<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4Pk6rPDhMbTZpwSFKPCpngF</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000300244</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20180018</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association of Respiratory Mechanics with Oxygenation and Duration of Mechanical Ventilation After Cardiac Surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cordeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Luiz Lisboa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Livia Freire de Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Queiroz</surname>
            <given-names>Thayn&#227; Carib&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santana</surname>
            <given-names>Verena Lourranne Lima de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Ara&#250;jo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Raimundo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Prata</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica; Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Nobre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Feira de Santana</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Nobre; Feira de Santana, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Salvador</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Salvador; Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Incardio Instituto Nobre de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Feira de Santana</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Incardio Instituto Nobre de Cardiologia; Feira de Santana, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado da Bahia (UNEB); Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Andr&#233; Luiz Lisboa Cordeiro</bold>. Rua Jap&#227;o, 94. Postal Code: 44052-022, Caseb, Feira de Santana, BA - Brazil. E-mail: <email>andrelisboacordeiro@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Oliveira LFL, Queiroz TC, Santana VLL, Cordeiro ALL. Acquisition of data: Oliveira LFL, Queiroz TC, Santana VLL. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Cordeiro ALL, Melo TA. Statistical analysis: Cordeiro ALL, Melo TA. Writing of the manuscript: Oliveira LFL, Queiroz TC, Santana VLL, Cordeiro ALL. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Melo TA, Guimar&#227;es AR, Martinez BP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>244</fpage>
      <lpage>249</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Mechanical ventilation (MV) and extracorporeal circulation (ECC) are associated with a decline in pulmonary mechanics that may affect gas exchange.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the impact of pulmonary mechanics on MV duration and gas exchange in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This was a cohort study in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. All patients underwent evaluation of pulmonary mechanics (static compliance and airway resistance) and arterial blood gas analysis upon admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and were followed up until extubation and hospital discharge.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The study included 50 patients (46 women, 52%) with a mean age of 57.5 &#177; 13.5 years. The MV duration was 7.7 &#177; 3.0 hours, static compliance was 35.5 &#177; 9.1 cm H<sub>2</sub>O, resistance was 6.0 &#177; 2.3 cm H<sub>2</sub>O, mean length of ICU stay was 2.9 &#177; 1.1 days, and oxygenation index was 228.0 &#177; 33.4 mmHg. No significant correlation was found between MV duration and static compliance (p = 0.73), but a strong correlation was found between static compliance and gas exchange (r = 0.8 and p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Pulmonary mechanics have a strong correlation with gas exchange and a weak correlation with MV duration after cardiac surgery.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Respiration, Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxygenation</kwd>
        <kwd>Thoracic Surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Surgical Procedures</kwd>
        <kwd>Postoperative Care</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiac surgery is a form of treatment for coronary and myocardial pathologies aimed at increasing the patient's survival and quality of life. However, this type of surgery is associated with deleterious effects on the main body systems, such as the cardiovascular, central nervous, digestive, renal, and respiratory systems.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In this context, pulmonary complications emerge as an important cause of increased morbidity and mortality during the postoperative period.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Patients undergoing cardiac surgery remain under mechanical ventilation (MV) in the immediate postoperative period until properly awaken and presenting good respiratory and hemodynamic stability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In some cases, the hospital stay may be even longer, and the patient may remain in the hospital for several days, often due to a requirement for vasoactive drugs.</p>
      <p>Complications caused by cardiac surgery lead to multifactorial changes in pulmonary function, including alveolar collapse, decreased functional residual capacity, secretion retention, and decreased cough effectiveness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Physical therapy prescribed correctly during the preoperative and postoperative periods of cardiac surgery provides major benefits for patients with heart disease and may reduce substantially the occurrence of complications during these periods. With these potential benefits, the inclusion of physical therapists becomes fundamental in the hospital environment. However, there is scarce information in the literature regarding the impact of changes in respiratory mechanics on the duration of invasive MV (IMV) and whether this would increase the duration of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU).</p>
      <p>Based on these considerations, this study aimed to evaluate the association between respiratory mechanics with oxygenation and duration of IMV and ICU hospitalization in patients in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This was a prospective cohort study conducted with patients admitted to the <italic>Instituto Nobre de Cardiologia / Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia</italic> in the period between February and June 2016. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at Faculdade Nobre (CAAE 51208115.1.0000.5654), and all patients signed an informed consent form in the preoperative period.</p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria were individuals of both genders, aged 18 years or older, undergoing cardiac surgery (coronary-artery bypass grafting [CABG], aortic and/or mitral valve replacement, and correction of cardiac disease), who underwent sternotomy and extracorporeal circulation (ECC) under IMV in the immediate postoperative period. The exclusion criteria were: (a) hemodynamic instability requiring vasopressors at high concentration, (b) nonevaluable respiratory mechanics (for example, interaction with the MV), (c) progression to death during the ICU period, (d) sedation required for more than 48 hours, (e) absence of arterial catheter for collection of blood sample, and (f) refusal to participate in the research and to sign the informed consent form.</p>
      <p>Patients who met the inclusion criteria were evaluated at the moment of admission to the ICU, soon after leaving the operating room. After receiving the initial support from the health care team, the physiotherapist on call evaluated the ventilatory mechanics and obtained from the ventilator (Vela, Viasys Healthcare, Critical Care Division, Palm Springs, CA, USA) the values related to peak and plateau pressure, static compliance of the respiratory system, and airway resistance.</p>
      <p>During this evaluation, the patients remained in the supine position with the bed-head raised to a minimum of 30&#186; while still under the effect of the surgical anesthesia, receiving ventilation at a controlled volume mode (6 mL/kg) with an inspiratory flow of 40 L/min, respiratory rate of 15 mpm, pause duration of 1 second, fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO<sub>2</sub>) of 100%, and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 5 cm H<sub>2</sub>O. To calculate the static compliance, we used the formula tidal volume / (plateau pressure - PEEP) and to calculate resistance, the formula (peak pressure - plateau pressure) / flow.</p>
      <p>Immediately after evaluating the ventilatory mechanics, the physician on call collected a sample of arterial blood through a catheter inserted into the radial artery. The sample was analyzed with a blood gas analyzer and the results related to arterial oxygen pressure (PaO<sub>2</sub>) and FiO<sub>2</sub> were recorded. Levels of PaO<sub>2</sub> were divided by those of FiO<sub>2</sub>, yielding the oxygenation index.</p>
      <p>After these assessments, the patients continued to receive support according to the routine procedures of the unit, including the maintenance of strategies for weaning and decisions about the patient's discharge to the ward. The researchers refrained from interfering with the decisions and were limited to taking notes about the IMV duration (from ICU admission to extubation) and ICU stay.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The analysis was performed using SPSS 20.0, and the data are represented as mean and standard deviation. Normality was tested with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Categorical variables were analyzed with the chi-square test and numerical variables (IMV duration, length of ICU stay, static compliance, resistance, and gas exchange) with Pearson's correction test. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Between February and June 2016, a total of 64 patients were hospitalized to undergo cardiac surgery. Of these, 14 were excluded from the study due to nonevaluable ventilatory mechanics (10 patients) or for refusing to sign the informed consent (4 patients). Therefore, we included 50 patients (52% women) with a mean age of 57.5 &#177; 13.5 years, who underwent cardiac surgery at <italic>Instituto Nobre de Cardiologia / Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia em Feira de Santana</italic>, Bahia (Brazil).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> presents the characteristics of the patients included in the study.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical, demographic, and surgical data of the patients who underwent cardiac surgery</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Mean/SD</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">N (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">57 &#177; 13</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gender</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">24 (48)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">26 (52)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Type of surgery</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CABG</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">37 (74)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Valve replacement</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">12 (24)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Correction of congenital malformations</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ECC duration (minutes)</td>
              <td align="center">72 &#177; 22</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MV duration (hours)</td>
              <td align="center">8 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PaO<sub>2</sub>/FiO<sub>2</sub></td>
              <td align="center">228.0 &#177; 33.4</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Successful weaning</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">50 (100)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>SD: standard deviation; N: number of patients; CABG: coronary-artery bypass grafting; MV: mechanical ventilation; ECC: extracorporeal circulation; PaO<sub>2</sub>: arterial oxygen pressure; FiO<sub>2</sub>: fraction of inspired oxygen.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The mean static compliance was 35.5 &#177; 9.1 cm H<sub>2</sub>O, the mean airway resistance was 6.0 &#177; 2.3 cm H<sub>2</sub>O, and the mean duration of ICU stay was 2.9 &#177; 1.1 days.</p>
      <p>No significant correlation was found between IMV duration with static compliance and resistance (p = 0.73 and p = 0.51, respectively) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Analysis of the ventilatory mechanics and duration of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Variable</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Static compliance (cm H<sub>2</sub>O)</td>
              <td align="center">35.5 &#177; 9.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IMV duration (hours)</td>
              <td align="center">8 &#177; 3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">p<sup>a</sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.73</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Resistance (cm H<sub>2</sub>O)</td>
              <td align="center">6.0 &#177; 2.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IMV duration (hours)</td>
              <td align="center">8 &#177; 3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.51</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Pearson's test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows the static compliance and resistance as functions of the duration of hospitalization in the ICU, analyzed with the Spearman test. No statistically significant relationship was observed (p = 0.83 and p = 0.98, respectively).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Analysis of the ventilatory mechanics and duration of hospitalization in the intensive care unit (ICU) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Variable</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Static compliance (cm H<sub>2</sub>O)</td>
              <td align="center">35.5 &#177; 9.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Duration of ICU stay (days)</td>
              <td align="center">2.9 &#177; 1.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.83</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Resistance (cm H<sub>2</sub>O)</td>
              <td align="center">6.0 &#177; 2.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Duration of ICU stay (days)</td>
              <td align="center">2.9 &#177; 1.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.98</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Spearman test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>On the other hand, a strong correlation was observed between static compliance and gas exchange (228.0 &#177; 33.4, r = 0.8, p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation between static compliance and gas exchange.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-03-0244-80018-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The results of this study show that ventilatory mechanics (static compliance and resistance) had no influence on the IMV duration and length of ICU stay. However, static compliance presented a strong correlation with gas exchange in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery.</p>
      <p>For Arc&#234;nio et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> both anesthesia and certain surgeries predispose patients to changes in respiratory mechanics, pulmonary volumes, and gas exchange. Cardiac surgery, which is considered a large procedure, can trigger in the postoperative period respiratory changes related to several factors, including pulmonary and cardiac function in the preoperative period, use of ECC, and degree of sedation.</p>
      <p>According to Badenes et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> cardiac surgery associated with MV in the postoperative period causes significant structural and functional changes at a pulmonary level due to the inflammatory process that is also associated with the ECC, leading to reduced compliance of the respiratory system. In the present study, it was not possible to assess the parameters of pulmonary function prior to surgery.</p>
      <p>Taking into consideration the pulmonary decline that occurs after cardiac surgery, Auler Jr et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> investigated the effect of PEEP on respiratory mechanics in patients submitted to cardiac revascularization. The authors applied different PEEP levels (0, 5, 10, and 15 cm H<sub>2</sub>O) and demonstrated that with increases in positive pressure, there were decreases in airway resistance and elastance. It is worth mentioning that in the present study, all patients had the PEEP previously set at 5 cm H<sub>2</sub>O and a low resistance was also observed with a mean of 6 cm H<sub>2</sub>O.</p>
      <p>Another factor that may increase the length of stay of the patient in the IMV and in the ICU is the intraoperative ECC duration. Canver &amp; Chanda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> verified that ECC might be an independent factor for postoperative respiratory insufficiency, which consequently increases the duration of IMV and ICU stay. In an attempt to reduce the impact of ECC on the pulmonary function, Figueiredo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> evaluated 30 patients in the postoperative period of CABG to verify the impact of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on gas exchange during ECC and showed that there was no lasting improvement with the use of ECC at 10 cm H<sub>2</sub>O.</p>
      <p>The causes of unsuccessful weaning in patients undergoing cardiac surgery are mainly related to the presence of cardiac dysfunction and prolonged ECC duration. The ECC duration is one of the main factors to delay MV weaning after cardiac surgery, due to the important physiological disorder caused by the inflammatory response to the extracorporeal circuit.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> In a study conducted by Nozawa et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> static pulmonary compliance was altered in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, showing values below the normal range, but this parameter was not sensitive enough to identify the prognosis of the patients in regards to MV weaning. Airway resistance was increased in all patients; however, no significant difference was observed between the patients who progressed to MV independence and those who evolved to weaning failure.</p>
      <p>In relation to gas exchange, the present study found that the lower the static compliance, the lower the oxygenation index. Rodrigues et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> assessed 942 patients in order to verify the factors associated with dysfunctional exchanges after cardiac surgery and observed that the presence of pneumonia, cardiac arrhythmia, and hemotherapy correlated with such dysfunction. Other authors have demonstrated that the body mass index and smoking may be associated with hypoxemia, which in turn is associated with a decline in pulmonary compliance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>As an alternative to correct this decline in pulmonary compliance, Lima et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> investigated the impact of different levels of PEEP on gas exchange in patients undergoing CABG. The authors evaluated 78 individuals divided into three groups according to PEEP level (5, 8, and 10 cm H<sub>2</sub>O) and observed that changes in PEEP level do not interfere in the exchanges. When the authors analyzed the group that received a PEEP of 5 cm H<sub>2</sub>O (an identical level to that used in the present study), they observed a mean value of 320.5 &#177; 65.0 mmHg, whereas in the current study, the mean value was 228.0 &#177; 33.4 mmHg.</p>
      <p>The limitations of the present study include the lack of information regarding the comorbidities presented by the patients included in the analysis. Another limitation was the lack of information about static compliance, resistance, and gas exchange in the preoperative period.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Based on the findings of this study, we conclude that pulmonary mechanics correlate strongly with gas exchanges and weakly with the duration of MV in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculdade Nobre under the protocol number 1.405.817. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Umeda IIK. Manual de fisioterapia na reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular. S&#227;o Paulo: Editora Manole; 2006. ISBN: 852041477x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Umeda</surname>
              <given-names>IIK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Manual de fisioterapia na reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular</source>
          <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Editora Manole</publisher-name>
          <year>2006</year>
          <isbn>852041477x</isbn>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Padovani C, Cavenaghi OM. Alveolar recruitment in patients in the immediate postoperative period of cardiac surgery. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2011;26.1:116-21. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-76382011000100020">http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-76382011000100020</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Padovani</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cavenaghi</surname>
              <given-names>OM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Alveolar recruitment in patients in the immediate postoperative period of cardiac surgery</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>116</fpage>
          <lpage>121</lpage>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-76382011000100020.">http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-76382011000100020.</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Barbosa e Silva MG, Borges DL, Costa Mde A, Baldez TE, Silva LN, Oliveira RL, et al. Application of mechanical ventilation weaning predictors after elective cardiac surgery. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2015;30(6):605-9. doi: 10.5935/1678-9741.20150076.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barbosa e Silva</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borges</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa Mde</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baldez</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>LN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Application of mechanical ventilation weaning predictors after elective cardiac surgery</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>605</fpage>
          <lpage>609</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/1678-9741.20150076</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Gon&#231;alves JQ, Martins RC, Andrade AP, Cardoso FP, Melo MH. Weaning from mechanical ventilation process at hospitals in Federal District. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2007;19(1):38-43. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-507X2007000100005">http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-507X2007000100005</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
              <given-names>JQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cardoso</surname>
              <given-names>FP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Melo</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Weaning from mechanical ventilation process at hospitals in Federal District</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Ter Intensiva</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>38</fpage>
          <lpage>43</lpage>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-507X2007000100005">http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-507X2007000100005</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Hachenberg T, Tenling A, Rothen HU, Nystr&#246;m SO, Tyden H, Hedenstierna G. Thoracic intravascular and extravascular fluid volumes in cardiac surgical patients. Anesthesiology. 1993;79(5):976-84. PMID: 8239016.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hachenberg</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tenling</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rothen</surname>
              <given-names>HU</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nystr&#246;m</surname>
              <given-names>SO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tyden</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hedenstierna</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Thoracic intravascular and extravascular fluid volumes in cardiac surgical patients</article-title>
          <source>Anesthesiology</source>
          <year>1993</year>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>976</fpage>
          <lpage>984</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8239016</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Babik B, Asztalos T, Petak F, Deak Z, Hantos Z. Changes in respiratory mechanics during cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 2003;96(5):1280-7. PMID: 12707120.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Babik</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asztalos</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petak</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deak</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hantos</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Changes in respiratory mechanics during cardiac surgery</article-title>
          <source>Anesth Analg</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1280</fpage>
          <lpage>1287</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12707120</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Arc&#234;nio L, Souza M, Bortolin B, Fernandes A, Rodrigues A, Evora P. Pre-and postoperative care in cardiothoracic surgery: a physiotherapeutic approach. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2008;23(3):400-10. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-76382008000300019">http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-76382008000300019</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Arc&#234;nio</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bortolin</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Evora</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pre-and postoperative care in cardiothoracic surgery: a physiotherapeutic approach</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>400</fpage>
          <lpage>410</lpage>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-76382008000300019">http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-76382008000300019</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Badenes R, Lozano A, Belda FJ. Postoperative pulmonary dysfunction and mechanical ventilation in cardiac surgery. Crit Care Res Pract. 2015;2015:420513. doi: 10.1155/2015/420513.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Badenes</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lozano</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Belda</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Postoperative pulmonary dysfunction and mechanical ventilation in cardiac surgery</article-title>
          <source>Crit Care Res Pract</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>2015</volume>
          <fpage>420513</fpage>
          <lpage>420513</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2015/420513</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Auler JO Jr, Carmona MJ, Barbas CV, Saldiva PH, Malbouisson LM. The effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on respiratory system mechanics and hemodynamics in postoperative cardiac surgery patients. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2000;33(1):31-42. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2000000100005">http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2000000100005</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Auler</surname>
              <given-names>JO</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carmona</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbas</surname>
              <given-names>CV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saldiva</surname>
              <given-names>PH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malbouisson</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on respiratory system mechanics and hemodynamics in postoperative cardiac surgery patients</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Med Biol Res.</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>31</fpage>
          <lpage>42</lpage>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2000000100005">http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2000000100005</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Canver CC, Chanda J. Intraoperative and postoperative risk factors for respiratory failure after coronary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;75(3):853-7. PMID: 12645706.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Canver</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chanda</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Intraoperative and postoperative risk factors for respiratory failure after coronary bypass</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>853</fpage>
          <lpage>857</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12645706</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Figueiredo LC, Ara&#250;jo S, Abdala RC, Abdala A, Guedes CA. CPAP at 10 cm H2 O during cardiopulmonary bypass does not improve postoperative gas exchange. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2008;23(2):209-15. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-76382008000200010">http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-76382008000200010</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abdala</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abdala</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guedes</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>CPAP at 10 cm H2 O during cardiopulmonary bypass does not improve postoperative gas exchange</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>209</fpage>
          <lpage>215</lpage>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-76382008000200010">http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-76382008000200010</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Nozawa E, Kobayashi E, Matsumoto ME, Feltrim MI, Carmona MJ, Auler J&#250;nior JO. Assessment of factors that influence weaning from long-term mechanical ventilation after cardiac surgery. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2003;80(3):301-5. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2003000300006">http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2003000300006</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nozawa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kobayashi</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matsumoto</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feltrim</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carmona</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Auler</surname>
              <given-names>JO</given-names>
              <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessment of factors that influence weaning from long-term mechanical ventilation after cardiac surgery</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>80</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>301</fpage>
          <lpage>305</lpage>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2003000300006">http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2003000300006</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Rodrigues CD, Moreira MM, Lima NM, Figueiredo LC, Falc&#227;o AL, Petrucci Junior O, et al. Risk factors for transient dysfunction of gas exchange after cardiac surgery. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2015;30(1):24-32. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1678-9741.20140103">http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1678-9741.20140103</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>CD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petrucci</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
              <suffix>Junior</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk factors for transient dysfunction of gas exchange after cardiac surgery</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>24</fpage>
          <lpage>32</lpage>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1678-9741.20140103">http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1678-9741.20140103</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Santos NP, Mitsunaga RM, Borges DL, Costa MA, Baldez TE, Lima IM, et al. Factors associated to hypoxemia in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2013;28(3):364-70. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1678-9741.20130056">http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1678-9741.20130056</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>NP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mitsunaga</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borges</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baldez</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Factors associated to hypoxemia in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>364</fpage>
          <lpage>370</lpage>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1678-9741.20130056">http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1678-9741.20130056</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Oliveira DC, Oliveira Filho JB, Silva RF, Moura SS, Silva DJ, Egito ES, et al. Sepsis in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery: problem description. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;94(3):332-6. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2010000300012">http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2010000300012</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>RF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moura</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Egito</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sepsis in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery: problem description</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>332</fpage>
          <lpage>336</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2010000300012</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Lima RO, Borges DL, Costa MA, Baldez TE, Silva MG, Sousa FA, et al. Relationship between pre-extubation positive end-expiratory pressure and oxygenation after coronary artery bypass grafting. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2015;30(4):443-8. doi: 10.5935/1678-9741.20150044.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borges</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baldez</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sousa</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relationship between pre-extubation positive end-expiratory pressure and oxygenation after coronary artery bypass grafting</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>443</fpage>
          <lpage>448</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/1678-9741.20150044</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o da Mec&#226;nica Respirat&#243;ria com a Oxigena&#231;&#227;o e Dura&#231;&#227;o da Ventila&#231;&#227;o Mec&#226;nica no P&#243;s-Operat&#243;rio de Cirurgia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cordeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Luiz Lisboa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Livia Freire de Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Queiroz</surname>
            <given-names>Thayn&#227; Carib&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santana</surname>
            <given-names>Verena Lourranne Lima de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Ara&#250;jo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Raimundo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Prata</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica; Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Nobre; Feira de Santana, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Salvador; Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Incardio Instituto Nobre de Cardiologia; Feira de Santana, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado da Bahia (UNEB); Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Andr&#233; Luiz Lisboa Cordeiro</bold>. Rua Jap&#227;o, n&#186; 94. CEP: 44052-022, Caseb, Feira de Santana, BA - Brasil. E-mail: <email>andrelisboacordeiro@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Oliveira LFL, Queiroz TC, Santana VLL, Cordeiro ALL. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Oliveira LFL, Queiroz TC, Santana VLL. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Cordeiro ALL, Melo TA. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Cordeiro ALL, Melo TA. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Oliveira LFL, Queiroz TC, Santana VLL, Cordeiro ALL. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Melo TA, Guimar&#227;es AR, Martinez BP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>A ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica (VM) e a circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) est&#227;o associadas a um decl&#237;nio da mec&#226;nica pulmonar que pode impactar as trocas gasosas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o impacto da mec&#226;nica pulmonar sobre a dura&#231;&#227;o da VM e trocas gasosas no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo de coorte realizado com pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o da mec&#226;nica pulmonar (complac&#234;ncia est&#225;tica e resist&#234;ncia das vias a&#233;reas) e gasometria arterial assim que admitidos &#224; unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) e foram acompanhados at&#233; o momento da extuba&#231;&#227;o e, em seguida, at&#233; a alta hospitalar. Para correlacionar as vari&#225;veis preditoras com o desfecho, foi utilizado o teste de Pearson. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O estudo incluiu 50 pacientes (46 mulheres, 52%), com idade m&#233;dia de 57,5 &#177; 13,5 anos. A dura&#231;&#227;o da VM foi de 7,7 &#177; 3,0 horas, a complac&#234;ncia est&#225;tica foi de 35,5 &#177; 9,1 cm H<sub>2</sub>O, a resist&#234;ncia foi de 6,0 &#177; 2,3 cm H<sub>2</sub>O, a dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de estadia na UTI foi de 2,9 &#177; 1,1 dias e o &#237;ndice de oxigena&#231;&#227;o foi de 228,0 &#177; 33,4 mmHg. N&#227;o houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a dura&#231;&#227;o da VM e a complac&#234;ncia est&#225;tica (p = 0,73), por&#233;m houve uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre a complac&#234;ncia est&#225;tica e as trocas gasosas (r = 0,8, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A mec&#226;nica pulmonar apresenta forte correla&#231;&#227;o com as trocas gasosas e fraca correla&#231;&#227;o com a dura&#231;&#227;o da VM no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Respira&#231;&#227;o Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxigena&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Cirurgia Tor&#225;cica</kwd>
        <kwd>Procedimentos Cir&#250;rgicos Card&#237;acos</kwd>
        <kwd>Cuidados P&#243;s Operat&#243;rios</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A cirurgia card&#237;aca &#233; uma forma de tratamento de patologias coronarianas e mioc&#225;rdicas que visa aumentar a sobrevida e a qualidade de vida do paciente. Por&#233;m, este tipo de cirurgia est&#225; relacionado a efeitos delet&#233;rios sobre os principais sistemas corporais, como os sistemas cardiovascular, nervoso central, digestivo, renal e respirat&#243;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Neste contexto, as complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares emergem como uma causa importante de aumento da morbimortalidade no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca permanecem em ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica (VM) no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato at&#233; despertarem adequadamente e apresentarem boa estabilidade respirat&#243;ria e hemodin&#226;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Em alguns casos, a dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o &#233; ainda maior e o paciente pode permanecer no leito por v&#225;rios dias, frequentemente devido &#224; necessidade de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de drogas vasoativas.</p>
        <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es ocasionadas pela cirurgia card&#237;aca ocasionam altera&#231;&#227;o multifatorial da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, incluindo colapso alveolar, diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade residual funcional, reten&#231;&#227;o de secre&#231;&#227;o e piora da efetividade da tosse.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Quando a interven&#231;&#227;o fisioterap&#234;utica &#233; prescrita corretamente durante o pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e o p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca, proporciona grandes benef&#237;cios para pacientes card&#237;acos e pode reduzir substancialmente a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es nesses per&#237;odos. Estes benef&#237;cios potenciais tornam indispens&#225;vel a inclus&#227;o do profissional de fisioterapia no ambiente hospitalar. Por&#233;m, ainda s&#227;o escassas na literatura as informa&#231;&#245;es acerca do impacto da altera&#231;&#227;o da mec&#226;nica respirat&#243;ria sobre a dura&#231;&#227;o da VM invasiva (VMI) e se isso levaria a um aumento do tempo de perman&#234;ncia na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). </p>
        <p>Com base nestas considera&#231;&#245;es, este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a mec&#226;nica respirat&#243;ria com a oxigena&#231;&#227;o e a dura&#231;&#227;o da VMI e de interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI em pacientes no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo do tipo coorte prospectivo conduzido com pacientes internados no Instituto Nobre de Cardiologia / Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia no per&#237;odo de fevereiro a junho de 2016. O trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Faculdade Nobre (CAAE 51208115.1.0000.5654) e todos os pacientes assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram indiv&#237;duos de ambos os g&#234;neros, com idade de 18 anos ou mais, submetidos a procedimentos de cirurgia card&#237;aca (revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica [RM], troca de valva a&#243;rtica e/ou mitral e corre&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas), que realizaram esternotomia e foram submetidos a circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEM) sob VMI no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato. Os crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o foram (a) instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica com necessidade de drogas vasopressoras em alta concentra&#231;&#227;o, (b) mec&#226;nica respirat&#243;ria n&#227;o avali&#225;vel (por exemplo, intera&#231;&#227;o com a VM), (c) evolu&#231;&#227;o para &#243;bito durante o per&#237;odo na UTI, (d) necessidade de seda&#231;&#227;o por mais de 48 horas, (e) aus&#234;ncia de cateter arterial para coleta de amostra de sangue e (f) recusa &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o na pesquisa e &#224; assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes que preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram avaliados no momento de entrada na UTI, logo ap&#243;s sa&#237;rem do centro cir&#250;rgico. Ap&#243;s os primeiros cuidados da equipe de sa&#250;de, o fisioterapeuta plantonista avaliava a mec&#226;nica ventilat&#243;ria e obtinha as medidas de press&#227;o de pico e plat&#244;, complac&#234;ncia est&#225;tica do sistema respirat&#243;rio e resist&#234;ncia das vias a&#233;reas a partir do ventilador (Vela, Viasys Healthcare, Critical Care Division, Palm Springs, CA, EUA).</p>
        <p>Durante essa avalia&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes permaneciam em dec&#250;bito dorsal com cabeceira elevada a um m&#237;nimo de 30&#186;, ainda sob efeito da anestesia cir&#250;rgica, recebendo ventila&#231;&#227;o sob modo volume controlado (6 mL/kg) com fluxo inspirat&#243;rio de 40 L/min, frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria de 15 mpm, tempo de pausa de 1 segundo, fra&#231;&#227;o inspirada de oxig&#234;nio (FiO<sub>2</sub>) de 100% e press&#227;o positiva ao final da expira&#231;&#227;o (PEEP) de 5 cm H<sub>2</sub>O. Para o c&#225;lculo da complac&#234;ncia est&#225;tica, foi utilizada a f&#243;rmula volume corrente / (press&#227;o de plat&#244; - PEEP) e para o c&#225;lculo da resist&#234;ncia, a f&#243;rmula (press&#227;o de pico - press&#227;o de plat&#244;) / fluxo.</p>
        <p>Imediatamente ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o da mec&#226;nica ventilat&#243;ria, o m&#233;dico plantonista coletava uma amostra de sangue arterial atrav&#233;s de um cateter inserido na art&#233;ria radial. A amostra era analisada por um hemogas&#244;metro e eram anotados os dados relacionados &#224; press&#227;o arterial de oxig&#234;nio (PaO<sub>2</sub>) e FiO<sub>2</sub>. Os n&#237;veis de PaO<sub>2</sub> eram divididos pelos n&#237;veis de FiO<sub>2</sub> para obten&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de oxigena&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s essas avalia&#231;&#245;es, o paciente continuava a receber suporte de acordo com procedimentos de rotina da unidade, incluindo a manuten&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias para desmame e decis&#227;o sobre a alta para a enfermaria. Os pesquisadores n&#227;o interferiam sobre as decis&#245;es, apenas anotavam a dura&#231;&#227;o da VMI (da admiss&#227;o na UTI at&#233; a extuba&#231;&#227;o) e de interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise foi realizada com o programa SPSS 20.0 e os dados est&#227;o representados como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. A normalidade foi analisada com o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram analisadas com o teste do qui-quadrado e as vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas (dura&#231;&#227;o da VMI, tempo de perman&#234;ncia na UTI, complac&#234;ncia est&#225;tica, resist&#234;ncia e trocas gasosas) com o teste de corre&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Entre fevereiro e junho de 2016, foram internados 64 pacientes para realiza&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia card&#237;aca. Destes, 14 foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo por mec&#226;nica ventilat&#243;ria n&#227;o avali&#225;vel (10 pacientes) ou por recusarem assinar o termo de consentimento (4 pacientes). Portando, foram inclu&#237;dos 50 pacientes (dos quais 52% eram mulheres) com m&#233;dia de idade de 57,5 &#177; 13,5 anos que realizaram cirurgia card&#237;aca no Instituto Nobre de Cardiologia / Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia em Feira de Santana, Bahia (Brasil).</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados cl&#237;nicos, demogr&#225;ficos e cir&#250;rgicos dos pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">M&#233;dia/DP</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">N (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">57 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">G&#234;nero</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">24 (48)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">26 (52)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tipo de cirurgia</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RM</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">37 (74)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Troca valvar</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">12 (24)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Corre&#231;&#227;o de malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o da CEC (minutos)</td>
                <td align="center">72 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o da VM (horas)</td>
                <td align="center">8 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PaO<sub>2</sub>/FiO<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center">228,0 &#177; 33,4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Extuba&#231;&#227;o bem-sucedida</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">50 (100)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; N: n&#250;mero de pacientes; RM: revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; VM: ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica; CEC: circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea; PaO<sub>2</sub>: press&#227;o arterial de oxig&#234;nio; FiO<sub>2</sub>: fra&#231;&#227;o inspirada de oxig&#234;nio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A complac&#234;ncia est&#225;tica m&#233;dia foi de 35,5 &#177; 9,1 cm H<sub>2</sub>O, a resist&#234;ncia m&#233;dia das vias a&#233;reas foi de 6,0 &#177; 2,3 cm H<sub>2</sub>O e o tempo m&#233;dio de estadia na UTI foi de 2,9 &#177; 1,1 dias.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o foi encontrada uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a dura&#231;&#227;o da VMI com a complac&#234;ncia est&#225;tica e a resist&#234;ncia (p = 0,73 e p = 0,51, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise da mec&#226;nica ventilat&#243;ria e a dura&#231;&#227;o da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva (VMI) em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Complac&#234;ncia est&#225;tica (cm H<sub>2</sub>O)</td>
                <td align="center">35,5 &#177; 9,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o da VMI (horas)</td>
                <td align="center">8 &#177; 3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">p<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Resist&#234;ncia (cm H<sub>2</sub>O)</td>
                <td align="center">6,0 &#177; 2,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o da VMI (horas)</td>
                <td align="center">8 &#177; 3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>Dados apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste de Pearson.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref> evidencia a complac&#234;ncia est&#225;tica e a resist&#234;ncia em fun&#231;&#227;o do tempo de internamento na UTI, analisados com o teste de Spearman. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi observada uma rela&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa nesta an&#225;lise (p = 0,83 e p = 0,98, respectivamente).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise da mec&#226;nica ventilat&#243;ria e do tempo de internamento na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Complac&#234;ncia est&#225;tica (cm H<sub>2</sub>O)</td>
                <td align="center">35,5 &#177; 9,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de UTI (dias)</td>
                <td align="center">2,9 &#177; 1,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,83</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Resist&#234;ncia (cm H<sub>2</sub>O)</td>
                <td align="center">6,0 &#177; 2,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de UTI (dias)</td>
                <td align="center">2,9 &#177; 1,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>Dados apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste de Spearman.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Por outro lado, foi verificada uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre a complac&#234;ncia est&#225;tica e as trocas gasosas (228,0 &#177; 33,4, r = 0,8, p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre complac&#234;ncia est&#225;tica e trocas gasosas.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-03-0244-80018-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados deste estudo mostram que a mec&#226;nica ventilat&#243;ria (complac&#234;ncia est&#225;tica e resist&#234;ncia) n&#227;o influenciou a dura&#231;&#227;o da VMI e o tempo de perman&#234;ncia na UTI. Por outro lado, a complac&#234;ncia est&#225;tica apresentou uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o com as trocas gasosas no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>Para Arc&#234;nio et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> a anestesia e determinadas cirurgias predisp&#245;em o paciente a altera&#231;&#245;es na mec&#226;nica respirat&#243;ria, volumes pulmonares e trocas gasosas. A cirurgia card&#237;aca, um procedimento considerado de grande porte, pode desencadear no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio altera&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias relacionadas a diversos fatores, como fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e card&#237;aca no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, utiliza&#231;&#227;o de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) e grau de seda&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Segundo Badenes et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> a cirurgia card&#237;aca associada &#224; VM no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio causa significativa altera&#231;&#227;o estrutural e funcional a n&#237;vel pulmonar devido ao processo inflamat&#243;rio tamb&#233;m associado &#224; CEC, o que gera redu&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia do sistema respirat&#243;rio. No presente estudo, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel realizar previamente &#224; cirurgia uma avalia&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
        <p>Levando em considera&#231;&#227;o o decl&#237;nio pulmonar que ocorre ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca, Auler Jr et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> investigaram o efeito da PEEP sobre a mec&#226;nica respirat&#243;ria em pacientes submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Os autores aplicaram diferentes n&#237;veis de PEEP (0, 5, 10 e 15 cm H<sub>2</sub>O) e demonstraram que com o aumento da press&#227;o positiva, houve uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia das vias a&#233;reas e da elast&#226;ncia. Vale ressaltar que, no presente estudo, todos os pacientes tiveram a PEEP pr&#233;-estabelecida em 5 cm H<sub>2</sub>O e uma baixa resist&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m foi observada com a m&#233;dia de 6 cm H<sub>2</sub>O.</p>
        <p>Outro fator que pode aumentar o tempo de perman&#234;ncia do paciente na VMI e na UTI &#233; a dura&#231;&#227;o intraoperat&#243;ria da CEC. Canver &amp; Chanda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> observaram que a CEC &#233; um fator independente para insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, o que consequentemente leva a um aumento da dura&#231;&#227;o da VMI e de estadia na UTI. Na tentativa de reduzir o impacto da CEC sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, Figueiredo et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> avaliaram 30 pacientes no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de RM com o intuito de verificar o impacto da press&#227;o positiva cont&#237;nua nas vias a&#233;reas (CPAP) sobre as trocas gasosas durante a CEC e mostraram que n&#227;o houve melhora duradoura com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da CEC a 10 cm H<sub>2</sub>O.</p>
        <p>As causas de falha na retirada da VM em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca est&#227;o relacionadas sobretudo &#224; presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e tempo prolongado de CEC. A dura&#231;&#227;o da CEC &#233; um dos principais fatores a retardar o desmame da VM ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca, devido ao importante dist&#250;rbio fisiol&#243;gico causado pela resposta inflamat&#243;ria ao circuito extracorp&#243;reo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Em um estudo conduzido por Nozawa et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> a complac&#234;ncia pulmonar est&#225;tica esteve alterada, apresentando valores abaixo do normal, mas este par&#226;metro n&#227;o foi suficientemente sens&#237;vel para identificar o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desmame da VM. A resist&#234;ncia das vias a&#233;reas esteve aumentada em todos os pacientes; por&#233;m, n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os pacientes que evolu&#237;ram para independ&#234;ncia da VM e os que evolu&#237;ram para insucesso no desmame.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s trocas gasosas, verificou-se no presente estudo que quanto menor a complac&#234;ncia est&#225;tica, menor o &#237;ndice de oxigena&#231;&#227;o. Rodrigues et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> avaliaram 942 pacientes a fim de verificar os fatores associados &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o das trocas ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca e observaram que a presen&#231;a de pneumonia, arritmia card&#237;aca e hemoterapia apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o com essa disfun&#231;&#227;o. Outros autores demonstraram que o &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea e o tabagismo podem estar associados &#224; hipoxemia, que por sua vez tem rela&#231;&#227;o com um decl&#237;nio da complac&#234;ncia pulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Como alternativa para corrigir essa piora da complac&#234;ncia pulmonar, Lima et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> pesquisaram o impacto de diferentes n&#237;veis de PEEP sobre as trocas gasosas em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de RM. Os autores avaliaram 78 indiv&#237;duos divididos em tr&#234;s grupos conforme o valor da PEEP (5, 8 e 10 cm H<sub>2</sub>O) e observaram que mudan&#231;as no valor da PEEP n&#227;o interferem nas trocas. Quando os autores analisaram o grupo que recebeu PEEP de 5 cm H<sub>2</sub>O (valor id&#234;ntico ao utilizado no presente estudo), observaram um valor m&#233;dio de 320,5 &#177; 65,0 mmHg, enquanto no estudo atual a m&#233;dia foi de 228,0 &#177; 33,4 mmHg.</p>
        <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo incluem a falta de avalia&#231;&#227;o das comorbidades apresentadas pelos pacientes inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o foi a aus&#234;ncia de informa&#231;&#227;o sobre a complac&#234;ncia est&#225;tica, resist&#234;ncia e trocas gasosas no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Com base nos resultados deste estudo, conclu&#237;mos que a mec&#226;nica pulmonar apresenta uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o com as trocas gasosas e uma fraca correla&#231;&#227;o com a dura&#231;&#227;o da VM no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade Nobre sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 1.405.817. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
