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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vBNMmfrwdSDHqM8qKPWfDrd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000300264</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20180022</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Use of GATED-SPECT for Ventricular Desynchronization Evaluation in Patients with Heart Failure Submitted to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wiefels</surname>
            <given-names>Christiane Cigagna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Erivelton Alessandro do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Christiane Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Baptista</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando de Amorim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Christiane Cigagna Wiefels.</bold> P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares - Rua Marques do Paran&#225; 303. Postal Code: 24033-900, Centro, 3&#186; andar, Pr&#233;dio Anexo, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>chriswreis@gmail.com</email>, <email>cwiefels@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Wiefels CC, Nascimento EA, Alves CR, Ribeiro FB, Ribeiro ML, Mesquita CT. Acquisition of data: Wiefels CC, Nascimento EA, Alves CR, Ribeiro FB, Fernandes FA, Ribeiro ML, Mesquita CT. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Wiefels CC, Nascimento EA, Alves CR, Ribeiro FB, Fernandes FA, Ribeiro ML, Mesquita CT. Statistical analysis: Wiefels CC, Nascimento EA, Alves CR, Mesquita CT. Obtaining financing: Ribeiro ML, Mesquita CT. Writing of the manuscript: Wiefels CC, Nascimento EA, Alves CR, Ribeiro FB, Fernandes FA, Ribeiro ML, Mesquita CT. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Wiefels CC, Mesquita CT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>264</fpage>
      <lpage>273</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Approximately 20 to 40% of patients with heart failure do not respond to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). To improve patient selection, phase analysis by myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (GSPECT) was developed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the clinical and scintigraphic response of patients with heart failure (HF) submitted to CRT using GSPECT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>This was an interventional study that included consecutive patients assessed by GSPECT four weeks prior to CRT implantation and six months after it for comparison. These patients also answered the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ). The categorical variables were compared using Fisher's exact test and chi-square test, whereas Student's t-test was used for numerical variables. The level of statistical significance was set at 5%. The scintigraphic variables analyzed were left ventricular ejection fraction, end-systolic volume, end-diastolic volume, left ventricular mass, standard deviation and bandwidth, as well as QRS duration and the Minnesota Quality of Life Questionnaire score. The presence of mechanical dyssynchrony was defined as standard deviation &gt; 43&#186;.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Nine patients were included in the study. After the cardiac resynchronization therapy, there was a significant improvement (p &lt; 0.05) in the end-systolic volume (206 &#177; 80 mL vs. 158 &#177; 108 mL), QRS (180 &#177; 18 ms vs. 120 &#177; 9 ms), left ventricular mass (248 &#177; 65 g vs. 193 &#177; 52 g) and Minnesota Quality of Life Questionnaire score (63 &#177; 16 vs. 34 &#177; 20). All patients with scintigraphic criteria of mechanical dyssynchrony showed clinical improvement. Two patients had only electrical dyssynchrony and did not achieve significant clinical improvement, although they showed QRS duration reduction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>GSPECT was able to differentiate patients with isolated electrical dyssynchrony from those with associated mechanical dyssynchrony, through the intraventricular dyssynchrony parameters. The cardiac resynchronization therapy is associated with the improvement of both mechanical and electrical dyssynchrony. Pre-implantation GSPECT showed that patients with associated electrical and mechanical dyssynchrony had a better response to cardiac resynchronization therapy than those with isolated electrical dyssynchrony.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Perfusion Imaging / scintigraphy</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Artery Coronary Disease / physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>In the United States, approximately 550,000 new cases of Heart Failure (HF) are diagnosed each year, totaling 5 million Americans with the disease. Therefore, decompensated HF is responsible for more than 1 million hospitalizations per year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The estimated direct and indirect costs for HF in 2011, in the United States, were US$ 215 billion, and this figure is expected to reach US$ 804 billion in 2020.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The Brazilian Registry of Heart Failure (BREATHE) has shown that 60% of the cases admitted to hospitals with HF are due to a reduction in the left ventricular systolic function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) comprises an implantable device capable of synchronic stimulation of the left ventricle (LV) walls, improving cardiac performance and ejection fraction (EF). It has shown to be effective in restoring the synchronic contraction of the interventricular septum with the LV posterolateral wall, contributing to a reduction in neurohumoral activation and consequent reverse remodeling.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> CRT is a well-established treatment for morbidity and mortality reduction in HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The current criteria for CRT implantation, recommended by the European Society of Cardiology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> with Class I and Level of Evidence A for CRT implantation, are: New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class II and III with sinus rhythm, LVEF &lt; 35%, QRS width &gt; 150 ms or 120 to 150 ms with Ventricular Electrical Dyssynchrony (ED) by Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB).</p>
      <p>Despite the benefit observed with the use of CRT, there is still a high rate of nonresponders (between 20 and 40%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Patients with coronary artery disease and patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are less likely to show a good response to the resynchronizer implantation and a lower chance of undergoing reverse remodeling.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Therefore, it becomes necessary to improve patient selection for CRT, considering not only the ED criteria, which would be QRS enlargement (&gt; 150 ms) and LBBB, but also the presence of mechanical desynchronization (MD), according to scintigraphic criteria.</p>
      <p>The aim of our study was to assess the clinical and scintigraphic responses of patients with HF submitted to CRT using the phase analysis based on the gated-Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (GSPECT).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>We performed a prospective intervention study that included consecutive patients (age &gt; 18 years) according to the following inclusion criteria: NYHA functional class II to IV, despite receiving optimal medical treatment according to the guidelines,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> in sinus rhythm, LVEF &lt; 35%, QRS width &gt; 150 ms or 120 to 150 ms with ventricular dyssynchrony (presence of LBBB). Patients with CRT indication, who signed the Free and Informed Consent Form, were invited to participate in the study.</p>
      <p>The patients were referred from the Cardiology Outpatient Clinic of Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro and the Electrophysiology Outpatient Clinic of Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro. All patients were submitted to GSPECT within 4 weeks prior to CRT implantation and 6 &#177; 1 month after implantation for comparison. These patients also answered the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) and underwent a speckle-tracking echocardiography before and 6 months after implantation, to obtain the EF and end-systolic volume (ESV) variables, with all these evaluations being carried out in a single day, at Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro.</p>
      <p>This study is part of a multinational research project, funded by the International Atomic Energy Agency, which evaluates the use of GSPECT in finding the best left ventricular segment for resynchronizer electrode implantation. This study is being carried out in several countries, aiming at following patients with CRT indication.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria were: death before completing the follow-up period; severe illness with risk of death in the following 6 months; acute coronary syndromes; CABG surgery or percutaneous coronary intervention in the 3 months before enrollment and within 6 months after CRT implantation.</p>
      <p>Patients were submitted to GSPECT at rest in the supine position after intravenous administration of the 99mTc-sestamibi radiotracer (RPH, Brazil). The administered activity was 10 to 20 mCi (adjusted by weight 0.2 mCi/kg). The waiting time between the injection and image acquisition was 40 to 60 minutes. Patients received fatty foods after the injection to minimize liver uptake.</p>
      <p>The Millenium MPR gamma-camera (GE, Milwaukee, USA) was used, and the images were processed through the Xeleris 3.0 workstation. Ventricular function analysis was performed using the Emory Cardial Toolbox&#153;, version 3.0 2012 (Syntermed, USA), which generated values of LVEF, ventricular volume and LV mass. Quantitative analyses and image processing were performed using the SyncTool&#153; software, which was developed for the evaluation of LV MD by GSPECT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The phase analysis technique can transform the four-dimension images (three spatial planes and time) into two-dimensional paired images. The computer program generates an analysis of the cardiac contraction sequence (phase). Each pixel of the cardiac images has its own cycle of contraction and relaxation, having a characteristic temporal association (phase) in relation to the R wave. Based on the phase histogram, the software calculates five quantitative indices: PP (Peak Phase), SD (Standard Deviation), HBW (Histogram Bandwidth), S (Skewness) and K (Kurtosis). Potential benefits of the phase analysis technique include its wide availability, automation and reproducibility.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>All patients in the study were considered as having ED according to the inclusion criteria (QRS width &gt; 150 ms or 120 to 150 ms with ventricular dyssynchrony). MD was defined by the GSPECT phase analysis using the cut-off value SD &gt; 43&#186; and HBW &gt; 135&#186;.</p>
      <p>Patients who responded to the therapy were defined as having three of the following four criteria: improvement of one functional class; increase of at least 5% of LVEF; reduction of at least 15% of the ESV; and a 5-point increase in the MLHFQ score.</p>
      <p>This project was submitted to the Research Ethics Committee of Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro through the Brazil platform, being approved under number 884,844, on November 25, 2014.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis was performed using the Excel program (2010, Microsoft Corporation) and the software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 21.0 (2012, IBM Corporation), with data shown as means and standard deviations. The One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed to confirm data normality. The categorical variables were compared using Fisher's exact test and chi-square test and, as for the numerical variables, the Student's t-test was used. The linear correlation between the continuous variables was used for the calculation of Pearson's linear correlation coefficient. The phase analysis histogram was generated by the Syntool ECT software and correlated with the QRS duration, using Pearson's linear correlation coefficient calculation. The level of statistical significance was set at 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Fifteen patients were recruited from July 2014 to October 2016. Of these, nine were included in the study, as they were able to complete the exams 6 months after the resynchronizer implantation. The reasons for non-inclusion were: death (two patients died in the fifth month after implantation, one due to heart disease decompensation and another due to severe pneumonia); technical problems (one patient was unable to undergo CRT because of an intraventricular thrombus and another showed no adherence to treatment); loss of follow-up (one patient lost contact with the team); and protocol withdrawal (one patient refused to repeat the scintigraphy 6 months after the implantation).</p>
      <p>The patients were followed for up a mean time of 193 &#177; 16 days. All patients underwent anamnesis, MLHFQ, 6-minute Walk Test (6MWT), speckle-tracking echocardiography, and myocardial perfusion scintigraphy before and after implantation, according to the protocol.</p>
      <p>The basal general characteristics of the patients included in the study are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Basal general characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n = 9</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">62.4 &#177; 8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass index, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">27.3 &#177; 5.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female gender</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes Mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous coronary disease</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous infarction</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CABG surgery</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NYHA functional class</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">II</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">III</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IV</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blocker</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Angiotensin-receptor blocker</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Acetylsalicylic acid</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diuretics</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Statins</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonist</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Digoxin</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Results expressed as number or mean &#177; standard deviation. NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The patients had pre-implantation electrocardiograms with controlled heart rate (beta-blocked) and enlarged QRS, with a mean of 214 &#177; 17 ms - all with LBBB morphology. In the 6MWT, the average distance traveled was 341 &#177; 77 m. High values of the Minnesota score (63 &#177; 16) were observed, showing a higher frequency of symptoms in patients.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the scintigraphic parameters of systolic function and basal left ventricular mass of the patients included in the study.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Scintigraphic parameters of basal ventricular function of patients included in the study</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Patients</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">LVEF (%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">EDV<break/>(mL)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">ESV<break/>(mL)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Mass (g)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1</td>
              <td align="center">38</td>
              <td align="center">287</td>
              <td align="center">178</td>
              <td align="center">233.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2</td>
              <td align="center">23.5</td>
              <td align="center">161</td>
              <td align="center">123</td>
              <td align="center">175</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">3</td>
              <td align="center">28</td>
              <td align="center">143.5</td>
              <td align="center">102.5</td>
              <td align="center">169</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">4</td>
              <td align="center">35</td>
              <td align="center">225.5</td>
              <td align="center">146.5</td>
              <td align="center">213.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">5</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">210</td>
              <td align="center">154</td>
              <td align="center">200</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">6</td>
              <td align="center">26.5</td>
              <td align="center">325</td>
              <td align="center">238</td>
              <td align="center">274.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">7</td>
              <td align="center">31.5</td>
              <td align="center">483.5</td>
              <td align="center">333.5</td>
              <td align="center">378.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">8</td>
              <td align="center">30.5</td>
              <td align="center">375.5</td>
              <td align="center">260</td>
              <td align="center">294</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">9</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">432</td>
              <td align="center">320.5</td>
              <td align="center">302.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">29.4 &#177; 4.5</td>
              <td align="center">293 &#177; 112.9</td>
              <td align="center">206 &#177; 80.2</td>
              <td align="center">248.9 &#177; 65</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; EDV: end-diastolic volume; ESV: end-systolic volume; SD: standard deviation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows the basal scintigraphic parameters of the phase analysis related to the ventricular synchrony. Two patients did not have MD, according to the scintigraphic criterion (SD &gt; 43&#186;), but only ED.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Scintigraphic parameters of the pre-implantation synchronization of the resynchronizer</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Patient</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">PP</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">SD</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">HBW</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">S</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">K</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1</td>
              <td align="center">110</td>
              <td align="center">61.08</td>
              <td align="center">171</td>
              <td align="center">2.96</td>
              <td align="center">9.34</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2</td>
              <td align="center">118</td>
              <td align="center">74.04</td>
              <td align="center">160</td>
              <td align="center">4.09</td>
              <td align="center">5.15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">3</td>
              <td align="center">105.5</td>
              <td align="center">22.41</td>
              <td align="center">58.5</td>
              <td align="center">3.15</td>
              <td align="center">10.37</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">4</td>
              <td align="center">153</td>
              <td align="center">46.77</td>
              <td align="center">146</td>
              <td align="center">2.36</td>
              <td align="center">5.54</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">5</td>
              <td align="center">191.5</td>
              <td align="center">57.74</td>
              <td align="center">203</td>
              <td align="center">2.31</td>
              <td align="center">6.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">6</td>
              <td align="center">109</td>
              <td align="center">49.26</td>
              <td align="center">129</td>
              <td align="center">2.99</td>
              <td align="center">11.83</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">7</td>
              <td align="center">44.5</td>
              <td align="center">15.91</td>
              <td align="center">35.5</td>
              <td align="center">3.32</td>
              <td align="center">10.27</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">8</td>
              <td align="center">131.5</td>
              <td align="center">85.71</td>
              <td align="center">257</td>
              <td align="center">2.09</td>
              <td align="center">5.13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">9</td>
              <td align="center">81</td>
              <td align="center">69.93</td>
              <td align="center">134.5</td>
              <td align="center">1.72</td>
              <td align="center">2.82</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">116 &#177; 39</td>
              <td align="center">53 &#177; 21</td>
              <td align="center">144 &#177; 64</td>
              <td align="center">2.7 &#177; 0.7</td>
              <td align="center">7.4 &#177; 3</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>PP: peak phase; SD: standard deviation; HBW: histogram bandwidth; S: skewness; K: Kurtosis; SD: standard deviation.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows patients' clinical response after the cardiac resynchronizer implantation. It was observed that NYHA functional class decreased for all patients with FC &gt; III, with two patients with NYHA IV showing a decrease to NYHA III, and only one FC III patient did not show FC improvement, with statistical significance by Fisher's exact test. There was a statistically significant reduction in the MLHFQ scores, which, despite being subjective, showed a marked improvement in patients' symptoms, with quality of life improvement. Regarding the 6-minute Walk Test, there was an increase in the distance covered, a decrease in the Borg index (subjective dyspnea score) and in the dyspnea assessed by the examiner, although not statistically significant.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical response before and after cardiac resynchronizer implantation</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Pre-resynchronization</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Post-resynchronization</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NYHA Functional Class</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">II</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">III-IV</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">0.015*</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MLHFQ</td>
              <td align="center">63.6 &#177; 17.5</td>
              <td align="center">34.1 &#177; 20.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.006<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">6-minute Walk Test</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Distance covered, m</td>
              <td align="center">342.7 &#177; 82.2</td>
              <td align="center">376.6 &#177; 84.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.314**</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Borg index</td>
              <td align="center">3.1 &#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 1.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.023<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyspnea</td>
              <td align="center">2.4 &#177; 2.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.89 &#177; 0.93</td>
              <td align="center">0.049<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>Fisher's exact test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>paired t-test. MLHFQ: Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">table 5</xref>, the findings of imaging methods in relation to desynchronization were compared. The scintigraphic values of ventricular function (LVEF, EDV, ESV and LV mass) and the values that evaluated dyssynchrony (PP, HBW, SD, S and K) were analyzed. There was a statistically significant reduction in mean systolic volume and LV mass after CRT, due to probable post-resynchronization reverse remodeling.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Statistical analysis of the pre and post-implantation resynchronizer findings between scintigraphy and echocardiography parameters, using Student's t-test, considering p values &lt; 0.05 as statistically significant</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Scintigraphy</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Pre-implantation</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Post-implantation</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ejection fraction, %</td>
              <td align="center">29.4</td>
              <td align="center">33.89</td>
              <td align="center">0.32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">End-diastolic volume, mL</td>
              <td align="center">293.7</td>
              <td align="center">231.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">End-systolic volume, mL</td>
              <td align="center">206.2</td>
              <td align="center">158</td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mass, g</td>
              <td align="center">249</td>
              <td align="center">193.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PP</td>
              <td align="center">116</td>
              <td align="center">114</td>
              <td align="center">0.94</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SD</td>
              <td align="center">53.66</td>
              <td align="center">45.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.53</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HBW</td>
              <td align="center">143.8</td>
              <td align="center">130.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.68</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">S</td>
              <td align="center">2.78</td>
              <td align="center">3.28</td>
              <td align="center">0.27</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">K</td>
              <td align="center">7.38</td>
              <td align="center">15. 35</td>
              <td align="center">0.17</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <p>PP: peak phase; SD: standard deviation; HBW: histogram bandwidth.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Several correlations of the dyssynchrony scintigraphic parameters with electrocardiographic findings were performed aiming to demonstrate the association between QRS duration and the presence of dyssynchrony. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> analyzes QRS duration with the SD values of the phase histogram. It was known that the higher the SD (SD &gt; 43&#186;), the higher the intraventricular dyssynchrony. Likewise, a QRS &gt; 130 ms was associated with a higher probability of dyssynchrony. The association of both parameters was directly proportional. When analyzed with HBW, it was also observed that the longer the QRS duration, the greater its value. This demonstrates that HBW and SD were also directly associated, as both increased with QRS enlargement and the presence of dyssynchrony.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation between pre-implantation QRS duration and pre-implantation standard deviation (SD).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-03-0264-80022-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>SD and HBW values were higher for responders than for non-responders, and the difference between HBW in both groups was statistically significant (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of mean SD and HBW before implantation of the cardiac resynchronization therapy, according to the clinical response to implantation. *Chi-square test, with p = 0.03.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-03-0264-80022-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study evaluated dyssynchrony at pre and post-implantation of CRT through GSPECT. CRT had a positive impacted on functional capacity, MD and ED of patients with advanced HF and LBBB and demonstrated the use of GSPECT to identify patients with a higher probability of responding to CRT.</p>
      <p>GSPECT is a useful tool for assessing systolic function in patients submitted to perfusion studies by adding diagnostic and prognostic information without additional exposure to radiation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Technological evolution has allowed phase analysis to be employed in GSPECT studies, providing significant data regarding ventricular synchrony.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Trimble et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> used the technique of phase analysis in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, comparing patients with left ventricular dysfunction with patients with LBBB or right bundle branch block, patients with pacemakers and controls for the evaluation of MD. The parameters of phase analysis were able to identify the subgroups according to the degree of ED.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Our findings confirm, as those by Trimble et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> the feasibility of using myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with phase analysis, as well as the fact that it can be used in patients with HF and CRT indication.</p>
      <p>The pathophysiological basis for the resynchronizer implantation is the correction of a mechanical disorder secondary to an altered LV activation due to LBBB. The presence of LBBB is a sign of electrical abnormality and has been the main criterion for the selection of patients to undergo CRT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> However, the current criteria used to indicate CRT are still imperfect, as a group of 20 to 40% of patients does not respond to treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Bleeker et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> compared the echocardiogram with QRS duration for MD evaluation, and found that 30 to 40% of the patients with QRS duration &gt; 120 ms did not have mechanical desynchronization, suggesting that there is an association between the findings of non-response to CRT and absence of MD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> MD was not necessarily associated with ED, as evidenced by the absence of MD in patients with QRS duration &gt; 120 ms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> This finding was also demonstrated in the present study, in which 22% of patients with clinical indication for CRT (and QRS duration &gt; 150 ms) did not show electrocardiographic criteria for MD. These patients did not show clinical improvement after CRT implantation.</p>
      <p>The use of imaging methods to identify desynchronization has been validated;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> however, its routine use as a support tool for the selection of patients for CRT remains a topic to be studied, such as the study of Henneman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> who evaluated patients with CRT indication through GSPECT and observed a 29% rate of nonresponders after 6 months of therapy - comparable to the 22% observed in the present study. In the study by Henneman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> the responders had significantly higher dyssynchrony parameters compared to non-responders (HBW of 175&#186; vs. 117&#186;; and SD of 56&#186; vs. 37&#186;, respectively). These values &#8203;&#8203;are close to those found in our results (HBW of 177&#186; vs. 76&#186; and SD of 62&#186; vs. 36&#186;, respectively), confirming that the presence of MD identified at GSPECT is a strong predictor for CRT response.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Henneman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> derived, from the sample of 42 patients, cut-off values &#8203;&#8203;of the scintigraphic parameters to indicate the presence of MD and to predict good response to CRT in patients with HF: HBW &gt; 135&#186; and SD &gt; 43&#186;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Medical therapy decision-making should always focus on treatments that lead to changes in clinical outcomes, rather than just changes in imaging or laboratory tests. Thus, more than ventricular function improvement, the aim of this study was to select an ideal patient, who shows a reduction in morbidity and mortality after CRT. Recent studies have demonstrated that the phase analysis parameters are markers of adverse prognosis, as observed by Al Jaroudi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> who evaluated 144 patients with chronic renal failure and had higher mortality at 2 years in those with HBW &#8805; 62&#186; &#8722; a value well below that of the study by Henneman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> but already showing some degree of desynchronization.</p>
      <p>The subgroup of patients with end-stage renal disease was also extensively studied by Aggarwal et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> who followed 828 patients with normal EF for 5 years. It was observed that values &#8203;&#8203;of SD &#8805; 21&#186; or HBW &#8805; 56&#186; were associated with worse survival in 5 years. Thus, they also demonstrated that LV desynchronization through phase analysis (GSPECT) provides prognostic value in end-stage renal failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A relatively recent study by Zafrir et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> had a significant impact on desynchronization assessment and its association with cardiac mortality, by following 787 patients who underwent GSPECT in a single center for several clinical reasons.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> These patients were followed for 18.3 &#177; 6.2 months for cardiac events, and it was verified that SD had the capacity to predict cardiac mortality, and that with every 10&#186; increment, it became an independent predictor of mortality (p = 0.04). Our study did not have data on adverse clinical outcomes in the long term, but ventricular function improvement has been used in several situations, as a valuable surrogate outcome.</p>
      <p>Studying clinical outcomes specifically in patients with HF, Al Jaroudi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> assessed dyssynchrony in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) and showed that the higher the SD and the HBW, the higher the incidence of cardiopulmonary arrest or appropriate shock by the ICD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> The value of SD &gt; 50&#186; was a predictor of death or appropriate shock by the ICD. More recently, Zafrir et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> assessing 143 patients with HF and ICD indication, showed a higher rate of events when they also had DM evidenced by SD &gt; 60&#186;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> These authors suggest that patients referred to a defibrillator implantation should receive associated CRT when they have SD &gt; 60&#186;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <p>New studies have addressed the combination of GSPECT parameters to create a MD gradation, using, in addition to HBW and SD, the K and S parameters. Aguad&#233;-Bruix et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> employed a combination of these four parameters and observed that 12% of patients with CRT indication do not have any abnormal phase parameters<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Perhaps the study of these combined parameters can increase the sensitivity and specificity of the technique for CRT indication.</p>
      <p>In summary, the findings of the present study, together with the growing literature in the area, support that phase analysis by GSPECT is considered a clinically useful tool, to be used both in the assessment of patients in specific subgroups of high cardiovascular risk (end-stage chronic renal failure, hypertensive patients, patients with ICDs) and in the selection of patients with CRT indication.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The main study limitation was the small number of patients, which limited the statistical analysis. Despite the small sample size, statistical significance was observed in parameters that corroborate previous studies in the dyssynchrony area. Another study limitation was the absence of a control group with ventricular dysfunction without CRT. From the ethical point of view, it is not possible to maintain patients with CRT indication as controls, considering the impact of this treatment on mortality and its broad indication recommended in several guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The study had a short follow-up period (6 months) using secondary outcomes, such as left ventricular function, rather than clinical outcomes such as death, HF progression or hospitalization.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The study of phase analysis by GSPECT was able to differentiate patients with isolated electrical dyssynchrony from those with associated mechanical dyssynchrony, through the intraventricular dyssynchrony parameters. The cardiac resynchronization therapy is associated with the improvement of both the mechanical desynchronization (improvement of desynchronization parameters through the phase analysis) and electrical dyssynchrony (QRS interval reduction at the electrocardiogram). Thus, because of the pre-implantation GSPECT assessment, it was possible to verify that patients with associated electrical and mechanical dyssynchrony showed better response to cardiac resynchronization therapy than those with isolated electrical dyssynchrony.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by Ag&#234;ncia Internacional de Energia At&#244;mica.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Christiane Cigagna Wiefels, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro under the protocol number 884.844. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>To <italic>Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior</italic> (CAPES) and the International Atomic Energy Agency that funded this study.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uso do GATED-SPECT para Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Dissincronismo Ventricular em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Submetidos &#224; Terapia de Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wiefels</surname>
            <given-names>Christiane Cigagna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Erivelton Alessandro do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Christiane Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Baptista</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando de Amorim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>
          <sup>1</sup>
        </label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>
          <sup>2</sup>
        </label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Christiane Cigagna Wiefels</bold>. P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares - Rua Marques do Paran&#225; 303. CEP: 24033-900, Centro, 3&#186; andar, Pr&#233;dio Anexo, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>chriswreis@gmail.com</email>, <email>cwiefels@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Wiefels CC, Nascimento EA, Alves CR, Ribeiro FB, Ribeiro ML, Mesquita CT. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Wiefels CC, Nascimento EA, Alves CR, Ribeiro FB, Fernandes FA, Ribeiro ML, Mesquita CT. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Wiefels CC, Nascimento EA, Alves CR, Ribeiro FB, Fernandes FA, Ribeiro ML, Mesquita CT. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Wiefels CC, Nascimento EA, Alves CR, Mesquita CT. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Ribeiro ML, Mesquita CT. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Wiefels CC, Nascimento EA, Alves CR, Ribeiro FB, Fernandes FA, Ribeiro ML, Mesquita CT. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Wiefels CC, Mesquita CT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>Cerca de 20 a 40% dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o respondem &#224; terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o. Para melhorar a sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, foi desenvolvida a an&#225;lise de fase pela cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (GSPECT).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a resposta cl&#237;nica e cintilogr&#225;fica de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca submetidos &#224; terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o pelo uso do GSPECT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo intervencionista, incluindo pacientes consecutivos que foram estudados pelo GSPECT 4 semanas antes da implanta&#231;&#227;o da terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e 6 meses depois do implante. Estes pacientes responderam ao Question&#225;rio de Qualidade de Vida de Minnesota. A compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi realizada com teste exato de Fisher e teste qui quadrado e, em vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas, com o teste t de Student. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de 5%. As vari&#225;veis cintilogr&#225;ficas analisadas foram fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, volume sist&#243;lico final, volume diast&#243;lico final, massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, desvio padr&#227;o e largura de banda, assim como a dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS e o escore do Question&#225;rio de Qualidade de Vida de Minnesota. A presen&#231;a de dissincronismo mec&#226;nico foi definida como desvio padr&#227;o &gt; 43&#186;.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos nove pacientes no estudo. Ap&#243;s a terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, houve melhora significativa (p &lt; 0,05) dos par&#226;metros volume sist&#243;lico final (206 &#177; 80 mL vs. 158 &#177; 108 mL), QRS (180 &#177; 18 ms vs. 120 &#177; 9 ms), massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (248 &#177; 65 g vs. 193 &#177; 52 g) e Question&#225;rio de Qualidade de Vida de Minnesota (63 &#177; 16 vs. 34 &#177; 20). Todos os pacientes com crit&#233;rios cintilogr&#225;ficos de dissincronismo mec&#226;nico apresentaram melhora cl&#237;nica. Dois pacientes apresentavam apenas dissincronismo el&#233;trico e n&#227;o atingiram melhora cl&#237;nica significativa, apesar de apresentarem redu&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O GSPECT foi capaz de diferenciar os pacientes com dissincronismo el&#233;trico puro daqueles com dissincronismo mec&#226;nico associado, por meio dos par&#226;metros de dissincronismo intraventricular. A terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca est&#225; associada &#224; melhora tanto do dissincronismo mec&#226;nico quanto do el&#233;trico. O GSPECT pr&#233;-implante identificou que os pacientes com dissincronismos el&#233;trico e mec&#226;nico associados apresentaram melhor resposta &#224; terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca do que aqueles com dissincronismo el&#233;trico puro.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavra-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia de Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem de Perfus&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio / cintilografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nos Estados Unidos, diagnosticam-se anualmente cerca de 550 mil casos novos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), totalizando 5 milh&#245;es de americanos com a doen&#231;a. A IC descompensada &#233;, assim, respons&#225;vel por mais de 1 milh&#227;o de interna&#231;&#245;es ao ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Os custos direto e indireto estimados para a IC, em 2011, nos Estados Unidos, foram de US$215 bilh&#245;es, com previs&#227;o de atingir US$804 bilh&#245;es em 2020.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> O Registro Brasileiro de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (BREATHE) demonstrou que 60% dos casos admitidos nos hospitais com IC s&#227;o decorrentes de redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC) constitui-se na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um dispositivo implant&#225;vel capaz de estimular de modo sincr&#244;nico as paredes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), melhorando o desempenho card&#237;aco e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE). Ele tem sido efetivo em restaurar a contra&#231;&#227;o sincr&#244;nica do septo interventricular com a parede posterolateral do VE, contribuindo para a redu&#231;&#227;o da ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-humoral e o consequente remodelamento reverso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A TRC &#233; um tratamento consagrado para redu&#231;&#227;o de morbimortalidade na IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios atuais para implante de TRC, recomendados pela <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> com Classe I e N&#237;vel de Evid&#234;ncia A para implante de TRC s&#227;o: IC classe funcional <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) II e III com ritmo sinusal, FEVE &lt; 35%, largura do QRS &gt; 150 ms ou 120 a 150 ms com dissincronismo el&#233;trico (DE) ventricular por bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE).</p>
        <p>Apesar do benef&#237;cio observado com o uso da TRC, ainda existe elevada taxa de n&#227;o respondedores (entre 20 a 40%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana e passado de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) t&#234;m menor chance de apresentar boa resposta ao implante do ressincronizador e menor chance de sofrer remodelamento reverso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Desta forma, torna-se necess&#225;rio o aprimoramento na sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes para a TRC, considerando n&#227;o somente os crit&#233;rios de DE, que seriam alargamento do QRS (&gt; 150 ms) e BRE, mas tamb&#233;m a presen&#231;a de dissincronismo mec&#226;nico (DM), de acordo com os crit&#233;rios cintilogr&#225;ficos.</p>
        <p>O objetivo do nosso trabalho foi avaliar as respostas cl&#237;nica e cintilogr&#225;fica de pacientes com IC submetidos &#224; TRC pelo uso da an&#225;lise de fase a partir da Tomografia de Emiss&#227;o de F&#243;ton &#218;nico Sincronizada ao Eletrocardiograma (GSPECT, do ingl&#234;s <italic>gated-Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography</italic>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Realizamos um estudo de interven&#231;&#227;o, prospectivo, que incluiu pacientes consecutivos (&gt; 18 anos) com os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: IC classe funcional NYHA II a IV, apesar de receber tratamento m&#233;dico considerado ideal de acordo com as diretrizes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> em ritmo sinusal, FEVE &lt; 35%, largura do QRS &gt; 150 ms ou 120 a 150 ms com dissincronismo ventricular (presen&#231;a de BRE). Os pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o &#224; TRC, que firmaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido, foram convidados a participar do estudo.</p>
        <p>Pacientes eram provenientes do Ambulat&#243;rio de Cardiologia do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro e do Ambulat&#243;rio de Eletrofisiologia do Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro. Todos foram estudados pelo GSPECT dentro de at&#233; 4 semanas antes da implanta&#231;&#227;o do TRC e 6 &#177; 1 m&#234;s depois do implante para compara&#231;&#227;o. Estes pacientes tamb&#233;m responderam ao question&#225;rio da Universidade de Minnesota "Vivendo com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca" (QM), e realizaram ecocardiograma com <italic>speckle tracking</italic> antes e 6 meses ap&#243;s o implante, para obten&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis FE e volume sist&#243;lico final (VSF), sendo todas estas avalia&#231;&#245;es realizadas em 1 s&#243; dia, no Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro.</p>
        <p>Este estudo comp&#245;e parte de um projeto de pesquisa multinacional, financiado pela Ag&#234;ncia Internacional de Energia At&#244;mica, que avalia o uso do GSPECT na orienta&#231;&#227;o do melhor segmento ventricular esquerdo para implante do eletrodo do ressincronizador. Este estudo &#233; conduzido em diversos pa&#237;ses com o objetivo de acompanhar pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o &#224; TRC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Foram crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: &#243;bito antes de completar o per&#237;odo de seguimento; doen&#231;a grave com risco de morte nos pr&#243;ximos 6 meses; s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio ou interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea nos 3 meses antes da inscri&#231;&#227;o e no prazo de 6 meses ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o da TRC.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes realizaram as imagens de GSPECT em repouso, na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa do radiotra&#231;ador <sup>99m</sup>Tc-sestamibi (RPH, Brasil). A atividade administrada foi de 10 a 20 mCi (ajustado por peso 0,2 mCi/kg). O tempo de espera entre a inje&#231;&#227;o e a aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens foi de 40 a 60 minutos. Os pacientes receberam alimentos gordurosos ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o para minimizar a capta&#231;&#227;o pelo f&#237;gado.</p>
        <p>A gama-c&#226;mara utilizada foi a Millenium MPR (GE, Milwaukee, EUA) e as imagens foram processadas por meio da <italic>workstation</italic> Xeleris 3.0. A an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi realizada a partir do <italic>software</italic> Emory Cardial Toolbox&#153;, vers&#227;o 3.0 2012 (Syntermed, USA), que gerou os valores de FEVE, volumes ventriculares e massa do VE. As an&#225;lises quantitativas e o processamento das imagens foram realizadas usando o <italic>software</italic> SyncTool&#153;, que foi desenvolvido para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do DM do VE pelo GSPECT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A t&#233;cnica de an&#225;lise de fase tem a capacidade de transformar a imagem em quatro dimens&#245;es (tr&#234;s planos espaciais e tempo) para imagens pareadas bidimensionais. O programa computacional gera uma an&#225;lise da sequ&#234;ncia de contra&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (fase). Cada <italic>pixel</italic> das imagens card&#237;acas tem seu pr&#243;prio ciclo de contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento, tendo rela&#231;&#227;o temporal caracter&#237;stica (fase) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; onda R. A partir do histograma de fase, o <italic>software</italic> calcula cinco &#237;ndices quantitativos: PP (Pico de Fase, do ingl&#234;s <italic>Peak Phase</italic>), SD (Desvio Padr&#227;o<italic>, Standard Deviation</italic>), HBW (Largura de Banda, <italic>Histogram Bandwidth</italic>), S (Inclina&#231;&#227;o, <italic>Skewness</italic>) e K (Curtose, <italic>Kurtosis</italic>). Potenciais benef&#237;cios para a t&#233;cnica de an&#225;lise de fase s&#227;o sua ampla disponibilidade, automa&#231;&#227;o e reprodutibilidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Foram considerados portadores de DE todos os pacientes do estudo, de acordo com o crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o (largura do QRS &gt; 150 ms ou 120 a 150 ms com dissincronismo ventricular). O DM foi definido pela an&#225;lise de fase do GSPECT usando o valor de corte SD &gt; 43&#186; e o HBW &gt; 135&#186;.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes respondedores &#224; terapia foram definidos como tendo tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios dentre os quatro seguintes: melhora de uma classe funcional; aumento de ao menos 5% da FEVE; redu&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 15% do VSF; e aumento de 5 pontos do QM.</p>
        <p>Este projeto foi submetido ao Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro, por meio da plataforma Brasil, sendo aprovado sob o n&#250;mero 884.844, em 25 de novembro de 2014.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Foi realizada a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica nos <italic>softwares</italic> Excel (2010, Microsoft Corporation) e <italic>Statistical Package for Social Science</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 21.0 (2012, IBM Corporation), com a demonstra&#231;&#227;o dos dados em medias e desvios padr&#227;o. Foi realizado o teste de One Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov, para a confirma&#231;&#227;o da normalidade dos dados. A compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi realizada com teste exato de Fisher e qui quadrado e, em vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas, o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic>. A correla&#231;&#227;o linear entre as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas empreendeu o c&#225;lculo do coeficiente de rela&#231;&#227;o linear de Pearson. O histograma de an&#225;lise de fase foi gerado pelo <italic>software</italic> ECT Synctool e correlacionado com a dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS, usando-se o c&#225;lculo do coeficiente de rela&#231;&#227;o linear de Pearson. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram recrutados 15 pacientes no per&#237;odo de julho 2014 a outubro 2016. Destes, nove foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo por conseguirem completar os exames ap&#243;s os 6 meses do implante do ressincronizador. Os motivos de n&#227;o inclus&#227;o foram: &#243;bito (dois pacientes faleceram no quinto m&#234;s p&#243;s-implante, um por descompensa&#231;&#227;o da cardiopatia e outro por pneumonia grave); problemas t&#233;cnicos (um paciente n&#227;o conseguiu realizar a TRC por apresentar trombo intraventricular e outro n&#227;o teve ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento); perda de acompanhamento (um paciente perdeu contato com a equipe); e desist&#234;ncia do protocolo (um paciente se recusou a repetir a cintilografia ap&#243;s os 6 meses do implante).</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram acompanhados durante um tempo m&#233;dio de 193 &#177; 16 dias. Todos os pacientes realizaram anamnese, QM, Teste de Caminhada de 6 Minutos, ecocardiograma com <italic>speckle tracking</italic> e cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233; e p&#243;s-implante, conforme o protocolo.</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas gerais basais dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais basais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n = 9</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">62,4 &#177; 8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">27,3 &#177; 5,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo feminino</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes melito</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a coronariana pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infarto pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Classe funcional NYHA</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">II</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IV</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diur&#233;tico</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatina</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antagonista de receptor de mineralocorticoide</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Digoxina</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>Resultados expressos por n&#250;mero ou m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os pacientes apresentavam eletrocardiogramas pr&#233;-implante com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca controlada (betabloqueados) e QRS alargados, sendo a m&#233;dia de 214 &#177; 17 ms &#8722; todos com morfologia de BRE. No Teste de Caminhada, a dist&#226;ncia m&#233;dia percorrida foi de 341 &#177; 77 m. Notam-se valores altos do escore de Minnesota (63 &#177; 16), configurando maior frequ&#234;ncia de sintomas nos pacientes.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">tabela 2</xref> demonstra os par&#226;metros cintilogr&#225;ficos de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e massa ventricular esquerda basais dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros cintilogr&#225;ficos de fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular basais dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Pacientes</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">FEVE<break/>(%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">VDF<break/>(mL)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">VSF<break/>(mL)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Massa<break/>(g)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">287</td>
                <td align="center">178</td>
                <td align="center">233,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2</td>
                <td align="center">23,5</td>
                <td align="center">161</td>
                <td align="center">123</td>
                <td align="center">175</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">143,5</td>
                <td align="center">102,5</td>
                <td align="center">169</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">225,5</td>
                <td align="center">146,5</td>
                <td align="center">213,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">5</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">210</td>
                <td align="center">154</td>
                <td align="center">200</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">6</td>
                <td align="center">26,5</td>
                <td align="center">325</td>
                <td align="center">238</td>
                <td align="center">274,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">7</td>
                <td align="center">31,5</td>
                <td align="center">483,5</td>
                <td align="center">333,5</td>
                <td align="center">378,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">8</td>
                <td align="center">30,5</td>
                <td align="center">375,5</td>
                <td align="center">260</td>
                <td align="center">294</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">9</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">432</td>
                <td align="center">320,5</td>
                <td align="center">302,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dias &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">29,4 &#177; 4,5</td>
                <td align="center">293 &#177; 112,9</td>
                <td align="center">206 &#177; 80,2</td>
                <td align="center">248,9 &#177; 65</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VDF: volume diast&#243;lico final; VSF: volume sist&#243;lico final; DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">tabela 3</xref> demonstra os par&#226;metros cintilogr&#225;ficos basais da an&#225;lise de fase referentes ao sincronismo ventricular. Dois pacientes n&#227;o apresentavam DM, de acordo com o crit&#233;rio cintilogr&#225;fico (SD &gt; 43&#186;), tendo apenas DE.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros cintilogr&#225;ficos do sincronismo pr&#233;-implante do ressincronizador</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Paciente</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">PP</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">DP</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">HBW</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">S</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">K</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td align="center">110</td>
                <td align="center">61,08</td>
                <td align="center">171</td>
                <td align="center">2,96</td>
                <td align="center">9,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2</td>
                <td align="center">118</td>
                <td align="center">74,04</td>
                <td align="center">160</td>
                <td align="center">4,09</td>
                <td align="center">5,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td align="center">105,5</td>
                <td align="center">22,41</td>
                <td align="center">58,5</td>
                <td align="center">3,15</td>
                <td align="center">10,37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4</td>
                <td align="center">153</td>
                <td align="center">46,77</td>
                <td align="center">146</td>
                <td align="center">2,36</td>
                <td align="center">5,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">5</td>
                <td align="center">191,5</td>
                <td align="center">57,74</td>
                <td align="center">203</td>
                <td align="center">2,31</td>
                <td align="center">6,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">6</td>
                <td align="center">109</td>
                <td align="center">49,26</td>
                <td align="center">129</td>
                <td align="center">2,99</td>
                <td align="center">11,83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">7</td>
                <td align="center">44,5</td>
                <td align="center">15,91</td>
                <td align="center">35,5</td>
                <td align="center">3,32</td>
                <td align="center">10,27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">8</td>
                <td align="center">131,5</td>
                <td align="center">85,71</td>
                <td align="center">257</td>
                <td align="center">2,09</td>
                <td align="center">5,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">9</td>
                <td align="center">81</td>
                <td align="center">69,93</td>
                <td align="center">134,5</td>
                <td align="center">1,72</td>
                <td align="center">2,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">116 &#177; 39</td>
                <td align="center">53 &#177; 21</td>
                <td align="center">144 &#177; 64</td>
                <td align="center">2,7 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">7,4 &#177; 3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>PP: pico de fase; HBW: largura de banda; S: inclina&#231;&#227;o; K: curtose; DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">tabela 4</xref>, &#233; poss&#237;vel observar a resposta cl&#237;nica dos pacientes ap&#243;s o implante do ressincronizador card&#237;aco. Observa-se queda da classe funcional NYHA para todos os pacientes com CF &gt; III, sendo que os dois pacientes em NYHA IV apresentaram queda para a NYHA III, e somente um paciente CF III n&#227;o apresentou melhora da CF, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica pelo teste exato de Fisher. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa dos escores do QM, que, apesar de subjetivo, demonstrou acentuada melhora dos sintomas dos pacientes, com melhora da qualidade de vida. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Teste de Caminhada de 6 minutos, houve aumento da dist&#226;ncia percorrida, queda do &#237;ndice de Borg (quantifica&#231;&#227;o subjetiva da dispneia) e da dispneia avaliada pelo examinador, apesar de n&#227;o estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resposta cl&#237;nica pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-implante de ressincronizador card&#237;aco</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Pr&#233;-ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">P&#243;s-ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Classe funcional NYHA</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">II</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III-IV</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0,015*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QM</td>
                <td align="center">63,6 &#177; 17,5</td>
                <td align="center">34,1 &#177; 20,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,006<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Teste caminhada de 6 minutos</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dist&#226;ncia percorrida, m</td>
                <td align="center">342,7 &#177; 82,2</td>
                <td align="center">376,6 &#177; 84,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,314**</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de Borg</td>
                <td align="center">3,1 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,023<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dispneia</td>
                <td align="center">2,4 &#177; 2,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,89 &#177; 0,93</td>
                <td align="center">0,049<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>Teste exato de Fisher;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p> teste t pareado. QM: question&#225;rio da Universidade de Minnesota "Vivendo com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca".</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">tabela 5</xref>, foram comparados os achados de m&#233;todos de imagem em rela&#231;&#227;o ao dissincronismo. Analisaram-se os valores cintilogr&#225;ficos de fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FEVE, VDF, VSF e massa do VE) e os valores que avaliam o dissincronismo (PP, HBW, SD, S e K). Observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa do volume sist&#243;lico m&#233;dio e da massa de VE ap&#243;s a TRC, por prov&#225;vel remodelamento reverso p&#243;s-ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos achados pr&#233; e p&#243;s-implante do ressincronizador entre par&#226;metros da cintilografia e do ecocardiograma, realizada o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic>, considerando p &lt; 0,05 como estatisticamente significativo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Cintilografia</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Pr&#233;-implante</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">P&#243;s-implante</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, %</td>
                <td align="center">29,4</td>
                <td align="center">33,89</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Volume diast&#243;lico final, mL</td>
                <td align="center">293,7</td>
                <td align="center">231,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Volume sist&#243;lico final, mL</td>
                <td align="center">206,2</td>
                <td align="center">158</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Massa, g</td>
                <td align="center">249</td>
                <td align="center">193,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PP</td>
                <td align="center">116</td>
                <td align="center">114</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DP</td>
                <td align="center">53,66</td>
                <td align="center">45,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HBW</td>
                <td align="center">143,8</td>
                <td align="center">130,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S</td>
                <td align="center">2,78</td>
                <td align="center">3,28</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">K</td>
                <td align="center">7,38</td>
                <td align="center">15, 35</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <p>PP: pico de fase; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; HBW: largura de banda.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Foram realizadas diversas correla&#231;&#245;es dos par&#226;metros cintilogr&#225;ficos de dissincronismo com achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, para tentar demonstrar a rela&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS com a presen&#231;a de dissincronismo. Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figura 1</xref>, analisamos a dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS com os valores de SD do histograma de fase. Sabia-se que quanto maior fosse o SD (SD &gt; 43&#186;), tinha-se um maior dissincronismo intraventricular. Da mesma forma, QRS &gt; 130 ms esteve associado a maior probabilidade de dissincronismo. A rela&#231;&#227;o de ambos os par&#226;metros foi diretamente proporcional. Quando analisado com a HBW, observou-se tamb&#233;m que quanto maior a dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS, maior o valor dela. Isso demonstra que a HBW e o SD tamb&#233;m tinham rela&#231;&#227;o direta, pois ambos aumentaram com o alargamento do QRS e com a presen&#231;a de dissincronismo.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre a dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS pr&#233;-implante e desvio padr&#227;o (DP) pr&#233;-implante.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-03-0264-80022-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Os valores de SD e HBW foram mais elevados para os respondedores do que para os n&#227;o respondedores, e a diferen&#231;a entre o HBW nos dois grupos apresentou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia do DP e HBW pr&#233;-implante da terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, de acordo com a resposta cl&#237;nica ao implante. * Teste do qui quadrado, com p = 0,03.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-03-0264-80022-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo avaliou o dissincronismo pr&#233; e p&#243;s-implante da TRC por meio do GSPECT. A TRC impactou de modo positivo a capacidade funcional, o DM e o DE de pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada e BRE, al&#233;m de demonstrar o uso do GSPECT para identificar pacientes com maior probabilidade de resposta &#224; TRC.</p>
        <p>O GSPECT &#233; uma ferramenta &#250;til para avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica em pacientes que fazem estudos de perfus&#227;o, adicionando informa&#231;&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas e progn&#243;sticas, sem exposi&#231;&#227;o adicional &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A evolu&#231;&#227;o tecnol&#243;gica permitiu que a an&#225;lise de fase possa ser empregada nos estudos de GSPECT, trazendo dados significativos com rela&#231;&#227;o ao sincronismo ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Trimble et al. utilizaram a t&#233;cnica da an&#225;lise de fase em cintilografias de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, comparando pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, com pacientes com BRE ou bloqueio de ramo direito, pacientes com marca-passo e controles para avalia&#231;&#227;o de DM. Os par&#226;metros da an&#225;lise de fase puderam identificar os subgrupos, de acordo com o grau de DE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Nossos achados confirmam, como os Trimble et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> a exequibilidade do emprego da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com an&#225;lise de fase, bem como o fato de que esta pode ser empregada em pacientes com IC e indica&#231;&#227;o para TRC.</p>
        <p>A base fisiopatol&#243;gica para o implante do ressincronizador &#233; a corre&#231;&#227;o de um dist&#250;rbio mec&#226;nico secund&#225;rio a uma ativa&#231;&#227;o alterada do VE, decorrente do BRE. A presen&#231;a de BRE &#233; um sinal de anormalidade el&#233;trica e tem sido o crit&#233;rio principal para sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes para TRC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> No entanto, os atuais crit&#233;rios empregados para indica&#231;&#227;o do TRC s&#227;o ainda imperfeitos, pois um grupo de 20 a 40% dos pacientes n&#227;o responde ao tratamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Bleeker et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> compararam o ecocardiograma com a dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS para avalia&#231;&#227;o do DM, encontrando que 30 a 40% dos pacientes com dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS &gt; 120 ms n&#227;o apresentaram dissincronismo mec&#226;nico, e sugerindo que h&#225; rela&#231;&#227;o entre os achados de n&#227;o resposta &#224; TRC e aus&#234;ncia de DM.20 O DM n&#227;o esteve associado necessariamente ao DE, o foi evidenciado pela aus&#234;ncia de DM em pacientes com dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS &gt; 120 ms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Este achado tamb&#233;m foi evidenciado no presente estudo, no qual 22% dos pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica &#224; TRC (e dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS &gt; 150 ms) n&#227;o apresentaram crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos para DM. Estes pacientes n&#227;o apresentaram melhora cl&#237;nica ap&#243;s o implante da TRC.</p>
        <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos de imagem para identifica&#231;&#227;o do dissincronismo tem sido validada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> por&#233;m sua ado&#231;&#227;o rotineira como ferramenta de suporte para sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes para TRC ainda &#233; motivo de estudos, como o de Henneman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> que avaliaram pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de TRC pelo GSPECT e observaram taxa de 29% de n&#227;o respondedores ap&#243;s 6 meses da terapia &#8722; compar&#225;vel aos 22% observados no presente estudo. No estudo de Henneman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> os respondedores apresentaram os par&#226;metros de dissincronismo significativamente superiores em compara&#231;&#227;o com os n&#227;o respondedores (HBW de 175&#186; vs. 117&#186;; e SD de 56&#186; vs. 37&#186;, respectivamente). Estes valores s&#227;o pr&#243;ximos aos encontrados nos nossos resultados (HBW de 177&#186; vs. 76&#186;; e SD de 62&#186; vs. 36&#186;, respectivamente), o que confirma que a presen&#231;a de DM pelo GSPECT &#233; um forte preditor para resposta &#224; TRC.21 Henneman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> derivaram, a partir da casu&#237;stica de 42 pacientes, valores de corte dos par&#226;metros cintilogr&#225;ficos para indicar presen&#231;a de DM e predizer uma boa resposta &#224; TRC nos pacientes com IC: HBW &gt; 135&#186; e SD &gt; 43&#186;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A tomada de decis&#227;o de terapias m&#233;dicas deve sempre privilegiar tratamentos que levem &#224; mudan&#231;a de desfechos cl&#237;nicos, ao inv&#233;s de apenas mudan&#231;as em exames de imagem ou laboratoriais. Assim, mais do que a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, objetiva-se a sele&#231;&#227;o de um paciente ideal, que tenha redu&#231;&#227;o da morbimortalidade ap&#243;s a TRC. Estudos recentes t&#234;m apontado que os par&#226;metros de an&#225;lise de fase s&#227;o marcadores de progn&#243;stico adverso, como observado por Al Jaroudi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> que avaliaram 144 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica e apresentaram mortalidade em 2 anos maior naqueles com HBW &#8805; 62&#186; &#8722; valor bem inferior ao do estudo realizado por Henneman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> por&#233;m j&#225; demonstrando algum grau de dissincronismo. O subgrupo de pacientes com doen&#231;a renal terminal tamb&#233;m foi extensamente estudado por Aggarwal et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> que acompanharam 828 pacientes com FE normal durante 5 anos. Foi observado que valores de SD &#8805; 21&#186; ou HBW &#8805; 56&#186; estavam associados a pior sobrevida em 5 anos. Assim, eles tamb&#233;m demonstraram que o dissincronismo do VE pela an&#225;lise de fase (GSPECT) fornece valor progn&#243;stico na insufici&#234;ncia renal terminal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudo relativamente recente de Zafrir et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> teve bastante impacto na avalia&#231;&#227;o do dissincronismo e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a mortalidade card&#237;aca, ao acompanhar 787 pacientes que realizaram o GSPECT em um &#250;nico centro, por diversos motivos cl&#237;nicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Estes pacientes foram acompanhados ao longo de 18,3 &#177; 6,2 meses para eventos card&#237;acos, tendo sido verificado que o SD tinha a capacidade de predizer a mortalidade card&#237;aca, e a cada 10&#186; de incremento, ele se tornava um preditor independente de mortalidade (p = 0,04). Nosso estudo n&#227;o contou com dados de desfechos cl&#237;nicos adversos em longo prazo, por&#233;m a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular tem sido utilizada em diversas situa&#231;&#245;es, como um desfecho substituto de valor.</p>
        <p>Estudando desfechos cl&#237;nicos especificamente em pacientes com IC, Al Jaroudi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> avaliaram o dissincronismo em pacientes com cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) e evidenciaram que quanto maior o SD e a HBW maior a incid&#234;ncia de parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria ou de choque apropriado do CDI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> O valor de SD &gt; 50&#186; foi preditor de &#243;bito ou choque apropriado pelo CDI. Mais recentemente, Zafrir et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> avaliando 143 pacientes com IC e indica&#231;&#227;o de CDI, apresentaram maior taxa de eventos quando tamb&#233;m tinham DM evidenciado por SD &gt; 60&#186;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Estes autores sugerem que os pacientes que encaminhados para implante de desfibrilador devem receber TRC associada quando apresentarem SD &gt; 60&#186;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Novos estudos t&#234;m abordado a combina&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros do GSPECT como forma de se criar uma grada&#231;&#227;o do DM, utilizando, al&#233;m da HBW e do SD, os par&#226;metros K e S. Aguad&#233;-Bruix et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> empregaram escala combinando estes quatro par&#226;metros e observaram que 12% dos pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de TRC n&#227;o t&#234;m nenhum par&#226;metro de fase anormal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Possivelmente o estudo destes par&#226;metros de modo combinado eleve a sensibilidade e a especificidade da t&#233;cnica para indica&#231;&#227;o da TRC.</p>
        <p>Em suma, os achados do presente estudo, somados &#224; literatura crescente na &#225;rea, sustentam que a an&#225;lise de fase pelo GSPECT seja considerada instrumento de utilidade cl&#237;nica, a ser empregado tanto na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes de subgrupos espec&#237;ficos de alto risco cardiovascular (renais cr&#244;nicos terminais, hipertensos, portadores de CDI) quanto na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de TRC.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>A principal restri&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi o pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes, que limitou a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. Apesar da amostra reduzida, foi observada signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em par&#226;metros que corroboram estudos anteriores na &#225;rea de dissincronismo. Uma outra limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi a aus&#234;ncia de grupo controle com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e sem TRC. Do ponto de vista &#233;tico, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel manter pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de implante de TRC como controles, tendo em vista o impacto deste tratamento na mortalidade e a sua ampla indica&#231;&#227;o referendada em diversas diretrizes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> O estudo apresentou seguimento curto (6 meses) utilizando desfechos secund&#225;rios como a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, ao inv&#233;s de desfechos cl&#237;nicos, como morte, progress&#227;o da IC ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O estudo da an&#225;lise de fase pelo GSPECT foi capaz de diferenciar os pacientes com dissincronismo el&#233;trico puro daqueles com dissincronismo mec&#226;nico associado, por meio dos par&#226;metros de dissincronismo intraventricular. A terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca est&#225; associada &#224; melhora tanto do dissincronismo mec&#226;nico (melhora dos par&#226;metros de dissincronismo pela an&#225;lise de fase) quanto do dissincronismo el&#233;trico (redu&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QRS ao eletrocardiograma). Desta forma, gra&#231;as ao GSPECT pr&#233;-implante, foi poss&#237;vel identificar que os pacientes com dissincronismos el&#233;trico e mec&#226;nico associados apresentaram melhor resposta &#224; terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca do que aqueles com dissincronismo el&#233;trico puro.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por Ag&#234;ncia Internacional de Energia At&#244;mica.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Christiane Cigagna Wiefels pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 884.844. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>&#192; Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) e a Ag&#234;ncia Internacional de Energia At&#244;mica que financiaram este estudo.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
