who did not develop these outcomes, found a significant association between the proportion of patients with and without congestive heart failure. Sample size of this study was smaller than 200; patients were followed for 6 months and classified by median cystatin C, which may have contributed for the results of cardiovascular events and cardiovascular mortality.</p>
      <p>Although this systematic review and meta-analysis has demonstrated a significant association between increased cystatin C levels and a worse prognosis of ACS, some limitations should be considered. First, the search was restricted to Medline via PubMed, Web of Science and Scielo databases; second, only articles published in English, Portuguese and Spanish were included in this study; finally the small number of articles included in the meta-analysis due to high variability of analyses between the studies.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Despite the limitations of the studies included in this systematic review, they demonstrated, using a prospective design, a significant association between increased cystatin C and the development of cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with ACSs. Such association was confirmed by the meta-analysis, and shown to be independent of renal function evaluated by serum creatinine or GFR. Therefore, cystatin C is a useful marker in the prognosis assessment of ACSs and can be used in combination with currently available markers.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Utilidade Cl&#237;nica da Cistatina C para Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Progn&#243;stico das S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martucheli</surname>
            <given-names>Karine Farnese Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Domingueti</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o Del-Rei, S&#227;o Jo&#227;o Del-Rei, MG - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Caroline Pereira Domingueti.</bold> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o Del-Rei - Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu - Rua Sebasti&#227;o Gon&#231;alves Coelho, 400. Cep: 35501-296, Chanadour, Divin&#243;polis, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>caroldomingueti@ufsj.edu.br</email>, <email>caroldomingueti@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Martucheli KFC, Domingueti CP. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Martucheli KFC, Domingueti CP. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Martucheli KFC, Domingueti CP. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Martucheli KFC, Domingueti CP. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Martucheli KFC. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Domingueti CP. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal: Domingueti CP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A cistatina C &#233; utilizada como marcador de fun&#231;&#227;o renal e tem se mostrado promissora para avalia&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico das s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCAs). Avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico da cistatina C em pacientes com SCAs. A busca dos artigos foi realizada empregando as bases de dados PubMed, Web of Science e Scielo. Foram inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica estudos observacionais de coorte que avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C e o desenvolvimento de eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade nos pacientes com SCAs. Somente os estudos que avaliaram desfechos semelhantes, que compararam o maior com o menor quartil de cistatina C e que realizaram an&#225;lise multivariada, na qual foram inclu&#237;das a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular ou a creatinina s&#233;rica, foram inclu&#237;dos na metan&#225;lise. A qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos artigos foi avaliada atrav&#233;s do question&#225;rio <italic>Newcastle-Ottawa Scale</italic> para estudos de coorte. Ap&#243;s aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade, 17 artigos foram inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica. Todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos encontraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre n&#237;veis maiores de cistatina C e os desfechos. A meta-an&#225;lise demonstrou que n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C est&#227;o associados com um maior risco de morte cardiovascular ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal nos pacientes com SCAs, e que esta associa&#231;&#227;o &#233; independente da fun&#231;&#227;o renal [OR = 1,65 (1,464 - 1,861), p &lt; 0,001]. Dentre os estudos a revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e meta-an&#225;lise demonstrou que h&#225; uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C e o desenvolvimento de eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade nos pacientes com SCAs.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda / Fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cistatina C</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A cistatina C &#233; uma prote&#237;na pertencente &#224; superfam&#237;lia das cistatinas de inibidores da ciste&#237;na protease humana que &#233; composta por 12 prote&#237;nas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> &#201; produzida em uma taxa constante em todas as c&#233;lulas nucleadas. Seu baixo peso molecular (13-kDa) e ponto isol&#233;trico b&#225;sico favorecem sua filtra&#231;&#227;o pelo glom&#233;rulo e, assim, &#233; reabsorvida e catabolizada pelas c&#233;lulas epiteliais tubulares, sem retornar &#224; corrente sangu&#237;nea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A cistatina C s&#233;rica tem sido utilizada como marcador da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, sendo apontada como um marcador end&#243;geno da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG) superior &#224; creatinina s&#233;rica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Isto &#233; decorrente da capacidade da cistatina C de detectar pequenas redu&#231;&#245;es na TGF, possibilitando o diagn&#243;stico precoce da disfun&#231;&#227;o renal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Alguns estudos t&#234;m demostrado que n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) est&#227;o relacionados a um maior risco de desenvolvimento de eventos cardiovasculares, morte cardiovascular e mortalidade em geral, indicando que a cistatina C consiste em um marcador promissor para avalia&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico das SCAs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> No entanto, a cistatina C ainda n&#227;o &#233; utilizada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica por falta de evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas do seu valor progn&#243;stico.</p>
        <p>Poucos estudos de revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> e meta-an&#225;lises<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> foram realizados sobre o tema, e nenhum deles abordou apenas pacientes com SCA. Portanto, &#233; de grande import&#226;ncia a realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e meta-an&#225;lise sobre este assunto com o intuito de agrupar e avaliar os resultados obtidos pelos estudos j&#225; realizados at&#233; o momento. Tendo em vista o exposto, esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e meta-an&#225;lise teve como objetivo avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico da cistatina C em pacientes com SCA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Metodologia</title>
        <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica seguiu as recomenda&#231;&#245;es <italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses</italic> (PRISMA) <italic>statement</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Estrat&#233;gia de busca</title>
          <p>Foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados eletr&#244;nicos Medline via PubMed, Web of Science e Scielo. Os descritores utilizados na busca foram determinados utilizando-se o <italic>Medical Subject Headings</italic> (MeSH) para as bases de dados Medline via PubMed e Web of Science e o Descritores em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (DeCS) para a base de dados Scielo. A busca por artigos foi realizada at&#233; dia 30 de maio de 2016.</p>
          <p>Nas bases de dados Medline via PubMed e Web of Science, a sele&#231;&#227;o dos artigos foi feita utilizando todas as varia&#231;&#245;es do descritor "cystatin C", em combina&#231;&#227;o com todas varia&#231;&#245;es dos descritores "acute coronary syndrome", "myocardial infarction" e "angina, unstable", utilizando-se o conector "AND" entre os termos. A sele&#231;&#227;o de artigos no Scielo foi feita utilizando o descritor "cystatin C" em combina&#231;&#227;o com todas as varia&#231;&#245;es dos descritores "acute coronary syndrome", "myocardial infarction" e "angina, unstable", utilizando-se o conector "AND" entre os termos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos artigos redigidos em ingl&#234;s, portugu&#234;s ou espanhol que cumpriram os seguintes crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade:</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Desenho do estudo: observacional de coorte.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo: pacientes com SCA - angina inst&#225;vel (AI), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMCST), infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMSST) - que possu&#237;ssem n&#237;veis basais aumentados de cistatina C.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Exposi&#231;&#227;o: n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Desfecho cl&#237;nico: eventos cardiovasculares ou mortalidade avaliada por meio do c&#225;lculo do <italic>odds ratio</italic>/risco relativo e/ou da diferen&#231;a entre as propor&#231;&#245;es dos grupos de pacientes com n&#237;veis maiores e menores de cistatina C.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
          <p>Foram considerados eventos cardiovasculares: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, angina recorrente, angina inst&#225;vel, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e morte cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos artigos</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o dos artigos duplicados, os artigos publicados at&#233; dia 30 de maio de 2016 que atendiam aos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade foram selecionados. A sele&#231;&#227;o dos artigos foi realizada por dois revisores de modo independente em duas etapas: na primeira, o t&#237;tulo e o resumo dos artigos foram analisados; na segunda, os artigos previamente selecionados foram lidos na &#237;ntegra.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o de dados dos artigos</title>
          <p>Os artigos selecionados foram submetidos a uma leitura anal&#237;tica integral e de cada um deles foram extra&#237;das as seguintes informa&#231;&#245;es: tipo de SCA; m&#233;todo utilizado para diagn&#243;stico da SCA; n&#250;mero de pacientes; faixa et&#225;ria do pacientes; tempo de acompanhamento dos pacientes; desfecho avaliado; m&#233;todo utilizado para dosagem da cistatina C; se os pacientes apresentavam fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal ou n&#227;o; TFG ou creatinina s&#233;rica; classifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes de acordo com os n&#237;veis de cistatina C; vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise multivariada; resultado obtido (propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que desenvolveram eventos cardiovasculares, morte cardiovascular ou morte por qualquer causa e/ou odds ratio).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos artigos</title>
          <p>A qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica foi avaliada por dois revisores. Foi utilizado o question&#225;rio <italic>Newcastle-Ottawa Scale</italic> (NOS)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> para estudos de coorte, o qual cont&#233;m as seguintes categorias de avalia&#231;&#227;o: sele&#231;&#227;o da coorte; comparabilidade da coorte e desfecho. A qualidade do estudo &#233; indicada com o m&#225;ximo de nove estrelas, sendo que no m&#225;ximo uma estrela pode ser atribu&#237;da nas categorias sele&#231;&#227;o e desfecho, e duas estrelas na categoria comparabilidade. Os artigos que atingiram uma pontua&#231;&#227;o de 5 a 6 estrelas foram considerados como artigos de boa qualidade metodol&#243;gica e aqueles com 7 ou mais estrelas foram considerados artigos de excelente qualidade metodol&#243;gica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Meta-an&#225;lise</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos na metan&#225;lise apenas os estudos que analisaram desfechos semelhantes, estudos que compararam o quarto quartil de cistatina C com o primeiro quartil e estudos que realizaram an&#225;lise multivariada, na qual foram inclu&#237;das, dentre outras vari&#225;veis, a TFG ou a creatinina s&#233;rica. O valor de <italic>odds ratio</italic> e o intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% ajustados pela an&#225;lise multivariada foram utilizados na meta-an&#225;lise e a heterogeneidade entre os estudos foi avaliada por meio do teste I<sup>2</sup>. Os estudos foram considerados homog&#234;neos quando I2 &gt; 50% e valor p &lt; 0,10. O <italic>odds ratio</italic> foi calculado utilizando o modelo de efeito fixo ou o modelo de efeito rand&#244;mico na presen&#231;a de homogeneidade ou heterogeneidade, respectivamente. O programa estat&#237;stico <italic>Comprehensive Meta-Analysis</italic> (CMA) vers&#227;o 3 foi empregado na realiza&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Identificamos 640 artigos na busca inicial, dos quais 17 foram selecionados para compor esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma dos artigos selecionados para a revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e para a meta-an&#225;lise.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-03-0290-80010-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Os estudos que estavam em conformidade com os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade foram publicados entre o ano de 2004 e 2015, e suas caracter&#237;sticas s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>. Os estudos analisados tinham como participantes pacientes com SCA, sendo que 29,4% (n = 5) destes avaliaram pacientes apenas com IAMCST, 17,7% (n = 3) avaliaram apenas pacientes com IAMSST, 23,5% (n = 4) avaliaram pacientes com AI, IAMCST e IAMSST, 17,7% (n = 3) avaliaram pacientes com AI e IAMSST e 11,7% (n = 2) avaliaram pacientes com IAMSST e IAMCST. Dentre os estudos avaliados, 35,3 % (n = 6), utilizaram os crit&#233;rios recomendados para diagn&#243;stico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> enquanto que 41,2% (n = 7) n&#227;o utilizaram estes crit&#233;rios; 23,5% (n = 4) n&#227;o informaram quais crit&#233;rios foram utilizados.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos selecionados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Autor/Ano</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Tipo de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">M&#233;todo utilizado para diagn&#243;stico da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">N&#250;mero de pacientes/<break/>Faixa et&#225;ria (anos)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Tempo de acompanhamento dos pacientes/ Desfecho avaliado</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">M&#233;todo utilizado para dosagem da cistatina C</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Inclus&#227;o apenas de pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">TFG dos pacientes<break/>(mL/min/<break/>1,73m<sup>2</sup>) ou creatinina s&#233;rica</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="8">Estudos inclu&#237;dos apenas na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e na meta-an&#225;lise</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tonkin et al., 2015<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">AI, NSTEMI, STEMI</td>
                <td align="center">NI</td>
                <td align="center">9014/<break/>31-75</td>
                <td align="center">5 anos/<break/>Morte cardiovascular, infarto n&#227;o fatal</td>
                <td align="center">Imunoturbidimetria</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">TFG = 69 (60-80)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Akerblom et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">NSTEMI, STEMI</td>
                <td align="center">NSTEMI: pelo menos dois destes crit&#233;rios: altera&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST; aumento de marcadores card&#237;acos; presen&#231;a de um dos fatores de risco.<break/>STEMI: pelo menos dois destes crit&#233;rios: eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST no ECG; bloqueio recente de ramo esquerdo; inten&#231;&#227;o de realizar ICP prim&#225;ria.</td>
                <td align="center">16401/<break/>57 (51-64)<break/>(1&#186; quartil) <break/>59 (52-67)<break/>(2&#186; quartil)<break/>63 (56-71)<break/>(3&#186; quartil)<break/>70 (61-76)<break/>(4&#186; quartil)</td>
                <td align="center">12 meses/<break/>Morte cardiovascular, infarto n&#227;o fatal</td>
                <td align="center">Imunoturbidimetria</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">TFG = 82,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="8">Estudos inclu&#237;dos apenas na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tang et al., 2015<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">STEMI</td>
                <td align="center">Dor no peito com dura&#231;&#227;o &gt; 30 min, eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST no ECG ou bloqueio recente de ramo esquerdo, e aumento de marcadores card&#237;acos.</td>
                <td align="center">108/<break/>58,8 &#177; 9,8 (cistatina C &lt; 1,36 mg/L)<break/>65,9 &#177; 11,3 (cistatina C &#8805; 1,36 mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">6 meses/<break/>Morte cardiovascular, infarto n&#227;o fatal, necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, AVE e ICC</td>
                <td align="center">Imunoturbidimetria</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">TFG = 81,6 &#177; 22,5 (cistatina C &#8805; <break/>1,36 mg/L)<break/>TFG = 99,5 &#177; 20,8 (cistatina C &lt; <break/>1,36 mg/L)<break/>p = 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fu et al., 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">AI, NSTEMI, STEMI</td>
                <td align="center">NI</td>
                <td align="center">660/<break/>81,74 &#177; 2,54 (grupo com diabetes)<break/>81,99 &#177; 2,21 (grupo sem diabetes)</td>
                <td align="center">28 meses/<break/>Morte por qualquer causa, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">NI</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">TFG = 68,67 (55,97-82,14) (com DM)<break/>TFG = 72,55 (63,08-81,74)<break/>(sem DM)<break/>p = 0,106</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Akgul et al., 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">STEMI</td>
                <td align="center">Dor no peito com dura&#231;&#227;o &gt; 30 min e eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST no ECG</td>
                <td align="center">475/<break/>62,8 &#177; 13,1<break/>(3&#186; quartil)<break/>52,3 &#177; 10,5<break/>(1&#186; e 2&#186; quartis)</td>
                <td align="center">1 m&#234;s/<break/>Morte cardiovascular,<break/>infarto n&#227;o fatal, necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">Imunoturbidimetria</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">TFG = 70,6 &#177; 24,3 (cistatina C &gt; <break/>1,12 mg/L)<break/>TFG = 98,1 &#177; 22,8 (cistatina C &#8804; <break/>1,12 mg/L)<break/>p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Widera et al., 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">AI, NSTEMI</td>
                <td align="center">Angina inst&#225;vel: n&#237;veis elevados de troponina card&#237;aca.<break/>NSTEMI: n&#237;veis elevados de troponina card&#237;aca, sinais de isquemia no ECG, DAC documentada, pelo menos 1 estenose de 50% em uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria.</td>
                <td align="center">1146/<break/>74 (68-80) (com evento card&#237;aco)<break/>69 (59-76) (sem evento card&#237;aco)</td>
                <td align="center">6 meses/<break/>Morte por qualquer causa, infarto n&#227;o fatal</td>
                <td align="center">Imunoturbidimetria</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">Creatinina s&#233;rica (mg/dL) = 1,20(0,90-1,65) (com evento card&#237;aco)<break/>Creatinina s&#233;rica (mg/dL) = 0,93(0,79-1,13) (sem evento card&#237;aco)<break/>p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Manzano -Fern&#225;ndez et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">AI, NSTEMI</td>
                <td align="center">Dor no peito com dura&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 10 min com ocorr&#234;ncia at&#233; 72 horas antes da admiss&#227;o hospitalar e/ou desvio do segmento ST ou aumento de marcadores card&#237;acos</td>
                <td align="center">226/<break/>58 &#177; 11<break/>(1&#186; quartil)<break/>64 &#177; 10<break/>(2&#186; quartil)<break/>71 &#177; 10<break/>(3&#186; quartil)<break/>76 &#177; 7<break/>(4&#186; quartil)</td>
                <td align="center">Pelo menos 12 meses/<break/>Morte por qualquer causa</td>
                <td align="center">Imunonefelometria</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">TFG = 92,1 &#177; 25,7 (1&#186; quartil)<break/>TFG = 85,9 &#177; 19,8 (2&#186; quartil)<break/>TFG = 77,8 &#177; 14,2 (3&#186; quartil)<break/>TFG = 54,8 &#177; 16,8 (4&#186; quartil)<break/>p &#8804; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ristiniemi et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">NSTEMI</td>
                <td align="center">NI</td>
                <td align="center">245/<break/>62 (10,9)<break/>(1&#186; tercil)<break/>69 (9,5)<break/>(2&#186; tercil)<break/>76 (8,8) <break/>3&#186; tercil</td>
                <td align="center">12 meses/<break/>Morte por qualquer causa, infarto n&#227;o fatal</td>
                <td align="center">Imunofluorimetria</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">TFG = 76 (17,4) (1&#186; tercil)<break/>TFG = 62 (15,2) (2&#186; tercil)<break/>TFG = 44 (15,5) (3&#186; tercil)<break/>p &lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Silva et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">STEMI</td>
                <td align="center">Dor no peito em repouso com dura&#231;&#227;o &gt; 30 min, eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST no ECG ou bloqueio recente do ramo esquerdo</td>
                <td align="center">151/<break/>61 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">12 meses/<break/>Morte por qualquer causa, infarto n&#227;o fatal</td>
                <td align="center">Imunonefelometria</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">TFG = 96,9 &#177; 37,1 (n&#227;o apresentou morte ou infarto)<break/>TFG = 80,9 &#177; 25,3 (apresentou morte ou infarto)<break/>p &gt; 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sun et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">AI, NSTEMI, STEMI</td>
                <td align="center">NI</td>
                <td align="center">660 pacientes/<break/>62,5 &#177; 10,5 (com evento card&#237;aco)<break/>59,9 &#177; 10,6 (sem evento card&#237;aco)</td>
                <td align="center">Pelo menos 12 meses/<break/>Morte por qualquer causa, infarto n&#227;o fatal, necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, ICC, angina de peito recorrente, AVE</td>
                <td align="center">Imunoturbidimetria</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">TFG = 96,00<break/>(com evento card&#237;aco)<break/>TFG = 104,08 (sem evento card&#237;aco)<break/>p = 0,057</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Kaski et al., 2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">AI, NSTEMI</td>
                <td align="center">Dor no peito em repouso com dura&#231;&#227;o &gt; 5 min, e pelo menos um destes crit&#233;rios: sinais de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica no ECG; DAC documentada e/ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio com ICP ou ponte de safena; n&#237;veis elevados de troponina card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">610/<break/>67,2 &#177; 10,9 (com evento card&#237;aco)<break/>64,5 &#177; 11,3 (sem evento card&#237;aco)</td>
                <td align="center">12 meses/<break/>Morte por qualquer causa, infarto n&#227;o fatal</td>
                <td align="center">Imunonefelometria</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">TFG = 74 (58-87) (com evento card&#237;aco)<break/>TFG = 78 (64-94) (sem evento card&#237;aco)<break/>p = 0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Taglieri et al., 2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">NSTEMI</td>
                <td align="center">Dor no peito e pelo menos um destes crit&#233;rios: sinais de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica no ECG; aumento de marcadores card&#237;acos; hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de DAC</td>
                <td align="center">525/<break/>58 (50-66)<break/>(1&#186; quartil)<break/>63 (53-70)<break/>(2&#186; quartil)<break/>68 (59-74)<break/>(3&#186; quartil)<break/>72 (67-67)<break/>(4&#186; quartil)</td>
                <td align="center">12 meses/<break/>Morte cardiovascular, infarto n&#227;o-fatal, angina inst&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">Imunonefelometria</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">TFG = 92,3<break/>(80,2-107,4)<break/>(1&#186; quartil)<break/>TFG = 84,0<break/>(74,9-97,3)<break/>(2&#186; quartil)<break/>TFG = 75,1<break/>(62,6-89,8)<break/>(3&#186; quartil)<break/>TFG = 59,1<break/>(47,5-72,9)<break/>(4&#186; quartil)<break/>p &lt; 0,001<break/>(4&#186; quartil x <break/>1&#186;, 2&#186; e 3&#186; quartis)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Derzhko et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">STEMI</td>
                <td align="center">Dor no peito com dura&#231;&#227;o &gt; 20 min, eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST no ECG, n&#237;veis elevados de troponina card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">150/<break/>56,99 &#177; 11,3</td>
                <td align="center">6 meses/<break/>ICC, infarto n&#227;o fatal, AI, morte por qualquer causa</td>
                <td align="center">Imunonefelometria</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">Creatinina s&#233;rica (mg/dL) (geral) = 1,02 &#177; 0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ichimoto et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">STEMI</td>
                <td align="center">Dor no peito com dura&#231;&#227;o &gt; 30 min, eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST no ECG, n&#237;veis de CK-MB duas vezes acima do limite superior da normalidade</td>
                <td align="center">71/<break/>61,9 &#177; 10,4 (cistatina C &lt; 0,96 mg/L)<break/>66,5 &#177; 12,6 (cistatina C &#8805; 0,96 mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">Aproximadamente 6 meses/<break/>Morte por qualquer causa, infarto n&#227;o fatal, necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, AVE, ICC</td>
                <td align="center">Imunoturbidimetria</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">Creatinina s&#233;rica (mg/dL) = 0,93 &#177; 0,22 (cistatina C &#8805; 0,96 mg/L)<break/>Creatinina s&#233;rica (mg/dL) = 0,72 &#177; 0,14 (cistatina C &lt; 0,96 mg/L)<break/>p &lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Kilic et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">AI, NSTEMI, STEMI</td>
                <td align="center">Aumento de marcadores card&#237;acos com pelo menos um destes crit&#233;rios: dor no peito; desenvolvimento de ondas Q patol&#243;gicas no ECG; sinais de isquemia no ECG; ICP; achados patol&#243;gicos de IAM</td>
                <td align="center">160/<break/>59 &#177; 10 (n&#227;o desenvolveram eventos cardiovasculares)<break/>61 &#177; 10 (desenvolveram eventos cardiovasculares)</td>
                <td align="center">12 meses/<break/>Morte cardiovascular, infarto n&#227;o fatal, angina recorrente</td>
                <td align="center">Ensaio imunoenzim&#225;tico</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">TFG = 80 &#177; 31 (com eventos card&#237;acos)<break/>TFG = 92 &#177; 35 (sem eventos card&#237;acos)<break/>p = 0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Garc&#237;a Acu&#241;a et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">NSTEMI, STEMI</td>
                <td align="center">Pelo menos dois destes crit&#233;rios: dor no peito; sinas de isquemia no ECG; aumento de marcadores card&#237;acos</td>
                <td align="center">203/<break/>59,21 &#177; 12,26 (cistatina C &#8804; 0,95 mg/L)<break/>72,49 &#177; 10,69 (cistatina C &gt; 0,95 mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">Aproximadamente 6 meses/<break/>Fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, infarto n&#227;o fatal, morte cardiovascular</td>
                <td align="center">Imunonefelometria</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">Pacientes com n&#237;veis de cistatina C &gt; 0,95 mg/L apresentaram uma maior frequ&#234;ncia de TFG &lt; 60 e uma menor frequ&#234;ncia de TFG &gt; 90 em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com n&#237;veis de cistatina C &#8804; 0,95 mg/L <break/>p = 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Windhausen et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">NSTEMI</td>
                <td align="center">Dor no peito com intensidade crescente ou em repouso, n&#237;veis elevados de troponina card&#237;aca e um destes crit&#233;rios: sinas de isquemia no ECG; DAC documentada</td>
                <td align="center">1128/<break/>57 &#177; 10 (1&#186; tercil)<break/>62 &#177; 10 (2&#186; tercil)<break/>67 &#177; 9 (3&#186; tercil)</td>
                <td align="center">3 anos (infarto) e <break/>4 anos (morte)/<break/>Morte por qualquer causa, infarto n&#227;o fatal</td>
                <td align="center">Imunonefelometria</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">TFG = 102 (87-118) (1&#186; tercil)<break/>TFG = 87 (75-103) (2&#186; tercil)<break/>TFG = 68 (56-82) (3&#186; tercil)<break/>p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>AI: Angina inst&#225;vel; AVE: Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; CK-MB: Isoenzima MB da creatino quinase; DAC: Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; ECG: Eletrocardiograma; IAM: Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio; ICC: Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; NI: N&#227;o informado; NSTEMI: Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST; ICP: Interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; STEMI: Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST; TFG: Taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O tamanho amostral nos estudos selecionados variou de 71 a 16.401 pacientes. O n&#250;mero amostral de 23,5% dos estudos (n = 4)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> era acima de 1.000, de 52,9% (n = 8) estava compreendido entre 200 e 1.000, e de 29,4% (n = 5) era menor que 200. A faixa et&#225;ria da popula&#231;&#227;o dos estudos variou de 31 a 82 anos. O tempo de acompanhamento m&#233;dio foi de 15 meses, variando de 1 m&#234;s a 5 anos. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por um per&#237;odo entre 1 e 6 meses em 35,3% (n = 6) dos estudos e por mais de 6 meses em 64,7% (n = 11) destes.</p>
        <p>Em 52,9% (n = 9) dos estudos, foram avaliados como desfechos morte por qualquer causa e eventos cardiovasculares n&#227;o fatais; 41,2% (n = 7) avaliaram morte cardiovascular e eventos cardiovasculares n&#227;o fatais, e um estudo (5,9%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> analisou apenas morte por qualquer causa.</p>
        <p>Os m&#233;todos empregados para dosagem de cistatina C foram imunonefelometria [41,2% (n = 7)], imunoturbidimetria [41,2% (n = 7)], imunofluorimetria [5,9% (n = 1)] e ensaio imunoenzim&#225;tico [5,9% (n = 1)], e um estudo (5,9%) n&#227;o informou o m&#233;todo utilizado.</p>
        <p>Em 88,2% (n = 15) dos estudos, foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal e alterada, e em 11,8% (n = 2) foram inclu&#237;dos apenas pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal foi feita na maioria dos estudos [82,4% (n = 14)] por determina&#231;&#227;o da TFG, e os demais estudos [17,6% (n = 3)] avaliaram a fun&#231;&#227;o renal por meio da dosagem da creatinina s&#233;rica.</p>
        <p>O modo como foi realizada a classifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes em cada um dos estudos selecionados, as vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise multivariada e os resultados dos mesmos est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>. Dentre os estudos inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, 82,3% (n = 14) classificaram os pacientes de acordo com os n&#237;veis de cistatina C, sendo que 41,2% (n = 7) classificaram os pacientes em quartis, 17,6% (n = 3) em tercis. Dois estudos (11,8%) utilizaram o ponto de corte para prever eventos cardiovasculares como meio de classifica&#231;&#227;o. Um estudo (5,9%) fez a classifica&#231;&#227;o de acordo com a mediana dos n&#237;veis de cistatina C, um estudo (5,9%) de acordo com o valor de refer&#234;ncia do m&#233;todo utilizado para dosagem da cistatina C s&#233;rica (imunonefelometria). Tr&#234;s estudos (17,6%) n&#227;o fizeram esta classifica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise multivariada e resultados dos estudos selecionados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Autor/Ano</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Classifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes de acordo com os n&#237;veis de cistatina C</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise multivariada</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Resultado</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="4">Estudos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e na meta-an&#225;lise</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tonkin et al., 2015<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1&#186; quartil (&lt; 0,72 mg/L)<break/>2&#186; quartil (0,72-0,81 mg/L)<break/>3&#186; quartil (0,81-0,93 mg/L)<break/>4&#186; quartil (&gt; 0,93 mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">Idade; sexo; DM; tabagismo atual; colesterol total; colesterol HDL; triglicer&#237;deos; glicemia de jejum; tipo de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por angina inst&#225;vel; hist&#243;ria de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria; press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; TFG; IMC; grau de dispneia; grau de angina; contagem de leuc&#243;citos; doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica; uso de aspirina; AVE anterior.</td>
                <td align="center">Risco de eventos cardiovasculares ou morte cardiovascular:<break/>An&#225;lise univariada:<break/>2&#186; quartil x 1&#186; quartil: OR = 1,30 (1,07-1,59)<break/>3&#186; quartil x 1&#186; quartil: OR = 1,33 (1,08-1,63)<break/>4&#186; quartil x 1&#186; quartil: OR = 1,75 (1,41-2,18), <break/>p &lt; 0,001<break/>An&#225;lise multivariada:<break/>2&#186; quartil x 1&#186; quartil: OR = 1,27 (1,05-1,54)<break/>3&#186; quartil x 1&#186; quartil: OR = 1,31 (1,08-1,58)<break/>4&#186; quartil x 1&#186; quartil: OR = 1,64 (1,36-1,99), <break/>p &lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Akerblom et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1&#186; quartil (&lt; 0,68 mg/L)<break/>2&#186; quartil (0,68-0,83 mg/L)<break/>3&#186; quartil (0,83-1,01 mg/L)<break/>4&#186; quartil (&#8805;1,01 mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">Idade; sexo feminino; peso; tabagismo; hipertens&#227;o; DM; IM; ICC; AVE n&#227;o hemorr&#225;gico; doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica;DRC; s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST; s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST; uso de aspirina; uso de inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa; uso de &#946;-bloqueadores; uso de IECA, bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina, ou ambos; uso de estatina; uso de inibidor da bomba de pr&#243;tons; angiografia coron&#225;ria ; ICP prim&#225;ria para s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST; outros ICP antes da alta para evento &#237;ndice; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; creatinina s&#233;rica</td>
                <td align="center">Risco de eventos cardiovasculares ou morte cardiovascular:<break/>An&#225;lise multivariada de pacientes com STEMI:<break/>2&#186; quartil x 1&#186; quartil: OR = 1,10 (0,86-1,42)<break/>3&#186; quartil x 1&#186; quartil: OR = 1,23 (0,96-1,58)<break/>4&#186; quartil x 1&#186; quartil: OR = 1,81 (1,43-2,29)<break/>An&#225;lise multivariada de pacientes com NSTEMI:<break/>2&#186; quartil x 1&#186; quartil: OR = 0,94 (0,74-1,18)<break/>3&#186; quartil x 1&#186; quartil: OR = 1,19 (0,96-1,47)<break/>4&#186; quartil x 1&#186; quartil: OR = 1,55(1,26-1,90)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="4">Estudos inclu&#237;dos apenas na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tang et al., 2015<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Cistatina C &lt; mediana<break/>(&lt; 1,36 mg/L)<break/>Cistatina C &#8805; mediana<break/>(&#8805; 1,36 mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">Angiografia sem refluxo; resolu&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST &lt; 30%; IMR &gt; 33,7 U p&#243;s-PCI; cistatina C s&#233;rica &#8805; mediana; pico CK-MB; FEVE de linha de base; remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.</td>
                <td align="center">Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que desenvolveram eventos cardiovasculares ou morte cardiovascular:<break/>18,5% (cistatina C &#8805; mediana) x 13,0% (cistatina C &lt; mediana), p = 0,43<break/>Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que desenvolveram ICC:<break/>18,5% (cistatina C &#8805; mediana) x 5,6% (cistatina C &lt; mediana), p = 0,022<break/>Risco de desenvolvimento de ICC:<break/>An&#225;lise univariada:<break/>cistatina C &#8805; mediana x cistatina C &lt; mediana: OR = 4,54 (3,51 - 7,82),<break/>p &lt; 0,001<break/>An&#225;lise multivariada:<break/>cistatina C &#8805; mediana x cistatina C &lt; mediana: OR = 3,85 (2,82 - 5,96), p = 0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fu et al., 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1&#186; quartil (&lt; 1,23 mg/L)<break/>2&#186; quartil (1,23-1,43 mg/L)<break/>3&#186; quartil (1,44-1,82 mg/L)<break/>4&#186; quartil (1,83-5,12 mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">Risco de morte por qualquer causa:<break/>An&#225;lise univariada:<break/>2&#186; quartil x 1&#186; quartil: OR = 1,31 (1,23-1,43)<break/>3&#186; quartil x 1&#186; quartil: OR = 1,59 (1,44-1,82)<break/>4&#186; quartil x 1&#186; quartil: OR = 2,23 (1,83-5,12)<break/>p = 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Akgul et al., 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1&#186; e 2&#186; tercil (&#8804; 1,12 mg/L)<break/>3&#186; tercil (&gt; 1,12 mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">Idade; sexo feminino; DM; hipertens&#227;o; tabagismo atual; classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip &gt; 1; anemia na admiss&#227;o; IR; les&#227;o em tr&#234;s vasos card&#237;acos; ICP sem &#234;xito; FEVE &lt; 40%; uso de tirofibana; creatinina s&#233;rica &gt; 1,5 mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que desenvolveram eventos cardiovasculares:<break/>21,4% (3&#186; tercil) x 8,5% (1&#186; e 2&#186; tercil),<break/>p &lt; 0,001<break/>Risco de morte cardiovascular:<break/>An&#225;lise univariada:<break/>3&#186; tercil x 1&#186; e 2&#186; tercis: OR = 5,9 (2,6-13,3), <break/>p &lt; 0,001<break/>An&#225;lise multivariada:<break/>3&#186; tercil x 1&#186; e 2&#186; tercis: OR = 4,66 (1,3-16,6), <break/>p = 0,017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Widera et al., 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o foi realizada classifica&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">NA</td>
                <td align="center">Risco de evento cardiovascular ou morte por qualquer causa:<break/>An&#225;lise univariada:<break/>Log (cistatina C): OR = 1,9 (1,6-2,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Manzano -Fern&#225;ndez et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1&#186; quartil (&lt; 0,79 mg/L)<break/>2&#186; quartil (0,79-0,91 mg/L)<break/>3&#186; quartil (0,92-1,13 mg/L)<break/>4&#186; quartil (1,14-2,55 mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">PBT; cistatina C s&#233;rica; creatinina s&#233;rica; TFG; hemoglobina, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda anterior sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST; escore de risco GRACE</td>
                <td align="center">Risco de morte por qualquer causa:<break/>An&#225;lise univariada:<break/>2&#186; quartil x 1&#186; quartil: OR = 1,89 (0,35-10,3)<break/>3&#186; quartil x 1&#186; quartil: OR = 2,41 (0,47-12,4)<break/>4&#186; quartil x 1&#186; quartil: OR = 7,87 (1,78-34,9)<break/>p = 0,004<break/>An&#225;lise multivariada:<break/>2&#186; quartil x 1&#186; quartil: OR = 1,85 (0,34-10,1)<break/>3&#186; quartil x 1&#186; quartil: OR = 1,98 (0,38-10,4)<break/>4&#186; quartil x 1&#186; quartil: OR = 6,32 (1,40-28,6)<break/>p = 0,014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ristiniemi et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1&#186; tercil (&lt; 0,96 mg/L)<break/>2&#186; tercil (0,96-1,21mg/L)<break/>3&#186; tercil (&gt; 1,21 mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">Idade &gt; 65 anos; IMC (mediana &gt; 27,1 kg/m<sup>2</sup>); sexo; ICC; hipertens&#227;o; IM pr&#233;vio; tabagismo atual; DM; hist&#243;ria familiar de DCV</td>
                <td align="center">Propor&#231;&#227;o de morte por qualquer causa:<break/>18% (3&#186; tercil) x 10% (2&#186; tercil) x 4% (1&#186; tercil), p &lt; 0,012<break/>Propor&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares:<break/>35% (3&#186; tercil) x 20% (2&#186; tercil) x 12% (1&#186; tercil), p &lt; 0,0012 (3&#186; tercil x 1&#186; tercil)<break/>Risco de morte por qualquer causa:<break/>An&#225;lise univariada:<break/>3&#186; tercil x 1&#186; tercil: <break/>OR = 2,19 (1,27-3,77), p = 0,0046<break/>An&#225;lise multivariada:<break/>3&#186; tercil x 1&#186; tercil: <break/>OR = 2,19 (1,28-3,78), p = 0,0046<break/>Risco de eventos cardiovasculares:<break/>An&#225;lise univariada:<break/>3&#186; tercil x 1&#186; tercil: <break/>OR= 1,86 (1,31-2,65), p = 0,0005<break/>An&#225;lise multivariada:<break/>3&#186; tercil x 1&#186; tercil: <break/>OR= 1,75 (1,22-2,51), p = 0,0024</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Silva et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1&#186;, 2&#186; e 3&#186; quartis (&lt; 0,84 mg/L)<break/>4&#186; quartil (&#8805; 0,84 mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">Cistatina C s&#233;rica &#8805; 0,84 mg/L; creatinina &#8805; 1,10 mg/dL; <break/>TFG &#8804; 71,1 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>; <break/>ureia &#8805; 52,25 mg/dL; <break/>&#225;cido &#250;rico &#8805; 6,3 mg/dL; <break/>NT-proBNP &#8805; 688,5 pg/mL; <break/>FE &#8804; 40%.</td>
                <td align="center">Risco de morte por qualquer causa:<break/>An&#225;lise univariada:<break/>4&#186; quartil x 1&#186; quartil: OR = 8,5 (1,71-42,15), <break/>p = 0,009<break/>Risco de morte por qualquer causa ou reinfarto:<break/>An&#225;lise univariada:<break/>4&#186; quartil x 1&#186; quartil: OR = 3,40 (1,23-9,39), <break/>p = 0,018<break/>An&#225;lise multivariada:<break/>4&#186; quartil x 1&#186; quartil: OR = 3,89 (1,23-12,31), <break/>p = 0,021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sun et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1&#186; quartil (&lt; 1,02 mg/L)<break/>2&#186; quartil (1,02-1,16 mg/L)<break/>3&#186; quartil (1,17-1,34 mg/L)<break/>4&#186; quartil (&#8805; 1,35 mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">Idade; sexo; DM; hipertens&#227;o; creatinina s&#233;rica; TFG; FEVE;<break/>troponina s&#233;rica; n&#250;mero de art&#233;rias envolvidas; stents implantados.</td>
                <td align="center">Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que desenvolveram eventos cardiovasculares ou morte por qualquer causa:<break/>29,68% (4&#186; quartil); 15,29% (3&#186; quartil); 9,10% (2&#186; quartil); 4,67% (1&#186; quartil),<break/>p &lt; 0,001<break/>Risco de eventos cardiovasculares ou morte por qualquer causa:<break/>An&#225;lise multivariada: 3&#186; quartil x 1&#186; quartil: <break/>OR = 3,930 (1,306-11,829), p = 0,015<break/>4&#186; quartil x 1&#186; quartil: <break/>OR = 6,380 (2,171-18,751), p = 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Kaski et al., 2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o foi realizada classifica&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">ICC; DCV pr&#233;via; escore de risco TIMI</td>
                <td align="center">Risco de eventos cardiovasculares ou morte por qualquer causa:<break/>An&#225;lise multivariada: OR = 2,15 (0,93-4,92)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Taglieri et al., 2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1&#186; quartil (&lt; 0,81 mg/L)<break/>2&#186; quartil (0,81-0,92 mg/L)<break/>3&#186; quartil (0,93-1,10 mg/L)<break/>4&#186; quartil (&#8805; 1,11 mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">Idade; sexo; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; IMC; hipertens&#227;o arterial; hipercolesterolemia; tratamento com estatina; colesterol HDL; hemoglobina; DM; tabagismo; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; AVE anterior; escore de risco TIMI; n&#237;veis de troponina; ICC intra-hospitalar; PCR; ICP; administra&#231;&#227;o de clopidogrel; n&#237;veis de creatinina na admiss&#227;o; TFG; cistatina C s&#233;rica.</td>
                <td align="center">Propor&#231;&#227;o pacientes que desenvolveram eventos cardiovasculares ou morte cardiovascular:<break/>50% (4&#186; quartil); 44% (3&#186; quartil); 37% (2&#186; quartil); 26 % (1&#186; quartil), p &lt; 0,044<break/>Risco de eventos cardiovasculares:<break/>An&#225;lise univariada:<break/>3&#186; quartil x 1&#186; quartil: <break/>OR = 1,73 (1,08-2,81), p = 0,027<break/>4&#186; quartil x 1&#186; quartil: <break/>OR = 1,88 (1,17-3,02), p = 0,009<break/>An&#225;lise multivariada:<break/>3&#186; e 4&#186; quartis x 1&#186; quartil: <break/>OR = 1,66 (1,07-2,57), p = 0,025</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Derzhko et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o foi realizada classifica&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">Idade; sexo; IMC; coexist&#234;ncia de DM e hipertens&#227;o; colesterol LDL; colesterol HDL; presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a multivaso; art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda infartada; insufici&#234;ncia mitral; tempo de reperfus&#227;o; uso de IECA, uso de &#223;-bloqueador e estatina, n&#237;veis de base dos biomarcadores PCR, cistatina C, NT-proBNP e troponina</td>
                <td align="center">Risco de eventos cardiovasculares ou morte por qualquer causa:<break/>An&#225;lise multivariada: <break/>OR = 2,98 (1,21-7,40), p= 0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ichimoto et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Cistatina C &#8805; 0,96 mg/L Cistatina C &lt; 0,96 mg/L</td>
                <td align="center">Classe Killip &#8805; 2; tempo desde a apresenta&#231;&#227;o ao hospital at&#233; angioplastia; cistatina C &#8805; 0,96 mg/L; IM pr&#233;vio; eleva&#231;&#227;o de creatinina; idade</td>
                <td align="center">Risco de eventos cardiovasculares ou morte por qualquer causa:<break/>An&#225;lise multivariada:<break/>Cistatina C &#8805; 0,96 mg/L: OR = 2,17 (1,07-6,98), p = 0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Kilic et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Pacientes com n&#237;veis de cistatina C &gt; 1051 ng/mL que desenvolveram eventos cardiovasculares fatais ou n&#227;o<break/>Pacientes com n&#237;veis de cistatina C &gt; 1051 ng/mL que n&#227;o desenvolveram eventos cardiovasculares fatais ou n&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">Sexo feminino; hipertens&#227;o anterior; DM anterior; tabagismo; uso anterior de IECA; uso anterior de diur&#233;tico; FE; clearence da creatinina; glicemia de jejum; log de cistatina C; log de BNP</td>
                <td align="center">Propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com n&#237;veis de cistatina C &gt; 1051 ng/mL que desenvolveram ou n&#227;o eventos cardiovasculares fatais e n&#227;o fatais:<break/>67% x 30% (desenvolveram eventos cardiovasculares X n&#227;o desenvolveram eventos cardiovasculares), p &lt; 0,001<break/>Risco de eventos cardiovasculares fatais e n&#227;o fatais<break/>An&#225;lise univariada:<break/>Log (Cistatina C): <break/>RR = 9,25 (3,94-21,6), p = &lt; 0,001<break/>An&#225;lise multivariada:<break/>Log (Cistatina C): RR = 9,43 (4-21,8), p = &lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Garc&#237;a Acu&#241;a et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">Cistatina C &gt; 0,95 mg/L<break/>Cistatina C &#8804; 0,95 mg/L</td>
                <td align="center">Idade; FE; cistatina C s&#233;rica; usPCR; TFG</td>
                <td align="center">Risco de eventos cardiovasculares ou morte cardiovascular:<break/>An&#225;lise multivariada: <break/>RR = 1,91 (1,03-3,53), p = 0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Windhausen et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1&#186; tercil (&lt; 0,86 mg/L)<break/>2&#186; tercil (0,86-1,01 mg/L)<break/>3&#186; tercil (&gt; 1,01 mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">Idade &gt; 65 anos; sexo; hipertens&#227;o; DM; tabagismo; hipercolesterolemia; hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC; hist&#243;ria de IM; ICP ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; uso de aspirina; uso de &#223;-bloqueador; uso de IECA antes da randomiza&#231;&#227;o; NT-proBNP &#8805; 1170 ng/L em homens e &#8805; 2150 ng/L em mulheres; PCR &#8805; 10 mg/L; troponina card&#237;aca &#8805; 0,3 &#181;g/L; desvio no segmento ST &#8805; 0,1 mV no ECG de admiss&#227;o.</td>
                <td align="center">Risco de morte por qualquer causa:<break/>An&#225;lise univariada:<break/>2&#186; tercil x 1&#186; tercil: OR = 1,81 (0,89-3,67)<break/>3&#186; tercil x 1&#186; tercil: <break/>OR = 4,07 (2,16-7,66), p &lt; 0,001<break/>An&#225;lise multivariada:<break/>2&#186; tercil x 1&#186; tercil: OR = 1,41 (0,68-2,94)<break/>3&#186; tercil x 1&#186; tercil: <break/>OR = 2,04 (1,02-4,10), p = 0,004<break/>Risco de evento cardiovascular:<break/>An&#225;lise univariada:<break/>2&#186; tercil x 1&#186; tercil: OR = 1,26 (0,67-2,35)<break/>3&#186; tercil x 1&#186; tercil: OR = 2,06 (1,17-3,63), p = 0,01<break/>An&#225;lise multivariada:<break/>2&#186; tercil x 1&#186; tercil: OR = 1,32 (0,70-2,50)<break/>3&#186; tercil x 1&#186; tercil: OR = 1,95 (1,05-3,63), p = 0,04</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>AVE: Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; BNP: Pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; CK-MB: Isoenzima MB da creatino quinase; DAC: Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DCV: Doen&#231;a cardiovascular; DM: Diabetes mellitus; DRC: Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; ECG: Eletrocardiograma; FE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; FEVE: Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; HDL: Lipoprote&#237;nas de alta densidade; ICC: Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; ICP: Interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; IECA: Inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; IM - Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio; IMC: &#205;ndice de massa corporal; IMR: &#205;ndice de resist&#234;ncia microcirculat&#243;ria; IR: Insufici&#234;ncia renal; LDL: Lipoprote&#237;nas de baixa densidade; NA: N&#227;o se aplica; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; BTP: beta-trace protein; PCR: Prote&#237;na C reativa; TFG: Taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; usPCR: Prote&#237;na C reativa ultra-sens&#237;vel.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A maioria dos estudos, 88,2% (n = 15), realizou an&#225;lise multivariada, sendo que 58,8% (n = 10) desses inclu&#237;ram a TFG ou a creatinina s&#233;rica al&#233;m de outras vari&#225;veis nesta an&#225;lise, enquanto que 29,4% (n = 5) inclu&#237;ram apenas outras vari&#225;veis que n&#227;o a TFG ou a creatinina s&#233;rica.</p>
        <p>Todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis maiores de cistatina C e os desfechos empregando o odds ratio ou risco relativo, tendo sido encontrada uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa por todos eles. Uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa foi observada em 47,1% (n = 8) dos estudos para os desfechos eventos cardiovasculares ou morte por qualquer causa, em 17,6% (n = 3) para eventos cardiovasculares ou morte cardiovascular, em 17,6% (n = 3) para eventos cardiovasculares, e em 17,6% (n = 3) para morte cardiovascular ou morte por qualquer causa.</p>
        <p>Dentre os estudos avaliados, 35,3% (n = 6) ainda compararam <italic>a</italic> propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que possuem n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C que desenvolveram ou n&#227;o os desfechos, sendo que esta propor&#231;&#227;o foi significativamente maior para o desenvolvimento de eventos cardiovasculares em 11,8% (n = 2), para o desenvolvimento de eventos cardiovasculares ou morte por qualquer causa em 11,8% (n = 2) dos estudos e para o surgimento de eventos cardiovasculares ou morte cardiovascular em um estudo (5,9%). Apenas um estudo (5,9%) n&#227;o encontrou uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com n&#237;veis maiores de cistatina C que desenvolveram eventos cardiovasculares ou morte cardiovascular em compara&#231;&#227;o com a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com n&#237;veis menores de cistatina C que desenvolveram estes desfechos.</p>
        <p>O resultado da avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos estudos inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o &#233; mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>, sendo que a descri&#231;&#227;o detalhada dos crit&#233;rios utilizados para a distribui&#231;&#227;o das estrelas &#233; apresentada na legenda. Quatro estudos (23,5%) apresentam boa qualidade metodol&#243;gica e 13 estudos (76,5%) possuem excelente qualidade metodol&#243;gica.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade dos estudos, segundo Newcastle-Ottawa Scale</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Autor/Ano</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Sele&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Comparabilidade</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Desfechos</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total de pontos</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">1</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">2</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">3</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">4</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">5</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">6</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">7</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">8</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tonkin et al., 2015<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">**</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Akerblom et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">**</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tang et al., 2015<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fu et al., 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Akgul et al., 2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">**</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Widera et al.,2013<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Manzano-Fern&#225;ndez et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">**</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ristiniemi et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Silva et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">**</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sun et al., 2012<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">**</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Kaski et al., 2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Taglieri et al., 2010<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">**</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Derzhko et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ichimoto et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">**</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Kilic et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">**</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Garc&#237;a Acu&#241;a et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">**</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Windhausen et al., 2009<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">*</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>1-Representatividade da coorte exposta: todos estudos receberam uma estrela, pois a coorte exposta foi um pouco representativa da m&#233;dia na comunidade; 2- Sele&#231;&#227;o da coorte n&#227;o exposta: nos estudos que receberam uma estrela, a coorte n&#227;o exposta foi obtida na mesma comunidade da coorte exposta e nos estudos que n&#227;o receberam estrela, n&#227;o foi realizada uma compara&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes expostos a n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C e aqueles n&#227;o expostos; 3- Determina&#231;&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o: os estudos que dosaram e informaram o m&#233;todo utilizado para dosagem de cistatina C receberam uma estrela e aqueles que dosaram mas n&#227;o informaram o m&#233;todo utilizado n&#227;o receberam estrela; 4- Demonstra&#231;&#227;o de que o desfecho de interesse n&#227;o estava presente no in&#237;cio do estudo: nenhum estudo recebeu estrela, pois os pacientes apresentavam um dos desfechos avaliados (s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda) no in&#237;cio do estudo; 5- Comparabilidade da coorte baseada no desenho e an&#225;lise: os estudos que realizaram an&#225;lise multivariada, a qual incluiu a TFG ou creatinina s&#233;rica, dentre outras vari&#225;veis, receberam duas estrelas, aqueles estudos que realizaram an&#225;lise multivariada, a qual incluiu outras vari&#225;veis que n&#227;o a TFG ou creatinina s&#233;rica, receberam uma estrela e os estudos que n&#227;o realizaram an&#225;lise multivariada n&#227;o receberam estrela; 6- Determina&#231;&#227;o do desfecho: todos os estudos receberam uma estrela, pois a avalia&#231;&#227;o do desfecho foi realizada pelos m&#233;dicos de modo independente; 7- Per&#237;odo de acompanhamento suficiente para ocorr&#234;ncia do(s) desfecho(s): os estudos em que os pacientes foram acompanhados por pelo menos seis meses receberam uma estrela e os estudos em que os pacientes foram acompanhados por menos de seis meses n&#227;o receberam estrela; 8- Adequa&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;odo de acompanhamento da coorte: os estudos em que pelo menos 90% dos pacientes foram acompanhados at&#233; o final ou que n&#227;o comentaram se houve perda significativa de pacientes durante o acompanhamento receberam uma estrela.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Apenas 5 estudos compararam o quarto quartil de cistatina C com o primeiro quartil e realizaram an&#225;lise multivariada, na qual foram inclu&#237;das, dentre outras vari&#225;veis, a TFG ou a creatinina s&#233;rica. Dentre estes, apenas 2 avaliaram desfechos semelhantes (morte cardiovascular e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal) e, portanto, foram inclu&#237;dos na metan&#225;lise, cujo resultado &#233; apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>. A an&#225;lise de heterogeneidade dos estudos indicou que os mesmos s&#227;o heterog&#234;neos (I2 &lt; 0,001 e p = 0,621) e, portanto, o <italic>odds ratio</italic> foi calculado utilizando o modelo de efeito rand&#244;mico. O resultado da metan&#225;lise [OR = 1,65 (1,464 - 1,861), p &lt; 0,001] indica uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C e o risco de desenvolvimento de morte cardiovascular ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal nos pacientes com SCAs.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Metan&#225;lise dos estudos que avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C e o desenvolvimento de morte cardiovascular ou infarto n&#227;o fatal por meio da compara&#231;&#227;o entre o quarto e o primeiro quartis de cistatina C.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-03-0290-80010-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C e o desenvolvimento de eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade em pacientes com SCA por meio de uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise. Todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica encontraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre maiores n&#237;veis de cistatina C e os desfechos avaliados quando foi empregado o <italic>odds ratio</italic> ou risco relativo na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e o resultado da metan&#225;lise confirmou esta associa&#231;&#227;o. Alguns estudos ainda compararam a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com n&#237;veis maiores de cistatina C que desenvolveram ou n&#227;o os desfechos, sendo que apenas um estudo n&#227;o encontrou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa. Portanto, os resultados apresentados pelos estudos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e na meta-an&#225;lise indicam que h&#225; uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C e o desenvolvimento de eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade em pacientes com SCA.</p>
        <p>O mecanismo respons&#225;vel por esta associa&#231;&#227;o ainda n&#227;o foi completamente elucidado. Contudo, um poss&#237;vel mecanismo baseia-se no fato de que a cistatina C consiste em um marcador mais sens&#237;vel da disfun&#231;&#227;o renal capaz de detectar pequenas redu&#231;&#245;es na TFG,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> possibilitando identificar um estado pr&#233;-cl&#237;nico de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, o qual n&#227;o pode ser detectado pela creatinina s&#233;rica ou pela TFG baseada na creatinina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Alguns estudos t&#234;m demostrado que a presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia renal leve ou moderada consiste em um fator de risco importante para o desenvolvimento de eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Sendo assim, sugere-se que pacientes com n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C poderiam apresentar uma disfun&#231;&#227;o renal leve, a qual poderia contribuir para um maior risco de eventos cardiovasculares e pior progn&#243;stico.</p>
        <p>Outro poss&#237;vel mecanismo est&#225; relacionado &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o associada ao processo aterog&#234;nico, j&#225; que alguns estudos t&#234;m sugerido que n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C est&#227;o associados com a inflama&#231;&#227;o e a aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> As citocinas inflamat&#243;rias juntamente com a aterosclerose estimulam a produ&#231;&#227;o de catepsinas lisossomais,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> tais como a catepsina S, que parecem contribuir para a degrada&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> A cistatina C &#233; um inibidor de catepsinas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> sendo assim, o aumento de suas concentra&#231;&#245;es pode estar associado &#224; inibi&#231;&#227;o destas catepsinas envolvidas na ruptura da placa ateroscler&#243;tica, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>Apesar de todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica apresentarem boa ou excelente qualidade metodol&#243;gica, a qual foi avaliada utilizando o questionario NOS13 para estudos de coorte, os mesmos apresentam algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Apenas 2 estudos (11,8%) inclu&#237;ram apenas pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal em suas pesquisas. Entretanto, a maior parte dos estudos [88,2% (n = 15)], realizou an&#225;lise multivariada, sendo que mais da metade [58,8% (n = 10)] inclu&#237;ram a TFG ou a creatinina s&#233;rica nesta an&#225;lise, o que fornece uma maior credibilidade ao resultado encontrado. Ap&#243;s o ajuste para estes e outros fatores de risco, foi encontrada uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C e o desenvolvimento de eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade, demonstrando que esta associa&#231;&#227;o &#233; independente da fun&#231;&#227;o renal do paciente. Contudo, 7 estudos n&#227;o inclu&#237;ram a TFG ou creatinina s&#233;rica na an&#225;lise multivariada ou n&#227;o fizeram esta an&#225;lise, o que pode influenciar no resultado encontrado, pois nesses casos, o pior progn&#243;stico do paciente pode ser decorrente da disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e n&#227;o da eleva&#231;&#227;o da cistatina C, j&#225; que v&#225;rios estudos demonstraram que a disfun&#231;&#227;o renal est&#225; associada a eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade.</p>
        <p>Na metan&#225;lise, foram inclu&#237;dos apenas estudos que realizaram an&#225;lise multivariada, e que inclu&#237;ram a TFG ou a creatinina s&#233;rica nesta an&#225;lise. Observou-se que a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C e o risco de desenvolvimento de morte cardiovascular ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal &#233; independente da fun&#231;&#227;o renal do paciente.</p>
        <p>Ao se analisar os estudos que classificaram os pacientes de acordo com os tercis ou quartis de cistatina C, &#233; poss&#237;vel observar que os pacientes que apresentavam maiores n&#237;veis de cistatina C tamb&#233;m tinham uma faixa et&#225;ria mais avan&#231;ada, o que &#233; decorrente de um decl&#237;nio gradual e fisiol&#243;gico na TFG que ocorre com o avan&#231;ar da idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Entretanto, 58,8% (n = 10) dos estudos inclu&#237;ram a idade na an&#225;lise multivariada, inclusive os dois estudos inclu&#237;dos na metan&#225;lise, indicando que a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C e o pior progn&#243;stico cardiovascular &#233; independente da idade.</p>
        <p>Todos os estudos avaliaram a fun&#231;&#227;o renal dos pacientes, sendo que a maioria [82,4% (n = 14)] (inclusive os dois estudos inclu&#237;dos na meta-an&#225;lise), utilizou a TFG, a qual consiste em um melhor marcador para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal do que a dosagem da creatinina s&#233;rica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> A creatinina s&#233;rica n&#227;o &#233; espec&#237;fica para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, pois fatores tais como massa muscular, idade, sexo, dentre outros, podem interferir nos seus n&#237;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Al&#233;m disso, o aumento da creatinina s&#233;rica s&#243; ocorre quando h&#225; uma diminui&#231;&#227;o acima de 50% na ultrafiltra&#231;&#227;o glomerular, de modo que ela n&#227;o &#233; considerada um marcador sens&#237;vel para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> A determina&#231;&#227;o da TFG por meio do c&#225;lculo da depura&#231;&#227;o da creatinina ou por equa&#231;&#245;es baseadas na creatinina s&#233;rica podem reduzir ou eliminar essas limita&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> As equa&#231;&#245;es mais empregadas para estimar a TFG s&#227;o as de Cockcroft e Gault, MDRD e CKD-EPI, que utilizam vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas conhecidas que substituem fatores fisiol&#243;gicos que afetam a concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica da creatinina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nos estudos que classificaram os pacientes de acordo com os n&#237;veis de cistatina C, houve uma heterogeneidade na forma de classifica&#231;&#227;o. Uma boa parte dos estudos (58,8%) classificou os pacientes em quartis ou tercis, o que pode influenciar nos resultados encontrados. &#201; mais f&#225;cil obter uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C com o pior progn&#243;stico quando se compara pacientes do quarto quartil ou do terceiro tercil (que possuem n&#237;veis mais elevados de cistatina C) com os pacientes do primeiro quartil ou tercil (cujos n&#237;veis de cistatina C s&#227;o reduzidos), do que quando se compara pacientes com n&#237;veis de cistatina C acima e abaixo do valor de refer&#234;ncia ou da mediana. No entanto, a classifica&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de cistatina C em quartis ou tercis apresenta maior valor cl&#237;nico, j&#225; que auxilia na determina&#231;&#227;o de pontos de corte acima dos quais o risco de eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade &#233; significativamente maior. Portanto, apenas estudos que classificaram os pacientes de acordo com os quartis de cistatina C e que compararam o maior quartil com o menor foram inclu&#237;dos na metan&#225;lise.</p>
        <p>Dentre os m&#233;todos de dosagem laboratorial da cistatina C, a imunonefelometria e a imunoturbidimetria s&#227;o os mais utilizados,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> o que foi observado nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, j&#225; que 84,2% (n = 14) dos estudos inclu&#237;dos utilizaram estes m&#233;todos de dosagem da cistatina C e apenas 3 estudos utilizaram outros m&#233;todos ou n&#227;o informaram o m&#233;todo utilizado. A imunonefelometria e a imunoturbidimetria consistem nos m&#233;todos de escolha para dosagem da cistatina C nos fluidos biol&#243;gicos, pois apresentam uma maior precis&#227;o, conveni&#234;ncia, automa&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de serem m&#233;todos simples e r&#225;pidos para a rotina di&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Tem sido sugerido ainda que a imunonefelometria consiste no m&#233;todo de melhor escolha para dosagem da cistatina C por apresentar uma maior sensibilidade em rela&#231;&#227;o ao m&#233;todo turbidim&#233;trico, j&#225; que &#233; capaz de detectar imunoagregados menores, e tamb&#233;m por monitorar um aumento na intensidade da luz contra um sinal de fundo baixo, o que fornece a este met&#243;do uma vantagem te&#243;rica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> A falta de padroniza&#231;&#227;o nos m&#233;todos de dosagem utilizados pode interferir nos resultados encontrados por diferentes estudos, por&#233;m como a maioria dos estudos utilizaram a imunonefelometria e a imunoturbidimetria, pode-se sugerir uma alta confiabilidade nos resultados obtidos. Al&#233;m disso, todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos na metan&#225;lise empregaram estes m&#233;todos para a dosagem da cistatina C.</p>
        <p>O tipo de SCA que predominou nos estudos foi IAMSST seguido por IAMCST e AI. O IAMCST &#233; um evento cardiovascular mais cr&#237;tico que o IAMSST e a angina inst&#225;vel, pois neste primeiro ocorre obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana total.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Um diagn&#243;stico bem feito do IAM deve levar em considera&#231;&#227;o todos os crit&#233;rios recomendados, os quais consistem em eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica, de prefer&#234;ncia a troponina ou CK-MB massa, associada a no m&#237;nimo um dos seguintes par&#226;metros: sintomas sugestivos de isquemia (dor no peito); surgimento de ondas Q patol&#243;gicas no ECG; altera&#231;&#245;es significativas no segmento ST ou invers&#227;o da onda T, novo bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; perda de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel ou altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar de contratilidade ventricular evidenciadas em exame de imagem; e identifica&#231;&#227;o de trombo intracoronariano por angiografia. A AI &#233; diagnosticada por meio dos mesmos crit&#233;rios, com exce&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica, os quais n&#227;o se encontram elevados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Alguns estudos (23,5%) n&#227;o informaram os crit&#233;rios utilizados, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel saber se estes seguiram os crit&#233;rios padronizados, e 7 estudos (41,2%) n&#227;o utilizaram estes crit&#233;rios, o que pode resultar em um diagn&#243;stico incorreto da SCA, e varia&#231;&#227;o nos grupos de pacientes inclu&#237;dos nestes estudos.</p>
        <p>Um estudo realizado em 2009 demostrou que IAMCST est&#225; associado a um maior risco de mortalidade em curto prazo, enquanto que IAMSST est&#225; associado a um maior risco de mortalidade a longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Todos os estudos avaliaram o desfecho mortalidade, seja separadamente ou em conjunto com o desfecho eventos cardiovasculares, sendo necess&#225;rio um maior tempo de acompanhamento dos pacientes para avalia&#231;&#227;o do primeiro desfecho. Dentre os estudos inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, apenas um (5,9%) acompanhou os pacientes por menos de seis meses, contudo, mesmo com o curto per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, houve uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre n&#237;veis maiores de cistatina C e o desenvolvimento de eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade cardiovascular. Ambos os estudos inclu&#237;dos na metan&#225;lise acompanharam os pacientes por um per&#237;odo maior do que 12 meses.</p>
        <p>Um total de 4 estudos (23,5%) apresentaram um tamanho amostral acima de 1.000, o que aumenta o poder estat&#237;stico, e apesar de 5 estudos (29,4%) apresentarem um tamanho amostral menor do que 200, estes tamb&#233;m encontraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a cistatina C e os desfechos avaliados. O &#250;nico estudo que n&#227;o encontrou diferen&#231;a significativa entre a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que desenvolveram eventos cardiovasculares ou morte cardiovascular e aqueles que n&#227;o desenvolveram estes desfechos, encontrou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que desenvolveram insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e aqueles que n&#227;o desenvolveram. O tamanho amostral deste estudo foi menor que 200, os pacientes foram acompanhados por 6 meses e foram classificados de acordo com a mediana da cistatina C, o que pode ter contribu&#237;do para o resultado obtido para os eventos cardiovasculares e a mortalidade cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Apesar desta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise ter demonstrado que h&#225; uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C e um pior progn&#243;stico da SCA, algumas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser consideradas, tais como a restri&#231;&#227;o &#224; busca de artigos nos bancos de dados Medline via PubMed, Web of Science e Scielo; a inclus&#227;o apenas de artigos redigidos em ingl&#234;s, portugu&#234;s e espanhol; e a inclus&#227;o de um pequeno n&#250;mero de artigos na meta-an&#225;lise, em decorr&#234;ncia da grande variabilidade nas an&#225;lises realizadas em cada um dos estudos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es de cada estudo inclu&#237;do nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, estes demonstram, por meio de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o prospectiva, que h&#225; uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre n&#237;veis elevados de cistatina C e o desenvolvimento de eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade nos pacientes com SCAs. A metan&#225;lise confirmou esta associa&#231;&#227;o e ainda indicou que a mesma independe da fun&#231;&#227;o renal avaliada por meio da creatinina s&#233;rica ou da TFG. Portanto, a cistatina C consiste em um marcador &#250;til para avalia&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico das SCAs, podendo ser utilizado em conjunto com os marcadores atualmente dispon&#237;veis.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
