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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">PySgCcgJngFjwsp4NMxjxLf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000300258</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20180020</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Epidemiological Characteristics and Mortality Predictors in Patients Over 70 Years Submitted to Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kaufman</surname>
            <given-names>Renato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Manuel Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Mazzarone Gomes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Geller</surname>
            <given-names>Mauro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xavier</surname>
            <given-names>Regina Maria de Aquino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chaves</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio Brant Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castier</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Bueno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil;</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil;</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Rodrigo Mazzarone Gomes de S&#225;</bold>. Praca Antonio Callado, 215/ 305. Postal Code: 22793-084, Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>rmazzarone@gmail.com</email>; <email>rodgomesdesa@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Azevedo VMP, Xavier RMA, Chaves RBM. Acquisition of data: Azevedo VMP, Xavier RMA, Chaves RBM. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Kaufman R, Azevedo VMP, S&#225; RMG, Geller M, Xavier RMA, Chaves RBM, Castier MB. Statistical analysis: Kaufman R, Azevedo VMP, Geller M. Writing of the manuscript: Kaufman R, Azevedo VMP, S&#225; RMG, Xavier RMA, Chaves RBM, Castier MB. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Kaufman R, Azevedo VMP, Castier MB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>258</fpage>
      <lpage>263</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, with age being an independent risk factor for mortality in patients submitted to surgical revascularization.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the mortality risk predictors in patients older than 70 years submitted to myocardial revascularization.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This is a retrospective cohort study of a cardiac surgery database. Logistic regression was used to assess independent death predictors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 372 patients submitted to surgical revascularization from 2004 to 2012 were assessed. The main cardiovascular risk factor was hypertension, followed by diabetes mellitus. Mortality at 30 days was 19.35%. The presence of peripheral vascular disease (OR: 2,47), emergency surgery (OR: 4,86) and combined valve procedure (OR: 3,86) were independent predictors of death.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The surgical procedure in elderly patients showed a higher mortality than in the general population. Peripheral vascular disease, emergency surgery and combined valve procedures increased the risk of death in these patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease / surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular disease is currently one of the main causes of hospitalization in Brazil in the general population, being the main cause of hospitalization in elderly patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>With the advent of new technologies for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, the survival of the patient with heart disease increases and, with aging, other comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes, kidney failure and cognitive dysfunction appear.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>With the aging process, the cardiovascular system itself shows physiological changes, such as progressive increase in systolic blood pressure, reduction of aerobic capacity and of reflex responses of the autonomic nervous system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The aging process alone increases the patient's cardiovascular risk, either by the Framingham and SCORE risk score evaluation, which are used in asymptomatic patients, or by assessing the prevalence of coronary heart disease using the Diamond score.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In patients with coronary disease, age is an important predisposing risk factor for future events, both in acute coronary disease scores, such as GRACE, as well as in preoperative risk assessment, such as the EuroSCORE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>There are still doubts related to the predictive factors of surgical death, defined as death occurring within 30 days of the surgical procedure, in the Brazilian population of patients aged 70 years or older.</p>
      <p>The aim of our study was to evaluate the epidemiological characteristics of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting at a specialized hospital of the Brazilian Unified Health System (<italic>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</italic> - SUS), and to analyze the risk predictors of surgical death and complications inherent to the procedure.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>Retrospective cohort of the cardiac surgery database of Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, in Rio de Janeiro (RJ), of patients operated from December 2004 to March 2012.</p>
      <p>This database included demographic, clinical, laboratory, echocardiographic and angiographic variables of the preoperative, intraoperative and immediate postoperative periods at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and the late postoperative period at the infirmary, totaling 327 variables, in addition to vital status at 30 days. In the present study, we assessed the demographic, clinical, laboratory, echocardiographic and angiographic data of the patient's preoperative period and the need for combined valve surgery, considering the type of evolution (discharge vs. death within 30 days of the procedure). Angina pectoris was classified according to the Canadian Class Society (CCS) criteria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The institutional Research Ethics Committee authorized the performance of this study, approval number 0117/110906.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis was performed by recording the frequencies, the means and their respective standard deviations, or the median and quartiles, when appropriate. Student's <italic>t</italic> test was used to compare the outcome groups, when the variables showed a normal distribution, or Mann-Whitney U test, when normality was not observed. For dichotomous variables, chi-squared or Fisher's exact test were applied, as appropriate. To study the association between the independent variables and the outcome, two-phase multivariate logistic regression was used and the variables that had p &lt; 0.20 in the first stage were included in the final stage. The StataCorp 14 program (by StataCorp LP) was used. It was considered an alpha value of 0.05. All tests were two-tailed.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The epidemiological characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>. There were 372 patients, most of them males, with a median age of 74.26 years and a mean body mass index of 26.2 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Regarding the risk factors, the patients had systemic arterial hypertension (93.2%), diabetes (29.0%) and were current smokers (4.3%). Even with a mean creatinine level within the normal range, patients had decreased creatinine clearance. The mortality rate of the study population was 19.35% (72 patients) at 30 days.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Characteristic</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years (median and interquartile range)</td>
              <td align="center">74.26 (71.77-77.08)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Men</td>
              <td align="center">67.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass index</td>
              <td align="center">26.2 &#177; 4.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">93.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes Mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">29.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">4.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous acute myocardial infarction</td>
              <td align="center">19.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous stroke</td>
              <td align="center">5.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine clearance</td>
              <td align="center">51.77 (42.38-61.86)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine</td>
              <td align="center">1.1 (1.0-1.38)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous coronary artery bypass grafting</td>
              <td align="center">2.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous percutaneous coronary angioplasty</td>
              <td align="center">9.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Angina</td>
              <td align="center">80.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unstable angina</td>
              <td align="center">27.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stable angina</td>
              <td align="center">72.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left main coronary artery lesion</td>
              <td align="center">41.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Proximal anterior descending artery lesion</td>
              <td align="center">62.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Trivascular</td>
              <td align="center">75.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ejection fraction</td>
              <td align="center">62.0 (49.0-69.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NYHA functional class III or IV</td>
              <td align="center">9.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Death at 30 days</td>
              <td align="center">19.3</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Results expressed in median (interquartile range), percentage or mean &#177; median. NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In the univariate analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>), the following were markers of surgical death: emergency surgery, combined valvular surgery, previous surgery, peripheral vascular disease, NYHA functional class III/IV, increased left atrial diameter, lower preoperative statin use, increased need for preoperative nitrate use, moderate/severe aortic regurgitation, moderate/severe aortic stenosis, and moderate/severe tricuspid regurgitation.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Univariate analysis of surgical mortality by the presence of categorical variables potentially predictive of surgical death</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Variable</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Death (%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Survivor (%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Combined surgery</td>
              <td align="center">40.00</td>
              <td align="center">15.82</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NYHA Functional class III or IV</td>
              <td align="center">38.24</td>
              <td align="center">17.26</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Emergency surgery</td>
              <td align="center">40.91</td>
              <td align="center">18.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Use of statins in the preoperative period</td>
              <td align="center">16.84</td>
              <td align="center">30.43</td>
              <td align="center">0.017</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peripheral vascular disease</td>
              <td align="center">30.16</td>
              <td align="center">17.12</td>
              <td align="center">0.018</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous surgery</td>
              <td align="center">31.37</td>
              <td align="center">17.35</td>
              <td align="center">0.019</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Moderate/severe tricuspid regurgitation</td>
              <td align="center">60.00</td>
              <td align="center">18.44</td>
              <td align="center">0.019</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Moderate/severe aortic regurgitation</td>
              <td align="center">38.89</td>
              <td align="center">18.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.029</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Moderate/severe mitral regurgitation</td>
              <td align="center">34.78</td>
              <td align="center">17.93</td>
              <td align="center">0.040</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Moderate/severe aortic stenosis</td>
              <td align="center">32.81</td>
              <td align="center">16.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nitrates in the preoperative period</td>
              <td align="center">33.33</td>
              <td align="center">17.99</td>
              <td align="center">0.051</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blocker in the preoperative period</td>
              <td align="center">32.81</td>
              <td align="center">28.57</td>
              <td align="center">0.056</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender</td>
              <td align="center">17.60</td>
              <td align="center">22.95</td>
              <td align="center">0.220</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="center">15.74</td>
              <td align="center">20.91</td>
              <td align="center">0.253</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left main coronary artery lesion</td>
              <td align="center">18.59</td>
              <td align="center">19.52</td>
              <td align="center">0.822</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>NYHA: <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Univariate analysis of surgical mortality by the presence of continuous variables potentially predictive of surgical death</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Variable</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Survivor</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Death</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left atrial dimension, cm</td>
              <td align="center">3.91 (3.84-3.98)</td>
              <td align="center">4.13 (3.94-4.32)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0129</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass index, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">26.11 (25.72-26.50)</td>
              <td align="center">26.80 (25.36-28.24)</td>
              <td align="center">0.3162</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">74.15 (71.73-7.08)</td>
              <td align="center">74.81 (72.16-77.23)</td>
              <td align="center">0.3505</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left ventricular ejection fraction, %</td>
              <td align="center">58.77 (57.12-60.43)</td>
              <td align="center">55.76 (51.62-59.90)</td>
              <td align="center">0.7250</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pulmonary artery systolic pressure, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">35.50 (32.11-38.89)</td>
              <td align="center">39.83 (33.97-45.68)</td>
              <td align="center">0.9114</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The multivariate analysis was performed in two stages and, in the final stage, the presence of peripheral vascular disease, the need for emergency surgery and the combined procedure with valve replacement were found to be independent predictors of death (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tables 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Multivariate analysis of surgical death predictors in the initial stage</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Factor</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Odds ratio</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Standard error</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">95%CI</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Emergency surgery</td>
              <td align="center">4.4952</td>
              <td align="center">2.5857</td>
              <td align="center">1.4559-13.879</td>
              <td align="center">0.009</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peripheral vascular disease</td>
              <td align="center">2.5038</td>
              <td align="center">0.9111</td>
              <td align="center">1.2271-5.1091</td>
              <td align="center">0.012</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left atrial dimension</td>
              <td align="center">1.4488</td>
              <td align="center">0.3623</td>
              <td align="center">0.8874-2.3655</td>
              <td align="center">0.138</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Combined surgery</td>
              <td align="center">2.1760</td>
              <td align="center">1.2039</td>
              <td align="center">0.7357-6.4358</td>
              <td align="center">0.160</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous surgery</td>
              <td align="center">1.6740</td>
              <td align="center">0.6984</td>
              <td align="center">0.7390-3.7925</td>
              <td align="center">0.217</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Moderate/severe tricuspid regurgitation</td>
              <td align="center">3.1501</td>
              <td align="center">3.1348</td>
              <td align="center">0.4479-22.152</td>
              <td align="center">0.249</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blocker in the preoperative period</td>
              <td align="center">0.6536</td>
              <td align="center">0.2706</td>
              <td align="center">0.2903-1.4715</td>
              <td align="center">0.304</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Moderate/severe aortic stenosis</td>
              <td align="center">1.4779</td>
              <td align="center">0.7335</td>
              <td align="center">0.5587-3.9096</td>
              <td align="center">0.431</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Statins in the preoperative period</td>
              <td align="center">0.8023</td>
              <td align="center">0.3059</td>
              <td align="center">0.3800-1.6941</td>
              <td align="center">0.564</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NYHA III-IV</td>
              <td align="center">1.3249</td>
              <td align="center">0.6894</td>
              <td align="center">0.4777-3.6742</td>
              <td align="center">0.589</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nitrates in the preoperative period</td>
              <td align="center">1.2760</td>
              <td align="center">0.8513</td>
              <td align="center">0.3451-4.7179</td>
              <td align="center">0.715</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Moderate/severe aortic regurgitation</td>
              <td align="center">0.9405</td>
              <td align="center">0.5882</td>
              <td align="center">0.2761-3.2041</td>
              <td align="center">0.922</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>95% CI: 95% confidence interval; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Multivariate analysis of the factors predicting surgical death in the final stage</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Factor</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Odds ratio</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Standard error</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">95%CI</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Combined surgery</td>
              <td align="center">3.8651</td>
              <td align="center">1.2871</td>
              <td align="center">2.0123-7.4236</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Emergency surgery</td>
              <td align="center">4.8608</td>
              <td align="center">2.3881</td>
              <td align="center">1.8558-12.732</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peripheral vascular disease</td>
              <td align="center">2.4773</td>
              <td align="center">0.8218</td>
              <td align="center">1.2931-4.7463</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>95% CI: 95% confidence interval.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The objective of coronary artery bypass grafting is to correct myocardial ischemia resulting from coronary artery obstruction, aiming at relieving symptoms, improving quality of life and allowing the patient to return to work, as well as increasing life expectancy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is a revascularization method with higher percentage of complete revascularization and reduction of anginal episodes. In contrast, there is a longer hospital length of stay and a higher incidence of complications during surgical hospitalization, which makes this surgery a second alternative for patients requiring revascularization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The epidemiological characteristics of patients submitted to coronary artery bypass grafting show that most patients are males, with a mean age of 60 years, arterial hypertension as the most prevalent risk factor and preserved left ventricular function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, elderly patients have a greater number of comorbidities, when compared to younger patients. In addition to these comorbidities, the elderly's circulatory system has alterations caused by the aging process, such as increased arterial stiffness, diastolic function worsening and greater extent of coronary artery disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Compared to younger patients, elderly ones have higher mortality in relation to revascularization - be it surgical or percutaneous. However, in comparison with percutaneous revascularization, the long-term benefits of undergoing surgery are better for the elderly, especially in relation to greater symptomatic relief and the less need for new revascularizations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Several studies have shown that age leads to an increased risk of death. Santos et al. observed that patients over 65 years of age have a 2.3-fold higher risk of death than younger patients; Rocha et al. compared patients older and younger than 70 years, and found a mortality rate of 8.9% in the older patients and 3.6% in the younger patients - this cohort did not involve patients submitted to the combined surgery, which is an important predictor of mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Contrarily, Aikawa did not identify an impact on the mortality in older patients (&gt; 65 years) (5.8% vs. 2.0%), but identified a higher rate of postoperative complications in the elderly, when compared to the younger patients (30% vs. 14%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We already have reports of surgical series involving octogenarians submitted to isolated myocardial revascularization procedures, showing that these patients have a higher risk of developing in-hospital death; however, when compared with patients who undergo elective surgery or those with fewer comorbidities, the risk is similar to that of younger patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The mortality among older patients was much higher than that assessed in the general population, according to a previous study performed by our group. The assessment of all patients showed an index of 10.3%, compared to 22.3% in the current cohort. However, when we compare it with some cohorts of patients over 70 years of age, one observes very similar mortality rates.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding the predictors of mortality, it is known that emergency surgery in the elderly has a negative impact on prognosis in the postoperative evolution of patients, with a risk of death up to 55-fold higher in some series.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The presence of peripheral atherosclerotic disease is closely related to age and the highest number of risk factors for coronary disease. Associated with this, there have been reports that graft quality is worse in these patients. The PREVENT IV study demonstrated that patients with peripheral vascular disease have a 3.3-fold increased risk of death, infarction or new revascularization in 5 years, but without an impact in the first 30 days after surgery. This fact is supported by two other studies that demonstrated that the impact of peripheral vascular disease lies in the long term. However, none of these studies have studied only the elderly population, a fact that may explain why the combination of advanced age with peripheral vascular disease shows a worse prognosis than isolated peripheral vascular disease in the postoperative period of coronary artery bypass grafting.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>When making comparisons with other populations, one needs to keep in mind some peculiarities of the assessed patients. Our patients were from the Brazilian Unified Heath System (SUS), which, for the most part, have a more unfavorable socioeconomic condition than those from the private health care network and from other countries, in addition to having less access to specialized care.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The predictors of surgical death in the septuagenarians of this assessed sample were the need for emergency surgery, combined valvular procedure and the presence of peripheral vascular disease.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <sup>Sources of Funding</sup>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Renato Kaufman, from Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia under the protocol number 0117/110906. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caracter&#237;sticas Epidemiol&#243;gicas e Preditores de Mortalidade em Pacientes Maiores de 70 Anos Submetidos &#224; Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica Cir&#250;rgica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kaufman</surname>
            <given-names>Renato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Manuel Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Mazzarone Gomes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Geller</surname>
            <given-names>Mauro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xavier</surname>
            <given-names>Regina Maria de Aquino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chaves</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio Brant Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castier</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Bueno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rodrigo Mazzarone Gomes de S&#225;.</bold> Praca Antonio Callado, 215/ 305. CEP: 22793-084, Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>rmazzarone@gmail.com</email>; <email>rodgomesdesa@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Azevedo VMP, Xavier RMA, Chaves RBM. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Azevedo VMP, Xavier RMA, Chaves RBM. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Kaufman R, Azevedo VMP, S&#225; RMG, Geller M, Xavier RMA, Chaves RBM, Castier MB. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Kaufman R, Azevedo VMP, Geller M. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Kaufman R, Azevedo VMP, S&#225; RMG, Xavier RMA, Chaves RBM, Castier MB. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Kaufman R, Azevedo VMP, Castier MB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana &#233; a principal causa de morte no mundo, e a idade &#233; fator de risco independente de mortalidade em pacientes submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar os fatores preditores de risco de &#243;bito em pacientes submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com mais de 70 anos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Trata-se de uma coorte retrospectiva de banco de dados de cirurgia card&#237;aca. Foi utilizada a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para avaliar os preditores independentes de &#243;bito.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram 372 pacientes submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de 2004 a 2012. O principal fator de risco cardiovascular foi a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, seguida do diabetes melito. A mortalidade em 30 dias foi de 19,35%. A presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica (OR: 2,47), cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia (OR: 4,86) e procedimento valvular combinado (OR: 3,86) foram os preditores independentes de &#243;bito.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O procedimento cir&#250;rgico em pacientes idosos apresentou mortalidade maior que da popula&#231;&#227;o geral. Doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia e procedimento valvular combinado aumentaram o risco de &#243;bito nesses pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Idosos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular constitui atualmente uma das principais causas de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar no Brasil na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, sendo a principal causa de interna&#231;&#227;o em pacientes idosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Com o advento de novas tecnologias no tratamento da doen&#231;a cardiovascular, a sobrevida do cardiopata aumenta e, com o envelhecimento, manifestam-se outras comorbidades, como hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes, insufici&#234;ncia renal e disfun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Com o avan&#231;ar da idade, o pr&#243;prio sistema cardiovascular apresenta altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas, como aumento progressivo da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade aer&#243;bica e diminui&#231;&#227;o das respostas reflexas do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Isoladamente, o aumento da idade eleva o risco cardiovascular do paciente seja pela avalia&#231;&#227;o do escore de risco de Framingham e do SCORE, que s&#227;o utilizados em assintom&#225;ticos, seja pela avalia&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a coronariana pelo escore de Diamond.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana, a idade &#233; importante fator preditor de risco de eventos futuros, tanto em escores de doen&#231;a coronariana aguda, como o GRACE, como na avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, como o EuroSCORE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Permanecem d&#250;vidas quanto aos fatores preditores de &#243;bito cir&#250;rgico, definido como &#243;bito ocorrido em at&#233; 30 dias do procedimento cir&#250;rgico, na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira de pacientes a partir dos 70 anos de idade.</p>
        <p>O objetivo do nosso trabalho foi avaliar as caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas dos pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em um hospital especializado do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS), e analisar os preditores de risco de &#243;bito cir&#250;rgico e as complica&#231;&#245;es inerentes ao procedimento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Coorte retrospectiva do banco de dados de cirurgia card&#237;aca do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, no Rio de Janeiro (RJ), operados no per&#237;odo de dezembro de 2004 a mar&#231;o de 2012.</p>
        <p>Faziam parte deste banco de dados vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e angiogr&#225;ficas do pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, do intraoperat&#243;rio, do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato realizado na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) e do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio realizado na enfermaria, totalizando 327 vari&#225;veis, al&#233;m do estado vital em 30 dias. No presente estudo foram analisados os dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais, ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e angiogr&#225;ficos do pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio do paciente, e a necessidade de realizar cirurgia valvar combinada, e tendo sido considerado o tipo de evolu&#231;&#227;o (alta vs. &#243;bito em at&#233; 30 dias do procedimento). A <italic>angina pectoris</italic> foi graduada pelos crit&#233;rios da <italic>Canadian Class Society</italic> (CCS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o deste estudo, obteve-se a autoriza&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do instituto, sob o n&#250;mero 0117/110906.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada por meio do registro das frequ&#234;ncias, das m&#233;dias e seus respectivos desvios padr&#227;o, ou da mediana e dos quartis, quando apropriado. Para comparar os grupos de desfecho, foi utilizado teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic>, quando as vari&#225;veis apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, ou teste U de Mann-Whitney, quando a normalidade n&#227;o foi observada. Nas vari&#225;veis dicot&#244;micas, o qui quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher, quando apropriado, foram aplicados. Para estudar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis independentes e o desfecho, foi utilizada a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada em duas etapas, indo &#224; etapa final as vari&#225;veis que tivessem valor de p &lt; 0,20 na primeira etapa. Foi utilizado o programa STATA 14 da StataCorp LP. Foi empregado um valor de alfa de 0,05. Todos os testes foram bicaudais.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabela 1</xref>. Foram 372 pacientes, sendo, em sua maioria, do sexo masculino, com mediana de idade de 74,26 anos e &#237;ndice de massa corporal m&#233;dio de 26,2 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco, os pacientes apresentavam hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (93,2%), diabetes (29,0%) e tabagismo corrente (4,3%). Mesmo com m&#233;dia de creatinina dentro da normalidade, os pacientes apresentaram <italic>clearence</italic> de creatinina diminu&#237;do. A taxa de mortalidade da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi de 19,35% (72 pacientes) em 30 dias.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos (mediana e interquartis)</td>
                <td align="center">74,26 (71,77-77,08)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Homens</td>
                <td align="center">67,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal</td>
                <td align="center">26,2 &#177; 4,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">93,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes melito</td>
                <td align="center">29,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">4,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">19,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">5,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Clearence de creatinina</td>
                <td align="center">51,77 (42,38-61,86)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 (1,0-1,38)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">2,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angioplastia coronariana percut&#226;nea pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">9,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angina</td>
                <td align="center">80,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">27,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angina est&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">72,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Les&#227;o de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda</td>
                <td align="center">41,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Les&#227;o em descendente anterior proximal</td>
                <td align="center">62,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Trivasculares</td>
                <td align="center">75,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">62,0 (49,0-69,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Classe funcional 3 ou 4 pela NYHA</td>
                <td align="center">9,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#211;bito em 30 dias</td>
                <td align="center">19,3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Resultados expressos em mediana (interquartis), porcentagem ou m&#233;dia &#177; mediana. NYHA: <italic>New York Heart Association.</italic></p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise univariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">3</xref>), foram marcadores do &#243;bito cir&#250;rgico: cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia, cirurgia valvular combinada, cirurgia pr&#233;via, doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, classe funcional III/IV pela <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA), di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo aumentado, menor uso de estatina no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, maior necessidade do uso de nitratos no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica moderada/grave, estenose a&#243;rtica moderada/grave e insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide moderada/grave.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise univariada da mortalidade cir&#250;rgica pela presen&#231;a das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas potencialmente preditoras do &#243;bito cir&#250;rgico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">&#211;bito (%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Sobrevivente (%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cirurgia combinada</td>
                <td align="center">40,00</td>
                <td align="center">15,82</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Classe funcional 3 ou 4 pela NYHA</td>
                <td align="center">38,24</td>
                <td align="center">17,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">40,91</td>
                <td align="center">18,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de estatina no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="center">16,84</td>
                <td align="center">30,43</td>
                <td align="center">0,017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica</td>
                <td align="center">30,16</td>
                <td align="center">17,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cirurgia pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">31,37</td>
                <td align="center">17,35</td>
                <td align="center">0,019</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide moderada/grave</td>
                <td align="center">60,00</td>
                <td align="center">18,44</td>
                <td align="center">0,019</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica moderada/grave</td>
                <td align="center">38,89</td>
                <td align="center">18,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada/grave</td>
                <td align="center">34,78</td>
                <td align="center">17,93</td>
                <td align="center">0,040</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estenose a&#243;rtica moderada/grave</td>
                <td align="center">32,81</td>
                <td align="center">16,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nitratos no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="center">33,33</td>
                <td align="center">17,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,051</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueador no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="center">32,81</td>
                <td align="center">28,57</td>
                <td align="center">0,056</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">17,60</td>
                <td align="center">22,95</td>
                <td align="center">0,220</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">15,74</td>
                <td align="center">20,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,253</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Les&#227;o de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda</td>
                <td align="center">18,59</td>
                <td align="center">19,52</td>
                <td align="center">0,822</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>NYHA: <italic>New York Heart Association.</italic></p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise univariada da mortalidade cir&#250;rgica pela presen&#231;a das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas potencialmente preditoras do &#243;bito cir&#250;rgico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Sobrevivente</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">&#211;bito</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dimens&#227;o &#225;trio esquerdo, cm</td>
                <td align="center">3,91 (3,84-3,98)</td>
                <td align="center">4,13 (3,94-4,32)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0129</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">26,11 (25,72-26,50)</td>
                <td align="center">26,80 (25,36-28,24)</td>
                <td align="center">0,3162</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">74,15 (71,73-7,08)</td>
                <td align="center">74,81 (72,16-77,23)</td>
                <td align="center">0,3505</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, %</td>
                <td align="center">58,77 (57,12-60,43)</td>
                <td align="center">55,76 (51,62-59,90)</td>
                <td align="center">0,7250</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">35,50 (32,11-38,89)</td>
                <td align="center">39,83 (33,97-45,68)</td>
                <td align="center">0,9114</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A an&#225;lise multivariada foi realizada em duas etapas e, na etapa final, encontramos como preditores independentes de &#243;bito a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, a necessidade de cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia e o procedimento combinado com troca valvar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabelas 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise multivariada dos fatores preditores do &#243;bito cir&#250;rgico na etapa inicial</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Fator</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <italic>Odds ratio</italic>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Erro padr&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">IC95%</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">4,4952</td>
                <td align="center">2,5857</td>
                <td align="center">1,4559-13,879</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica</td>
                <td align="center">2,5038</td>
                <td align="center">0,9111</td>
                <td align="center">1,2271-5,1091</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dimens&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo</td>
                <td align="center">1,4488</td>
                <td align="center">0,3623</td>
                <td align="center">0,8874-2,3655</td>
                <td align="center">0,138</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cirurgia combinada</td>
                <td align="center">2,1760</td>
                <td align="center">1,2039</td>
                <td align="center">0,7357-6,4358</td>
                <td align="center">0,160</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cirurgia pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">1,6740</td>
                <td align="center">0,6984</td>
                <td align="center">0,7390-3,7925</td>
                <td align="center">0,217</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide moderada/grave</td>
                <td align="center">3,1501</td>
                <td align="center">3,1348</td>
                <td align="center">0,4479-22,152</td>
                <td align="center">0,249</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueador no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="center">0,6536</td>
                <td align="center">0,2706</td>
                <td align="center">0,2903-1,4715</td>
                <td align="center">0,304</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estenose a&#243;rtica moderada/grave</td>
                <td align="center">1,4779</td>
                <td align="center">0,7335</td>
                <td align="center">0,5587-3,9096</td>
                <td align="center">0,431</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatina no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="center">0,8023</td>
                <td align="center">0,3059</td>
                <td align="center">0,3800-1,6941</td>
                <td align="center">0,564</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NYHA 3-4</td>
                <td align="center">1,3249</td>
                <td align="center">0,6894</td>
                <td align="center">0,4777-3,6742</td>
                <td align="center">0,589</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Nitratos no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="center">1,2760</td>
                <td align="center">0,8513</td>
                <td align="center">0,3451-4,7179</td>
                <td align="center">0,715</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica moderada/grave</td>
                <td align="center">0,9405</td>
                <td align="center">0,5882</td>
                <td align="center">0,2761-3,2041</td>
                <td align="center">0,922</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; NYHA: <italic>New York Heart Association.</italic></p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise multivariada dos fatores preditores do &#243;bito cir&#250;rgico na etapa final</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Fator</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                  <italic>Odds ratio</italic>
                </th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Erro padr&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">IC95%</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cirurgia combinada</td>
                <td align="center">3,8651</td>
                <td align="center">1,2871</td>
                <td align="center">2,0123-7,4236</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">4,8608</td>
                <td align="center">2,3881</td>
                <td align="center">1,8558-12,732</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica</td>
                <td align="center">2,4773</td>
                <td align="center">0,8218</td>
                <td align="center">1,2931-4,7463</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica tem como objetivo a corre&#231;&#227;o da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica consequente &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, objetivando o al&#237;vio dos sintomas, a melhora da qualidade de vida e o retorno do paciente &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o laboral, bem como o aumento da expectativa de vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Trata-se de um m&#233;todo de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o com maiores porcentuais de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa e de diminui&#231;&#227;o de epis&#243;dios anginosos. Em contraponto, temos taxa de dias hospitalizados e incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es durante a interna&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica maiores, o que coloca a cirurgia como uma segunda alternativa para pacientes que necessitam de uma revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas epidemiol&#243;gicas dos pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica apresentam a maioria dos pacientes do sexo masculino com m&#233;dia de idade de 60 anos, hipertens&#227;o arterial como fator de risco mais prevalente e com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda preservada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No entanto, o idoso apresenta maior n&#250;mero de comorbidades comparando com o paciente mais jovem. Al&#233;m destas comorbidades, o sistema circulat&#243;rio do idoso apresenta altera&#231;&#245;es derivadas do envelhecimento, como aumento da rigidez arterial, piora da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e maior extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Comparativamente ao paciente mais jovem, o paciente mais idoso apresenta maior mortalidade em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o &#8722; seja cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea. Por&#233;m, comparando com a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea, os benef&#237;cios em longo prazo no idoso submetido &#224; cirurgia s&#227;o maiores, principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao maior al&#237;vio sintom&#225;tico e &#224; menor necessidade de novas revasculariza&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diversos trabalhos evidenciam que a idade leva ao aumento no risco de &#243;bito. Santos et al. observaram que pacientes acima de 65 anos apresentam um risco 2,3 vezes maior de &#243;bito em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes mais jovens; Rocha et al. compararam pacientes maiores e menores de 70 anos, encontrando taxa de mortalidade de 8,9% nos mais velhos e de 3,6% nos mais jovens &#8722; esta coorte n&#227;o envolveu pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia combinada, que &#233; um importante preditor de mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diferentemente, Aikawa n&#227;o identificou impacto na mortalidade dos pacientes mais idosos (&gt; 65 anos) (5,8% vs. 2,0%), por&#233;m identificou um &#237;ndice maior de complica&#231;&#245;es no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio nos idosos em compara&#231;&#227;o com os mais jovens (30% vs.14%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>J&#225; temos relatos de s&#233;ries cir&#250;rgicas envolvendo octogen&#225;rios em procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica isolada mostrando que estes pacientes apresentam um risco maior de evolu&#231;&#227;o para &#243;bito intra-hospitalar, por&#233;m, quando comparamos com pacientes que v&#227;o para cirurgia de maneira eletiva ou com menos comorbidades, o risco se assemelha ao dos pacientes mais jovens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A mortalidade dos pacientes mais idosos foi bem maior do que a avaliada na popula&#231;&#227;o geral em trabalho realizado previamente pelo nosso grupo. A avalia&#231;&#227;o de todos os pacientes apresentou &#237;ndice de 10,3% comparado com 22,3% da coorte atual. Por&#233;m, ao compararmos com algumas coortes de pacientes maiores de 70 anos, vemos taxas de mortalidade bem semelhantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos preditores de mortalidade, j&#225; &#233; sabido que a cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia em idosos apresenta impacto negativo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao progn&#243;stico na evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria dos pacientes com risco de &#243;bito de at&#233; 55 vezes maior em algumas s&#233;ries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica perif&#233;rica guarda &#237;ntima rela&#231;&#227;o com a idade e o maior n&#250;mero de fatores de risco para doen&#231;a coronariana. Associado a isso, existem relatos de que a qualidade do enxerto &#233; pior nestes pacientes. O estudo PREVENT IV demonstrou que os pacientes com doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica apresentam risco 3,3 vezes maior de morte, infarto ou novas revasculariza&#231;&#245;es em 5 anos, por&#233;m sem impacto nos primeiros 30 dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Este fato &#233; sustentado por outros dois trabalhos que demonstraram que o impacto da doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica reside no longo prazo. No entanto, nenhum destes trabalhos estudou somente a popula&#231;&#227;o mais idosa, fato que pode explicar porque a combina&#231;&#227;o de idade avan&#231;ada com doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica apresenta um progn&#243;stico mais sombrio que a doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica isolada no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ao realizarmos compara&#231;&#245;es com outras popula&#231;&#245;es, precisamos ter em mente algumas peculiaridades dos pacientes estudados. Nossos pacientes eram do SUS, que, em sua maioria, apresentam condi&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica mais desfavor&#225;vel que os de rede particular e de outros pa&#237;ses, al&#233;m de terem um menor acesso a atendimento especializado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os preditores de &#243;bito cir&#250;rgico nos septuagen&#225;rios nesta amostra estudada foram a necessidade de cirurgia de emerg&#234;ncia, o procedimento valvar combinado e a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Renato Kaufman pela Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 0117/110906. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
