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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">n7CCTmwHq4XdHWSCSSgwfnr</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000300226</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S2359-56472018005001101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20180006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Heart Failure: Correlation between Anthropometric Parameters, Body Composition and Cell Integrity</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Tathiana Carestiato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giannini</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gasparini</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Vasconcelos Fontana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Mourilhe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
            <state>RJ</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing address: Denise Tavares Giannini</bold>. Rua Gustavo Cor&#231;&#227;o, 606 apto: 301. Postal Code: 22790-150, Recreio dos Bandeirantes, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>denisegiannini@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Faria TC, Giannini DT, Gasparini PVF, Rocha RM. Acquisition of data: Faria TC. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Faria TC, Giannini DT, Gasparini PVF, Rocha RM. Statistical analysis: Giannini DT. Writing of the manuscript: Faria TC, Giannini DT, Gasparini PVF, Rocha RM. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Giannini DT, Gasparini PVF, Rocha RM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>226</fpage>
      <lpage>234</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Knowledge about phase angle and its use as a prognostic determinant in patients with heart failure is still scarce.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the correlation between anthropometric indicators, cardiac function and cell integrity in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This was a cross-sectional study that evaluated patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction by anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance analysis. Chi-square test and Student's t test were used to analyze differences, and Pearson's linear correlation was used to evaluate associations, using p &lt; 0.05 to indicate statistical significance.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We evaluated 41 subjects aged 30-74 years, of which 34 were men (82.9%). Mean phase angle was higher among women (7.1%), but significant differences between men and women were found only for body fat percentage. Phase angle correlated with body mass index (r = 0.44, p = 0.004) and there was a trend of correlation of the phase angle with waist-to-height ratio (r = 0.29, p = 0.06) and the left ventricular ejection fraction (r = 0.29, p = 0.07).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Phase angle showed a good correlation with body mass index and showed a trend of correlation with the left ventricular ejection fraction, supporting the obesity paradox and the prognostic importance of this marker. Further studies on the applicability of the phase angle in the prognosis of these patients are still needed.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Composition</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Mass Index</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and coronary artery disease (CAD) are common causes of heart failure (HF). One of their main risk factors is obesity, which causes several adverse effects to health, particularly to cardiovascular health.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> although increased body mass index (BMI) may lead to these conditions, excessive abdominal fat, estimated by waist circumference (WC), is the main indicative of metabolic syndrome. Therefore, central body fat has been increasingly recognized as an independent risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>On the other hand, in established HF, mild to moderate overweight has been associated with a substantial increase in survival as compared with normal weight individuals, the so called "obesity paradox".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> One of the several theories that may explain such paradox is the fact that excessive adipose tissue provides greater storages that may exert a protect role against disease-related metabolic changes that may lead to cardiac cachexia. Cardiac cachexia is a syndrome that involves progressive weight loss and changes in body composition, bearing a devastating prognosis for HF patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Besides, most data related to this paradox identify obesity by BMI,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> which although is the most widely used method in nutritional assessment, does not clearly reflect individual's body composition, and has a relatively low sensitivity in predicting excessive body fat.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In this context, other nutritional assessment methods may be used, such as densitometry by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and computed tomography (CT). These methods, however, although more accurate, are also more costly and complex.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>When these recommended methods are not available, some anthropometric measures and indexes seem to be good alternatives for estimating body composition. In addition to WC, the conicity index (C-index), proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to evaluate obesity and body fat distribution is of equal importance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Also, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), which is based on the assumption that for each height, there is an acceptable level of fat stored in the upper body, has also a good relationship with central body fat.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) has also been widely used, especially due to the high data processing speed, its non-invasiveness, easiness of use and relatively low cost. BIA provides estimates of fat mass and fat-free mass components using predictive equations, and of phase angle (PA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is another parameter to be evaluated in these patients due to its prognostic importance. Its reduction is associated with lower survival, and distinction of HF patients with (HFREF) and without reduced ejection fraction is increasingly required because of different clinical manifestations and forms of treatment for each case.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Therefore, due to the association between obesity and cardiovascular changes, assessment of HFREF by methods that estimate not only total fat, but also central fat, is extremely relevant. Besides, the applicability of PA in HF has not been well established in the literature.</p>
      <p>Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between anthropometric indicators, cardiac function and cell integrity in HFREF.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This was a cross-sectional study of patients treated at the Heart Failure Outpatient Center of Pedro Ernesto University Hospital.</p>
      <p>A convenience sample was used, and HFREF of both sexes, aged from 18 to 74 years were considered eligible. Exclusion criteria were patients with clinical evidence of edema and ascites, amputee patients and patients using pacemakers. Patients with a BMI lower than 16 kg/m<sup>2</sup> or greater than 34 kg/m<sup>2</sup> were also excluded, because estimation of body composition by most of BIA predictive equations using these BMI values is not considered reliable.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> We also excluded patients who did not meet the standardized BIA protocol, and those with a higher percentage of extracellular water compared with intracellular water, indicating a water imbalance that had not been identified at the physical exam,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and patients with an electrocardiography performed longer than one year before the date of the anthropometric assessment.</p>
      <p>Outcome measures were: sex, age, LVEF (electrocardiography), etiology of the disease, functional class (New York Heart Association, NYHA),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> comorbidities, previous myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS), valve replacement, stent implantation, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and anthropometric parameters (body mass, kg; height, m; WC, cm; BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup>; WHtR and C index), measured by one trained examiner.</p>
      <p>Body mass was measured using a digital medical scale (Welmy&#174;) with maximum capacity of 200 kg at the nearest 0.1kg. Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using a wall mounted stadiometer (Sanny&#174;, 220 cm). Measurements were performed as proposed by Lohman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>WC was measured using an inelastic tape at the nearest 0.1 mm, according to the IDF criteria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Patients were divided into the following groups - WC &#8805; 80 cm and &lt; 80 cm for women; WC &#8805; 90 cm and &lt; 90 cm for men.</p>
      <p>WHtR was calculated by dividing WC (cm) by height (cm), and the cutoff points adopted were 0.52 for men and 0.53 for women. C-index was obtained according to the equation proposed by Valdez,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> with the cutoff points of 1.25 and 1.18 for men and women, respectively. The WHtR and the C-index cutoff points indicating an increased coronary risk were defined based on the study by Pitanga and Lessa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nutritional diagnosis was determined by BMI, which was calculated by dividing body mass by height squared and classified according to the WHO criteria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Body composition and cell integrity were evaluated by tetrapolar BIA (Biodynamics 450&#174;), according the Brazilian Medical Association criteria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> BIA results of PA and body fat percentage (BF%) were used for analyses. For BF% classification, we used the cutoff points of 25% for men and 32% for women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the institution (approval number 47828915.3.0000.5259). All patients were informed about the study's purpose, and signed an informed consent form before being included, as volunteers, in the study.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Normality of the variables was tested by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Descriptive statistics was used for characterization of the sample. Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation (&#177;SD); the Student's t-test and the Pearson correlation were used to analyze differences and correlations between independent samples, respectively. Categorical variables were expressed as percentage, and associations between them were analyzed by the chi-square test or the Fisher's exact test. Analyzes were performed using the STATA 14 softwae, and statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>In the present study, 41 volunteers of both sexes (n = 34, 82.9% were men) aged 61 &#177; 10.8 years were studied.</p>
      <p>The most common comorbidity was SAH (n = 33; 80.5%), followed by DM (n = 21, 51.2%), chronic kidney disease (n = 3; 7.3%) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n = 3, 7.3%).</p>
      <p>With respect to HF classification, NYHA functional class I was the most prevalent (n = 18, 43.9%), and 34.1% (n = 14) of patients had ischemic HF. Eighteen (43.9%) patients had previous AMI, 14.6% (n = 6) had previous MRS, 9.8% (n = 4) had previous valve replacement, and 21.9 (n = 9) had previous stent implantation. No differences were found between men and women, except for the prevalence of DM, which was higher in women (n = 6, 85.7%) than men (n = 15, 44.1%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comorbidities, heart failure etiology, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, previous acute myocardial infarction and previous surgeries by sex in the study population (n = 41)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Men (n=34)</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Women (n=7)</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Total (n=41)</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n (%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n(%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n(%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SAH</td>
              <td align="center">27 (79.4)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (85.7)</td>
              <td align="center">33 (80.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DM</td>
              <td align="center">15 (44.1)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (85.7)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (51.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CKD</td>
              <td align="center">2 (5.9)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (14.3)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (7.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">COPD</td>
              <td align="center">3 (8.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (7.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>HF etiology</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ischemic</td>
              <td align="center">12 (35.3)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (28.6)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (34.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-ischemic</td>
              <td align="center">22 (64.7)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (71.4)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (65.9)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>FC (NYHA)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">I</td>
              <td align="center">16 (47.1)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (28.6)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (43.9)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">II</td>
              <td align="center">11 (32.3)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (28.6)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (31.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">III</td>
              <td align="center">7 (20.6)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (28.6)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (22.0)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IV</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (14.2)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (2.4)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>AMI</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">16 (47.1)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (28.6)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (43.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">18 (52.9)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (71.4)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (56.1)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Surgery</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MRS</td>
              <td align="center">6 (17.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (14.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VR</td>
              <td align="center">3 (8.8)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (14.3)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (9.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stent implantation</td>
              <td align="center">8 (23.5)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (14.3)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (21.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>comparison between men and women. SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HF: heart failure; FC: functional class; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; MRS: myocardial revascularization surgery; VR: valve replacement</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the anthropometric variables, BF% was significantly lower in men (mean of 27.2%) than women (mean of 35.8%). No differences were found in the other anthropometric parameters between men and women. PA (7.1&#186; &#177; 1.4), estimated by BIA, and LVEF (37.4%) were higher in women than men, with no significant difference though. Clinical and anthropometric characteristics of the study population are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical and anthropometric variables of the study population, by sex</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Men (n = 34)</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Women (n = 7)</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Total (n = 41)</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p-value <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Mean (&#177;SD)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Mean (&#177;SD)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Mean (&#177;SD)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">60.5 (11.3)</td>
              <td align="center">63 (8.7)</td>
              <td align="center">61 (10.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.29</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">26.4 (3.4)</td>
              <td align="center">26.5 (4.8)</td>
              <td align="center">26.4 (3.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.48</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WC (cm)</td>
              <td align="center">96.8 (11.4)</td>
              <td align="center">93.6 (13.0)</td>
              <td align="center">96.3 (11.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.26</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WHtR</td>
              <td align="center">0.57 (0.06)</td>
              <td align="center">0.61 (0.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.57 (0.07)</td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">C-index</td>
              <td align="center">1.32 (0.09)</td>
              <td align="center">1.35 (0.08)</td>
              <td align="center">1.32 (0.09)</td>
              <td align="center">0.22</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BF%</td>
              <td align="center">27.2 (4.3)</td>
              <td align="center">35.8 (4.6)</td>
              <td align="center">28.7 (5.4)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PA (&#186;)</td>
              <td align="center">6.7 (1.0)</td>
              <td align="center">7.1 (1.4)</td>
              <td align="center">6.8 (1.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
              <td align="center">34.5 (8.6)</td>
              <td align="center">37.4 (7.3)</td>
              <td align="center">35.0 (8.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>comparison between men and women. SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; C-index: conicity index; WC: waist circumference; WHtR: waist&#8209;to-height-ratio; BF%: body fat percentage; PA: phase angle; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Mean BMI was 26.4 &#177; 3.6 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>, with no difference between men (26.4 &#177; 3.4 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and women (26.5 &#177; 4.8 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). Most participants were overweight (41.5%), followed by normal weight (39.0%) and obese subjects (19.5%).</p>
      <p>Anthropometric indicators of obesity (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>) showed that 61.8% of men and 57.1% of women were overweight/obese, and 100% of women and 91.2% of men were at increased risk according to the C-index (totaling 92.7% of the study population). According to WC, 82.4% of men and 85.7% of women were at increased risk, and 76.5% of men had increased WHtR. With respect to BF%, 67.7% of men and 71.4% of women were obese. No statistically significant difference in any of the indicators was found between men and women.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Obesity anthropometric indicators in the study population by sex</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Men</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Women</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Total</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n(%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n(%)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>BMI</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal weight</td>
              <td align="center">13 (38.2)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (42.9)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (39.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Overweight/obesity</td>
              <td align="center">21 (61.8)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (57.1)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (61.0)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>C-index</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">3 (8.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (7.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Increased</td>
              <td align="center">31 (91.2)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (100.0)</td>
              <td align="center">38 (92.7)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>WC</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">6 (17.6)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (14.3)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (17.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Increased</td>
              <td align="center">28 (82.4)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (85.7)</td>
              <td align="center">34 (82.9)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>WHtR</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">8 (23.5)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (28.6)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (24.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Increased</td>
              <td align="center">26 (76.5)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (71.4)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (75.6)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>BF%</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">11 (32.3)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (28.6)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (31.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity</td>
              <td align="center">23 (67.7)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (71.4)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (68.3)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>comparison between men and women. BMI: body mass index; C-index: conicity index; WC: waist circumference; WHtR: waist-to-height-ratio; BF%: body fat percentage.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows the correlation between obesity anthropometric indicators, PA and LVEF of the studied population. BMI showed a significant positive correlation with C-index, WC, WHtR, BF%, and PA; there was a positive significant correlation of C-index with WC, WHtR and BF%, a positive significant correlation of WC with BF% and WHtR, and between WHtR and BF%. The strongest correlations were observed of BMI with WC (r = 0.84) and WHtR (r = 0.83), of C index with WC (r = 0.80) and WHtR (r = 0.81), and between WC and WHtR (r = 0.85). PA showed a significant correlation with BMI and a marginal correlation with WHtR (r = 0.29, 0.06) and LVEF (r = 0.29, p = 0.07).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correlation between obesity anthropometric indicators, phase angle and left ventricular ejection fraction</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">BMI</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">C-index</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">WC</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">WHtR</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">BF%</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">PA</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">C-index</td>
              <td align="center">(0.46)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">p-value</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WC</td>
              <td align="center">(0.84)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.80)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">p-value</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WHtR</td>
              <td align="center">(0.83)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.81)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.85)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">p-value</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BF%</td>
              <td align="center">(0.36)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.38)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.32)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.53)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">p-value</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PA</td>
              <td align="center">(0.44)</td>
              <td align="center">(-0.01)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.22)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.29)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.06)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">p-value</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
              <td align="center">0.95</td>
              <td align="center">0.17</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
              <td align="center">0.7</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF</td>
              <td align="center">(0.17)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.12)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.15)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.17)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.23)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.29)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">p-value</td>
              <td align="center">0.29</td>
              <td align="center">0.47</td>
              <td align="center">0.34</td>
              <td align="center">0.29</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>BMI: body mass index; C-index: conicity index; WC: waist circumference; WHtR: waist-to-height-ratio; BF%: body fat percentage; PA: phase angle; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Some studies have demonstrated the relationship of excess weight with left ventricular hypertrophy and concentric and eccentric remodeling, and with diastolic dysfunction followed by long-term systolic dysfunction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> indicating a direct effect of body composition on cardiovascular system.</p>
      <p>In this context, anthropometric assessment is crucial in the clinical practice, since an early diagnosis of obesity and an adequate intervention contribute to improve patients' quality of life and prevent the worsening of health.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Born&#233; et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> investigated 26,653 individuals aged 45-73 years and showed that increased BMI, WC and BF% increased the risk of hospitalization for HF, and that this risk was even greater with combined exposure to both increased BMI and WC.</p>
      <p>In our study, mean BMI was 26.4 &#177; 3.4 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>, and most patients (41.5%) were overweight. Gastelurrutia et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> evaluated HFREF and patients without reduced ejection fraction and identified that 42% of patients were overweight and 27% were obese. Although BMI has been used as an important indicator of body composition in epidemiologic studies, individual BMI values should be interpreted with caution.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Different from the general population, in HF patients, BMI is inversely correlated with mortality and rehospitalization.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> However, some studies have shown that not only BMI but also other anthropometric variables should be used in the assessment of HF patients, for a better assessment of body compartments and central obesity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>BIA has been currently validated to estimate body composition and nutritional status in healthy individuals, and in several clinical conditions, including malnutrition and chronic diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The validity of its use in HF patients has been questioned, since the method is known to be influenced by the amounts of body fluids, and to not be appropriate for situations of altered hydration of tissues.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Therefore, in our study, we used standardization criteria for BIA; only stable patients participated in the study, and those with altered hydration were excluded.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> According to BF% measured by this method, 67.7% of men and 71.4% of women were identified as obese, corresponding to the majority (68.3%) of the study population.</p>
      <p>Central obesity indicators are positively correlated with the amount of visceral adipose tissue and cardiometabolic disorders.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Our subjects had excess central adiposity according to all indicators studies (WC, C-index and WHtR). Similar findings were reported in the study by Quirino et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> showing that mean WC and WHtR values were higher than recommended in both men and women.</p>
      <p>Regarding the analysis of associations between anthropometric variables, Gomes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> found a positive significant correlation between BMI and WC. Colombo et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> showed that BMI had a positive significant correlation with BF%, obtained by the sum of skinfold thickness measures, and both BMI and BF% had a significant correlation with WC. These correlations were found in our study also.</p>
      <p>Lobato et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> found correlations between BMI and WC, and positive significant correlations of WC with WHtR and C-index, and between WHtR and C-index. In the study by Mendes et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> involving patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity and/or SAH, BMI was positively correlated with BF% (p &lt; 0.001) and C-index (p = 0.009).</p>
      <p>Studies on C-index and WHtR as coronary risk predictors have been carried out in the Brazilian population and demonstrated the importance of these indicators in diagnostic assessment of patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We also obtained PA measures using BIA. These parameters have been increasingly used as a diagnostic tool in the clinical practice. In our study group, mean PA was 6.8&#186; &#177; 1.1, with greater values in women (7.1&#186; &#177; 1.4), but not significantly different than men. In healthy individuals, these values can vary from 4 to 10 degrees.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> When increased, PA may be associated with greater amounts of intact cell membranes, indicating adequate health status, whereas low PA values suggest worsening of disease and cell death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> PA cutoff points vary between diseases - in HIV-infected patients, a PA lower than 5.3&#186; was associated with a unfavorable prognosis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> whereas lower survival rates were found in advanced cancer patients with PA lower than 4.4&#186;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
			</p>
      <p>With respect to HF, Col&#237;n-Ram&#237;rez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> investigated a cohort of 389 HF patients in Mexico city and demonstrated that PA is a good prognostic indicator. A PA lower than 4.2&#186; was more strongly associated with mortality (even after adjusting for age), serum hemoglobin and presence of DM. Another study reported a significant reduction in PA values in HF patients as compared with healthy controls (5.5&#186; <italic>vs</italic>. 6.4&#186;).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Col&#237;n-Ramirez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> demonstrated the prognostic value of PA in HF patients, and showed that a lower PA was associated with markers of malnutrition, such as decreased BMI, worsening of functional class and kidney failure.</p>
      <p>In the study by Tajeda et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> a lower PA (4.32&#186;) was associated with changes in glomerular filtration rate and cardiac troponin T levels. Mart&#237;nez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> showed that a lower PA was associated with worsening of functional class (from III to IV), even after adjusting for age and sex, and that PA values were significantly lower in patients with preserved systolic function. Col&#237;n-Ram&#237;rez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> evaluated patients with systolic and diastolic HF and observed that those with volume overload and anemia had reduced PA values, and such reduction was associated with thyroid disorders in the study by Silva-Tinoco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the present study, PA had a significant correlation with BMI and a marginal significant correlation with WHtR and LFEV. Therefore, the higher the BMI and WHtR, the higher the PA, indicating that excess weight and body fat could be a protective factor for HF patients, corroborating the results of previous studies on the obesity paradox.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Besides, the correlation between LVEF and PA supports the use of the latter as a prognostic indicator of HF.</p>
      <p>The main limitation of this study was the sample size, as a larger sample size could result in stronger correlations between the variables and yield more definite results.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In our study, most patients had excessive total and central body fat, and correlations of BMI and C-index with WC and WHtR, and of WHtR with WC were found. Besides, there was a trend of correlation of WHtR and LVEF with PA, and a correlation between PA and BMI. We thereby demonstrate a possible example of obesity paradox. Also, we highlight the need for further studies on the use of PA in HFREF, to establish PA cutoff points and enable their application as a prognostic parameter in this population.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Sources of Funding</p>
        <p>The present study had no external sources of funding.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Study Association</p>
        <p>This manuscript is part of the final course work of the residency program presented to the Division of Nutrition, Pedro Ernesto University Hospital, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the certificate in Residency in Clinical Nutrition by Tathiana Carestiato Faria.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Pesquisa da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro under the protocol number 47828915.3.0000.5259. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Lavie CJ, Alpert MA, Arena R, Mehra MR, Milani RV, Ventura HO. Impact of obesity and the obesity paradox on prevalence and prognosis in heart failure. JACC Heart Fail. 2013;1(2):93-102. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2013.01.006.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lavie</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Castillo-Mart&#237;nez</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Orea-Tejeda</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asensio Lafuente</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Torres Villanueva</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rebollar Gonz&#225;lez</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Body composition and echocardiographic abnormalities associated to anemia and volume overload in heart failure patients</article-title>
          <source>Clin Nutr</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>746</fpage>
          <lpage>757</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.clnu.2006.01.009</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
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      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39 Silva-Tinoco R, Castillo-Mart&#237;nez L, Orea-Tejeda A, Orozco-Guti&#233;rrez JJ, V&#225;zquez-D&#237;az O, Monta&#241;o-Hern&#225;ndez P, et al. Developing thyroid disorders is associated with poor prognosis factors in patient with stable chronic heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2011;147(2):e24-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.01.012.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silva-Tinoco</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Castillo-Mart&#237;nez</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Orea-Tejeda</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Orozco-Guti&#233;rrez</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>V&#225;zquez-D&#237;az</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Monta&#241;o-Hern&#225;ndez</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Developing thyroid disorders is associated with poor prognosis factors in patient with stable chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
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          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.01.012</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca: Rela&#231;&#227;o entre Par&#226;metros Antropom&#233;tricos, Composi&#231;&#227;o Corporal e Integridade Celular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Tathiana Carestiato</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giannini</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gasparini</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Vasconcelos Fontana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Mourilhe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Denise Tavares Giannini</bold>. Rua Gustavo Cor&#231;&#227;o, 606 apto: 301. CEP: 22790-150, Recreio dos Bandeirantes, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>denisegiannini@uol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Faria TC, Giannini DT, Gasparini PVF, Rocha RM. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Faria TC. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Faria TC, Giannini DT, Gasparini PVF, Rocha RM. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Giannini DT. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Faria TC, Giannini DT, Gasparini PVF, Rocha RM. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Giannini DT, Gasparini PVF, Rocha RM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>O conhecimento do &#226;ngulo de fase e seu uso como determinante progn&#243;stico em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ainda &#233; escasso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre indicadores antropom&#233;tricos, fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e integridade celular em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal que avaliou pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida por meio da antropometria e da bioimped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica. Foram empregados os testes do Qui-quadrado e teste t de student para analisar as diferen&#231;as e a correla&#231;&#227;o linear de Pearson para avaliar associa&#231;&#227;o, adotando p &lt; 0,05 para indicar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados 41 indiv&#237;duos, com idade entre 30-74 anos, sendo 34 homens (82,9%). O &#226;ngulo de fase mostrou-se com maior m&#233;dia entre as mulheres (7,1&#176;), por&#233;m houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os sexos apenas para as m&#233;dias do percentual de gordura. O &#226;ngulo de fase correlacionou-se com o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (r = 0,44; p = 0,004) e houve uma tend&#234;ncia na correla&#231;&#227;o do &#226;ngulo de fase com a raz&#227;o cintura/estatura (r = 0,29; p = 0,06) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (r = 0,29; p = 0,07).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>O &#226;ngulo de fase apresentou boa correla&#231;&#227;o com o &#237;ndice de massa corporal e mostrou uma tend&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, sustentando o paradoxo da obesidade e a import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica deste marcador. Ressalta-se ainda, a necessidade de novos estudos sobre a aplicabilidade do &#226;ngulo de fase no progn&#243;stico nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Composi&#231;&#227;o Corporal</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) e a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), s&#227;o causas frequentes da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), e t&#234;m como importante fator de risco a obesidade, a qual provoca numerosos efeitos adversos &#224; sa&#250;de em geral e, particularmente, &#224; sa&#250;de cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Segundo a <italic>International Diabetes Federation</italic> (IDF),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> apesar de o aumento do &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) levar a tais condi&#231;&#245;es, &#233; o excesso de gordura corporal no abd&#244;men, medido pela circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC), o principal indicativo de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Assim, a gordura corporal central &#233; cada vez mais reconhecida como um fator de risco independente para doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em contrapartida, na IC j&#225; estabelecida, o excesso de peso leve a moderado est&#225; associado a uma melhoria substancial da sobrevida em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes eutr&#243;ficos, sendo este fen&#244;meno denominado "paradoxo da obesidade".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Diversas teorias podem explicar este paradoxo, dentre elas, sabe-se que o excesso de tecido adiposo proporciona maiores reservas contra as altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas associadas ao processo da doen&#231;a e que podem levar &#224; caquexia card&#237;aca. A caquexia card&#237;aca &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome que envolve a perda progressiva de peso e altera&#231;&#245;es na composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, carregando um progn&#243;stico devastador em pacientes com IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Somado a isso, a maioria dos dados relativos a esse paradoxo identifica obesidade pelo IMC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> que embora seja o m&#233;todo mais comumente utilizado na avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional, n&#227;o reflete claramente a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal do indiv&#237;duo, e tem sensibilidade relativamente baixa para predizer excesso de gordura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Dessa forma, diversos outros m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional podem ser utilizados, tais como densitometria por dupla emiss&#227;o de raios-X (DEXA) e tomografia computadorizada (TC), os quais s&#227;o mais precisos, por&#233;m dispendiosos e complexos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Na indisponibilidade desses m&#233;todos mais recomendados, algumas medidas e &#237;ndices antropom&#233;tricos parecem ser uma boa alternativa para determina&#231;&#227;o da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal. Neste contexto, al&#233;m da CC, o &#237;ndice de conicidade (&#205;ndice C), proposto pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) para avalia&#231;&#227;o da obesidade e distribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal, ganha igual destaque.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Ainda, a rela&#231;&#227;o cintura/estatura (RCE), que fundamenta-se na hip&#243;tese de que para determinada estatura h&#225; um grau aceit&#225;vel de gordura armazenada na por&#231;&#227;o superior do corpo, tamb&#233;m apresenta boa rela&#231;&#227;o com a gordura central.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A bioimped&#226;ncia el&#233;trica (BIA) tamb&#233;m tem sido amplamente utilizada, sobretudo pela alta velocidade no processamento das informa&#231;&#245;es, por ser um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo, pr&#225;tico e relativamente barato. A BIA fornece estimativas por equa&#231;&#245;es derivadas sobre os componentes de massa livre de gordura e gordura corporal, al&#233;m do &#226;ngulo de fase (AF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outro fator a ser avaliado nesses pacientes, devido a sua import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica &#233; a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE). Sua redu&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associada &#224; menor sobrevida, de forma que, a distin&#231;&#227;o entre aqueles pacientes com IC e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFER) ou normal, se faz cada vez mais necess&#225;ria, devido &#224;s diferentes manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e formas de tratamento aplicadas a cada caso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Deste modo, a avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com ICFER por m&#233;todos que determinem n&#227;o s&#243; a gordura total, como tamb&#233;m a gordura central, &#233; de extrema relev&#226;ncia devido &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o existente entre obesidade e altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. Al&#233;m disso, a aplicabilidade do AF na IC ainda n&#227;o &#233; bem delineada pela literatura atual.</p>
        <p>Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre indicadores antropom&#233;tricos, fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e integridade celular em pacientes com ICFER.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal, onde foram avaliados pacientes acompanhados no Ambulat&#243;rio de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto (HUPE).</p>
        <p>A amostra foi determinada por conveni&#234;ncia, sendo considerados eleg&#237;veis pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de ICFER, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 18 e 74 anos. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: pacientes com evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de edema e ascite, pacientes amputados, e pacientes com uso de marcapasso. Pacientes com IMC &lt; 16 kg/m<sup>2</sup> ou &gt; 34 kg/m<sup>2</sup> tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos, devido &#224; maioria das equa&#231;&#245;es de estimativa de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal pela BIA n&#227;o predizer a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal de forma confi&#225;vel a partir desses valores de IMC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos aqueles que n&#227;o seguiram o protocolo de padroniza&#231;&#227;o para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da BIA e aqueles cujo resultado da BIA demonstrou &#225;gua extracelular maior que a &#225;gua intracelular, indicando algum desequil&#237;brio h&#237;drico n&#227;o identificado ao exame f&#237;sico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> bem como pacientes com ecocardiograma realizado com intervalo maior que um ano em rela&#231;&#227;o a data da avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis avaliadas foram: sexo, idade, valores de FEVE obtidos pelo ecocardiograma, etiologia da doen&#231;a, classe funcional empregando a classifica&#231;&#227;o de <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> comorbidades associadas, realiza&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRVM), troca valvar (TV) ou implante de <italic>stent</italic>, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) pr&#233;vio; al&#233;m das medidas antropom&#233;tricas de massa corporal (kg), estatura (m), CC (cm), IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), RCE e &#205;ndice C, realizadas por um &#250;nico avaliador treinado.</p>
        <p>A massa corporal foi aferida com aux&#237;lio de balan&#231;a m&#233;dica antropom&#233;trica digital (Welmy&#174;) com capacidade m&#225;xima de 200 kg e subdivis&#245;es a cada 100 gramas. A estatura foi obtida com o auxilio de estadi&#244;metro standard (Sanny&#174;) de precis&#227;o de 0,1 cm com capacidade de verifica&#231;&#227;o at&#233; 220 cm, acoplado &#224; parede. As aferi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas de acordo com a t&#233;cnica proposta por Lohman et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A CC foi aferida e avaliada por uma fita inextens&#237;vel graduada em cent&#237;metros e mil&#237;metros conforme os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pela IDF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> dividindo-se os pacientes em grupos com CC &#8805; 80 cm e &lt; 80 cm para mulheres e &#8805; 90 cm e &lt; 90 cm para homens.</p>
        <p>A RCE foi calculada dividindo-se a CC (cm) pela estatura (cm), e os pontos de corte utilizados foram 0,52 para homens e 0,53 para mulheres. O &#237;ndice C foi obtido pela equa&#231;&#227;o matem&#225;tica proposta por Valdez,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e os pontos de corte utilizados foram 1,25 e 1,18 para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Os pontos de corte da RCE e do &#237;ndice C, indicativos de risco coronariano elevado, foram baseados no estudo de Pitanga e Lessa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico nutricional foi determinado segundo o IMC adquirido pela raz&#227;o entre a massa corporal e o quadrado da estatura. Sua classifica&#231;&#227;o seguiu o proposto pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e da integridade celular foi realizada por BIA utilizando-se aparelho tetra polar da marca Biodynamics&#174; modelo 450, seguindo os crit&#233;rios definidos pela Associa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica Brasileira.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Foram utilizados no estudo os valores de AF e percentual de gordura corporal (%GC) obtidos no exame. Para classifica&#231;&#227;o do %GC, foram utilizados os pontos de corte de 25% para homens e 32% para mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o sob o protocolo n&#186; 47828915.3.0000.5259. Todos os pacientes foram previamente informados sobre a finalidade da pesquisa, participando como volunt&#225;rios e assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido antes da sua inclus&#227;o no estudo.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis foram testadas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sua normalidade pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra utilizou-se a estat&#237;stica descritiva. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (&#177; DP); o teste t de Student foi usado para an&#225;lise das diferen&#231;as das amostras independentes, e a correla&#231;&#227;o linear de Pearson para verificar as correla&#231;&#245;es entre elas. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em percentual e utilizou-se o teste Qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher para avaliar suas associa&#231;&#245;es. Os dados foram analisados pelo software STATA 14 e o valor de <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05 foi adotado para indicar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>O presente estudo avaliou 41 indiv&#237;duos de ambos os sexos, sendo a maioria (n = 34; 82,9%) do sexo masculino e a m&#233;dia de idade foi de 61 &#177; 10,8 anos.</p>
        <p>A comorbidade mais presente na popula&#231;&#227;o foi a HAS (n = 33, 80,5%), seguida da DM (n = 21; 51,2%), doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) (n = 3; 7,3%) e doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC) (n = 3; 7,3%).</p>
        <p>A classe funcional da IC de maior preval&#234;ncia foi a de NYHA I (n = 18; 43,9%). Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; etiologia da doen&#231;a, 34,1% (n = 14) era de origem isqu&#234;mica. Um total de 18 pacientes (43,9%) j&#225; havia tido IAM pr&#233;vio e 14,6% (n = 6), 9,8% (n = 4) e 21,9% (n = 9) j&#225; havia realizado CRVM, TV ou implante de <italic>stent</italic>, respectivamente. Ao se comparar as caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada por sexo, observa-se que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa entre os mesmos, exceto para a presen&#231;a de DM, comorbidade com maior preval&#234;ncia entre as mulheres (n = 6; 85,7%) em compara&#231;&#227;o com os homens (n = 15; 44,1%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comorbidades, etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional do New York Heart Association, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e cirurgias pr&#233;vios da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, por sexo (n = 41)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Masculino (n = 34)</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Feminino (n = 7)</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Total (n = 41)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p-valor<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n(%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n(%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HAS</td>
                <td align="center">27 (79,4)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (85,7)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (80,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DM</td>
                <td align="center">15 (44,1)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (85,7)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (51,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DRC</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (14,3)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DPOC</td>
                <td align="center">3 (8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Etiologia da IC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">12 (35,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (28,6)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (34,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">22 (64,7)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (71,4)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (65,9)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>CF (NYHA)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I</td>
                <td align="center">16 (47,1)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (28,6)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (43,9)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">II</td>
                <td align="center">11 (32,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (28,6)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (31,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III</td>
                <td align="center">7 (20,6)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (28,6)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (22,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IV</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (14,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,4)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>IAM</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">16 (47,1)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (28,6)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (43,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">18 (52,9)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (71,4)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (56,1)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Cirurgia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CRVM</td>
                <td align="center">6 (17,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (14,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TV</td>
                <td align="center">3 (8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (14,3)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (9,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Implante de stent</td>
                <td align="center">8 (23,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (14,3)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (21,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p-valor quando comparados homens e mulheres. HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes mellitus; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; CF: classe funcional; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; CRVM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; TV: troca valvar.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas, houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os sexos apenas para o %GC, onde os homens apresentaram m&#233;dia de 27,2% e as mulheres 35,8%. O AF obtido pela BIA mostrou-se com maior m&#233;dia entre as mulheres (7,1&#186; &#177; 1,4), assim como a FEVE (37,4%), por&#233;m sem apresentar diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e antropom&#233;tricas da popula&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e antropom&#233;tricas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, por sexo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Masculino (n = 34)</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Feminino (n = 7)</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Total (n = 41)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p-valor<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">M&#233;dia (&#177;DP)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">M&#233;dia (&#177;DP)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">M&#233;dia (&#177;DP)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">60,5 (11,3)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (8,7)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (10,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">26,4 (3,4)</td>
                <td align="center">26,5 (4,8)</td>
                <td align="center">26,4 (3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CC (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">96,8 (11,4)</td>
                <td align="center">93,6 (13,0)</td>
                <td align="center">96,3 (11,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RCE</td>
                <td align="center">0,57 (0,06)</td>
                <td align="center">0,61 (0,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,57 (0,07)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice C</td>
                <td align="center">1,32 (0,09)</td>
                <td align="center">1,35 (0,08)</td>
                <td align="center">1,32 (0,09)</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">%GC</td>
                <td align="center">27,2 (4,3)</td>
                <td align="center">35,8 (4,6)</td>
                <td align="center">28,7 (5,4)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AF (&#186;)</td>
                <td align="center">6,7 (1,0)</td>
                <td align="center">7,1 (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">6,8 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">34,5 (8,6)</td>
                <td align="center">37,4 (7,3)</td>
                <td align="center">35,0 (8,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p-valor quando comparados homens e mulheres. DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; &#205;ndice C: &#237;ndice de conicidade; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura; RCE: rela&#231;&#227;o cintura/estatura; %GC: percentual de gordura corporal; AF: &#226;ngulo de fase; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A m&#233;dia do IMC foi de 26,4 &#177; 3,6 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>, sendo semelhante entre homens (26,4 &#177; 3,4 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e mulheres (26,5 &#177; 4,8 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>). A maioria dos indiv&#237;duos (41,5%) apresentou sobrepeso de acordo com o IMC, seguido de eutr&#243;ficos (39,0%) e pacientes obesos (19,5%).</p>
        <p>Os indicadores antropom&#233;tricos de obesidade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>) mostraram que 61,8% dos homens e 57,1% das mulheres apresentavam excesso de peso segundo o IMC, e o &#237;ndice C mostrou que 100% das mulheres e 91,2% dos homens encontravam-se com risco aumentado, totalizando 92,7% da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Para a CC, o risco aumentado prevaleceu em 82,4% dos homens e 85,7% das mulheres. Na popula&#231;&#227;o masculina, 76,5% apresentaram RCE aumentada. Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao %GC, 67,7% e 71,4% dos homens e mulheres, respectivamente, encontraram-se na faixa de obesidade. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os sexos para todos os indicadores estudados.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Indicadores antropom&#233;tricos de obesidade na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, por sexo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Masculino</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Feminino</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Total</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p-valor<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n(%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n(%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>IMC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Eutrofia</td>
                <td align="center">13 (38,2)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (42,9)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (39,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Excesso de peso</td>
                <td align="center">21 (61,8)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (57,1)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (61,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>&#205;ndice C</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">3 (8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aumentado</td>
                <td align="center">31 (91,2)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (100,0)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (92,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>CC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">6 (17,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (14,3)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (17,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aumentado</td>
                <td align="center">28 (82,4)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (85,7)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (82,9)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>RCE</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">8 (23,5)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (28,6)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (24,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aumentado</td>
                <td align="center">26 (76,5)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (71,4)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (75,6)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>%GC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">11 (32,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (28,6)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (31,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">23 (67,7)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (71,4)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (68,3)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p-valor quando comparados homens e mulheres. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; &#205;ndice C: &#237;ndice de conicidade; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura; RCE: rela&#231;&#227;o cintura/estatura; %GC: percentual de gordura corporal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref> apresenta a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os indicadores antropom&#233;tricos de obesidade, AF e FEVE da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. O IMC apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e significativa com o &#205;ndice C, CC, RCE, %GC e AF; o &#205;ndice C apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e significativa com a CC, RCE e %GC; verificou-se ainda correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e significativa da CC com o %GC e RCE e deste com o %GC. As correla&#231;&#245;es mais fortes foram encontradas entre o IMC com CC (r = 0,84) e RCE (r = 0,83); do &#237;ndice C com a CC (r = 0,80) e RCE (r = 0,81); e entre a CC e RCE (r = 0,85). No que se refere ao AF, al&#233;m da correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com o IMC, esta vari&#225;vel tamb&#233;m apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o marginal, com a RCE (r = 0,29; p = 0,06) e a FEVE (r = 0,29; p = 0,07).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre os indicadores antropom&#233;tricos de obesidade, &#226;ngulo de fase e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">IMC</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">&#205;ndice C</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">CC</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">RCEst</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%GC</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">AF</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice C</td>
                <td align="center">(0,46)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">p-valor</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CC</td>
                <td align="center">(0,84)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,80)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">p-valor</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RCEst</td>
                <td align="center">(0,83)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,81)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,85)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">p-valor</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">%GC</td>
                <td align="center">(0,36)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,38)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,32)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,53)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">p-valor</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AF</td>
                <td align="center">(0,44)</td>
                <td align="center">(-0,01)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,22)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,29)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,06)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">p-valor</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE</td>
                <td align="center">(0,17)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,12)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,15)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,17)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,23)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,29)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">p-valor</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
                <td align="center">0,47</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; &#205;ndice C: &#237;ndice de conicidade; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura; RCE: rela&#231;&#227;o cintura/estatura; %GC: percentual de gordura corporal; AF: &#226;ngulo de fase; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Alguns estudos t&#234;m demonstrado rela&#231;&#227;o do excesso de gordura com hipertrofia e remodelamento exc&#234;ntrico e conc&#234;ntrico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica seguida da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica a longo prazo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> demonstrando a influ&#234;ncia direta da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal no sistema cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Nesse contexto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, pois o diagn&#243;stico precoce da obesidade e a adequada interven&#231;&#227;o ajudam a melhorar a qualidade de vida do paciente e evitam agravos &#224; sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Born&#233; et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> investigaram 26 653 indiv&#237;duos com idade entre 45-73 anos e os resultados mostraram que elevados valores de IMC, CC e %GC aumentam o risco de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC, e que a exposi&#231;&#227;o conjunta do IMC e CC elevados aumentou ainda mais o risco.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao IMC avaliado neste estudo, sua m&#233;dia foi de 26,4 &#177; 3,6 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> e a maioria (41,5%) dos indiv&#237;duos estudados encontrava-se com sobrepeso. Gastelurrutia et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> avaliaram pacientes com ICFER e ICFEN e identificaram que 42% tinham sobrepeso e 27% eram obesos. Embora no campo epidemiol&#243;gico se utilizem os valores de IMC como importante indicador de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, sua interpreta&#231;&#227;o no contexto individual deve ser feita com cautela.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Diferentemente da popula&#231;&#227;o geral, entre pacientes com IC observa-se associa&#231;&#227;o inversa do IMC com mortalidade e reinterna&#231;&#227;o, em que maiores valores do IMC correlacionam-se de modo negativo com pior progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> No entanto, alguns estudos mostram que pacientes com IC devem ser avaliados n&#227;o somente por esse &#237;ndice, mas tamb&#233;m por outras vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas, para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos compartimentos corporais e obesidade central.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Atualmente, a BIA tem sido validada para estimar a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e o estado nutricional de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, e em diversas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, como desnutri&#231;&#227;o e doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Nesse contexto, discute-se a validade de sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com IC, j&#225; que esse m&#233;todo &#233; influenciado pela quantidade de fluidos corporais, n&#227;o sendo apropriado em situa&#231;&#245;es de hidrata&#231;&#227;o anormal dos tecidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> De tal forma, no presente estudo, foram utilizados crit&#233;rios de padroniza&#231;&#227;o para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da BIA, excluindo sujeitos com anormalidades de hidrata&#231;&#227;o, mantendo somente pacientes est&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Assim, de acordo com a avalia&#231;&#227;o do %GC por este m&#233;todo, 67,7% dos homens e 71,4% das mulheres, foram identificados como obesos, sendo a maioria (68,3%) da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
        <p>J&#225; os indicadores de obesidade central est&#227;o relacionados positivamente com quantidade de tecido adiposo visceral e dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Os indiv&#237;duos deste estudo apresentaram excesso de gordura central em rela&#231;&#227;o a todos os indicadores estudados (CC, &#205;ndice C e RCE). Dados semelhantes s&#227;o encontrados no trabalho de Quirino et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> que mostrou m&#233;dias de CC e RCE, para ambos os sexos, superiores ao recomendando.</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; an&#225;lise de associa&#231;&#245;es existentes entre vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas, Gomes et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> observaram correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e significativa entre IMC e CC. Colombo et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> mostraram que o IMC apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e significativa com o %GC, obtido a partir da soma das dobras cut&#226;neas, e ambos IMC e %GC com a CC. Tais correla&#231;&#245;es tamb&#233;m ocorreram no presente estudo.</p>
        <p>Lobato et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> al&#233;m de encontrarem correla&#231;&#245;es entre o IMC e a CC, viram que CC apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e significativa com RCE e &#237;ndice C, e que tamb&#233;m ocorreu correla&#231;&#227;o positiva e significativa entre os dois &#250;ltimos. Mendes et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> ao estudarem pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de diabetes mellitus (DM), obesidade e/ou HAS, viram que o IMC apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com o %GC (p &lt; 0,001) e &#237;ndice C (p = 0,009).</p>
        <p>Estudos que avaliam o &#237;ndice C e a RCE como preditores de risco coronariano v&#234;m sendo realizados na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, e demonstram a import&#226;ncia desses &#237;ndices na avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica do paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Por meio da BIA, obteve-se tamb&#233;m o valor de AF, ferramenta de diagn&#243;stico nutricional cada vez mais utilizada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, que apresentou m&#233;dia de 6,8&#186; &#177; 1,1 entre os pacientes estudados, sendo maior na popula&#231;&#227;o feminina (7,1&#186; &#177; 1,4), por&#233;m sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os sexos. Seus valores em um indiv&#237;duo saud&#225;vel podem variar de 4 a 10 graus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Quando aumentado, pode associar-se &#224; maior quantidade de membranas celulares intactas indicando adequado estado de sa&#250;de, enquanto que valores mais baixos indicam exist&#234;ncia ou agravamento da doen&#231;a e morte celular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Para pacientes enfermos, seu ponto de corte diferencia-se entre as doen&#231;as. Em pacientes infectados pelo HIV, um AF menor que 5,3&#186; associou-se com um progn&#243;stico desfavor&#225;vel,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> enquanto que aqueles com c&#226;ncer avan&#231;ado obtiveram uma menor sobrevida quando seus valores foram inferiores a 4,4&#186;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; IC, Col&#237;n-Ram&#237;rez et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> estudaram uma coorte da cidade do M&#233;xico com 389 pacientes com a doen&#231;a e demonstraram que o AF &#233; um bom indicador de progn&#243;stico, sendo que um valor inferior a 4,2&#186; associou-se de modo mais forte com mortalidade, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para idade, n&#237;veis de hemoglobina s&#233;rica e presen&#231;a de DM. Outro estudo encontrou que houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa dos valores de AF em pacientes com IC, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos controles saud&#225;veis (5,5&#186; <italic>vs</italic>. 6,4&#186;).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Col&#237;n-Ram&#237;rez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>, demonstraram a import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica do AF em portadores de IC, e apontaram que um menor valor do AF associou-se com marcadores de desnutri&#231;&#227;o, como a diminui&#231;&#227;o do IMC, al&#233;m de piora da classe funcional e fal&#234;ncia renal.</p>
        <p>Orea-Tejeda et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> associaram um menor AF (4,32&#186;) a altera&#231;&#245;es na taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular e n&#237;veis de troponina card&#237;aca T. Mart&#237;nez et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> mostraram que um AF menor foi acompanhado de uma piora da classe funcional (III a IV), mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para idade e sexo, e que seu valor foi significativamente menor em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada. Avaliando indiv&#237;duos com IC sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, Col&#237;n-Ram&#237;rez et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> observaram que aqueles com sobrecarga de volume associada &#224; anemia tinham redu&#231;&#227;o do valor de AF, e Silva-Tinoco et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> associaram esta redu&#231;&#227;o &#224; dist&#250;rbios tireoidianos.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, o AF apresentou uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com o IMC e uma correla&#231;&#227;o com signific&#226;ncia marginal entre ele e a RCE e a FEVE. Desta forma, quanto maior o IMC e RCE, maior o AF, demonstrando que o excesso de peso e gordura corporal poderia ser um fator protetor para pacientes com IC, fortalecendo o que &#233; visto em estudos sobre o paradoxo da obesidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre FEVE e AF sustenta a viabilidade deste &#250;ltimo ser usado como um indicador progn&#243;stico da IC.</p>
        <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo diz respeito ao tamanho da amostra, uma vez que um tamanho amostral maior poderia fortalecer as correla&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis e gerar resultados mais categ&#243;ricos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Assim, conclui-se que a maioria da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada apresentou excesso de gordura total e central e que existe correla&#231;&#227;o entre o IMC e o &#237;ndice C com a CC e RCE, e desta com a CC. Al&#233;m disso, houve tend&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o da RCE e FEVE com o AF, e correla&#231;&#227;o deste com o IMC. Desta forma, demonstra-se a possibilidade de um paradoxo da obesidade e a necessidade de mais estudos para esclarecer a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do AF em pacientes com ICFER, possibilitando, assim, o estabelecimento de um ponto de corte do AF e seu emprego como um par&#226;metro de avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo representa parte do Trabalho de Conclus&#227;o de Resid&#234;ncia apresentado &#224; Divis&#227;o de Nutri&#231;&#227;o do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto para obten&#231;&#227;o do certificado de Resid&#234;ncia em Nutri&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica de Tathiana Carestiato Faria.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 47828915.3.0000.5259. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
