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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">BkmDTXDy7pZ3jk54bC5W4dd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000300218</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S2359-56472018005001106</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20180014</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Correlation Between the Complexity of Coronary Lesions and High-Sensitivity Troponin Levels in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Monique Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Delcio Gon&#231;alves da</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo Moreira da</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Campo Grande</city>
            <state>MS</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Monique Rodrigues Cardoso</bold>. Rua N&#225;utico, n&#250;mero 112, bloco A2, apto 13. Postal code: 79112-205, Panam&#225;, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, MS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>cardoso_monique@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Cardoso MR, Silva Junior DG. Acquisition of data: Cardoso MR, Ribeiro EA, Rocha Neto AM. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Cardoso MR, Silva Junior DG, Ribeiro EA, Rocha Neto AM. Statistical analysis: Cardoso MR, Silva Junior DG. Writing of the manuscript: Cardoso MR. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Silva Junior DG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>218</fpage>
      <lpage>225</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in Brazil. Biochemical markers have diagnostic and prognostic importance in acute coronary syndromes (ACSs), with troponin as the preferred biomarker. Studies have already demonstrated a positive relationship between increased levels of high-sensitivity troponin (hsTn) and prognosis. However, few studies have correlated hsTn levels with the complexity of coronary lesions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To compare hsTn levels with the complexity of coronary lesions according to the SYNTAX score, and to correlate the levels of this biomarker with the TIMI and GRACE scores in patients with ACS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Retrospective, cross-sectional study with 174 patients with ACS. The correlation between variables was assessed by the nonparametric Spearman's rank correlation, and statistical analysis was performed by the SPSS program, with a significance level of 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Mean age was 63 years, and most patients were women (52.9%), hypertensive, non-diabetic and non-smokers. Nineteen percent of the patients had STEMI, 43.1% NSTEMI, and 36.8% unstable angina. Most were in Killip 1 (82.8%). Median hsTn was 67 pg/mL. Median risk scores were 3, 121 and 3 in the TIMI, GRACE and SYNTAX scores, respectively. There was a correlation of hsTn with SYNTAX (p &lt;0.001, r = 0.440), TIMI (p &lt; 0.001, r = 0.267) and GRACE (p = 0.001, r = 0.261) scores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>A positive linear correlation was found of hsTn levels with the complexity of coronary lesions, and with the TIMI and GRACE clinical scores.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Troponin</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases / Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization / Economy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main cause of death in Brazil, generating high costs of hospitalizations every year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> According to the World Health Organization, there were 214.2 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants from CVDs in Brazil in 2012, with higher prevalence among men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the main causes of death and disability worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> According to the third international definition of AMI, published in 2012, AMI occurs when there is evidence of myocardial necrosis in a clinical context of acute myocardial ischemia.</p>
      <p>The importance of biochemical markers in both diagnosis and prognosis of acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) has been well documented.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Cardiac troponin has been considered the best biomarker for AMI diagnosis since 2000, when a redefinition of myocardial infarction was published.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> High-sensitivity troponin (hsTn) assay, as compared with the first generations of troponin assays, shows higher analytical sensitivity enabling precise quantification of low troponin concentrations. Therefore, hsTn can exclude AMI earlier than other less sensitive, conventional markers. However, its indiscriminate use may lead to false positive results while contributing with few additional cases of ischemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Prognostic evaluation of ACSs includes clinical, laboratory and anatomical criteria. One of the anatomical criteria is the SYNTAX score, which has been established to evaluate the complexity of coronary lesions diagnosed by coronary angiography. SYNTAX score is a comprehensive angiographic rating system derived from anatomical features and coronary lesion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Several studies have consistently demonstrated a positive relationship between increased hsTn and the prognosis of patients with ACSs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Nevertheless, few studies have evaluated the relationship between hsTn and the complexity of angiographic coronary lesions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In light of this, the aim of the present study was to correlate hsTn levels with the complexity of coronary lesions according to the SYNTAX score in patients admitted for ACSs. Considering the prognostic value of this biomarker, we will also compare this hsTn levels with previously validated risk scores, the GRACE and TIMI scores. </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, analytical study using convenience sampling, and collection of secondary data from medical records. From January to June 2013, 211 patients with suspicion of ACS (AMI and unstable angina) were admitted to the emergency department of Maria Aparecida Pedrossian University Hospital. Among these patients, 174 had the diagnostic confirmed and underwent coronary angiography during hospitalization, and hence considered eligible for the study.</p>
      <p>The myocardial necrosis markers and respective reference values used in this institution are: hsTn &gt; 14 pg/mL and CKMB (mass) &gt; 3.8 ng/mL in women and 6.7 ng/mL in men. Patients' highest troponin levels were considered for the analysis of correlation between troponin and lesion complexity. For the diagnosis of unstable angina, we considered: pain or discomfort in the chest, epigastrium, mandible, shoulder, back or upper limbs, with onset at rest, and of early or progressive onset.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Anatomical complexity of coronary lesions was classified by the SYNTAX score, using a validated calculator available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.syntaxscore.com">http://www.syntaxscore.com</ext-link>. The score evaluates the number, localization, extension and morphology of lesions. Patients with scores lower than 22 were considered at low risk, patients with scores from 23 to 32 were considered at moderate risk, and those with scores higher than 32 were considered at high risk. All tests were revised and the score rated by the same experienced hemodynamic technician.</p>
      <p>TIMI and GRACE clinical scores were used for risk stratification of the included patients. GRACE score was calculated using the electronic calculator available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.outcomes-umassmed.org/GRACE/acs_risk/acs_risk_content.html">http://www.outcomes-umassmed.org/GRACE/acs_risk/acs_risk_content.html</ext-link>. Patients with a score lower than 109 were considered at low risk; patients with a score between 109 and 140 were considered at intermediate risk, and those with scores higher than 140 were considered at high cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p>Patients were considered diabetic if they met one of the following criteria, according to the Brazilian Diabetes Society Guidelines:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> previous diagnosis of the disease and use of glucose-lowering agents; patients without a previous diagnosis of the disease with fasting glucose levels equal to or greater than 126 mg/dL, plasma glucose level after a 75 g glucose load equal to or greater than 200 mg/dL, casual glucose level equal to or greater than 200 mg/dL associated with classical symptoms (polyuria, polydipsia, unexplained weight loss), or glycated hemoglobin levels higher than 6.5%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Patients who reported smoking a cigarette in the year prior to the study, and those who had quit smoking less than 30 days were considered smokers.</p>
      <p>Inclusion criteria were: patients older than 18 years with a confirmed diagnosis of ACS according to the Third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Patients who had not undergone a coronary angiography during hospitalization were excluded from the study.</p>
      <p>The study was approved by the research ethics committee of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (approval number 51783415.1.0000.0021).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Linear correlations of hsTn levels with TIMI, GRACE and SYNTAX scores were assessed by the nonparametric Spearman correlation coefficient, since the data did not pass the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality. The other results were described using descriptive statistics or in tables and graphics. Quantitative variables were expressed as median and interquartile range, and categorical variables as relative and absolute frequency. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software version 24.0, and statistical significance was set at 5%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <p>- Small number of patients;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Some of the medical records data were missing, which made the exact calculation of the GRACE and TIMI prognostic score impossible; data of family history were also missing in 35.6% of the medical records. Most medical records did not contain patients' body weight or time of symptom onset, which were required for TIMI calculation in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). No patient was rated because of missing body weight, since, from our experience, for most patients, body weight must have been greater than 67 kg. However, all patients were rated for 'time of symptom onset', since due to a failure in the city's control system, most patients have been suffering pain for more than 4 hours when admitted to the service. For this reason, some patients may have received a score higher than they actually had, since some characteristics may have not been properly rated.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Patients with previous myocardial revascularization were not included in the analysis using the SYNTAX score, since this instrument does not consider the history of bypass.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Lack of standardization in the time of blood collection for troponin measurement, as well as lack of some measurements due to structural and operational problems of the service. This limitation may have influenced the detection of the peak concentration of this biomarker.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Patients' age varied from 37 to 92 years, and most patients were women, hypertensive, non-diabetic and non-smokers. Only 20.7% (n = 36) of patients had a positive history of CAD. Forty percent of the patients used acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) at the moment of the event, and most of them reported episodes of severe angina, without ST-segment depression in electrocardiography. Electrocardiographic changes other than ST-segment elevation or depression were not considered for analyses.</p>
      <p>Of the 174 patients evaluated, 19.0% (n = 33) had the diagnosis of STEMI, 43.1% (n = 75) had non ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (non-STEMI), and 36.8% (n = 64) had unstable angina. Most patients were in Killip class I at admission. These results and the distribution of patients by history of diseases and Killip classification are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Age, history of diseases and Killip classification in patients diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome, who underwent cardiac catheterization</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Variable</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Median (IQR) or % (n)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">63.5 (16.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sex</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">52.9 (92)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">47.1 (82)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SAH</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">11.5 (20)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">88.5 (154)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes Mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">60.3 (105)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">39.7 (69)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">81.0 (141)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">19.0 (33)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">56.3 (98)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">43.1 (75)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Missing information</td>
              <td align="center">0.6 (1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unstable angina</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">62.6 (109)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">36.8 (64)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Missing information</td>
              <td align="center">0.6 (1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">66.7 (116)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">25.3 (44)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Missing information</td>
              <td align="center">8.0 (14)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">43.7 (76)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">20.7 (36)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Missing information</td>
              <td align="center">35.6 (62)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ASA</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">47.1 (82)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">42.5 (74)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Missing information</td>
              <td align="center">10.3 (18)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Severe angina</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">19.0 (33)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">78.2 (136)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Missing information</td>
              <td align="center">2.9 (5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ST depression</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">86.8 (151)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">6.9 (12)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Missing information</td>
              <td align="center">6.3 (11)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Killip</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1</td>
              <td align="center">82.8 (144)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2</td>
              <td align="center">15.5 (27)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">3</td>
              <td align="center">1.7 (3)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>IQR: Interquartile range; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; ST: ST-segment.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Results of quantitative clinical variables (vital data, biochemical and risk parameters) are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. Median hsTn was 67 pg/mL.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Results of quantitative clinical variables (vital data, biochemical and risk parameters) in patients with acute coronary syndrome, who underwent cardiac catheterization </title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Variable</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Median (IQR)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart rate (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">80 (21)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">130 (33)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ejection fraction (%)</td>
              <td align="center">59 (21)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">181 (72)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">133 (68)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">43 (18)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">106 (68)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">127 (86)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Troponin (pg/mL)</td>
              <td align="center">67 (38)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CRP</td>
              <td align="center">7 (16)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Killip (points)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TIMI (points)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GRACE (points)</td>
              <td align="center">121 (43)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SYNTAX (points)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (12)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>IQR: Interquartile range; SBP: systolic blood pressure; CRP: C-reactive protein; HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL: low density lipoprotein.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>There was a significant moderate, positive linear correlation between hsTn levels and SYNTAX score (p &lt; 0.001, r = 0.440) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). In addition, a significant but weak positive linear correlation was found of hsTn levels with TIMI score (p &lt; 0.001, r = 0.267), and GRACE score (p = 0.001, r = 0.261) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>, respectively).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Scatter plot showing a significant moderate, positive linear correlation between high-sensitivity troponin levels and SYNTAX score. Each plot represents one patient. Dashed line represents the linear regression. P-value of Spearman rank correlation test, and &#8220;r&#8221; is the linear correlation coefficient.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-03-0218-80014-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Scatter plot showing a significant weak, positive linear correlation between high-sensitivity troponin levels and TIMI risk score. Each plot represents one patient. Dashed line represents the linear regression. P-value of Spearman rank correlation test, and &#8220;r&#8221; is the linear correlation coefficient.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-03-0218-80014-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Scatter plot showing a significant weak, positive linear correlation between high-sensitivity troponin levels and GRACE score. Each plot represents one patient. Dashed line represents the linear regression. P-value of Spearman rank correlation test, and &#8220;r&#8221; is the linear correlation coefficient.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-03-0218-80014-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The relationship between altered hsTn and the prognosis of ACS patients has been consistently demonstrated in previous studies. However, few studies have correlated hsTn levels with the complexity of coronary lesions in patients undergoing coronary angiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Similarly, few studies comparing troponin levels with well-established clinical prognostic scores, such as TIMI and GRACE, have been found in the literature.</p>
      <p>Our results indicate that there is a significant, positive moderate linear correlation of hsTn levels with the complexity of coronary lesions evaluated by the SYNTAX scoring system. These findings may be explained by the fact that zero point has been assigned to many patients (n = 65/174), and many patients have not been rated because of the history of myocardial revascularization in SYNTAX score. In contrast, although patients with STEMI were the minority (33/174), they showed higher severity, and consequently higher hsTn levels (mean 3.073 pg/dL). However, we also included patients with unstable angina, who did not show increased hsTn levels, which may have caused a decrease in the mean value. For these reasons, despite positive, the importance of this correlation may be questioned.</p>
      <p>In the study by Altun et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> involving 287 patients, a linear correlation of hsTn levels with the complexity of coronary lesions measured by the SYNTAX score was also reported, but with lower statistical power (r = 0.327) compared with our study (r = 0.440). The authors established a cut-off point for hsTn, above which the severity of coronary lesions was higher (high SYNTAX scores). This is a relevant conclusion, considering the high sensitivity of the troponin used in our study, and the possibility of increased hsTn levels in conditions other than ACSs, such as sepsis, stroke, among others.</p>
      <p>Although previous studies on the subject have compared troponin levels with the severity of coronary lesions, neither hsTn nor the SYNTAX score for evaluation of the severity of these lesions was used in these studies. One example was the Brazilian study by Faria RC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> The author compared the levels of troponin I with the severity of coronary lesions, which was measured by characteristics of the lesions in cardiac catheterization or changes in coronary circulation. In this study, although the author found no statistically significant correlation between increased troponin I levels and lesion severity or coronary circulation, the protein levels were correlated with a higher number of obstructive lesions and the presence of thrombus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In addition, in our study, hsTn levels were correlated with GRACE and TIMI clinical prognostic scores. The linear correlation between these parameters, despite weak, suggests a worse prognosis of patients with higher levels of this biomarker.</p>
      <p>Median GRACE and TIMI scores (121 and 3, respectively) found in our population indicated an intermediate risk in these patients, whose hsTn levels were 4 times the upper limit of normal range (cut-off point: 14 pg/dL).</p>
      <p>In a similar study by Biener et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> rising and falling changes of hsTn at admission were correlated with GRACE risk score, aiming to evaluate whether these changes would improve the prognostic performance of the score. The authors suggested that a GRACE score &#8805; 140 points and hsTn admission values above the 99th percentile are reliable indicators of adverse cardiovascular events in hospitalized patients with suspicious of ACS. Nevertheless, neither rising nor falling hsTn kinetic changes seemed to add prognostic information.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although we did not evaluate the presence of kinetic changes or the possibility of future cardiovascular events, we found slightly increased hsTn levels associated with intermediate GRACE score values. The linear relationship, despite weak, may also suggest a worse prognosis in these patients.</p>
      <p>With respect to TIMI score, we also found some studies that directly compared it with troponin. Gomes et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> for example, evaluated the relative contribution of hsTn to the final risk classification of patients with ACS without ST-segment elevation, previously evaluated by the TIMI score, and found that hsTn contributed to their reclassification to a higher risk. O&#180;Donoghue et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> after evaluating several biomarkers, concluded that troponin T was associated with higher TIMI scores. Although the authors did not use hsTn in their study, these data corroborate our findings.</p>
      <p>Therefore, there is a correlation between hsTn and the complexity of lesions quantified by the anatomical SYNTAX score in ACS patients, and a correlation of this biomarker with the prognostic clinical scores GRACE and TIMI. Thus, despite the limitations in blood collection for troponin measurements, and late admission of patients to the emergency department, troponin was shown to be a biomarker capable of predicting intermediate levels of risk score and higher complexity of coronary lesions, indicating a worse prognosis. Additional studies, including larger samples and the follow-up of future cardiovascular events, are needed to better evaluate and, if possible, to identify the cut-off point for hsTn, indicative of a worse prognosis.</p>
      <p>Although it was not the aim of the present study, LDL-cholesterol levels were not very increased, as the study population was classified as intermediate risk. Even with borderline cholesterol levels, patients had acute coronary event, which highlights the importance of other associated risk factors.</p>
      <p>In addition, although this parameter was not measured in the whole sample due to insufficient data, increased c-reactive protein levels were found in our population (reference value &lt; 5 mg/dL in our institution). This indicates a higher inflammation status, which has been well correlated with increased risk for acute coronary events.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The present study found a significant moderate positive liner correlation between hsTn levels and the complexity of coronary lesions evaluated by the SYNTAX score. Besides, a weak correlation was found between this biomarker and the TIMI and GRACE clinical prognostic scores.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of completion of course work (Residence in Cardiology) submitted by Monique Rodrigues Cardoso, from Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Correla&#231;&#227;o Entre a Complexidade das Les&#245;es Coronarianas e os N&#237;veis de Troponina Ultrassens&#237;vel em Pacientes com S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Monique Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Delcio Gon&#231;alves da</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Alfredo Moreira da</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Monique Rodrigues Cardoso.</bold> Rua N&#225;utico, n&#250;mero 112, bloco A2, apto 13. CEP: 79112-205, Panam&#225;, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, MS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>cardoso_monique@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Cardoso MR, Silva Junior DG. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Cardoso MR, Ribeiro EA, Rocha Neto AM. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Cardoso MR, Silva Junior DG, Ribeiro EA, Rocha Neto AM. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Cardoso MR, Silva Junior DG. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cardoso MR. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Silva Junior DG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o a principal causa de morte no Brasil. Marcadores bioqu&#237;micos possuem import&#226;ncia diagn&#243;stica e progn&#243;stica nas s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCAs), sendo a troponina o biomarcador preferido. Estudos j&#225; demonstram rela&#231;&#227;o positiva entre eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina ultrassens&#237;vel (TnUs) e progn&#243;stico. Entretanto, poucos relacionam seus n&#237;veis com a complexidade das les&#245;es coron&#225;rias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Comparar n&#237;veis de TnUs com a complexidade das les&#245;es coronarianas pelo escore SYNTAX e relacionar os escores TIMI e GRACE com os n&#237;veis desse biomarcador em pacientes com SCA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo retrospectivo, transversal com 174 indiv&#237;duos com SCA. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis foi avaliada pelo teste de correla&#231;&#227;o linear n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Spearman e a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica realizada pelo programa SPSS, com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A m&#233;dia de idade foi 63 anos, predominando o sexo feminino (52,9%). A maioria dos pacientes era hipertensa, n&#227;o diab&#233;tica e n&#227;o tabagista. Dos pacientes avaliados, 19,0% apresentaram IAM com SST, 43,1% IAM sem SST e 36,8% angina inst&#225;vel. A maioria encontrava-se em Killip 1 (82,8%). A mediana de TnUs foi de 67pg/ml. As medianas dos escores de risco foram de 3, 121 e 3 pontos nas escalas TIMI, GRACE e SYNTAX, respectivamente. Houve correla&#231;&#227;o da taxa de TnUs com os escores SYNTAX (p &lt; 0,001, r = 0,440), TIMI (p &lt; 0,001, r = 0,267) e GRACE (p = 0,001, r = 0,261).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Encontrada correla&#231;&#227;o linear positiva entre os n&#237;veis de TnUs e complexidade das les&#245;es coronarianas, assim como entre esse biomarcador e os escores cl&#237;nicos TIMI e GRACE.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Troponina</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares / Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o / Economia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCVs) s&#227;o a principal causa de morte no Brasil, gerando elevados custos com interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares anualmente. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de, em 2012, houve 214, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> mortes por 100 000 habitantes no Brasil decorrentes de DCVs, sendo maior a preval&#234;ncia em homens. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) &#233; uma das principais causas de morte e incapacidade em todo o mundo. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Segundo a terceira defini&#231;&#227;o universal de IAM, publicada em 2012, o IAM ocorre quando h&#225; evid&#234;ncia de necrose mioc&#225;rdica em um contexto cl&#237;nico compat&#237;vel com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica aguda.</p>
        <p>Marcadores bioqu&#237;micos possuem import&#226;ncia documentada tanto no diagn&#243;stico como no progn&#243;stico das S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas (SCAs). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A troponina card&#237;aca &#233; o biomarcador preferido para o diagn&#243;stico de IAM desde o ano 2000, quando foi publicado um consenso para redefini&#231;&#227;o do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A troponina ultrassens&#237;vel (TnUs), quando comparada com as primeiras gera&#231;&#245;es de troponina, possui sensibilidade anal&#237;tica superior, permitindo a quantifica&#231;&#227;o precisa de baixas concentra&#231;&#245;es. Assim, a TnUs possui potencial de descartar IAM de forma mais precoce que marcadores convencionais menos sens&#237;veis. Entretanto, seu uso indiscriminado pode levar a falsos positivos ao mesmo tempo em que detecta poucos casos adicionais de isquemia. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica das SCAs, est&#227;o inclu&#237;dos crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e anat&#244;micos. Dentre os crit&#233;rios anat&#244;micos, o escore de SYNTAX &#233; estabelecido para avaliar a complexidade das les&#245;es coron&#225;rias diagnosticadas pela cineangiocoronariografia. Trata-se de um sistema de pontua&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fico abrangente derivado a partir das caracter&#237;sticas da anatomia e da les&#227;o coronariana. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos j&#225; demonstram de forma consistente a rela&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a eleva&#231;&#227;o da TnUs e o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com SCA. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Entretanto, poucos relacionam os n&#237;veis dessa troponina e a complexidade das les&#245;es coron&#225;rias apresentadas na cineangiocoronariografia. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diante disso, o objetivo do presente trabalho &#233; correlacionar os n&#237;veis de TnUs dos pacientes admitidos com SCAs com a complexidade das les&#245;es coronarianas detectadas pelo SYNTAX escore. Considerando o valor progn&#243;stico desse biomarcador, tamb&#233;m iremos comparar seus n&#237;veis com escores cl&#237;nicos de risco j&#225; validados, como o GRACE e o TIMI.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo, transversal, anal&#237;tico, com amostragem de conveni&#234;ncia e coleta de dados secund&#225;rios a partir de informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis em prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos. No per&#237;odo de janeiro a junho de 2013, foram admitidos no pronto atendimento do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Maria Aparecida Pedrossian (HUMAP) 211 pacientes com suspeita de SCA (IAM e angina inst&#225;vel). Desses, 174 tiveram o diagn&#243;stico confirmado, foram submetidos &#224; cineangiocoronariografia durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e, portanto, eleg&#237;veis para o estudo.</p>
        <p>Os marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica utilizados no HUMAP, com os respectivos valores de refer&#234;ncia s&#227;o: TnUs &gt; 14 pg/ml e CKMB (massa) &gt; 3,8 ng/ml em mulheres e 6,7 ng/ml em homens. Para fins de correla&#231;&#227;o com a complexidade das les&#245;es, foi considerada a maior medida de troponina dentre as dispon&#237;veis. Para o diagn&#243;stico de angina inst&#225;vel, foram considerados dor ou desconforto em t&#243;rax, epig&#225;strio, mand&#237;bula, ombro, dorso ou membros superiores, de in&#237;cio em repouso, de aparecimento recente ou crescente. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A complexidade anat&#244;mica das les&#245;es coronarianas foi classificada pelo do escore SYNTAX, por meio de calculadora eletr&#244;nica validada dispon&#237;vel em <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.syntaxscore.com">http://www.syntaxscore.com</ext-link>. O escore avalia n&#250;mero, localiza&#231;&#227;o, extens&#227;o e morfologia das les&#245;es, de modo que foram considerados de baixo risco aqueles com pontua&#231;&#227;o at&#233; 22, de moderado de 23 a 32 e de alto risco aqueles com mais de 32 pontos. Todos os exames foram revisados e o escore pontuado por um &#250;nico hemodinamicista experiente.</p>
        <p>Os escores cl&#237;nicos TIMI e GRACE foram utilizados para estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco dos pacientes selecionados. Para o c&#225;lculo do escore GRACE, foi utilizada a calculadora eletr&#244;nica dispon&#237;vel no site: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.outcomes-umassmed.org/GRACE/acs_risk/acs_risk_content.html">http://www.outcomes-umassmed.org/GRACE/acs_risk/acs_risk_content.html</ext-link>. S&#227;o considerados pacientes de baixo risco aqueles com pontua&#231;&#227;o inferior a 109; de risco intermedi&#225;rio aqueles entre 109 a 140, e de alto risco cardiovascular as pontua&#231;&#245;es superiores a 140.</p>
        <p>Foram considerados diab&#233;ticos, de acordo com a Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> aqueles pacientes com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio da doen&#231;a em uso de medica&#231;&#245;es hipoglicemiantes, ou aqueles sem diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio, por&#233;m com glicemia de jejum maior ou igual a 126 mg/dL, glicemia ap&#243;s 75g de glicose maior ou igual a 200 mg/dL, glicemia casual maior ou igual a 200 mg/dL associado a sintomas cl&#225;ssicos (poli&#250;ria, polidipsia ou perda de peso inexplicada) ou ainda hemoglobina glicada maior que 6,5%. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Foram considerados tabagistas os pacientes que relataram uso do cigarro no &#250;ltimo ano anterior &#224; admiss&#227;o ou que interromperam o uso do mesmo h&#225; menos de 30 dias.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: pacientes maiores de 18 anos de idade com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de SCA, segundo a Terceira Defini&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> J&#225; entre os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, estava a n&#227;o realiza&#231;&#227;o de cineangiocoronariografia durante a interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O trabalho foi submetido ao Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da UFMS e aprovado sob n&#250;mero CAAE: 51783415.1.0000.0021.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da correla&#231;&#227;o linear entre a taxa de TnUs e os escores de TIMI, GRACE e SYNTAX, foi realizada por meio do teste de correla&#231;&#227;o linear n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Spearman, uma vez que as amostras de dados n&#227;o passaram no teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk. Os demais resultados deste estudo foram apresentados na forma de estat&#237;stica descritiva ou na forma de tabelas e gr&#225;ficos. Vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram apresentadas na forma de mediana e intervalo interquartil, enquanto que aquelas categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas em frequ&#234;ncia relativa e frequ&#234;ncia absoluta. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada por meio do programa estat&#237;stico SPSS, vers&#227;o 24.0, considerando um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>
            <list list-type="simple">
              <list-item>
                <p> - N&#250;mero reduzido de pacientes avaliados;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>- Falta de alguns dados nos prontu&#225;rios para c&#225;lculo exato dos escores progn&#243;sticos GRACE e TIMI, bem como para informa&#231;&#245;es sobre hist&#243;rico familiar (35,6% dos prontu&#225;rios n&#227;o continha tal dado). Para o c&#225;lculo do TIMI em pacientes com Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com supra do segmento ST (IAMCSST), s&#227;o necess&#225;rios peso do paciente e tempo de in&#237;cio dos sintomas; por&#233;m, a maioria dos prontu&#225;rios n&#227;o continha tais informa&#231;&#245;es. No primeiro caso (peso), nenhum dos pacientes recebeu pontua&#231;&#227;o, pois, por experi&#234;ncia do servi&#231;o, a maioria deve apresentar peso superior a 67 kg. No segundo caso (tempo de sintomas) todos os pacientes receberam a pontua&#231;&#227;o, pois devido a problemas no sistema de regula&#231;&#227;o do munic&#237;pio a maior parte dos pacientes &#233; admitida com tempo de dor superior a 4 horas. Sendo assim, alguns pacientes podem ter escores mais elevados dos que os apresentados, visto que algumas caracter&#237;sticas n&#227;o foram pontuadas adequadamente.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>- Os pacientes com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via n&#227;o foram contabilizados para o c&#225;lculo do escore SYNTAX, pois esse n&#227;o considera as pontes realizadas.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>- Inexist&#234;ncia de padroniza&#231;&#227;o nos hor&#225;rios de coletas de sangue para dosagem de troponina, bem como falta de algumas dosagens devido a problemas estruturais e operacionais do servi&#231;o. Essa limita&#231;&#227;o pode ter prejudicado a constata&#231;&#227;o do pico da curva desse biomarcador.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A idade dos pacientes variou entre 37 e 92 anos, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino. A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo era, na maioria, hipertensa, n&#227;o diab&#233;tica e n&#227;o tabagista. Apenas 20,7% (n = 36) dos pacientes tinha hist&#243;ria familiar positiva para DAC. Entre os pacientes, mais de 40% j&#225; utilizavam &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS) no momento do evento e a maioria relatava epis&#243;dios de angina grave, por&#233;m sem infradesnivelamento do segmento ST ao eletrocardiograma. Altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas diferentes de supra ou infradesnivelamento n&#227;o foram consideradas na an&#225;lise.</p>
        <p>Dos 174 pacientes avaliados, 19,0% (n = 33) receberam o diagn&#243;stico de IAMCSST, 43,1% (n = 75) de Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSSST) e 36,8% (n = 64) de angina inst&#225;vel. A maioria dos pacientes encontrava-se em Killip 1 &#224; admiss&#227;o. Esses resultados e a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes avaliados no estudo em rela&#231;&#227;o aos antecedentes e ao escore KILLIP, est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resultados referentes &#224; idade, antecedentes e escore Killip, em pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, submetidos &#224; cateterismo card&#237;aco</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Mediana (IQ) ou % (n)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">63,5 (16,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">52,9 (92)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">47,1 (82)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HAS</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">11,5 (20)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">88,5 (154)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">60,3 (105)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">39,7 (69)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAM com SST</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">81,0 (141)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">19,0 (33)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAM sem SST</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">56,3 (98)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">43,1 (75)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem informa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,6 (1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">62,6 (109)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">36,8 (64)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem informa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,6 (1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">66,7 (116)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">25,3 (44)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem informa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">8,0 (14)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">43,7 (76)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">20,7 (36)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem informa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">35,6 (62)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AAS</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">47,1 (82)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">42,5 (74)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem informa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">10,3 (18)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angina grave</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">19,0 (33)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">78,2 (136)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem informa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">2,9 (5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infra ST</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">86,8 (151)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">6,9 (12)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem informa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">6,3 (11)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Killip</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1</td>
                <td align="center">82,8 (144)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2</td>
                <td align="center">15,5 (27)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3</td>
                <td align="center">1,7 (3)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>IQ: Intervalo interquartil; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; SST: supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os resultados referentes &#224;s vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas quantitativas (dados vitais, par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos e de risco) est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>. A mediana de TnUs foi de 67 pg/ml.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resultados referentes &#224;s vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas quantitativas (dados vitais, par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos e de risco) entre pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, submetidos &#224; cateterismo card&#237;aco</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Mediana (IQ)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (21)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">130 (33)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (21)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">181 (72)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o HDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">133 (68)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (18)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">106 (68)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">127 (86)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Troponina (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (38)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PCR</td>
                <td align="center">7 (16)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">KILLIP (pontos)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TIMI (pontos)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GRACE (pontos)</td>
                <td align="center">121 (43)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SYNTAX (pontos)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (12)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>IQ: Intervalo interquartil; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PCR: prote&#237;na C-reativa; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o linear positiva, significativa e moderada, entre a taxa de TnUs e o escore SYNTAX (p &lt; 0,001, r = 0,440). Este resultado est&#225; ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>. Al&#233;m disso, houve correla&#231;&#227;o linear positiva e significativa, por&#233;m fraca, da taxa de TnUs com o escore de risco TIMI (p &lt; 0,001, r = 0,267) e com o escore GRACE (p = 0,001, r = 0,261) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">3</xref>, respectivamente).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o ilustrando a correla&#231;&#227;o linear positiva, significativa e moderada, entre a taxa de troponina ultrassens&#237;vel e o escore SYNTAX. Cada s&#237;mbolo representa o valor para ambas as vari&#225;veis em um &#250;nico paciente. A linha tracejada representa a linha de regress&#227;o linear. O valor de p &#233; aquele no teste de correla&#231;&#227;o linear de Spearman e o valor de r &#233; o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o linear.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-03-0218-80014-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o ilustrando a correla&#231;&#227;o linear positiva e significativa, por&#233;m fraca, entre a taxa de troponina ultrassens&#237;vel e o escore de risco TIMI. Cada s&#237;mbolo representa o valor para ambas as vari&#225;veis em um &#250;nico paciente. A linha tracejada representa a linha de regress&#227;o linear. O valor de p &#233; aquele no teste de correla&#231;&#227;o linear de Spearman e o valor de r &#233; o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o linear.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-03-0218-80014-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o ilustrando a correla&#231;&#227;o linear positiva e significativa, por&#233;m fraca, entre a taxa de troponina ultrassens&#237;vel e o escore GRACE. Cada s&#237;mbolo representa o valor para ambas as vari&#225;veis em um &#250;nico paciente. A linha tracejada representa a linha de regress&#227;o linear. O valor de p &#233; aquele no teste de correla&#231;&#227;o linear de Spearman e o valor de r &#233; o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o linear.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-03-0218-80014-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre valores alterados de TnUs e o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de SCA j&#225; havia sido demonstrada de forma consistente por diversos estudos. Por&#233;m, poucos correlacionaram os n&#237;veis dessa troponina com a complexidade das les&#245;es coron&#225;rias de pacientes submetidos a cineangiocoronariografia. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Da mesma forma, foram identificados apenas alguns artigos na literatura comparando os valores de troponina com escores cl&#237;nicos progn&#243;sticos j&#225; consagrados como o TIMI e GRACE.</p>
        <p>Os resultados do presente estudo indicam haver correla&#231;&#227;o linear positiva, significativa e moderada entre os n&#237;veis de TnUs e a complexidade das les&#245;es coronarianas avaliada pelo SYNTAX escore. Esses achados podem ser explicados pela presen&#231;a de muitos pacientes com pontua&#231;&#227;o zero no SYNTAX escore (n = 65/174), e de pacientes que n&#227;o foram pontuados pelo SYNTAX devido &#224; presen&#231;a de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via. Por outro lado, pacientes com IAMCSST, apesar de serem a minoria (33/174), estavam relacionados com maior gravidade, e consequentemente maiores valores de TnUs (m&#233;dia de 3.073 pg/dL). No entanto, tamb&#233;m foram inclu&#237;dos nesta pesquisa pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de angina inst&#225;vel, os quais n&#227;o apresentaram eleva&#231;&#227;o da TnUs, o que poderia ter reduzido o valor m&#233;dio apresentado. Por esses motivos, a correla&#231;&#227;o encontrada pode n&#227;o ter sido t&#227;o expressiva apesar de positiva.</p>
        <p>Artigo publicado por Altun et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> com 287 pacientes encontrou a mesma correla&#231;&#227;o demonstrada no presente estudo. Naquela pesquisa, os valores de TnUs estavam linearmente correlacionadas com a complexidade das les&#245;es coron&#225;rias mensuradas pelo SYNTAX escore, por&#233;m, a for&#231;a estat&#237;stica foi menos expressiva (r = 0,327) do que a encontrada neste estudo (r = 0,440). Os autores do estudo citado conseguiram delimitar um valor de TnUs, acima do qual a complexidade das les&#245;es coron&#225;rias seria maior (SYNTAX elevado). Essa conclus&#227;o &#233; relevante, tendo em vista a alta sensibilidade da troponina utilizada e a possibilidade de eleva&#231;&#245;es em doen&#231;as que n&#227;o as SCAs, como sepse, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, dentre outras.</p>
        <p>Ainda que outras publica&#231;&#245;es encontradas sobre o tema tenham comparado os n&#237;veis de troponina com a complexidade das les&#245;es coronarianas, n&#227;o utilizaram a TnUs e nem mesmo o SYNTAX escore para quantifica&#231;&#227;o da gravidade dessas les&#245;es. Um exemplo &#233; o trabalho nacional publicado por Faria RC. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> O autor comparou os n&#237;veis de troponina I com a gravidade da les&#227;o coronariana, quantificada pelas caracter&#237;sticas das les&#245;es observadas ao cateterismo ou altera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo coronariano. Nesse estudo, o autor demostrou que apesar de n&#227;o haver signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre os n&#237;veis elevados de troponina I e a gravidade da les&#227;o ou altera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo coronariano, esses n&#237;veis correlacionavam-se com maior n&#250;mero de vasos com les&#245;es obstrutivas significativas e presen&#231;a de trombo. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Observamos, ainda, correla&#231;&#227;o entre as dosagens do mesmo biomarcador e os escores cl&#237;nicos progn&#243;sticos GRACE e TIMI. A correla&#231;&#227;o linear entre essas vari&#225;veis, embora fraca, sugere um pior progn&#243;stico &#224;queles pacientes com n&#237;veis de TnUs mais elevados.</p>
        <p>A mediana dos escores GRACE (121) e TIMI (3) encontrada na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada indicam pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio j&#225; com n&#237;veis de TnUs superiores a 4 vezes o limite da normalidade (valor de corte de refer&#234;ncia utilizado: 14 pg/dL).</p>
        <p>Pesquisa semelhante publicada por Biener et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> relacionou o padr&#227;o ascendente ou descendente dos n&#237;veis admissionais de TnUs com o escore de risco GRACE, objetivando demonstrar se as altera&#231;&#245;es nesse biomarcador adicionavam informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica ao escore. O estudo sugeriu que um escore de risco GRACE elevado (&#8805; 140 pontos) e valores de admiss&#227;o de TnUs acima do percentil 99 s&#227;o indicadores confi&#225;veis de eventos cardiovasculares adversos em pacientes internados com suspeita de SCA. J&#225; as altera&#231;&#245;es cin&#233;ticas de troponina em qualquer dire&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o parecem adicionar informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O nosso estudo, apesar de n&#227;o avaliar a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es cin&#233;ticas e nem mesmo eventos cardiovasculares futuros, encontrou n&#237;veis pouco elevados de TnUs j&#225; associados a valores de GRACE escore intermedi&#225;rios. A rela&#231;&#227;o linear, apesar de fraca, pode tamb&#233;m sugerir pior progn&#243;stico a esses pacientes.</p>
        <p>No que se refere ao escore TIMI, tamb&#233;m foram encontrados alguns artigos na literatura que o comparassem diretamente com a troponina. No estudo de Gomes et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> por exemplo, a TnUs contribuiu para a reclassifica&#231;&#227;o, para um risco superior, de pacientes com SCA sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, previamente estratificados quanto ao risco pelo TIMI. J&#225; O&#180;Donoghue et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> ap&#243;s avaliar diversos biomarcadores, conclu&#237;ram que a troponina T estava relacionada a escores TIMI mais elevados. Apesar de tamb&#233;m n&#227;o terem utilizado a TnUs, esses dados corroboram os encontrados no presente estudo.</p>
        <p>Frente aos dados apresentados, h&#225; uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de TnUs nos pacientes com SCA e a complexidade das les&#245;es quantificada pelo escore anat&#244;mico SYNTAX, assim como uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre o valor desse biomarcador e os escores cl&#237;nicos progn&#243;sticos GRACE e TIMI. Assim, apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es nas coletas de sangue para dosagem de troponina e a chegada tardia dos pacientes ao nosso pronto atendimento, a troponina mostrou ser um biomarcador capaz de predizer n&#237;veis intermedi&#225;rios de escores de risco e maior complexidade das les&#245;es coron&#225;rias, indicando pior progn&#243;stico. Estudos adicionais, com maior n&#250;mero de pacientes e acompanhamento de eventos cardiovasculares futuros s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o e, se poss&#237;vel, identifica&#231;&#227;o do ponto de corte indicador de pior progn&#243;stico para a troponina utilizada no nosso servi&#231;o.</p>
        <p>Apesar de n&#227;o ser o objetivo desse estudo, encontramos na popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada n&#237;veis de colesterol LDL n&#227;o muito elevados, visto ser a m&#233;dia da popula&#231;&#227;o classificada como risco intermedi&#225;rio. Mesmo com n&#237;veis lim&#237;trofes de colesterol, os pacientes apresentaram evento coronariano agudo, ressaltando a import&#226;ncia de outros fatores de risco associados.</p>
        <p>Outro achado, apesar de n&#227;o ter sido avaliado em toda a amostra da popula&#231;&#227;o em fun&#231;&#227;o de dados insuficientes nos prontu&#225;rios, foi a m&#233;dia elevada de prote&#237;na c-reativa (valor de refer&#234;ncia inferior a 5 mg/dL na institui&#231;&#227;o), indicando maior inflama&#231;&#227;o nesses pacientes, o que j&#225; possui correla&#231;&#227;o bem estabelecida com risco aumentado para eventos coronarianos agudos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo encontrou correla&#231;&#227;o linear positiva, significativa e moderada entre os n&#237;veis de TnUs e a complexidade das les&#245;es coronarianas avaliada pelo SYNTAX escore. Al&#233;m disso, observou correla&#231;&#227;o fraca entre as dosagens do mesmo biomarcador e os escores cl&#237;nicos progn&#243;sticos TIMI e GRACE.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho de conclus&#227;o de curso (Resid&#234;ncia em Cardiologia) de Monique Rodrigues Cardoso pela Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
