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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">YJVZbz8nzXwpwggvSdQCKWt</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000300235</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20180019</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Low to Moderate Alcohol Consumption and Myocardial Ischemia on Exercise Stress Echocardiography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontes</surname>
            <given-names>V&#237;tor Joaquim Barreto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souto</surname>
            <given-names>Maria J&#250;lia Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Enaldo Vieira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Concei&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio Mateus do Sacramento</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Telino</surname>
            <given-names>Caio Jos&#233; Coutinho Leal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Mirella Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>D&#243;ria</surname>
            <given-names>J&#233;ssica Aparecida de Santana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Jos&#233; Oliveira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Joselina Luzia Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o</city>
          <state>SE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital e Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa e Laborat&#243;rio de Ecocardiografia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Aracaju</city>
          <state>SE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa e Laborat&#243;rio de Ecocardiografia (ECOLAB) do Hospital e Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas, Aracaju, SE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Maria J&#250;lia Silveira Souto</bold>. Avenida Marechal Rondon, s/n. CEP: 49100-000, Bairro Jardim Rosa Elze, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, Sergipe, SE - Brazil. E-mail: <email>souto.mjulia@gmail.com</email>, <email>souto.mjulia@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Fontes VJB, Oliveira JLM. Acquisition of data: Fontes VJB, Souto MJS, Concei&#231;&#227;o FMS, Telino CJCL, Silveira MS, D&#243;ria JAS, Matos CJO, Oliveira JLM. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Fontes VJB, Souto MJS, Sousa ACS, Melo EV, Concei&#231;&#227;o FMS, Telino CJCL, Silveira MS, D&#243;ria JAS, Matos CJO, Oliveira JLM. Statistical analysis: Melo EV. Writing of the manuscript: Fontes VJB, Souto MJS, Sousa ACS, Melo EV, Concei&#231;&#227;o FMS, Telino CJCL, Matos CJO, Oliveira JLM. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Fontes VJB, Souto MJS, Sousa ACS, Melo EV, Concei&#231;&#227;o FMS, Telino CJCL, Matos CJO, Oliveira JLM. Supervision / as the major investigador: Oliveira JLM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>235</fpage>
      <lpage>243</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The impact of alcohol consumption on the development of myocardial ischemia remains uncertain. Studies diverge whether low to moderate alcohol consumption provides cardioprotection or whether it is a risk factor for myocardial ischemia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To study the relationship between low to moderate alcohol consumption and myocardial ischemia on exercise stress echocardiography (ESE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional study with 6,632 patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease undergoing ESE between January/2000 and December/2015. The patients were divided into two groups: G1, composed of 2,130 (32.1%) patients whose report showed maximal consumption of 1 drink per day on average for women or of 2 drinks per day for men; G2, composed of individuals denying any alcohol consumption. For comparing between the groups, Student t test was used for quantitative variables, and chi-square test or Fisher exact test, for categorical variables. The significance level adopted was p &lt; 0.05. Logistic regression was also used to evaluate independent risk factors for myocardial ischemia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>G1 had a higher number of men (77.1%; p &lt; 0.001), lower mean age (54.8 &#177; 10.3 years old; p &lt; 0.001) and higher frequency of myocardial ischemia on ESE (p = 0.014). Age, male sex, dyslipidemia, systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking and family history were independently associated with myocardial ischemia on ESE. Independent association between low to moderate alcohol consumption and myocardial ischemia on ESE (OR 0.96; 95%CI: 0.83 to 1.11) was not observed. However, age, male sex, smoking and dyslipidemia were associated with alcohol consumption.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Low to moderate alcohol consumption was not an independent predictor of myocardial ischemia on ESE. Nevertheless, we observed a predominance of the male sex, dyslipidemia and smoking habit, important predictors of myocardial ischemia, in the group of alcohol consumers.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Alcoholic Beverages</kwd>
        <kwd>Alcohol Drinking</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Stress</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In Brazil, that scenario is not different, because cardiovascular diseases account for more than one third of the deaths annualy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Thus, one of the most frequent challenges in daily cardiology practice is the early assessment of CAD. Such investigation implies a substantial and growing burden to health systems, especially considering the characteristics of the Brazilian population, of which approximately two thirds use the Brazilian Unified Health System. Therefore, it is mandatory to identify high-risk groups that would benefit from further investigation, and low-risk groups that would not require additional investigative procedures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>There are numerous effects of alcohol consumption, most of which are harmful to health.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> While its influence on deaths from external causes and on morbidity and mortality due to neoplasms is often reported,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> the impact of low to moderate alcohol consumption on the prognosis of CAD remains uncertain.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Recent studies have described moderate alcohol consumption as cardioprotective,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> although that association has been questioned.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The definition of moderate alcohol consumption varies widely (from 5 to 60 grams of ethanol per day); however no more than one drink daily of alcoholic beverage for women and up to two drinks daily for men are commonly considered moderate alcohol consumption.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> More specifically, one drink of alcoholic beverage can be defined as approximately 330 mL of common beer, 100 mL of wine, or 30 mL of distilled beverage.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Stress echocardiography is a well-established non-invasive test to assess myocardial ischemia in patients with suspected or known CAD, to determine its diagnosis and prognosis, and to aid in therapeutic decision-making.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Exercise stress echocardiography (ESE) is the first choice for patients with preserved physical capacity, being safer and more versatile than pharmacological stress echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This study was aimed at assessing the relationship between low to moderate alcohol consumption and the presence of myocardial ischemia on ESE.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This analytical and descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out from January 2000 to December 2015.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients</title>
        <p>The convenience sample consisted initially of 10827 patients with suspected and/or established CAD, who underwent ESE at the accredited Echocardiography Laboratory (ECOLAB) of the S&#227;o Lucas Hospital and Foundation (<italic>Instituto Qualisa de Gest&#227;o - IQG</italic>), in Aracaju city, Sergipe State. All patients older than 25 years referred to the service were included in this study, except for those who refused to participate. Of those, 27 patients were excluded due to their average intake of more than one drink of alcoholic beverage daily for women and more than two drinks for men. In addition, 4,168 individuals did not report the frequency of consumption, resulting in a final sample of 6,632 patients. The isolated or combined indications for ESE were: assessment of chest pain; preoperative assessment for non-cardiac surgery; positive exercise test (ET) for myocardial ischemia in patients at low risk for CAD; negative ET for myocardial ischemia in patients at intermediate risk for CAD; arrhythmia during ET; stratification of previously established CAD; and risk stratification after acute coronary syndrome.</p>
        <p>The study patients were divided into two groups according to their frequency of alcoholic beverage intake as follows: G1 - 2,130 (32.1%) patients reporting a maximum daily consumption of one drink (women) or two drinks (men); and G2 - 4,502 (67.9%) individuals reporting no alcohol intake.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical characteristics</title>
        <p>The clinical data were collected and recorded during an interview conducted before the ESE, by use of a standard questionnaire assessing: weight; height; symptoms, such as dyspnea and chest pain; medications; risk factors for CAD; family or personal history of heart disease; and data regarding previous CAD, such as acute myocardial infarction, and percutaneous and surgical myocardial revascularization. In addition, the results of previous laboratory and cardiovascular tests were recorded.</p>
        <p>Alcohol consumption was quantified by use of self-report as follows: low to moderate alcohol consumption, consisting of a maximum daily intake of two drinks of alcoholic beverage for men, and of one drink for women. One drink of alcoholic beverage can be defined as approximately 330 mL of common beer, 100 mL of wine, or 30 mL of distilled beverage.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Based on those parameters and on the reports in the interview, the average daily consumption for each patient was estimated.</p>
        <p>Obesity was defined as a body mass index greater than 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Hypercholesterolemia was defined as total cholesterol serum levels greater than 200 mg/dL (after 12-hour fasting), while hypertriglyceridemia, as triglyceride serum levels greater than 150 mg/dL (after 12-hour fasting) or use of lipid-lowering agents (statins and/or fibrates).</p>
        <p>Systemic arterial hypertension was identified in the presence of systolic blood pressure &#8805; 140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure &#8805; 90 mm Hg, measures taken on the upper limb, at rest and under ideal conditions, and repeated and confirmed, or when antihypertensive agents were used.</p>
        <p>Diabetes mellitus was identified in the presence of: fasting glycemia &#8805; 126 mg/dL; or glycemia &#8805; 200 mg/dL after 2 hours of oral glucose overload (75g); or random glycemia &#8805; 200 mg/dL associated with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia; or use of oral hypoglycemic agents.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exercise stress echocardiography</title>
        <p>The protocol consisted initially in performing a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and a resting echocardiography after clinical investigation. Then, ET was performed on a treadmill, and, right after, new echocardiographic images were acquired.</p>
        <p>All patients were submitted to the standard Bruce or Ellestad protocol during ET. Heart rate was monitored continuously, and the patients were encouraged to achieve their peak physical effort. For metabolic calculations, maximum oxygen consumption at peak exercise (VO<sub>2</sub>max) was obtained indirectly by use of the formula: VO<sub>2</sub>max = 14.76 - 1.379t + 0.451t<sup>2</sup> - 0.012t<sup>3</sup>, where t is the duration of ET in minutes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Load was expressed in metabolic equivalents, where 1 MET corresponds to 3.5 mL/kg&#183;min of inhaled VO<sub>2</sub> at rest.20 During ET, the individuals were continuously monitored by use of 3-lead ECG.</p>
        <p>The electrocardiographic ischemic changes during exercise were horizontal or descending ST-segment depressions &#8805; 1 mm for men, and &#8805; 1.5 mm for women, at 0.08 second from J point.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The ET was performed in an ergonomically designed environment with a continuously trained team, at a reference hospital in cardiology, accredited for specific assessment. The suspension of beta-blockers three days before the ET is recommended routinely, while the other usual drugs are maintained.</p>
        <p>The ET was performed with a Hewlett Packard/Phillips SONOS 5500 device until 2012, and, from that year on, with a Phillips IE-33 device, abiding by the technical aspects classically described by Schiller et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> The two-dimensional echocardiographic images were obtained in parasternal and apical acoustic windows, at rest and immediately after exertion, with the patient lying in the left lateral decubitus position and simultaneous electrocardiographic recording.</p>
        <p>Left ventricular segmental wall motion was assessed by an experienced level III echocardiographer, as recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Left ventricular segmental wall thickening was quantitatively assessed at rest and after exertion by use of the model of 16 segments graded as: 1, normal; 2, hypokinetic; 3, akinetic; 4, dyskinetic. The left ventricular wall motion score index (LVWMSI) was calculated at rest and during exertion as the addition of the scores of each of the 16 segments divided by the number of segments assessed at a given time. A LVWMSI of 1 corresponds to normality, between 1.1 and 1.6 represents mild dysfunction, and between 1.61 and 2, moderate dysfunction. Values greater than 2 represent significant dysfunction.22 The difference between the LVWMSI at exertion and at rest is the &#916;LVWMSI. The development of a new wall motion change or worsening of the existing dyssynergy (&#916;LVWMSI &#8800; 0) was considered indicative of myocardial ischemia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The quantitative variables were described as mean and standard deviation. According to the assumption of sample normality, assessed by use of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the quantitative variables were assessed by use of Student <italic>t</italic> test for independent groups. For the categorical variables, absolute frequency and percentage were used. To compare the characteristics of categorical variables between the two groups, chi-square test or Fisher exact test, when more appropriate, was used.</p>
        <p>To assess the association between the variable outcome (myocardial ischemia on ESE) and the associated factors, logistic regression was performed with backward-Wald method. To enter the initial model, all variables with p &lt; 0.25 were admitted, while to remain in the model, p &lt; 0.05 was adopted. The variables were entered into and removed from the model manually, depending on meeting the assumption. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 22.0 (Chicago, IL), was used in the statistical analysis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical aspects</title>
        <p>This study abided by the ethical principles that regulate human experimentation, and all patients provided written informed consent. This study was approved by the Committee in Ethics and Research of the Sergipe Federal University (CAAE 1818.0.000.107-06).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>This study assessed 6,632 patients, 3,257 (49.1%) of the male sex, mean age of 57.6 &#177; 11.1 years (25 - 98 years). Low to moderate alcohol consumption (G1) was reported by 2,130 individuals (32.1%), while 4,502 (67.9%) individuals (G2) reported no alcohol intake.</p>
      <p>In G1, 21.8% of the patients showed positive results for myocardial ischemia on ESE, with a statistically significant relationship between low to moderate alcohol consumption and myocardial ischemia, as compared to G2.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical characteristics of the groups</title>
        <p>In G1, there were a higher relative frequency (p &lt; 0.001) of male individuals, lower mean age and higher percentage of smokers. Regarding the other sociodemographic characteristics, G1 showed a significantly (p &lt; 0.001) higher educational level, higher abdominal circumference values and lower frequency of sedentary lifestyle as compared to G2 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical characteristics of patients consuming a low to moderate amount of alcohol (G1) or none (G2), submitted to exercise stress echocardiography</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Variables</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">G1<break/>(n = 2,130)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">G2<break/>(n = 4,502)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male sex</td>
                <td align="center">1,643 (77.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,614 (35.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">54.8 &#177; 10.3</td>
                <td align="center">59.0 &#177; 11.3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous symptoms</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Asymptomatic</td>
                <td align="center">1,088 (52.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,808 (41.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Typical chest pain</td>
                <td align="center">135 (6.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">290 (6.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Atypical chest<break/>pain</td>
                <td align="center">762 (36.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">2,034 (46.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyspnea</td>
                <td align="center">103 (4.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">269 (6.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesity</td>
                <td align="center">509 (24%)</td>
                <td align="center">991 (22.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.088</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Weight</td>
                <td align="center">78.3 &#177; 14.2</td>
                <td align="center">70.7 &#177; 14.0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Height</td>
                <td align="center">1.68 &#177; 0.09</td>
                <td align="center">1.61 &#177; 0.09</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Abdominal circumference</td>
                <td align="center">96.6 &#177; 11.9</td>
                <td align="center">93.3 &#177; 12.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">1,269 (59.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">2,786 (62%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.078</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">274 (12.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">542 (12.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.339</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">1,185 (55.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">2,457 (54.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.414</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking habit</td>
                <td align="center">157 (7.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (3.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Family history</td>
                <td align="center">1,252 (58.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">2,671 (59.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.690</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Physical activity</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">None</td>
                <td align="center">997 (49.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">2,408 (56.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Active</td>
                <td align="center">985 (49.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,789 (42.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Athlete</td>
                <td align="center">18 (0.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (0.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Old infarction</td>
                <td align="center">113 (5.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">191 (4.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.049</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Recent infarction</td>
                <td align="center">8 (0.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (0.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.258</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Revascularization</td>
                <td align="center">122 (5.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">215 (4.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.092</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angioplasty</td>
                <td align="center">174 (8.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">312 (7.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.064</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stent</td>
                <td align="center">122 (5.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">214 (4.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.084</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p> the quantitative variables, by use of Student t test for independent samples, according to the normality assumption of the sample.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The major clinical variables that associated with myocardial ischemia on ESE are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. Of the major clinical findings, only history of sedentary lifestyle and diagnosis of obesity were not significant on univariate analysis for the presence of myocardial ischemia.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Univariate analysis of the clinical parameters associated with the presence of myocardial ischemia on exercise stress echocardiography</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Variables</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Odds Ratio</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">95% CI</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alcohol consumption</td>
                <td align="center">1.15</td>
                <td align="center">1.01-1.30</td>
                <td align="center">0.035</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male sex</td>
                <td align="center">1.69</td>
                <td align="center">1.50 - 2.90</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">1.03</td>
                <td align="center">1.02-1.03</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesity</td>
                <td align="center">1.02</td>
                <td align="center">0.88-1.18</td>
                <td align="center">0.76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">1.99</td>
                <td align="center">1.70-2.35</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">2.16</td>
                <td align="center">1.88-2.47</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">2.25</td>
                <td align="center">1.98-2.56</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking habit</td>
                <td align="center">1.79</td>
                <td align="center">1.39-2.31</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Family history</td>
                <td align="center">1.82</td>
                <td align="center">1.59-2.07</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sedentary lifestyle</td>
                <td align="center">1.07</td>
                <td align="center">0.94-1.21</td>
                <td align="center">0.285</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>CI: confidence interval.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>The qualitative variables were calculated by use of Pearson chi-square test, and the quantitative variables, by use of Student t test for independent samples, according to the normality assumption of the sample.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic and exercise test characteristics of the groups</title>
        <p>The G2 showed a higher number of patients without evidence of myocardial ischemia on ESE. Fixed myocardial ischemia was the most frequent type found in G1. Greater sizes of the aorta and left atrium were observed in G1, while G2 showed a higher frequency of diastolic dysfunction. Of the ET variables, ST-segment depression and chronotropic insufficiency were more frequent in G1 and in G2, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Echocardiographic and exercise test characteristics of patients consuming a low to moderate amount of alcohol (G1) or none (G2), submitted to exercise stress echocardiography</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Variables</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">G1<break/>(n = 2,130)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">G2<break/>(n = 4,502)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ischemia</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">None</td>
                <td align="center">1,666 (78.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">3,621 (80.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Induced</td>
                <td align="center">195 (9.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">430 (9.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fixed</td>
                <td align="center">211 (9.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">359 (8%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fixed and<break/>induced</td>
                <td align="center">58 (2.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">91 (2%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aorta</td>
                <td align="center">3.3 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">3.1 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Left atrium</td>
                <td align="center">3.9 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">3.8 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E wave velocity</td>
                <td align="center">68.4 &#177;15.1</td>
                <td align="center">70.9 &#177; 17.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.778</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E' wave velocity</td>
                <td align="center">8.0 &#177; 4.1</td>
                <td align="center">7.6 &#177; 2.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.140</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/E' ratio</td>
                <td align="center">9.3 &#177; 2.8</td>
                <td align="center">10.0 &#177; 3.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.347</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ejection fraction</td>
                <td align="center">67% &#177; 6.4</td>
                <td align="center">67% &#177; 6.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.133</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVWMSI at rest</td>
                <td align="center">1.02 &#177; 0.09</td>
                <td align="center">1.01 &#177; 0.08</td>
                <td align="center">0.246</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVWMSI on exertion</td>
                <td align="center">1.03 &#177; 0.09</td>
                <td align="center">1.02 &#177; 0.09</td>
                <td align="center">0.459</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diastolic function</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">294 (17.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">473 (13.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Relaxation deficit</td>
                <td align="center">851 (50.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,918 (55.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pseudonormal</td>
                <td align="center">540 (31.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,075 (30.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Restrictive</td>
                <td align="center">8 (0.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (0.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ST-segment depression</td>
                <td align="center">1,355 (64.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">2,793 (62.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Left bundle-branch block</td>
                <td align="center">66 (3.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">183 (4.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.054</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Simple arrhythmias</td>
                <td align="center">539 (25.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,309 (29.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Severe<break/>arrhythmias <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">**</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">4 (0.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (0.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.245</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NSVT</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">2 (&lt; 0.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.330</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Atrial fibrillation</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ventricular extrasystole</td>
                <td align="center">63 (3.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">105 (3.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.242</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Supraventricular extrasystole</td>
                <td align="center">19 (1.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (1.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.654</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Supraventricular tachycardia</td>
                <td align="center">4 (0.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (0.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chronotropic insufficiency</td>
                <td align="center">160 (7.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">440 (9.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.003</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>LVWMSI: left ventricular wall motion score index; NSVT: non-sustained ventricular tachycardia;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>(**)</label>
              <p>Ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>The qualitative variables were calculated by use of Pearson chi-square test, and the quantitative variables, by use of Student t test for independent samples, according to the normality assumption of the sample.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Logistic regression analysis</title>
        <p>The multivariate analysis by use of logistic regression of the clinical data available showed that age, male sex, diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking habit and family history were independently associated with myocardial ischemia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). When assessing those confounding factors of the model, there was no association between low to moderate alcohol consumption and myocardial ischemia on ESE.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multivariate logistic regression with clinical parameters associated with the presence of myocardial ischemia on exercise stress echocardiography</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Variables</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Odds Ratio</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">95% CI</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alcohol consumption</td>
                <td align="center">0.94</td>
                <td align="center">0.81-1.01</td>
                <td align="center">0.463</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male sex</td>
                <td align="center">1.83</td>
                <td align="center">1.62-2.09</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">1.02</td>
                <td align="center">1.02-1.03</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">1.52</td>
                <td align="center">1.28-1.80</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">1.55</td>
                <td align="center">1.34-1.79</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">1.84</td>
                <td align="center">1.61-2.1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking habit</td>
                <td align="center">2.03</td>
                <td align="center">1.55-2.64</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Family history</td>
                <td align="center">1.69</td>
                <td align="center">1.47-1.93</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>CI: confidence interval.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In addition, age, male sex, smoking habit and dyslipidemia associated with low to moderate alcohol consumption (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multivariate logistic regression with clinical parameters associated with low to moderate alcohol consumption</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Variables</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Odds Ratio</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">95% CI</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Myocardial ischemia &#224; ESE</td>
                <td align="center">0.96</td>
                <td align="center">0.83-1.11</td>
                <td align="center">0.603</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male sex</td>
                <td align="center">5.88</td>
                <td align="center">5.21-6.63</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">0.97</td>
                <td align="center">0.96-0.97</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking habit</td>
                <td align="center">2.73</td>
                <td align="center">2.11-3.54</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">1.51</td>
                <td align="center">1.02-1.29</td>
                <td align="center">0.017</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>ESE: exercise stress echocardiography; CI: confidence interval.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Low to moderate alcohol consumption related with myocardial ischemia on ESE, but was not an independent predictor of positivity on that test. The literature is controversial about the association between alcohol consumption and ischemic heart diseases. The effect of alcohol on patients with myocardial ischemia has been reported as protective in a daily alcohol intake of up to one drink<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> or two drinks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Other studies have reported alcohol consumption as a risk factor for myocardial ischemia at an average consumption of at least one drink daily<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> or at any daily amount.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Divergences and lack of correlation between myocardial ischemia and alcohol intake evidenced in certain studies can be explained by individual differences inherent in genetic characteristics.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Roerecke and Rehm6 in a systematic review, have assessed 44 observational studies relating ischemic heart diseases to low to moderate alcohol consumption, between 1980 and 2010, in a total of 957,684 participants. Those authors have shown that, although there is some confirmed cardioprotective association, substantial heterogeneities remain unexplained and the confidence intervals were relatively wide, particularly between one and two drinks of alcoholic beverage daily. Therefore, the cardioprotection related to alcohol intake has been described as an association that cannot be assumed, even when assessing the level of alcohol consumption.</p>
      <p>The variables male sex, dyslipidemia and smoking habit - independent predictors of low to moderate alcohol consumption in the present study - also showed a close relationship with myocardial ischemia. In accordance with the literature, greater frequency of alcohol intake is observed among men<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and together with the smoking habit,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> widely identified as risk factors for myocardial ischemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Perissinotto et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> have evidenced higher serum levels of LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol among the elderly whose alcohol intake was moderate, as in the present study, although that consumption has been reported as inversely associated with dyslipidemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The literature lacks ET and echocardiography data related to low to moderate alcohol consumption, and significant differences were evidenced in the present study. Statistical significance was observed in the relationship between alcohol consumption and larger size of the aorta and left atrium, as well as with the higher frequency of ST-segment depression and lower frequency of diastolic dysfunction and chronotropic insufficiency.</p>
      <p>Regarding the limitations of this study, those inherent in any observation study stand out, in which the variables not measured can contribute to the statistical differences between the groups. In addition, distinct intervals of alcohol intake could not be accurately quantified, and neither could the duration of alcohol consumption, the type of alcoholic beverage used and the previous history of that habit.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Low to moderate alcohol consumption showed not to be an independent predictor of the presence of myocardial ischemia on ESE. In the group of alcohol consumers, there were more individuals of the male sex, dyslipidemic and smokers, which are important predictors of myocardial ischemia.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Sergipe under the protocol number CAAE 1818.0.000.107-06. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Consumo Leve a Moderado de &#193;lcool e Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica &#224; Ecocardiografia sob Estresse F&#237;sico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontes</surname>
            <given-names>V&#237;tor Joaquim Barreto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souto</surname>
            <given-names>Maria J&#250;lia Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Enaldo Vieira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Concei&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio Mateus do Sacramento</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Telino</surname>
            <given-names>Caio Jos&#233; Coutinho Leal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Mirella Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>D&#243;ria</surname>
            <given-names>J&#233;ssica Aparecida de Santana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Jos&#233; Oliveira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Joselina Luzia Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE- Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa e Laborat&#243;rio de Ecocardiografia (ECOLAB) do Hospital e Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas, Aracaju, SE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Maria J&#250;lia Silveira Souto</bold>. Avenida Marechal Rondon, s/n. CEP: 49100-000, Bairro Jardim Rosa Elze, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, Sergipe, SE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>souto.mjulia@gmail.com</email>, <email>souto.mjulia@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Fontes VJB, Oliveira JLM. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Fontes VJB, Souto MJS, Concei&#231;&#227;o FMS, Telino CJCL, Silveira MS, D&#243;ria JAS, Matos CJO, Oliveira JLM. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Fontes VJB, Souto MJS, Sousa ACS, Melo EV, Concei&#231;&#227;o FMS, Telino CJCL, Silveira MS, D&#243;ria JAS, Matos CJO, Oliveira JLM. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Melo EV. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Fontes VJB, Souto MJS, Sousa ACS, Melo EV, Concei&#231;&#227;o FMS, Telino CJCL, Matos CJO, Oliveira JLM. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Fontes VJB, Souto MJS, Sousa ACS, Melo EV, Concei&#231;&#227;o FMS, Telino CJCL, Matos CJO, Oliveira JLM. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal: Oliveira JLM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O impacto do consumo de &#225;lcool na evolu&#231;&#227;o da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica permanece incerto. Os estudos divergem quanto a um eventual efeito cardioprotetor ou a um fator de risco cardiovascular desse consumo de maneira leve a moderada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Estudar a rela&#231;&#227;o do consumo leve a moderado de &#225;lcool com a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico (EEF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal composto por 6632 pacientes submetidos &#224; EEF, de janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2015. Dividiram-se dois grupos: G1 - composto por 2130 (32,1%) pacientes com relato de consumo m&#233;dio igual ou inferior a 1 dose de bebida alco&#243;lica por dia para mulheres ou de 2 doses para homens; e G2 - formado por 4502 (67,9%) indiv&#237;duos que negaram consumo de &#225;lcool. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos foi feita mediante teste t de Student para vari&#225;veis quantitativas, e teste qui-quadrado ou teste de Fisher para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Foram considerados significativos os valores de p &lt; 0,05. Realizou-se, tamb&#233;m, regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco independentes para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>G1 apresentou maior frequ&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino (77,1%; p &lt; 0,001), menor idade m&#233;dia (54,8 &#177; 10,3 anos; p &lt; 0,001) e maior frequ&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; EEF (p = 0,014). Idade, sexo masculino, dislipidemia, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabete melito, tabagismo e hist&#243;ria familiar positiva apresentaram-se independentemente associados &#224; presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; EEF. N&#227;o foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre etilismo leve a moderado e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica (OR 0,96; IC 95%: 0,83-1,11). No entanto, observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o entre idade, sexo masculino, tabagismo e dislipidemia com o consumo de &#225;lcool.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Etilismo leve a moderado n&#227;o se apresentou como preditor independente de presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; EEF. Observou-se, no grupo dos etilistas, um predom&#237;nio de homens, dislipid&#234;micos e tabagistas, importantes vari&#225;veis preditoras de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Bebidas Alco&#243;licas</kwd>
        <kwd>Consumo de &#193;lcool</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia sob Estresse</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (DAC) permanece mundialmente como a principal causa de morbimortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> No Brasil, esse cen&#225;rio n&#227;o &#233; diferente, visto que as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares constituem mais de um ter&#231;o das mortes anualmente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Dessa forma, um dos mais frequentes desafios da pr&#225;tica cardiol&#243;gica cotidiana &#233; a avalia&#231;&#227;o precoce da DAC. Essa investiga&#231;&#227;o implica &#244;nus substancial e crescente aos sistemas de sa&#250;de, especialmente considerando a peculiaridade da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, da qual aproximadamente dois ter&#231;os s&#227;o usu&#225;rios do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de. Portanto, torna-se imperativa a identifica&#231;&#227;o de grupos de alto risco que se beneficiariam com investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais e daqueles com baixo risco, nos quais procedimentos adicionais podem ser dispensados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os efeitos do consumo de &#225;lcool s&#227;o numerosos e, na maioria, prejudiciais &#224; sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Enquanto sua influ&#234;ncia em &#243;bitos por causas externas e na morbimortalidade de neoplasias &#233; constantemente descrita,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> o impacto do consumo leve a moderado de &#225;lcool no progn&#243;stico da DAC ainda se mant&#233;m incerto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Estudos recentes descreveram o consumo moderado de &#225;lcool como cardioprotetor,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> embora tal associa&#231;&#227;o tenha sido contestada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o de consumo moderado possui ampla varia&#231;&#227;o (de 5 a 60 gramas de etanol por dia), por&#233;m &#233; comumente atribu&#237;da a n&#227;o mais que uma dose de bebida alco&#243;lica por dia para mulheres e at&#233; duas doses di&#225;rias de bebida alco&#243;lica para homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Mais especificamente, uma dose de bebida alco&#243;lica pode ser definida como cerca de 330 mL de cerveja comum, 100 mL de vinho ou 30 mL de destilado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A ecocardiografia sob estresse &#233; um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo estabelecido para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com DAC suspeita ou conhecida, para determina&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico, e para aux&#237;lio &#224;s decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico (EEF), por sua vez, &#233; a pr&#225;tica de primeira escolha em pacientes com capacidade f&#237;sica preservada, apresentando-se mais seguro e vers&#225;til que sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O objetivo do presente trabalho, portanto, &#233; estudar a rela&#231;&#227;o do consumo leve a moderado de &#225;lcool com a presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; EEF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal anal&#237;tico e descritivo realizado entre janeiro de 2000 e dezembro de 2015.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes</title>
          <p>A amostra, por conveni&#234;ncia, consistiu inicialmente em 10.827 pacientes com DAC suspeita e/ou estabelecida, submetidos &#224; EEF no Laborat&#243;rio de Ecocardiografia (ECOLAB) da Cl&#237;nica e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, Aracaju-SE, possuidor de acredita&#231;&#227;o n&#237;vel tr&#234;s (<italic>Instituto Qualisa de Gest&#227;o - IQG</italic>). Foram inclu&#237;dos todos os pacientes acima de 25 anos referendados e encaminhados ao servi&#231;o segundo a indica&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;dicos assistentes, &#224; exce&#231;&#227;o daqueles que se recusaram a participar do estudo. Foram exclu&#237;dos, ainda, 27 pacientes por consumo m&#233;dio de mais de uma dose de bebida alco&#243;lica por dia entre as mulheres e mais de duas doses entre homens. Do total, 4.168 indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o informaram a frequ&#234;ncia de consumo, resultando em uma amostra de 6.632 pacientes. As indica&#231;&#245;es isoladas ou combinadas para a EEF foram: avalia&#231;&#227;o de precordialgia; avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria para cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca; presen&#231;a de teste ergom&#233;trico (TE) positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com baixo risco para DAC; TE negativo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com risco intermedi&#225;rio para DAC; surgimento de arritmia durante o TE; estratifica&#231;&#227;o de DAC previamente estabelecida e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco p&#243;s-s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda.</p>
          <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a frequ&#234;ncia de consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas: grupo G1 - composto por 2.130 (32,1%) pacientes cujo relato consistiu em n&#250;mero igual ou inferior a uma m&#233;dia de uma dose de bebida alco&#243;lica por dia para mulheres ou de duas doses di&#225;rias de bebida alco&#243;lica para homens; e grupo G2 - formado por 4.502 (67,9%) indiv&#237;duos que referiram aus&#234;ncia de qualquer consumo de &#225;lcool.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</title>
          <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos foram colhidos e registrados por meio de entrevistas realizadas antes do exame. Foi utilizado um question&#225;rio padronizado que investigava peso, altura, sintomas como dispneia e dor tor&#225;cica, medica&#231;&#245;es, fatores de risco para DAC e hist&#243;rico de cardiopatia familiar ou pessoal, al&#233;m de dados referentes &#224; DAC pr&#233;via, como infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea e cir&#250;rgica. Ademais, os resultados de exames laboratoriais e exames do aparelho cardiovascular pr&#233;vios foram registrados.</p>
          <p>O etilismo foi quantificado mediante autorrelato, sendo considerado consumo leve a moderado de &#225;lcool quando igual ou inferior a duas doses de bebida alco&#243;lica por dia, em m&#233;dia, para os pacientes do sexo masculino, e igual ou inferior a uma dose di&#225;ria de bebida alco&#243;lica para as do sexo feminino. Uma dose de bebida alco&#243;lica pode ser definida como 330 mL de cerveja comum, 100 mL de vinho ou 30 mL de bebidas destiladas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Com base nesses par&#226;metros e nos relatos colhidos na entrevista, foram realizadas as estimativas do consumo m&#233;dio di&#225;rio de cada paciente.</p>
          <p>Caracterizou-se obesidade como um &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea maior que 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Definiu-se hipercolesterolemia como n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de colesterol total superior a 200 mg/dL (ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas) e hipertrigliceridemia como n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de triglic&#233;rides superior a 150 mg/dL (ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas) ou uso de agente antilipid&#234;mico (estatinas e/ou fibratos).</p>
          <p>Considerou-se hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica quando os n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos aferidos no membro superior, em repouso e condi&#231;&#245;es ideais, eram press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#8805; 140 mmHg e/ou diast&#243;lica &#8805; 90 mmHg, repetidos e confirmados, ou quando havia uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva. </p>
          <p>O diabete melito foi definido pela presen&#231;a de glicemia em jejum &#8805; 126 mg/dL ou glicemia 2h ap&#243;s sobrecarga com 75g de glicose &#8805; 200 mg/dL ou glicemia ao acaso &#8805; 200 mg/dL associada a sintomas cl&#225;ssicos de hiperglicemia ou pelo uso de insulina ou agentes hipoglicemiantes orais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico</title>
          <p>Primeiramente, o protocolo consistiu na realiza&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiograma (ECG) de doze deriva&#231;&#245;es e ecocardiograma de repouso ap&#243;s a investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Em seguida, realizou-se o esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico em esteira rolante e, logo ap&#243;s, procedeu-se novamente &#224; aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas.</p>
          <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos aos protocolos padr&#227;o de Bruce ou Ellestad durante o TE. Foi realizada monitora&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, sendo os pacientes encorajados a alcan&#231;ar o seu pico m&#225;ximo de esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico. Para c&#225;lculos metab&#243;licos, o volume de oxig&#234;nio inspirado no pico do exerc&#237;cio (VO<sub>2</sub>max) foi obtido indiretamente atrav&#233;s da seguinte f&#243;rmula: VO<sub>2</sub>max = 14,76 - 1,379t + 0,451t<sup>2</sup> - 0,012t&#179;, em que t &#233; a dura&#231;&#227;o em minutos do teste.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> A carga foi expressa em equivalentes metab&#243;licos, em que 1 MET corresponde a 3,5 mL/kg&#183;min de VO<sub>2</sub> inspirado, referente ao repouso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Durante o teste, os indiv&#237;duos foram continuamente monitorados com ECG de tr&#234;s deriva&#231;&#245;es.</p>
          <p>Foram denominadas altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas isqu&#234;micas ao exerc&#237;cio a ocorr&#234;ncia de infradesnivelamento do segmento ST horizontal ou descendente &#8805; 1 mm para homens e &#8805; 1,5 mm para mulheres a 0,08 segundo do ponto J.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O ambiente para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame &#233; ergonomicamente projetado com equipe constantemente treinada, por se tratar de hospital considerado refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia e possuidor de acredita&#231;&#227;o n&#237;vel 3 por avalia&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica. Como rotina, &#233; recomendada a suspens&#227;o de betabloqueadores tr&#234;s dias antes do exame, mantendo-se as demais drogas usuais do paciente.</p>
          <p>Os exames foram realizados com equipamento Hewlett Packard/ Phillips SONOS 5500 at&#233; o ano de 2012 e, em seguida, com o Phillips IE-33, observando-se os aspectos t&#233;cnicos classicamente descritos por Schiller et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> As imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas bidimensionais foram obtidas nas janelas ac&#250;sticas paraesternais e apicais, durante o repouso e imediatamente ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o, com o paciente em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo e registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico simult&#226;neo.</p>
          <p>A motilidade segmentar da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) foi avaliada por ecocardiografista experiente, com n&#237;vel III, conforme preconizado pela Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> O espessamento parietal segmentar do VE foi avaliado quantitativamente no repouso e, ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o, por meio da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do modelo de 16 segmentos, graduado em: 1, normal; 2, hipocin&#233;tico; 3, acin&#233;tico; 4, discin&#233;tico. O &#237;ndice de escore da motilidade do VE (IEMVE) foi calculado no repouso e durante o exerc&#237;cio como a soma dos escores conferidos a cada um dos 16 segmentos dividida pelo n&#250;mero de segmentos avaliados no dado momento. O IEMVE igual a 1 corresponde &#224; normalidade, de 1,1 a 1,6 representa disfun&#231;&#227;o leve, de 1,61 a 2, disfun&#231;&#227;o moderada. Valores maiores que 2 representam disfun&#231;&#227;o importante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> A diferen&#231;a entre o IEMVE de esfor&#231;o e de repouso &#233; chamada de &#916;IEMVE. O desenvolvimento de nova altera&#231;&#227;o na motilidade parietal ou piora de dissinergia existente (&#916;IEMVE &#8800; 0) foi considerado indicativo de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram descritas como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. Conforme o pressuposto de normalidade amostral, avaliado pelo teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov, as vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram avaliadas por meio do teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> para grupos independentes. Quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, utilizaram-se frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e porcentagem. Para comparar caracter&#237;sticas das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas entre os dois grupos, foram utilizados o teste do qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher quando mais adequado.</p>
          <p>A fim de se avaliar associa&#231;&#227;o entre a vari&#225;vel desfecho (isquemia mioc&#225;rdica ao EEF) e os fatores associados, foi realizada regress&#227;o log&#237;stica pelo m&#233;todo backward-Wald. Para entrar no modelo inicial, admitiram-se todas aquelas com p &lt; 0,25, enquanto que, para permanecer no modelo, adotou-se p &lt; 0,05. As vari&#225;veis foram adicionadas e retiradas do modelo de forma manual, conforme atendessem o pressuposto. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram processadas por meio do programa <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (<italic>SPSS</italic>), vers&#227;o 22.0 (Chicago, IL).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>Os princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos que regem a experimenta&#231;&#227;o humana foram cuidadosamente seguidos, e todos os pacientes assinaram termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Sergipe (CAAE 1818.0.000.107-06).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram estudados 6.632 pacientes, sendo 3.257 (49,1%) do sexo masculino, com m&#233;dia de idade de 57,6 &#177; 11,1 anos e idades m&#237;nima e m&#225;xima de 25 e 98 anos, respectivamente. O consumo leve a moderado de &#225;lcool (G1) foi referido por 2.130 indiv&#237;duos (32,1%), enquanto 4.502 (67,9%) pacientes (G2) referiam aus&#234;ncia de qualquer consumo de &#225;lcool.</p>
        <p>No G1, 21,8% dos pacientes exibiram resultados positivos para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; EEF, apresentando uma rela&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre o consumo leve a moderado de &#225;lcool e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, quando comparado com o G2.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos grupos</title>
          <p>O G1 apresentou maior frequ&#234;ncia relativa (p &lt; 0,001) de indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino, menor idade m&#233;dia e maior porcentagem de tabagistas. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s demais caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas, constatou-se, tamb&#233;m, que o grupo de etilistas apresentou, significativamente (p &lt; 0,001) maior n&#237;vel de escolaridade, maiores valores de circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal e menor frequ&#234;ncia de sedentarismo, comparativamente ao grupo de n&#227;o etilistas, conforme pode ser apreciado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes que consumiam &#225;lcool leve a moderadamente (G1) ou n&#227;o (G2) submetidos &#224; ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">G1<break/>(n = 2.130)</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">G2<break/>(n = 4.502)</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">1.643 (77,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.614 (35,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">54,8 &#177; 10,3</td>
                  <td align="center">59,0 &#177; 11,3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sintomas pr&#233;vios</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Assintom&#225;tico</td>
                  <td align="center">1.088 (52,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.808 (41,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Precordialgia<break/>t&#237;pica</td>
                  <td align="center">135 (6,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">290 (6,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Precordialgia<break/>at&#237;pica</td>
                  <td align="center">762 (36,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.034 (46,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dispneia</td>
                  <td align="center">103 (4,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">269 (6,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">509 (24%)</td>
                  <td align="center">991 (22,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,088</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso</td>
                  <td align="center">78,3 &#177; 14,2</td>
                  <td align="center">70,7 &#177; 14,0</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Altura</td>
                  <td align="center">1,68 &#177; 0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">1,61 &#177; 0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal</td>
                  <td align="center">96,6 &#177; 11,9</td>
                  <td align="center">93,3 &#177; 12,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">1.269 (59,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.786 (62%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,078</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabete melito</td>
                  <td align="center">274 (12,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">542 (12,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,339</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">1.185 (55,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.457 (54,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,414</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">157 (7,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (3,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Antecedentes familiares</td>
                  <td align="center">1.252 (58,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.671 (59,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,690</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sedent&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">997 (49,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.408 (56,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ativo</td>
                  <td align="center">985 (49,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.789 (42,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Atleta</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (0,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (0,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Infarto antigo</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (5,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">191 (4,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,049</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Infarto recente</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (0,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (0,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,258</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (5,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">215 (4,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,092</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Angioplastia</td>
                  <td align="center">174 (8,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">312 (7,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,064</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Stent</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (5,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">214 (4,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,084</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>(*)</label>
                <p>As vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram calculadas por meio do m&#233;todo de qui-quadrado de Pearson, e as vari&#225;veis quantitativas, por meio do teste t de Student para amostras independentes, conforme o pressuposto de normalidade da amostra.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>As principais vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas que se apresentaram associadas &#224; EEF positiva para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>. Dos principais achados cl&#237;nicos, apenas o hist&#243;rico de sedentarismo e o diagn&#243;stico de obesidade n&#227;o foram significativos &#224; an&#225;lise univariada para a presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise univariada de par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos associados &#224; presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                    <italic>Odds Ratio</italic>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">IC 95%</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
									</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Etilismo</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01-1,30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,035</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">1,69</td>
                  <td align="center">1,50 - 2,90</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02-1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,88-1,18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabete melito</td>
                  <td align="center">1,99</td>
                  <td align="center">1,70-2,35</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">2,16</td>
                  <td align="center">1,88-2,47</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">2,25</td>
                  <td align="center">1,98-2,56</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">1,79</td>
                  <td align="center">1,39-2,31</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Antecedentes familiares</td>
                  <td align="center">1,82</td>
                  <td align="center">1,59-2,07</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sedentarismo</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94-1,21</td>
                  <td align="center">0,285</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <label>(*)</label>
                <p>As vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram calculadas por meio do m&#233;todo de qui-quadrado de Pearson, e as vari&#225;veis quantitativas, por meio do teste t de Student para amostras independentes, conforme o pressuposto de normalidade da amostra.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e ergom&#233;tricas dos grupos</title>
          <p>Foi encontrado um maior n&#250;mero de pacientes sem evid&#234;ncias de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; EEF no G2. A isquemia mioc&#225;rdica do tipo fixa foi a mais frequentemente encontrada em G1. Por sua vez, maiores valores de aorta e &#225;trio esquerdo foram verificados em G1, enquanto G2 apresentou maior frequ&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Entre as vari&#225;veis ergom&#233;tricas, infradesnivelamento de segmento ST e insufici&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica foram mais frequentes em G1 e em G2, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e ergom&#233;tricas dos pacientes que consumiam &#225;lcool leve a moderadamente (G1) ou n&#227;o (G2) submetidos &#224; ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">G1<break/>(n = 2.130)</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">G2<break/>(n = 4.502)</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
									</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Isquemia</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Aus&#234;ncia de<break/>isquemia</td>
                  <td align="center">1.666 (78,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.621 (80,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Induzida</td>
                  <td align="center">195 (9,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">430 (9,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fixa</td>
                  <td align="center">211 (9,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">359 (8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fixa e<break/>induzida</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (2,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Aorta</td>
                  <td align="center">3,3 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">3,1 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#193;trio esquerdo</td>
                  <td align="center">3,9 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">3,8 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Velocidade da onda E</td>
                  <td align="center">68,4 &#177;15,1</td>
                  <td align="center">70,9 &#177; 17,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,778</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Velocidade da onda E'</td>
                  <td align="center">8,0 &#177; 4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">7,6 &#177; 2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,140</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o E/E'</td>
                  <td align="center">9,3 &#177; 2,8</td>
                  <td align="center">10,0 &#177; 3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,347</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">67% &#177; 6,4</td>
                  <td align="center">67% &#177; 6,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,133</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IEMVE repouso</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02 &#177; 0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01 &#177; 0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,246</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IEMVE esfor&#231;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03 &#177; 0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02 &#177; 0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,459</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">294 (17,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">473 (13,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">D&#233;ficit do<break/>relaxamento</td>
                  <td align="center">851 (50,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.918 (55,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pseudonormal</td>
                  <td align="center">540 (31,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.075 (30,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Restritivo</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (0,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (0,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Infradesnivelamento de ST</td>
                  <td align="center">1.355 (64,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.793 (62,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bloqueio de ramo esquerdo</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (3,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">183 (4,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,054</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Arritmias simples</td>
                  <td align="center">539 (25,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.309 (29,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Arritmias severas<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">**</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (0,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (0,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,245</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TVNS</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (&lt; 0,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,330</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,999</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Extrass&#237;stole ventricular</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (3,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (3,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,242</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Extrass&#237;stole supraventricular</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (1,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (1,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,654</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Taquicardia supraventricular</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (0,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (0,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,999</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica</td>
                  <td align="center">160 (7,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">440 (9,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <p>IEMVE: &#205;ndice de escore da motilidade ventricular esquerda; TVNS: Taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <label>(**)</label>
                <p>Taquicardia ventricular ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <label>(*)</label>
                <p>As vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram calculadas por meio do m&#233;todo de qui-quadrado de Pearson, e as vari&#225;veis quantitativas, por meio do teste t de Student para amostras independentes, conforme o pressuposto de normalidade da amostra.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica</title>
          <p>&#192; an&#225;lise multivariada por meio de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica dos dados cl&#237;nicos dispon&#237;veis, observou-se que idade, sexo masculino, diabete melito, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, dislipidemia, tabagismo e antecedentes familiares apresentaram-se independentemente associados &#224; isquemia mioc&#225;rdica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>). Quando contemplados esses fatores de confus&#227;o do modelo, n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre consumo leve a moderado de &#225;lcool e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; EEF.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada com par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos associados &#224; presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                    <italic>Odds Ratio</italic>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">IC 95%</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Etilismo</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81-1,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,463</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">1,83</td>
                  <td align="center">1,62-2,09</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02-1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabete melito</td>
                  <td align="center">1,52</td>
                  <td align="center">1,28-1,80</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">1,55</td>
                  <td align="center">1,34-1,79</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">1,84</td>
                  <td align="center">1,61-2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">2,03</td>
                  <td align="center">1,55-2,64</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Antecedentes Familiares</td>
                  <td align="center">1,69</td>
                  <td align="center">1,47-1,93</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <p>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Observou-se, ainda, associa&#231;&#227;o entre idade, sexo masculino, tabagismo e dislipidemia com consumo de &#225;lcool leve a moderado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada com par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos associados ao consumo de &#225;lcool leve a moderado</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
                    <italic>Odds Ratio</italic>
                  </th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">IC 95%</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; EEF</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                  <td align="center">0,83-1,11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,603</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">5,88</td>
                  <td align="center">5,21-6,63</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96-0,97</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">2,73</td>
                  <td align="center">2,11-3,54</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">1,51</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02-1,29</td>
                  <td align="center">0,017</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <p>EEF: ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O consumo leve a moderado de &#225;lcool apresentou rela&#231;&#227;o com a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; EEF, mas n&#227;o se mostrou preditor independente de positividade nesse teste. A literatura apresenta diverg&#234;ncias quanto &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o entre etilismo e doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas card&#237;acas. O efeito do &#225;lcool em pacientes com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#233; descrito como fator protetor em at&#233; uma dose de bebida alco&#243;lica por dia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> ou at&#233; duas doses por dia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Outros estudos apontaram o etilismo como fator de risco para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica quando o consumo m&#233;dio foi de uma ou mais doses por dia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> ou em qualquer dose di&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Diverg&#234;ncias e falta de correla&#231;&#227;o entre isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e &#225;lcool evidenciadas em certos estudos podem ser explicadas pelas diferen&#231;as individuais inerentes &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas gen&#233;ticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Roerecke e Rehm,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> em revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, avaliaram 44 estudos observacionais que relacionavam doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas card&#237;acas ao consumo leve a moderado de &#225;lcool, entre 1980 e 2010, apresentando um total de 957.684 participantes. A partir dela, demonstrou-se que, embora exista alguma forma de associa&#231;&#227;o cardioprotetora confirmada, heterogeneidades substanciais permaneceram inexplicadas e intervalos de confian&#231;a foram relativamente amplos, particularmente entre uma e duas doses di&#225;rias de bebida alco&#243;lica. A cardioprote&#231;&#227;o relacionada ao etilismo foi descrita, portanto, como uma associa&#231;&#227;o que n&#227;o pode ser presumida, mesmo ao se avaliar consumo leve de &#225;lcool.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis sexo masculino, dislipidemia e tabagismo - ditas preditoras independentes do etilismo leve a moderado no presente estudo - tamb&#233;m apresentaram rela&#231;&#227;o &#237;ntima com a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Observa-se, em congru&#234;ncia com a literatura, maior frequ&#234;ncia de consumo de &#225;lcool entre homens<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e com h&#225;bito de tabagismo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> amplamente apontados como fatores de risco para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Por sua vez, Perissinotto et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> evidenciaram maiores valores s&#233;ricos de colesterol LDL e colesterol total entre idosos cujo consumo de &#225;lcool era moderado, assim como no presente estudo, embora haja descri&#231;&#227;o na literatura desse consumo como inversamente associado &#224; dislipidemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A literatura carece de dados ergom&#233;tricos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos relacionados ao consumo leve a moderado de &#225;lcool, visto que foram evidenciadas diferen&#231;as significativas no presente estudo. Observou-se signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na rela&#231;&#227;o entre o etilismo e maior tamanho de aorta e &#225;trio esquerdo, assim como na associa&#231;&#227;o com maior frequ&#234;ncia de infradesnivelamento de segmento ST e menor frequ&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e insufici&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo, destacam-se as inerentes a qualquer estudo observacional, em que vari&#225;veis n&#227;o mensuradas podem contribuir para diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre os grupos. Ademais, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel quantificar com precis&#227;o intervalos distintos de consumo de &#225;lcool, assim como n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel avaliar o tempo de etilismo, o tipo de bebida alco&#243;lica e hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via do h&#225;bito.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Etilismo leve a moderado n&#227;o se apresentou como preditor independente da presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; EEF. Observou-se, no grupo dos etilistas, um predom&#237;nio de homens, dislipid&#234;micos e tabagistas, importantes vari&#225;veis preditoras de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Sergipe sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE 1818.0.000.107-06. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
