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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">kf7rXd5MnKnG7V5VB9GqQfn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000300282</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S2359-56472018005001102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20180008</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Accuracy of Impedance Cardiography in Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Literature Review</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Lucelia dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Faria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Monyque Evelyn Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Dalmo Valerio Machado de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
            <state>RJ</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Lucelia dos Santos Silva.</bold> Rua Otavio Mangabeira, 2031. Postal Code: 25555-120, Jardim Meriti, S&#227;o Jo&#227;o de Meriti, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>luceliasantos.ufrj@gmail.com</email>, <email>luceliasantos.cap31@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Silva LS, Lima DVM. Acquisition of data: Silva LS. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Silva LS, Reis FF, Silva MES. Writing of the manuscript: Silva LS, Reis FF, Silva MES. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Silva LS, Lima DVM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>282</fpage>
      <lpage>289</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction / physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Data Accuracy</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemodynamics</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiography, Impedance</kwd>
        <kwd>Electric Impedance</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Hemodynamic monitoring of individuals with acute myocardial infarction, for evaluation of progression and prognosis of the patient's clinical picture, has been studied for years.</p>
      <p>The Swan-Ganz catheter is an invasive hemodynamic monitoring measurement, indicated for clinical situations, such as acute heart failure (e.g. acute myocardial infarction, complicated by progressive hypotension or cardiogenic shock); mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction; right ventricular infarction; refractory congestive heart failure; pulmonary hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although there are indications, there is no consensus among them, since there is an enormous amount of work published on the clinical use of the Swan-Ganz catheter, but with doubtful methodology, allowing controversies regarding its true indications. Moreover, some authors have even published test results correlating the use of the Swan-Ganz catheter with increased mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Electrical impedance cardiography (ICG) or thoracic bioimpedance, among other forms of monitoring, is a noninvasive method for the estimation of hemodynamic variables. The method assumes that the thorax is a homogeneous fluid cylinder, composed of blood tissue, air and organs, with a specific resistance, and thus measures the electrical resistance at high frequencies with low steady current amplitude (1.5 mA, 86 KHZ) generated by external sensors and electrodes (in the thoracic and cervical regions) that capture instantaneous voltage changes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The device behaves according to Ohm's law: when a steady current is applied to the thorax, the voltage changes are directly proportional to the impedance changes. The total thoracic impedance, named baseline impedance (Z), is the sum of the impedance of all thoracic components (adipose tissue, heart, lung, skeletal muscle, vascular tissue, bones and air).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The electrodes sense the Z change resulting from the pulsatile blood flow through the descending aorta during systole and diastole. Over time, this alteration has a direct impact on the left ventricular contractility. The alteration of Z is converted to stroke volume and cardiac output values using mathematical algorithms. The other hemodynamic variables are measured or calculated from the ICG data and provided on a continuous and real-time basis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Major studies demonstrate the efficacy of this method, making possible an early evaluation of heart failure, treatment guidelines in hypertension and monitoring of hemodynamic performance in acute myocardial infarction and in the postoperative of cardiac surgery. Normally, these hemodynamic measurements would be obtained for only the most critically-ill patients, such as Swan-Ganz catheter monitoring. However, due to the risk, discomfort, and cost of invasive procedures, bioimpedance is considered safer and more economical.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Impedance cardiography has been an attractive alternative for determining body composition, since it is a noninvasive, portable, easy to handle and has good reproducibility and, therefore, is viable for clinical practice and epidemiological studies. Impedance cardiography has been increasingly used as a prognostic indicator in acute myocardial infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Objectives</title>
      <p>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p>- To verify the accuracy of the use of impedance cardiography in patients with acute myocardial infarction.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- To compare the indications of the impedance cardiography with the Swan-ganz catheter in patients with acute myocardial infarction.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Method</title>
      <p>It was a descriptive, retrospective research, based on a quantitative approach, conducted by means of literature review. For the survey of articles in the literature, a search was conducted in the following databases: Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Heath Sciences (LILACS), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval Sistem on-line (Medline), Cumulative Index to Nursing &amp; Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and COCHRANE LIBRARY.</p>
      <p>The electronic search was guided by the PICO strategy. The PICO acronym stands for: Patient, Intervention, Comparison and Outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> presents the components of the PICO strategy.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Components of the PICO<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> strategy</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">P</td>
              <td align="center">Patient with acute myocardial infarction</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">I</td>
              <td align="center">Impedance Cardiography</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">C</td>
              <td align="center">Swan-Ganz catheter</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">O</td>
              <td align="center">Hemodynamic variables</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Adapted from Lima, 2009.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
						</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The collection of data occurred in the period from January to August 2015. The following controlled descriptors were used to find the articles in databases: myocardial infarction, cardiography impedance, catheterization, Swan Ganz, invasive hemodynamic monitoring and hemodynamics. The composition of the sample met the inclusion criteria: Articles in Portuguese, English and Spanish; Articles that compared bioimpedance cardiography and invasive hemodynamic monitoring; Population: adult patients (aged older than 18 years) in critical condition; Articles published between 2005 and 2015. And as exclusion criteria: Articles not available in full-text; Studies conducted with animals; Articles that compared bioimpedance cardiography with other methods; Revision articles. For data collection, an instrument was developed composed of data related to the journal (title, area, database, country, language, year of publication), the authorship (number of authors, profession of the authors) and to the study (place of research, sample identification, design, type of participants, type of publication, results and conclusions).</p>
      <p>In the search, 108 articles were found in MEDLINE (02 articles were added due to similarity), 126 in CINAHL, 11 in LILACS, and 62 in COCHRANE, totaling 307 articles in an initial sample.</p>
      <p>Following the eligibility criteria, 259 (84.36%) articles were excluded. A dynamic reading of the 48 (15.63%) remaining articles was taken, and 38 (12.37%) articles were excluded since they were related to heart failure or compared bioimpedance cardiography with other methods. 10 articles were absorbed from the initial sample in order to develop this study.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Ten articles were selected for review, among which eight (80%) were found in the Medline database and two (20%) in Cochrane. The USA and Lithuania were the countries that most published on the proposed outcome, totaling 60% of the results. It was found no indexed publication in Brazilian journals (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Chart 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Chart 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characterization of the country and language of publication of articles.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-03-0282-80008-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>It was shown that 80% of the articles were developed by doctors, 10% by nurses and 10% by professionals of both categories (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Chart 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Chart 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of articles according to the author's professions.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-03-0282-80008-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In accordance with this study's objective, which refers to the identification of the accuracy of impedance cardiography compared to the Swan-Ganz catheter, this revision was concerned to elect clinical trial articles, considering their scientific magnitude to the scientific society, in addition to checking the journal's origin and its scientific relevance.</p>
      <p>Impedance cardiography (ICG) is a reliable method for hemodynamic monitoring in cases of acute myocadial infarction without complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The comparison of cardiac output (CO) accuracy determined by bioimpedance, thermodilution, and the Fick method led to the conclusion that the three techniques are not interchangeable in a heterogeneous population of critically ill patients. Measurements of CO by thermodilution were more significant than by bioimpedance. However, for each subject, the bioimpedance method varies less than the thermodilution method varies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>ICG could decrease the need for placement of a pulmonary artery catheter in critically ill patients in coronary care units (CCU). The benefits of pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) may not justify the risks associated with invasive hemodynamic monitoring, such as the potential for infection and other complications associated with a catheter. Although ICG does not provide pulmonary artery pressure, it does provide reliable and reproducible measures of cardiac index, stroke volume, systemic vascular resistance, and other hemodynamic parameters. Clinicians utilizing ICG believe it aids medical decision-making and improves patient outcomes in coronary care units, and in the comparison of average hospital cost, it was found PAC 2165$ / ICG 34$ per procedure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>ICG data could reflect the early cardiac functions of AMI patients, but the accuracy of ICG in evaluating cardiac functions should be combined with detection of blood NT-proBNP, BNP and cTnT and echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Chart 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Description of Results</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="5%"/>
            <col width="40%"/>
            <col width="40%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Author</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Year</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Results</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Conclusions</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bra&#382;d&#382;ionyt&#279; and Macas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">2007</td>
              <td align="center">Compared statistically, in 34 patients, based on graphical techniques and simple calculations, two methods: the Swan-Ganz (recognized and accepted as a "Gold standard" for hemodynamic monitoring) and impedance cardiography (newly introduced method). It was presented an alternative approach, suggested by DG Altman and JM Bland, for cardiac output measurement simultaneously in patients with acute myocardial infarction.</td>
              <td align="center">Bland-Altman analysis is an alternative approach for evaluation of agreement between two methods for clinical measurement. According to data, it is a noninvasive technique. <break/>Impedance cardiography is a reliable method for hemodynamic monitoring in cases of acute myocardial infarction without complications.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Engoren and Barbee.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">2005</td>
              <td align="center">Determined the accuracy of cardiac output (CO) assessment through bioimpedance, thermodilution and Fick methods. In a sample of 46 patients, 15 used the Flick method. Mean (SD) cardiac output in all patients was 6.3 (2.2) L/min by thermodilution and 5.6 (2.0) L/min by bioimpedance. In the 15 patients in whom all 3 methods were used, mean cardiac output was 6.0 (1.7) L/min by thermodilution, 5.3 (1.7) L/min by bioimpedance, and 8.6 (4.5) L/min by the Fick method.</td>
              <td align="center">The determinations of CO using the three techniques are not interchangeable in a heterogenous population of critically ill patients. Measurements of cardiac output by thermodilution were significantly greater than by bioimpedance. But for each subject, the bioimpedance method varied less than the thermodilution method varied.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Silver et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">2005</td>
              <td align="center">The hypothesis was that ICG could decrease the need for placement of a pulmonary artery catheter in critically ill patients in coronary care units (CCU). After evaluating the need for hemodynamic monitoring of 107 patients admitted to the CCU, 14 were judged to have indications, and all patients were monitored by ICG. ICG parameters were provided to the attending physician who then decided whether pulmonary artery catheter insertion was still necessary. 10/14 patients (71%) were monitored only by bioimpedance and clinicians reported that the information was helpful in 10/10 patients (100%; 95% confidence interval, 74.1%-100.0%). ICG can replace the pulmonary artery catheter in coronary care unit and clinicians utilizing ICG believe it aids medical decision-making and improves patient outcomes.</td>
              <td align="center">The benefits of pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) may not justify the risks associated with invasive hemodynamic monitoring, such as the potential for infection and other complications associated with a catheter. Although ICG does not provide pulmonary artery pressure, it does provide reliable and reproducible measures of cardiac index, stroke volume, systemic vascular resistance, and other hemodynamic parameters. <break/>Total Procedure Cost - PAC 2165$ /<break/>ICG - 34$</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">2014</td>
              <td align="center">Evaluated with impedance (ICG) the cardiac function of 99 acute myocardial infarction patients. Blood was obtained for the detection of BNP, NT-proBNP and troponin, followed by ICG, which measured: Thorax fluid capacity (TFC); pre-ejection period (PEP); left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF); cardiac output (CO); stroke index (SI); stroke volume (SV); systemic vascular resistance (SVR); systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI); cardiac index (CI); end-diastolic volume (EDV); systolic time ratio (STR). All these patients underwent ICG and echocardiography 2 days after surgery. The results indicate that NT-proBNP and BNP are associated with SVR, SVRI, PEP and STR, independently (P &lt; 0.05). Troponin was associated with SVR and SVRI (p &lt; 0.05).</td>
              <td align="center">ICG data could reflect the early cardiac functions of AMI patients, but the accuracy of ICG in evaluating cardiac functions should be combined with detection of blood NT-proBNP, BNP and cTnT and echocardiography.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ablonskyt&#279;-D&#363;donien&#279; et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">2012</td>
              <td align="center">Due to ICG, it was possible to offer an integrated analysis with electrocardiogram to help identify the patients at risk of serious adverse events after ST-segment. All-cause or cardiac mortality and in-hospital recurrent ischemia, recurrent nonfatal MI, and need for revascularization were considered as serious adverse events. A greater risk of cardiac death was observed within a 5-year period after STEMI.</td>
              <td align="center">A greater risk of cardiac death was observed within a 5-year period after STEMI. An integrated analysis of electrocardiogram and impedance cardiogram helps estimate patient's risk of adverse outcomes after STEMI.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bra&#382;d&#382;ionyt&#279; and Macas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">2006</td>
              <td align="center">Hemodynamic evaluation in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is crucial. The management of the intra-aortic balloon (IAB) in patients with cardiogenic shock can be made by the invasive Swan-Ganz method. However, noninvasive methods, such as impedance cardiography (ICG), can also have a place in monitoring these patients. The study aimed to evaluate the possibility of applying a noninvasive method in the hemodynamic monitoring during AMI complicated by cardiogenic shock, managed by an intra-aortic balloon. A total of 16 patients were selected; anterior AMI was diagnosed in 68.75% of them, inferior in 25% and circular in 6.25%. Primary angioplasty was successfully performed in 43.75% of the patients; unsuccessfully, in 1 patient, who died within the first 18 hours. Half of patients underwent cardiac surgery within the first two weeks. Mortality rate was 68%. A total of 109 paired measurements were carried out in 16 patients in accordance with different IABP stages. Monitoring of cardiac output, cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance and systolic volume were compared by the two methods, every 12 hours.</td>
              <td align="center">Significant correlation of cardiac output values was observed between the impedance cardiography and the Swan-Ganz technique during intra-aortic balloon use. Noninvasive evaluation of hemodynamic indices by continuous monitoring of impedance cardiography during acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock and managed by an intra-aortic balloon is a reliable method for further application.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fuller<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">2006</td>
              <td align="center">The study examined the use of impedance cardiography to stimulate cardiac output in critically ill patients in the intensive care unit. Cardiac output was measured, concurrently, in 61 patients with a pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) and impedance cardiography (ICG).</td>
              <td align="center">The study has found a low correlation between PAC and ICG in critically ill patients, with 95% confidence interval, but the exclusion of patients with valve regurgitation and adjustment for hematocrit and skinfold thickness improved agreement. The support of clinicians for the introduction of any new technology is as important as the accuracy and reliability of that technology. Only with such support can impedance cardiography be accepted. The use of bioimpedance led to a 71% reduction in PAC usage in critically ill patients.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Keuhne et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">2013</td>
              <td align="center">Fifteen postinfarction patients, with symptomatic heart failure and akinetic or dyskinetic segment were included in the study. During the implantation of a cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) device, stroke volume was measured via impedance cardiography.<break/>It has shown an advantage over the pulmonary artery catheter because it is a simple method for measuring daily hemodynamic data of patients.</td>
              <td align="center">Impedance cardiography is a valid parameter to estimate stroke volume and to guide optimization of CRT timing in postinfarction patients.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Piepoli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">2010</td>
              <td align="center">It used impedance cardiography, and not the pulmonary artery catheter, to assess stroke volume, in post-MI patients, and the use of bone marrow stem cells to improve cardiac function.</td>
              <td align="center">The study showed the beneficial effect of stem cells usage in post-MI patients with depressed LV function.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Albert<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">2006</td>
              <td align="center">Comparison between hemodynamic variables:<break/><bold>Cardiography impedance</bold><break/>Stroke volume / stroke index; cardiac output / cardiac index; systemic vascular resistance; left cardiac work / left cardiac work index.<break/>Other contractility parameters:<break/>- Systolic time ratio; Pre-ejection period; Left ventricular ejection time; Velocity index; Thoracic fluid content.<break/><bold>Pulmonary Artery Catheter</bold><break/>- Stroke volume / stroke index; cardiac output / cardiac index; left cardiac work / left cardiac work index; systemic vascular resistance and peripheral vascular resistance index; pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary vascular resistance index; pulmonary artery pressure; right atrial pressure..</td>
              <td align="center">Impedance cardiography provides contractility data that can increase traditional hemodynamic information. Current measure systems that measure thoracic impedance to electrical current are user friendly, easy to apply and safe. The use of impedance cardiography may enlarge the relationships between hemodynamic and cardiovascular parameters and circulation disorders that may subsidize patient care.</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The use of ICG made it possible to offer an integrated analysis with electrocardiogram to help identify the patients at risk of serious adverse events after ST-segment. All-cause or cardiac mortality and in-hospital recurrent ischemia, recurrent nonfatal MI, and need for revascularization were considered as serious adverse events. A greater risk of cardiac death was observed within a 5-year period after STEMI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Significant correlation of cardiac output values was observed between the impedance cardiography and the Swan-Ganz technique during intra-aortic balloon (IAB) usage. Noninvasive evaluation of hemodynamic indices by continuous monitoring of impedance cardiography during acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock and managed by an intra-aortic balloon is a reliable method for further application.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>There is a low correlation between PAC and ICG in critically ill patients, but the exclusion of patients with valve regurgitation improves the results. The use of ICG led to a 71% reduction in PAC usage in critically ill patients. The support of clinicians for the introduction of any new technology is as important as the accuracy and reliability of that technology. Only with such support can impedance cardiography be accepted.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Impedance cardiography is a valid parameter to estimate stroke volume and to guide optimization of CRT timing in postinfarction patients. It has shown an advantage over the pulmonary artery catheter because it is a simple method of measuring daily hemodynamic data of patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Impedance cardiography, similarly to the pulmonary artery catheter, measures stroke volume, and in post-MI patients, it was possible to show the beneficial effect of stem cells usage in patients with depressed LV function using ICG, without the need for an invasive method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Impedance cardiography provides contractility data that can increase traditional hemodynamic information. Current measure systems that measure thoracic impedance to electrical current are user friendly, easy to apply and safe. The use of impedance cardiography may enlarge the relationships between hemodynamic parameters and cardiovascular and circulation disorders that may subsidize patient care. Comparison between hemodynamic variables:</p>
      <p><bold>Cardiography impedance</bold> - Stroke volume / stroke index; cardiac output / cardiac index; systemic vascular resistance; left cardiac work / left cardiac work index. Other contractility parameters: - Systolic time ratio; Pre-ejection period; Left ventricular ejection time; Velocity index; Thoracic fluid content.</p>
      <p><bold>Pulmonary Artery Catheter</bold> - stroke volume; stroke index; cardiac output; cardiac index, left cardiac work; left cardiac index; systemic vascular resistance and peripheral vascular resistance index; pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary vascular resistance index; pulmonary artery pressure; right atrial pressure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>ICG has shown to be a reliable method for hemodynamic monitoring in cases of acute myocardial infarction without complications. This method enlarges the relationships between hemodynamic/cardiovascular parameters and circulation disorders that may subsidize patient care.</p>
      <p>It is emergent that we understand the importance of assisting the client based on clinical evidence. Our knowledge about the pathology and its hemodynamic repercussions assures the appropriate diagnosis identification, allowing the implementation of client care with quality and safety.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Lucelia dos Santos Silva, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acur&#225;cia da Cardiografia por Imped&#226;ncia em Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio: Uma Revis&#227;o de Literatura</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Lucelia dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Faria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Monyque Evelyn Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Dalmo Valerio Machado de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Lucelia dos Santos Silva.</bold> Rua Otavio Mangabeira, 2031. CEP: 25555-120, Jardim Meriti, S&#227;o Jo&#227;o de Meriti, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>luceliasantos.ufrj@gmail.com</email>, <email>luceliasantos.cap31@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Silva LS, Lima DVM. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Silva LS. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Silva LS, Reis FF, Silva MES. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Silva LS, Reis FF, Silva MES. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Silva LS, Lima DVM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio / fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Confiabilidade dos Dados</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemodin&#226;mica</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiografia de Imped&#226;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Imped&#226;ncia El&#233;trica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica dos indiv&#237;duos acometidos por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, para avalia&#231;&#227;o da progress&#227;o e progn&#243;stico do quadro, vem sido estudada h&#225; anos.</p>
        <p>O cateter de Swan-Ganz &#233; uma medida invasiva de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, indicado para situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, tais como: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda (ex.: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, complicado com hipotens&#227;o progressiva ou choque cardiog&#234;nico); complica&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; infarto do ventr&#237;culo direito; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva refrat&#225;ria; Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ainda que hajam indica&#231;&#245;es, n&#227;o existe consenso entre elas, visto que h&#225; uma enorme quantidade de trabalhos publicados sobre o uso cl&#237;nico do cateter de Swan-Ganz, por&#233;m com metodologia d&#250;bia, permitindo controv&#233;rsias a respeito das suas verdadeiras indica&#231;&#245;es. Alguns autores, inclusive, chegaram a publicar resultados de trabalhos, correlacionando o uso do cateter de Swan-Ganz com o aumento da mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Dentre outras formas de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o, existe a cardiografia por imped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica (ICG) ou bioimped&#226;ncia tor&#225;cica, que &#233; um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo de monitora&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas. Ela assume o t&#243;rax como um cilindro simples de fluido e homog&#234;neo, composto por tecido sangu&#237;neo, ar e &#243;rg&#227;os, detentor de uma resist&#234;ncia espec&#237;fica, e assim mensura a resist&#234;ncia el&#233;trica a uma alta frequ&#234;ncia e uma baixa e constante amplitude de corrente (1,5 mA, 86 KHZ) gerada por sensores e eletrodos externos (nas regi&#245;es tor&#225;cica e cervical) que captam as mudan&#231;as instant&#226;neas de voltagem.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O aparelho funciona de acordo com a lei de Ohm: quando uma corrente constante &#233; aplicada no t&#243;rax, as mudan&#231;as de voltagem s&#227;o diretamente proporcionais a mudan&#231;as da imped&#226;ncia. A imped&#226;ncia total do t&#243;rax, denominada imped&#226;ncia basal (Z), &#233; o somat&#243;rio da imped&#226;ncia de todos os componentes tor&#225;cicos (tecido adiposo, cora&#231;&#227;o, pulm&#227;o, m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico, tecido vascular, ossos e ar).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os eletrodos sentem a altera&#231;&#227;o da Z decorrente do fluxo sangu&#237;neo puls&#225;til da aorta descendente durante a s&#237;stole e di&#225;stole. Essa altera&#231;&#227;o, com o passar do tempo, reflete diretamente na contratilidade ventricular esquerda. Essa altera&#231;&#227;o de Z &#233; matematicamente convertida em valores de volume sist&#243;lico e d&#233;bito card&#237;aco utilizando um algoritmo. As demais vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas s&#227;o medidas ou calculadas a partir dos dados da ICG e fornecidas em uma base cont&#237;nua e tempo real.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Grandes estudos evidenciam a efic&#225;cia desse m&#233;todo, sendo poss&#237;vel avalia&#231;&#227;o precoce na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, guia de tratamento medicamentoso na hipertens&#227;o e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da performance hemodin&#226;mica no infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios de cir&#250;rgica card&#237;aca. Geralmente, tais avalia&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas s&#243; seriam obtidas em pacientes graves, como a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o por cateter de Swan-Ganz. Contudo, devido aos riscos, desconforto e custo de procedimentos invasivos, a bioimped&#226;ncia torna-se mais segura e econ&#244;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A cardiografia de imped&#226;ncia tem sido uma alternativa atraente na avalia&#231;&#227;o da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, pela possibilidade de se trabalhar com equipamento n&#227;o invasivo, port&#225;til, de f&#225;cil manuseio, boa reprodutibilidade e, portanto, vi&#225;vel para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e para estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos. A cardiografia de imped&#226;ncia consiste em uma ferramenta cada vez mais utilizada como indicador de progn&#243;stico do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objetivos</title>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <p>- Verificar a acur&#225;cia da utiliza&#231;&#227;o da cardiografia de imped&#226;ncia em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>- Comparar as indica&#231;&#245;es da cardiografia de imped&#226;ncia com o cateter de Swan-Ganz em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todo</title>
        <p>Tratou-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, retrospectiva e de abordagem quantitativa, realizada por meio de revis&#227;o de literatura. Para o levantamento dos artigos na literatura, realizou-se uma busca nas seguintes bases de dados: Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (LILACS), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval Sistem on-line (Medline), Cumulative Index to Nursing &amp; Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) e COCHRANE LIBRARY.</p>
        <p>A busca eletr&#244;nica foi guiada pela estrat&#233;gia PICO. PICO representa um acr&#244;nimo para: Paciente, Interven&#231;&#227;o, Compara&#231;&#227;o e "Outcomes" (desfecho).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A defini&#231;&#227;o dos elementos da estrat&#233;gia PICO pode ser vista no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Elementos da Estrat&#233;gia PICO*</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">P</td>
                <td align="center">Paciente com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I</td>
                <td align="center">Cardiografia de imped&#226;ncia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">C</td>
                <td align="center">Cateter de Swan-Ganz</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">O</td>
                <td align="center">Var&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Adaptado de Lima, 2009.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
							</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A coleta de dados ocorreu no per&#237;odo de janeiro a agosto de 2015. Para a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos artigos nas bases de dados, foram utilizados os descritores controlados: "myocardial infarction", "cardiography impedance", "catheterization", "Swan Ganz", "invasive hemodynamic monitoring" e "hemodynamics". A composi&#231;&#227;o da amostra respeitou os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: Artigos no idioma portugu&#234;s, ingl&#234;s e espanhol; Artigos que apresentem a compara&#231;&#227;o entre a cardiografia por bioimped&#226;ncia e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica invasiva; Popula&#231;&#227;o: pacientes adultos (maiores de 18 anos) em estado cr&#237;tico; Artigos publicados entre 2005 e 2015. E como crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: Artigos n&#227;o dispon&#237;veis na &#237;ntegra; Estudos realizados em animais; Artigos que comparassem a cardiografia por imped&#226;ncia com outros exames; Artigos de revis&#227;o. Para a coleta de dados, foi elaborado um instrumento composto por dados referentes ao peri&#243;dico (t&#237;tulo, &#225;rea, base de dados, pa&#237;s, idioma, ano de publica&#231;&#227;o), a autoria (n&#250;mero de autores, profiss&#227;o dos autores) e ao estudo (local da pesquisa, identifica&#231;&#227;o da amostra, desenho, tipo de participantes, tipo de publica&#231;&#227;o, resultados e conclus&#245;es).</p>
        <p>Foram encontrados 108 artigos na MEDLINE, somando 02 artigos adicionados por similaridade na busca, 126 na CINAHL, 11 na LILACS, E 62 na COCHRANE, perfazendo um total de 307 artigos em uma amostra inicial.</p>
        <p>Analisando os artigos segundo os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade, foram exclu&#237;dos 259 (84,36%) artigos. Realizou-se a leitura din&#226;mica dos 48 (15,63%) restantes, excluindo-se 38 (12,37%) artigos por tratarem-se de pesquisas relacionadas &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou compara&#231;&#227;o da cardiografia por imped&#226;ncia com outros exames. Foram absorvidos 10 artigos da amostra inicial para o desenvolvimento deste estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram selecionados dez artigos para revis&#227;o, destes oito (80%) encontrados na base de dados Medline e dois (20%) na base Cochrane. USA e Litu&#226;nia foram os pa&#237;ses que mais pulicaram sobre a desfecho proposto, perfazendo um total de 60% do resultado. N&#227;o foi encontrado nenhum artigo indexado em peri&#243;dicos brasileiros (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Gr&#225;fico 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do pa&#237;s e idioma de publica&#231;&#227;o dos artigos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-03-0282-80008-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Evidenciou-se que 80% dos artigos foram desenvolvidos por m&#233;dicos, 10% por enfermeiros e 10% por profissionais de ambas categorias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Gr&#225;fico 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Gr&#225;fico 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos artigos conforme a profiss&#227;o dos autores.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-03-0282-80008-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Corroborando o objetivo deste estudo, que se refere &#224; identifica&#231;&#227;o da acur&#225;cia da cardiografia por imped&#226;ncia sobre m&#233;todo de Swan-Ganz, esta revis&#227;o preocupou-se em eleger artigos de ensaios cl&#237;nicos, visto a magnitude cient&#237;fica destes perante a sociedade cient&#237;fica, verificando ainda a proced&#234;ncia do peri&#243;dico de origem e sua relev&#226;ncia cient&#237;fica.</p>
        <p>A cardiografia de imped&#226;ncia (ICG) &#233; um m&#233;todo confi&#225;vel para monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica em casos de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem complica&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Comparando a acur&#225;cia da avali&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (DC) pelos m&#233;todos de bioimped&#226;ncia, termodilui&#231;&#227;o e Fick, as determina&#231;&#245;es do DC pelas tr&#234;s t&#233;cnicas n&#227;o s&#227;o substitu&#237;veis para uma popula&#231;&#227;o heterog&#234;nea de pacientes criticamente enfermos. Medidas do DC por cateter de termodilui&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o mais significativas do que por bioimped&#226;ncia, por&#233;m para cada sujeito, com a bioimped&#226;ncia a verifica&#231;&#227;o do DC varia menos que com o cateter de termodilui&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A ICG pode diminuir necessidade de inser&#231;&#227;o de um cateter de art&#233;ria pulmonar em pacientes graves em unidades de cuidados intensivos coronarianos (UCO). Os benef&#237;cios do cateter de art&#233;ria pulmonar (PAC) podem n&#227;o superar os riscos associados a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica invasiva, como o potencial de infec&#231;&#227;o e outras complica&#231;&#245;es associadas ao cateter. Embora ICG n&#227;o forne&#231;a a press&#227;o de art&#233;ria pulmonar, ela fornece medidas confi&#225;veis e reprodut&#237;veis de &#237;ndice card&#237;aco, de volume sist&#243;lico sist&#234;mico, de resist&#234;ncia vascular, e outros par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos. Os profissionais que utilizam ICG acreditam que ele auxilia na tomada de decis&#227;o m&#233;dica e melhora os resultados em pacientes de unidade de cuidados coron&#225;rios e, na compara&#231;&#227;o do custo hospitalar m&#233;dio, verifica-se PAC 2165$ / ICG 34$ por procedimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Gr&#225;fico 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o dos Resultados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="5%"/>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="40%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Autor</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Ano</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Resultados</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Conclus&#245;es</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bra&#382;d&#382;ionyt&#279; e Macas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2007</td>
                <td align="center">Comparou estatisticamente, em 34 pacientes, com base em t&#233;cnicas gr&#225;ficas e c&#225;lculos simples, dois m&#233;todos: swan ganz (reconhecido e aceito como uma "Padr&#227;o ouro" para monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica) e cardiografia de imped&#226;ncia (m&#233;todo recentemente introduzido). Foi apresentado uma abordagem alternativa, sugerida pela DG Altman e JM Bland, para de medi&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco simultaneamente em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                <td align="center">An&#225;lise de Bland-Altman &#233; um m&#233;todo alternativo para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do acordo entre dois m&#233;todos de mensura&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. De acordo com os dados, t&#233;cnica n&#227;o-invasiva <break/>Cardiografia de imped&#226;ncia &#233; um m&#233;todo confi&#225;vel para monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica em casos de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem complica&#231;&#245;es.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Engoren e Barbee.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2005</td>
                <td align="center">Determinou a acur&#225;cia da avali&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (DC) pelos m&#233;todos de bioimped&#226;ncia, termodilui&#231;&#227;o e Fick. Amostra de 46 pacientes, destes 15 utilizaram o m&#233;todo de Fick. A m&#233;dia do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco em todos os pacientes foi de 6,3 (2,2) L/min para o cateter de termodilui&#231;&#227;o e 5,6 (2,0) L/min para a bioimped&#226;ncia. Nos 15 pacientes cujos foram utilizados os tr&#234;s m&#233;todos, a m&#233;dia do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco foi de 6,0 (1,7)L/min para o cateter de termodilui&#231;&#227;o, 5,3 (1,7) L/min para bioimped&#226;ncia e 8,6 (4,5) L/min pelo m&#233;todo de Fick.</td>
                <td align="center">As determia&#231;&#227;es do DC pelas tr&#234;s t&#233;cnicas n&#227;o s&#227;o substitu&#237;veis para uma popula&#231;&#227;o heterog&#234;nea de pacientes criticamente enfermos. Medidas do DC por cateter de termodilui&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o mais significativas do que por bioimped&#226;ncia. Por&#233;m, para cada sujeito, a bioimped&#226;ncia variou menos que o cateter de termodilui&#231;&#227;o.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Silver et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2005</td>
                <td align="center">A hip&#243;tese foi que a ICG poderia diminuir necessidade de inser&#231;&#227;o de um cateter de art&#233;ria pulmonar em pacientes graves em unidades de cuidados intensivos coronarianos (UCO). Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o da necessidade de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica de 107 pacientes admitidos na UCO, 14 tiveram a indica&#231;&#227;o, todos formam monitorados com a ICG. Os par&#226;metros ICG foram fornecidos ao m&#233;dico assistente que ent&#227;o decidiu se a inser&#231;&#227;o do cateter de art&#233;ria pulmonar ainda era necess&#225;ria. 10(71%) dos 14 pacientes foram monitorados somente pela bioimped&#226;ncia e os m&#233;dicos relataram que a informa&#231;&#227;o era &#250;til em 10/10 pacientes (100%; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, 74,1% -100,0%). ICG pode substituir o cateter de art&#233;ria pulmonar em pacientes de unidade de cuidados coron&#225;rios e os profissionais que utilizam ICG acreditam que auxilia na tomada de decis&#227;o m&#233;dica e melhora os resultados dos pacientes.</td>
                <td align="center">Os benef&#237;cios do cateter de art&#233;ria pulmonar (PAC) podem n&#227;o superar os riscos associados a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica invasiva, como o potencial de infec&#231;&#227;o e outras complica&#231;&#245;es associadas ao cateter. Embora ICG n&#227;o forne&#231;a a press&#227;o de art&#233;ria pulmonar, ela fornece medidas confi&#225;veis e reprodut&#237;veis de &#237;ndice card&#237;aco, de volume sist&#243;lico sist&#234;mico, de resist&#234;ncia vascular, e outros par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos. <break/>Custo hospitalar m&#233;dio - PAC 2165$ / <break/>ICG - 34$</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2014</td>
                <td align="center">Avaliou a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca de 99 pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio por bioimped&#226;ncia (ICG). Foram obtidas amostras sangu&#237;neas de BNP, Pro-BNP e Troponina, seguido de ICG, que avaliou: Conte&#250;do de fluido tor&#225;cico (TFC); Per&#237;odo de pr&#233;-eje&#231;&#227;o (PEP); trabalho de ventr&#237;culo E (LVEF); D&#233;bito card&#237;aco (CO); &#205;ndice sist&#243;lico (SI); Volume sist&#243;lico (SV); Resistencia vascular sist&#234;mica (SVR); Indice de resist&#234;ncia vascular sistemica (SVRI); Indice card&#237;aco (CI); Volume diast&#243;lico final (EDV); Raz&#227;o de tempo sist&#243;lico (STR). Todos esses pacientes foram submetidos &#224; ICG e ecocardiografia dois dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Os resultados indicam que a Pro-BNP e BNP est&#227;o associados com SVR, SVRI, PEP E STR, independentemente (p &lt; 0,05). Troponina foi associada com SVR E SVRI (p &lt; 0,05).</td>
                <td align="center">Os dados ICG poderia refletir as fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas precoces de pacientes com IAM, mas a precis&#227;o da ICG na avalia&#231;&#227;o de fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas deve ser combinada com a detec&#231;&#227;o de sangue NT-proBNP, BNP e cTnT e ecocardiografia.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ablonskyt&#279;-D&#363;donien&#279; et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2012</td>
                <td align="center">Com a ICG foi poss&#237;vel uma an&#225;lise integrada com eletrocardiograma para ajudar na estimativa do risco de eventos adversos graves depois de um infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Considerou-se como evento adverso grave todas as causas de mortalidade card&#237;aca ou hospitalar recorrente isquemia n&#227;o fatal e com necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Verificou-se em maior risco de morte card&#237;aca dentro de um per&#237;odo de 5 anos ap&#243;s IAM com SST.</td>
                <td align="center">Verificou-se em maior risco de morte card&#237;aca dentro de um per&#237;odo de 5 anos ap&#243;s IAM com SST. Uma an&#225;lise integrada de eletrocardiograma e cardiograma de imped&#226;ncia ajuda na estimativa dos riscos de resultados adversos ap&#243;s IAM com SST.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bra&#382;d&#382;ionyt&#279; e Macas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2006</td>
                <td align="center">Avalia&#231;&#227;o da hemodin&#226;mica em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) &#233; crucial. O monitoramento do bal&#227;o intra a&#243;rtico (BIA) em pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico pode ser realizada pelo m&#233;todo invasivo de swan ganz. No entanto, m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos, como a cardiografia por imped&#226;ncia (ICG), tamb&#233;m podem fazer esse monitoramento. O estudo objetivou avaliar a possibilidade da aplica&#231;&#227;o de um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo para o monitoramento hemodin&#226;mico durante o IAM, complicado por cheque cardiog&#234;nico, manejado por bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico. Um total de 16 pacientes foi selecionado, destes 68,75% tiveram IAM de parede anterior, 25% de parede inferior e 6,25%, circular. Angioplastia prim&#225;ria foi realizada com sucesso em 43,75% dos pacientes, sem sucesso em 1 paciente, que morreu dentro de 18 horas p&#243;s-procedimento. Metade dos pacientes foi submetida &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca dentro das duas primeiras semanas. A taxa de mortalidade foi de 68%. Um total de 109 medi&#231;&#245;es emparelhadas foram realizadas nos 16 pacientes, em conformidade com os diferentes est&#225;gios do BIA.<break/>A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, indice card&#237;aco, resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica e volume sist&#243;lico foram comparadas pelos dois m&#233;todos, a cada 12 horas.</td>
                <td align="center">Foi observada uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa de valores de d&#233;bito card&#237;aco entre a imped&#226;ncia cardiografia e t&#233;cnica de swan ganz durante o uso de BIA. Avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva dos &#237;ndices hemodin&#226;micos por monitoramento cont&#237;nuo de cardiografia de imped&#226;ncia durante infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, complicado por choque cardiog&#234;nico e menejado pelo bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico &#233; um m&#233;todo confi&#225;vel para posterior aplica&#231;&#227;o.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fuller<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2006</td>
                <td align="center">Estudo analisou a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de cardiografia por imped&#226;ncia para estimar d&#233;bito card&#237;aco em pacientes cr&#237;ticos de Unidade de terapia intensiva. Foi medido, simultaneamente, em 61 pacientes o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco pelo cateter de art&#233;ria pulmonar (PAC) e cardiografia por imped&#226;ncia (ICG).</td>
                <td align="center">Este estudo encontrou baixa correla&#231;&#227;o entre PAC e ICG em pacientes criticamente enfermos, com indice de confian&#231;a de 95%, mas a exclus&#227;o dos pacientes com insuficiencia valvar e o ajuste do hemat&#243;crito melhorou a rela&#231;&#227;o. O suporte de especialistas para a introdu&#231;&#227;o de qualquer nova tecnologia &#233; t&#227;o importante quanto o precis&#227;o e confiabilidade da mesma. Somente com esse apoio cardiografia de imped&#226;ncia pode ser aceita. O uso da bioimped&#226;ncia reduziu em 71% o uso de PAC em pacientes cr&#237;ticos.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Keuhne et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2013</td>
                <td align="center">Quinze pacientes p&#243;s-infarto, com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sintom&#225;tica e acinesia ou discinesia de ventriculo foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Durante a implanta&#231;&#227;o de um dispositivo de terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (CRT), utilizouliu-se a imped&#226;ncia cardiogr&#225;fica para avaliar volume sist&#243;lico.<break/>Mostrou vantagem sobre o cateter de art&#233;ria pulmonar por ser um m&#233;todo que fornece medi&#231;&#245;es di&#225;rias e simples dos dados hemodin&#226;micos dos pacientes.</td>
                <td align="center">Cardiografia por imped&#226;ncia &#233; um v&#225;lido par&#226;metro para estimar volume sist&#243;lico e orientar a otimiza&#231;&#227;o da CRT em pacientes p&#243;s-infarto.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Piepoli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2010</td>
                <td align="center">Utilizou a cardiografia de imped&#226;ncia, e n&#227;o o cateter de art&#233;ria pulmonar, para avaliar volume sist&#243;lico e o uso de c&#233;lulas estaminais da medula &#243;ssea para melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, em pacientes p&#243;s- IAM.</td>
                <td align="center">O estudo mostrou efeito ben&#233;fico na utiliza&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas estaminais em pacientes com a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda deprimida p&#243;s-IAM.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Albert<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">2006</td>
                <td align="center">Compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micos:<break/><bold>Imped&#226;ncia cardiogr&#225;fica</bold> <break/>Volume sist&#243;lico / &#237;ndice sist&#243;lico; d&#233;bito card&#237;aco / &#237;ndice card&#237;aca; resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica; trabalho de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo / &#237;ndice de trabalho de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<break/>Outros par&#226;metros de contratilidade:<break/>- Rela&#231;&#227;o de tempo sist&#243;lico; Per&#237;odo de pr&#233;-ejec&#231;&#227;o; Tempo de ejec&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; &#205;ndice de velocidade; &#205;ndice de acelera&#231;&#227;o; O conte&#250;do de fluido tor&#225;cico.<break/><bold>Cateter de art&#233;ria pulmonar</bold><break/>- Volume sist&#243;lico / &#237;ndice sist&#243;lico; d&#233;bito card&#237;aco / &#237;ndice card&#237;aco; trabalho de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo /&#237;ndice de trabalho de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica e &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica; resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar e &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar; press&#227;o de art&#233;ria pulmonar; press&#227;o de &#225;trio D.</td>
                <td align="center">Cardiografia de imped&#226;ncia fornece dados de contratilidade que podem aumentar a informa&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica tradicional. Sistemas de medida atual de imped&#226;ncia tor&#225;cica com a corrente el&#233;trica s&#227;o de f&#225;cil utiliza&#231;&#227;o, de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o e seguros. O uso da cardiografia de imped&#226;ncia pode aumentar as rela&#231;&#245;es entre os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos e cardiovasculares e doen&#231;as de circula&#231;&#227;o que podendo subsidiar a assist&#234;ncia ao paciente.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os dados ICG podem refletir a hemodin&#226;mica da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca de pacientes com IAM, mas a precis&#227;o da ICG na avalia&#231;&#227;o de fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas deve ser combinada com a detec&#231;&#227;o de sangue NT-proBNP, BNP e cTnT e ecocardiografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Com a ICG foi poss&#237;vel uma an&#225;lise integrada com eletrocardiograma para ajudar na estimativa do risco de eventos adversos graves depois de um infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Considerou-se como evento adverso grave todas as causas de mortalidade card&#237;aca ou hospitalar recorrente isquemia n&#227;o fatal e com necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Verificou-se em maior risco de morte card&#237;aca dentro de um per&#237;odo de 5 anos ap&#243;s IAM com SST.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>H&#225; correla&#231;&#227;o significativa de valores de d&#233;bito card&#237;aco entre a imped&#226;ncia cardiografia e t&#233;cnica de Swan Ganz durante o uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico (BIA). Avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva dos &#237;ndices hemodin&#226;micos por monitoramento cont&#237;nuo de cardiografia de imped&#226;ncia durante infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, complicado por choque cardiog&#234;nico e manejado pelo bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, &#233; um m&#233;todo confi&#225;vel para posterior aplica&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>H&#225; baixa correla&#231;&#227;o entre PAC e ICG em pacientes criticamente enfermos, mas a exclus&#227;o dos pacientes com insuficiencia valvar melhora os resultados. O uso da ICG reduz em 71% o uso de PAC em pacientes cr&#237;ticos. O suporte de especialistas para a introdu&#231;&#227;o de qualquer nova tecnologia &#233; t&#227;o importante quanto o precis&#227;o e confiabilidade da mesma. Somente com esse apoio cardiografia de imped&#226;ncia pode ser aceita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Cardiografia por imped&#226;ncia tamb&#233;m &#233; um par&#226;metro v&#225;lido para estimar volume sist&#243;lico e orientar a otimiza&#231;&#227;o de um dispositivo de terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (CRT) em pacientes p&#243;s-infarto, mostrando vantagem sobre o cateter de art&#233;ria pulmonar, por ser um m&#233;todo que fornece medi&#231;&#245;es di&#225;rias e simples dos dados hemodin&#226;micos dos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A cardiografia de imped&#226;ncia, assim como o cateter de art&#233;ria pulmonar, avalia volume sist&#243;lico, e em pacientes p&#243;s- IAM, foi poss&#237;vel mostrar efeito ben&#233;fico na utiliza&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas estaminais para melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em pacientes com a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda deprimida p&#243;s-IAM utilizando a ICG, sem a necessidade de utilizar um m&#233;todo invasivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A ICG fornece dados de contratilidade que podem aumentar a informa&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica tradicional. Sistemas de medida atual de imped&#226;ncia tor&#225;cica com a corrente el&#233;trica s&#227;o de f&#225;cil utiliza&#231;&#227;o. De f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o e seguros. O uso da cardiografia de imped&#226;ncia pode aumentar as rela&#231;&#245;es entre os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos e cardiovasculares e doen&#231;as de circula&#231;&#227;o que podendo subsidiar a assist&#234;ncia ao paciente. Compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micos:</p>
        <p><bold>Imped&#226;ncia cardiogr&#225;fica</bold> - Volume sist&#243;lico; &#237;ndice sist&#243;lico; d&#233;bito card&#237;aco; &#237;ndice card&#237;aco; resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica; trabalho de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; &#237;ndice de trabalho de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Outros par&#226;metros de contratilidade: rela&#231;&#227;o de tempo sist&#243;lico, per&#237;odo de pr&#233;-ejec&#231;&#227;o, empo de ejec&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, &#237;ndice de velocidade, &#237;ndice de acelera&#231;&#227;o e conte&#250;do de fluido tor&#225;cico.</p>
        <p><bold>Cateter de art&#233;ria pulmonar</bold> - volume sist&#243;lico; &#237;ndice sist&#243;lico; d&#233;bito card&#237;aco; &#237;ndice card&#237;aco, trabalho de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; &#237;ndice de trabalho de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica e &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica; resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar e &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar; press&#227;o de art&#233;ria pulmonar e press&#227;o de &#225;trio direito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A ICG mostra-se como um m&#233;todo confi&#225;vel para monitoriza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica em casos de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem complica&#231;&#245;es. Esse m&#233;todo aumenta as rela&#231;&#245;es entre os par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos/cardiovasculares e doen&#231;as de circula&#231;&#227;o que podem subsidiar a assist&#234;ncia ao paciente.</p>
        <p>&#201; emergente que compreendamos a import&#226;ncia de assistir ao cliente baseando-se em evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas. O conhecimento sobre a patologia e suas repercuss&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas garantem a identifica&#231;&#227;o adequada do diagn&#243;stico, possibilitando implementa&#231;&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia ao cliente com qualidade e seguran&#231;a.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Lucelia dos Santos Silva pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
