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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">K7GkssmfX6zZhtpDFqqpLQc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000300209</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S2359-56472018005001105</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20180012</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Additional Cardiac Remodeling Induced by Intense Military Training in Competitive Athletes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dinis</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dores</surname>
            <given-names>H&#233;lder</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreno</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>M&#243;nico</surname>
            <given-names>Joselito</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bergman</surname>
            <given-names>Marie</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lekedal</surname>
            <given-names>Hanna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cachulo</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carmo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Joaquim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Lino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Hospitalar</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Coimbra</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de Coimbra</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Sa&#250;de Militar de Coimbra</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Coimbra</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Sa&#250;de Militar de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das For&#231;as Armadas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Lisboa</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das For&#231;as Armadas, Lisboa - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Coimbra</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Coimbra</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de Coimbra</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Link&#246;ping</institution>
        <country country="SE">Sweden</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Link&#246;ping - Sweden</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Link&#246;pings Universitet</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Paulo Dinis</bold>. Centro Hospitalar de Coimbra Quinta dos Vales - 3041-801 S&#227;o Martinho do Bispo, Coimbra - Portugal. E-mail: <email>paulogdinis@gmail.com</email>, <email>dinis17@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Dinis P, Dores H, Teixeira R. Acquisition of data: Dinis P, Moreno L, M&#243;nico J, Bergman M, Lekedal H. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Dinis P. Statistical analysis: Dinis P. Writing of the manuscript: Dinis P, Dores H, Teixeira R. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Dinis P, Dores H, Teixeira R, Cachulo MC, Cardoso J, Gon&#231;alves L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>209</fpage>
      <lpage>217</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Cardiac remodeling depends on the intensity, duration, and training method.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate if the training performed in a Portuguese military special operations troop increases cardiac remodeling in a sample of young individuals who previously practiced competitive sports.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A prospective study involving 76 military candidates for military special operations, 45 of whom previously practiced at competitive level (&gt; 10 hours per week). Of these military athletes, only 17 successfully completed the course. The evaluation was performed at 6 months intervals and included a complete clinical history, physical examination, vital signs, anthropometric data and echocardiographic evaluation. Statistical significance was considered when p &lt; 0.05, with a 95% confidence interval.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>At the end of the course, there was a decrease in the percentage of fat mass (19.1 &#177; 3.3% vs. 13.1 &#177; 3.5%; p &lt; 0.01), an increase in the percentage of lean mass (41.3 &#177; 2.1% vs. 44.4 &#177; 1.8%; p &lt; 0.01), and decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. Regarding cardiac remodeling, there was an increase in left ventricular diastolic diameter (49.7 &#177; 3.2 mm vs. 52.8 &#177; 3.4 mm; p &lt; 0.01), an increase trend in left atrial volume (27.3 &#177; 4.5 mL/m<sup>2</sup> vs. 28.2 &#177; 4.1 mL/m<sup>2</sup>; p = 0.07) and increased left ventricular mass (93.1 &#177; 7.7 g/m<sup>2</sup> vs. 100.2 &#177; 11.4 g/m<sup>2</sup>; p &lt; 0.01). Functional variables also changed, with an increase in S' (15 (13-16) cm/s vs. 17 (16-18) cm/s; p &lt; 0,01) and a decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction (60 &#177; 6% vs. 54 &#177; 6%; p &lt; 0.01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Intense military physical training resulted in additional cardiac remodeling in athletes of competitive level, both structural and functional.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Atrial Remodeling</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Athletes</kwd>
        <kwd>Military Personnel</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Since the 19<sup>th</sup> century, cardiac adaptations induced by physical exercise have been known. Henschen, in 1899, recognized cardiomegaly in long distance skiers through percussion of heart borders, concluding that this increase was related to cavity dilatation and wall hypertrophy of the left ventricle (LV), and that these changes resulted in physical benefits for the athletes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> With the evolution of complementary diagnostic means, mainly echocardiography, Morganroth et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> in 1975, developed the hypothesis that cardiac morphological changes depended on hemodynamic overload associated with physical exercise: dynamic exercise associated with eccentric hypertrophy due to volume overload, resulting in increased cardiac cavities by serial sarcomere addition; and static exercise associated with concentric hypertrophy due to pressure overload, with LV wall hypertrophy and parallel sarcomere addition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Different sports and training methods result in varied cardiac remodeling patterns. A predominantly eccentric hypertrophy is expected to be found in a marathon runner, whereas concentric hypertrophy is expected in a weightlifter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, most of the sports practiced nowadays are influenced by the two components of the exercise (the dynamic and the static), and the adaptation these athletes may undergo is less predictable. The intensity, duration and frequency of physical exercise are characteristics that can determine different patterns of cardiac remodeling. High-intensity training is associated with more marked structural and functional changes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to verify if there is additional cardiac remodeling in athletes of competitive level, when exposed to a high-intensity training protocol performed in a military course of special operations troops.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This was an observational and prospective study, which evaluated military personnel at the beginning and end of a course directed at special operations troops. The selected military personnel were candidates to complete the special operations troops course, the Portuguese Army Command (<italic>Comando do Ex&#233;rcito Portugu&#234;s</italic>). There were 76 candidates, of which 45 were previously athletes who competed in different modalities. Only 17 individuals successfully completed the course, all of them athletes. The evaluations were carried out between January and June 2016. In these evaluations, carried out at 6 months intervals, a complete clinical history including a medical questionnaire, physical examination, anthropometric evaluation and transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) was performed. The evaluations were preceded by a rest interval of at least 12 hours. An electrocardiogram (ECG) was also performed in all participants as a cardiovascular screening method.</p>
      <p>All subjects signed the Free and Informed Consent Form prior to participating in the study. The study protocol was authorized by the Ethics Committee of Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra (protocol reference 087/2015).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Characteristics of the study population</title>
        <p>All military men who completed the course were previously considered competitive athletes. They practiced competitive physical exercises (&gt; 10 hours a week), participating in regional and national competitions. Although this activity was not their main economic means of support, they all had benefits derived from their sports performance. The athletes maintained their level of physical performance in the different modalities until the first evaluation carried out by the researchers. The practiced modalities can be seen in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. During the special operations course, they suspended the previous training, and the physical exercise performed by them was only the result of the training given in the military course.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Basal study sample characteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Basal sample characteristics</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Military (n = 17)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Demographic characteristics</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age, years</td>
                <td align="center">20 (20-24)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male gender, %</td>
                <td align="center">17 (100)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Caucasian, %</td>
                <td align="center">17 (100)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anthropometric characteristics</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Weight, kg</td>
                <td align="center">75.2 &#177; 7.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lean mass</td>
                <td align="center">41.3 &#177; 2.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fat mass, %</td>
                <td align="center">19.1 &#177; 3.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">128 &#177; 10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DBP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">73 &#177; 7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR, bpm</td>
                <td align="center">66 &#177; 12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sports history</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Years of competition</td>
                <td align="center">7.4 &#177; 3.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hours of training/day, sports history</td>
                <td align="center">2.3 &#177; 0.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hours of training/day, military course</td>
                <td align="center">4.0 &#177; 0.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Modalities practiced in the past</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Athletics</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">5,000 and 10,000m long-distance<break/>runner</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">100 and 200m sprinter</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Weight thrower</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Soccer</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Indoor soccer (Futsal)</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rugby</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Canoeing</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Swimming</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Handball</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Martial arts</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Characteristics of military physical training in the special operations course</title>
        <p>The special operations course consisted of one component of overall physical training and another of military physical training. In the overall physical training, the military was submitted to dynamic and static physical exercises, practicing several modalities such as athletics, team sports (soccer or basketball), swimming and combat sports (boxing, for instance).</p>
        <p>The military physical training combined the physical education aspect adjusted to military specificities. For this purpose, the military performed dynamic exercises (long-distance running, long runs interspersed with sprinting and marching exercises), static (cargo transportation and weight lifting) and mixed exercises (steeplechase track, among other activities).</p>
        <p>The special operations training program was carried out in two phases. The first one lasted 10 weeks, and the military were submitted to high-intensity exercise training, seeking to achieve approximately 77 to 95% of the maximal heart rate (HR),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> with a frequency of five times a week and for an average of 4 hours daily, combining different types of exercise. The second phase lasted 15 weeks and included high-intensity exercises (approximately 77 to 95% of maximal HR), with periods of almost maximal or maximal intensity (&gt; 96% of maximal HR),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> five times a week, for an average of 4 hours a day, alternating different types of exercise.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical evaluation</title>
        <p>All participants underwent a clinical history and physical examination, including the analysis of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF), pharmacological and dietary habits, hours of training during the military course and sports history.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Anthropometric evaluation</title>
        <p>The anthropometric evaluation was performed under the nursing team coordination, and the military personnel was evaluated through a full body digital scale with impedance (HBF510W, OMRON<sup>&#174;</sup>, which allowed the assessment of body weight, percentage of fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM) and height (using a tape measure). The systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), as well as HR measurements were evaluated utilizing an arm blood pressure monitor (HEM 7113, OMRON<sup>&#174;</sup>, according to the current recommendations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>To predict the maximum HR, the indirect model was used, based on the equation Maximum HR = 220 - age. The following variables were calculated: variation (&#916;)weight, &#916;LM, &#916;FM; &#916;SBP, &#916;DBP, &#916;HR through the formula: [(final parameter - initial parameter)/initial parameter x 100].</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Electrocardiographic evaluation</title>
        <p>All 12-lead ECGs were performed by cardiopneumology technicians (electrocardiograph model 1200HR, NORAV<sup>&#174;</sup> and interpreted by two cardiologists according to the refined criteria,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> of which one of them was blinded to the study conditions.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic evaluation</title>
        <p>All TTEs (Vivid 7, GE Healthcare<sup>&#174;</sup> were performed by a cardiologist and reviewed by an echocardiography specialist blinded to the study conditions. The echocardiographic study was detailed, and echocardiographic windows were obtained according to the current recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Data were digitally recorded for off-line analysis using the Echopac GE Healthcare software (Horton, Norway<sup>&#174;</sup>. LV wall, interventricular septum (IVS) and LV posterior wall (LVPW) measurements, such as LV diastolic diameter (LVDD), were obtained at the parasternal long-axis window. The relative wall thickness (RWT) was calculated through the formula [(2 * LVPW)/LVDD].</p>
        <p>The modified Simpson rule was used to determine the LV volumes and ejection fraction (LVEF) and left atrium (LA) volume. The results were indexed to the body surface area (BSA). LV mass was calculated using the Devereux's formula.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Pulsed Doppler was acquired using a four-chamber apical window. Tissue Doppler images of the mitral and tricuspid annuli were obtained, and the E and e' waves were determined, as well as the S' wave velocity, respectively.</p>
        <p>Two-dimensional echocardiography with speckle-tracking imaging was used to calculate the LV global longitudinal strain (GLS). The images were acquired in apical four-, two- and three-chamber windows, with electrocardiographic monitoring. In the off-line mode, with dedicated software (EchoPAC 9.0, GE Healthcare<sup>&#174;</sup>, Horten, Norway), myocardial tracking and subsequent conversion to Lagrangian were performed using a semiautomatic endocardial edge detection program. This system allowed manual corrections to be performed to ensure the correct tracing between the cavity and the LV wall. Using the three apical windows of four, two and three chambers, the regional longitudinal strain mean was calculated, so that, subsequently, it was possible to calculate the GLS mean. The exam quality was considered good when up to two segments were excluded and excellent when all segments were analyzed.</p>
        <p>The following variables were calculated: &#916;IVS, &#916;LV mass, &#916;RWT, &#916;LVDD, &#916;LA volume, &#916;LVEF, &#916;S', Delta of the Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion (&#916;TAPSE) and &#916;GLS. The calculation of each of these variables was performed by the formula [(final parameter - initial parameter)/initial parameter x 100].</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> depicts the TTE of a military after the special operations course.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Heart with left ventricular parietal thickness and dimension within limits considered to be normal, with supranormal values of diastolic function and normal global longitudinal strain.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-03-0209-80012-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The distribution of the continuous variables was verified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The homogeneity of the individual variables was evaluated by the Levene test. Variables with normal distribution were expressed as mean and standard deviation, and paired Student's t-test with two-tailed analysis was used to compare groups. Variables with non-normal distribution were expressed as median and interquartile ranges, and the groups were compared using the paired Wilcoxon's test. Categorical variables were shown as frequency and percentage, and chi-square test and Fisher's test were used when appropriate.</p>
        <p>A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant, with a 95% confidence interval. The software Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), version 20 (SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup> Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for the calculation and analysis of all data.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Population description</title>
        <p>The sample characteristics, anthropometric data, the sports history and the different modalities practiced are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. The sample consisted of young Caucasian males, with a median age of 20 (20-24) years and body mass index (BMI) of 25.3 &#177; 2.7 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
        <p>Almost a fifth of the sample (20.6%) had at least one CVRF, with smoking being the most frequent (17.6%), followed by dyslipidemia (5.9%). None of the subjects included in the study had a family history of cardiovascular disease, hypertension or diabetes mellitus.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Anthropometric data variations</title>
        <p>After the special operations course, the military had significant increase in body weight, with gain of LM and decrease in FM. There were also differences in relation to the blood pressure profile, with a decrease in mean SBP, DBP and HR (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Anthropometric data</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Anthropometric data</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Military (n = 17)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Initial</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Final</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Weight, kg</td>
                <td align="center">75.2 &#177; 7.8</td>
                <td align="center">77.4 &#177; 6.6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lean mass, %</td>
                <td align="center">41.3 &#177; 2.1</td>
                <td align="center">44.4 &#177; 1.8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fat mass, %</td>
                <td align="center">19.1 &#177; 3.3</td>
                <td align="center">13.1 &#177; 3.5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Systolic blood pressure, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">128 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">122 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">73 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">66 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart rate, bpm</td>
                <td align="center">62 (57-73)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (53-62)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">+</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Paired Student's t-test;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>+</label>
              <p>Paired Wilcoxon test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Electrocardiographic evaluation</title>
        <p>All ECGs showed sinus rhythm and were considered normal or with only physiological alterations. The most prevalent physiological alteration was the early repolarization pattern (41.2%), followed by LV hypertrophy (29.4%), sinus bradycardia (17.6%) and incomplete right bundle branch block (17.6%).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiographic evaluation</title>
        <p>The echocardiographic data are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. There was an increase, with statistical significance, in the left cavity dimensions, both in the LV diastolic diameter and in the LA volume, in addition to an increase in LV mass and a decrease in RWT. In the functional variables, there was reduction in the LVEF at rest and increase in the S' wave. Although the GLS did not show any significant differences, there was a tendency to decrease its absolute value.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Variation of echocardiographic parameters</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Parameters</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Military (n = 17)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Initial</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Final</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Interventricular septum, mm</td>
                <td align="center">9.7 &#177; 1.0</td>
                <td align="center">9.9 &#177; 1.0</td>
                <td align="center">0.39<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Posterior wall, mm</td>
                <td align="center">9.7 &#177; 0.9</td>
                <td align="center">9.6 &#177; 0.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.39<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Left ventricular mass, indexed, g/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">93.1 &#177; 7.7</td>
                <td align="center">100.2 &#177; 11.4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Relative wall thickness</td>
                <td align="center">0.40 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.36 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Left ventricular diastolic diameter, mm</td>
                <td align="center">49.7 &#177; 3.2</td>
                <td align="center">52.8 &#177; 3.4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Left ventricular systolic diameter, mm</td>
                <td align="center">33.2 &#177; 3.3</td>
                <td align="center">35.1 &#177; 2.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Left atrial volume (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">27.3 &#177; 4.5</td>
                <td align="center">28.2 &#177; 4.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Left ventricular ejection fraction (%)</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">54 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Lateral E' (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">19 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">19 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">0.92<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/E'</td>
                <td align="center">5.3 &#177; 1.0</td>
                <td align="center">5.3 &#177; 0.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.61<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S' (cm/sec)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (13-16)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (16-18)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.01<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">+</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, mm</td>
                <td align="center">25 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">26 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">0.34<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Left ventricular longitudinal strain (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-21.3 &#177; 0.9</td>
                <td align="center">-20.5 &#177; 1.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Paired Student's t-test;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>+</label>
              <p>Paired Wilcoxon test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Percentage differences between the beginning and end of the course</title>
        <p>The differences in remodeling observed between the beginning and end of the special operations course in relation to anthropometric and echocardiographic data are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>. It was observed an increase in weight (3.1 &#177; 3.3%, p &lt; 0.01) and LM (7.7 &#177; 4.1%, p &lt; 0.01) and a decrease in FM (-30 &#177; 15.7%, p &lt; 0.01). The pressure profile was altered with a decrease in SBP (-4.8 &#177; 3.0%, p &lt; 0.01) and DBP (-8.6 &#177; 7.4%, p &lt; 0.01). Among the echocardiographic findings, there was an increase in LV mass (10.2 &#177; 10.8%, p &lt; 0.01) and LVDD (6.4 &#177; 14.3%, p &lt; 0.01) and LA volume (10.6 &#177; 21.1%, p = 0.02), and a decrease in RWP (-7.0 &#177; 14.3%, p = 0.05). Functionally, there was a decrease in LVEF (-11.0 &#177; 12.8%, p &lt; 0.01) and an increase in S' [13.3 (6.3-19.4)%; p &lt; 0.01].</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Anthropometric and echocardiographic variables.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-03-0209-80012-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In the present study, carried out in athletes undergoing a challenging military training program in a special operations course, additional cardiac remodeling was observed, as well as structural, functional and anthropometric changes.</p>
      <p>Regarding vital signs, there was a decrease in mean SBP, DBP and HR at rest. This fact is due to the decrease in the activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the increase of the parasympathetic system at rest in the individuals submitted to the training.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> As for the anthropometric data, a mean increase in body weight was observed, with an increase in LM and marked reduction in FM. At the beginning of the training program, the military had FM values &#8203;considered above the desirable for their age and gender,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and these values decreased to levels considered appropriate after the military training program. The decrease in FM is related to the increase in intensity and/or duration of training,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> also demonstrated in this study.</p>
      <p>The cardiac adaptations were compatible with eccentric cardiac remodeling. There was a significant increase in LV dimensions and mass, and tendency to increase the LA volume. It is known that cardiac remodeling resulting from physical exercise is related to the increase and harmonious hypertrophy of the cardiac cavities, also influencing the right cavities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> During the special operations course, the percentage of military personnel with eccentric hypertrophy (RWT &lt; 0.42 and LVMI &gt; 115g/m<sup>2</sup>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> practically doubled (from 5.9% to 11.8%). The verified changes result from the training intensity, frequency and method. Although the special operations training program consists of dynamic and static exercises, the dynamic training predominates. Frequency and intensity are other factors that contribute to high cardiac output, with corresponding volume overload and cardiac chamber dilatation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>At the functional level, there was a decrease in LVEF, which agrees with what has been previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> This occurs because athletes submitted to intense and prolonged exertion may show a slight decrease in resting LVEF. Several factors may contribute to this phenomenon, such as the athletes' ability to significantly increase LVEF during exercise at the expense of increased LV diastolic dimensions, which, through the Frank-Starling mechanism, is associated with increased preload, more effective diastolic filling and lower LV systolic volume, allowing a considerable increase in ejection volume.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Another possible explanation is that LVEF represents an estimate of LV function and not directly of myocardial contractility, which may underestimate its capacity when submitted to intense exertion. Also, the mathematical formula used to calculate LVEF (100 x ejection volume/LVDD) in hearts with increased cavities underestimates LV performance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> In this study, despite the verified adaptations, one can say the latter were within ranges considered normal (none of the military had LVEF &lt; 50% at the initial or final evaluations). However, after the military training program, 12 individuals (approximately 70% of the population) had LVEF at rest between 50 and 55%.</p>
      <p>Myocardial GLS was studied using the speckle-tracking technique, and it was verified that the military had values within the ranges considered normal. There was a decrease in the absolute value of GLS, but it did not reach a statistically significant difference, probably due to the small sample size. This parameter may be important to differentiate left ventricular hypertrophy associated with exercise and disease, namely hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, since values &#8203;&#8203;of myocardial mechanics, within normal values, suggest physiological alterations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The literature on cardiac remodeling resulting from physical exercise in athletes is vast,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> but the existing bibliography in the military population is smaller. The authors did not find in the literature a study that addressed cardiovascular variations in competitive athletes when submitted to an intense military training program. Particularly in Portugal, in the Army special operations group, this is the first study that associated the military physical exercise training with the cardiovascular remodeling resulting from it.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>The present study has some limitations. The first is the small sample assessed. The great physical and mental demands of this type of training mean that the number of individuals who successfully finish it is a small one. The second is the absence of a control group, and the fact that the individuals who dropped out of the course were not re-evaluated, to compare their results with the ones that finished the military training. The third limitation is the fact that the individuals were not further evaluated with aerobic physical fitness indicators, cardiopulmonary exercise test, and muscle strength tests, before and at the end of the course, to evaluate the real impact of training on the heart and gains in physical and functional capacity. The cardiopulmonary exercise testing would be important to more accurately determine the training range based on maximal HR. Fourth, the quantification of unprogrammed training practiced by the individuals during the special operations course, very common in this context, limits the more objective determination of this variable, which is probably underestimated. During the course, these individuals are permanently involved in activities and evaluations in which the physical component is central, in addition to conventional or scheduled physical exercise practice. Fifthly, the study protocol did not include the hydration level assessment of the evaluated individuals to verify whether it was similar at both moments of the evaluation and, finally, although they denied taking any stimulants, this fact was not proven either.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Intense military physical training causes additional cardiac remodeling in athletes of competitive level, both structural and functional. The characteristics of the physical exercise are conditioning factors of cardiac remodeling, and should be considered during the evaluation of these individuals.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Paulo Dinis, from Universidade de Coimbra.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Coimbra under the protocol number 087/2015. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Remodelagem Card&#237;aca Adicional Induzida pelo Treinamento Militar Intenso em Atletas de N&#237;vel Competitivo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dinis</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dores</surname>
            <given-names>H&#233;lder</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreno</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>M&#243;nico</surname>
            <given-names>Joselito</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bergman</surname>
            <given-names>Marie</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lekedal</surname>
            <given-names>Hanna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cachulo</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carmo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Joaquim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Lino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">4</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Sa&#250;de Militar de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das For&#231;as Armadas, Lisboa - Portugal </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra - Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Link&#246;ping( )- Su&#233;cia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Paulo Dinis.</bold> Centro Hospitalar de Coimbra Quinta dos Vales - 3041-801 S&#227;o Martinho do Bispo, Coimbra - Portugal. E-mail: <email>paulogdinis@gmail.com</email>, <email>dinis17@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Dinis P, Dores H, Teixeira R. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Dinis P, Moreno L, M&#243;nico J, Bergman M, Lekedal H. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Dinis P. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Dinis P. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Dinis P, Dores H, Teixeira R. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Dinis P, Dores H, Teixeira R, Cachulo MC, Cardoso J, Gon&#231;alves L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A remodelagem card&#237;aca depende da intensidade, da dura&#231;&#227;o e do m&#233;todo de treinamento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar se o treinamento realizado em uma tropa especial portuguesa incrementa a remodelagem card&#237;aca em uma amostra de jovens que previamente praticavam esporte de competi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo prospectivo que incluiu 76 militares candidatos a tropas especiais, 45 dos quais praticavam previamente exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico de n&#237;vel competitivo (&gt; 10 horas por semana). Destes militares atletas, apenas 17 conclu&#237;ram com sucesso o curso. A avalia&#231;&#227;o foi realizada com 6 meses de intervalo e incluiu hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica completa, exame f&#237;sico, sinais vitais, dados antropom&#233;tricos e avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica. Considerou-se signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica quando p &lt; 0,05, com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>No final do curso, verificaram-se diminui&#231;&#227;o da porcentagem de massa gorda (19,1 &#177; 3,3% vs. 13,1 &#177; 3,5%; p &lt; 0,01), aumento da porcentagem de massa muscular (41,3 &#177; 2,1% vs. 44,4 &#177; 1,8%; p &lt; 0,01), e diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, diast&#243;lica e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; remodelagem card&#237;aca, verificaram-se aumento do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (49,7 &#177; 3,2 mm vs. 52,8 &#177; 3,4 mm; p &lt; 0,01), aumento tendencial do volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (27,3 &#177; 4,5 mL/m<sup>(2)</sup> vs. 28,2 &#177; 4,1 mL/m<sup>(2)</sup>; p = 0,07) e aumento da massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (93,1 &#177; 7,7 g/m<sup>(2)</sup> vs. 100,2 &#177; 11,4 g/m<sup>(2)</sup>; p &lt; 0,01). As vari&#225;veis funcionais tamb&#233;m sofreram altera&#231;&#245;es, com aumento do S' (15 (13-16) cm/s vs. 17 (16-18) cm/s; p &lt; 0,01) e diminui&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (60 &#177; 6% vs. 54 &#177; 6%; p &lt; 0,01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O treinamento f&#237;sico militar intenso provocou remodelagem card&#237;aca adicional em atletas de n&#237;vel competitivo, tanto estrutural como funcional.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Remodelamento Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Atletas</kwd>
        <kwd>Militares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Desde o s&#233;culo 19, s&#227;o conhecidas adapta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas induzidas pelo exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. Henschen, em 1899, reconheceu cardiomegalia em esquiadores de longas dist&#226;ncias por meio de percuss&#227;o da silhueta card&#237;aca, concluindo que este aumento estava relacionado com dilata&#231;&#227;o das cavidades e hipertrofia das paredes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e que estas altera&#231;&#245;es se traduziam em benef&#237;cios f&#237;sicos para os atletas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Com a evolu&#231;&#227;o dos meios complementares de diagn&#243;stico, principalmente a ecocardiografia, Morganroth et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> elaboraram, em 1975, a hip&#243;tese das altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas card&#237;acas estarem dependentes da sobrecarga hemodin&#226;mica associada ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico: exerc&#237;cio din&#226;mico associado &#224; hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica pela sobrecarga de volume, resultando no aumento das cavidades card&#237;acas pela adi&#231;&#227;o de sarc&#244;meros em s&#233;rie; e exerc&#237;cio est&#225;tico associado &#224; hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica pela sobrecarga de press&#227;o, com hipertrofia das paredes do VE e adi&#231;&#227;o de sarc&#244;meros em paralelo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Diferentes esportes e m&#233;todos de treinamento originam padr&#245;es de remodelagem card&#237;aca variados. &#201; expect&#225;vel encontrar uma hipertrofia predominantemente exc&#234;ntrica em um maratonista, e conc&#234;ntrica em um halterofilista.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> No entanto, grande parte dos esportes mais praticados na atualidade apresenta influ&#234;ncia dos dois componentes do exerc&#237;cio (o din&#226;mico e o est&#225;tico), sendo menos previs&#237;vel a adapta&#231;&#227;o que estes atletas podem sofrer. A intensidade, dura&#231;&#227;o e frequ&#234;ncia do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico s&#227;o caracter&#237;sticas que podem condicionar diferentes padr&#245;es de remodelagem card&#237;aca. Os treinamentos de alta intensidade est&#227;o associados a altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais mais marcadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se existe remodelagem card&#237;aca adicional em atletas de n&#237;vel competitivo, quando expostos a um protocolo de treinamento de alta intensidade realizado em um curso militar de tropas especiais. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo observacional e prospectivo, que avaliou militares no in&#237;cio e no final de um curso de tropas especiais. Os militares selecionados eram candidatos a completar o curso de tropas especiais, o Comando do Ex&#233;rcito Portugu&#234;s. Ingressaram 76 candidatos, dos quais 45 eram previamente atletas, que competiam em diferentes modalidades. Apenas 17 militares conclu&#237;ram o curso com sucesso, sendo todos atletas. As avalia&#231;&#245;es decorreram entre janeiro e junho de 2016. Nestas avalia&#231;&#245;es, com 6 meses de intervalo, efetuou-se hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica completa com preenchimento de um question&#225;rio m&#233;dico, exame f&#237;sico, avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica e ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT). As avalia&#231;&#245;es foram precedidas por um per&#237;odo de repouso de pelo menos 12 horas. Um eletrocardiograma (ECG) tamb&#233;m foi realizado em todos os participantes, como m&#233;todo de rastreio cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>Todos os indiv&#237;duos assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Informado antes de participarem no estudo. O protocolo do estudo foi autorizado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra (protocolo de refer&#234;ncia 087/2015).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          <p>Todos os militares que conclu&#237;ram o curso eram considerados previamente atletas de n&#237;vel competitivo. Faziam exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico de competi&#231;&#227;o (&gt; 10 horas semanais), participando em provas regionais e nacionais. Embora esta atividade n&#227;o fosse o principal meio econ&#244;mico de sustenta&#231;&#227;o, todos eles tinham regalias e benef&#237;cios decorrentes do seu desempenho esportivo. Os atletas mantiveram o n&#237;vel de empenho f&#237;sico em suas diferentes modalidades, at&#233; a primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o realizada pelos investigadores. As modalidades praticadas podem ser observadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>. Durante o curso de tropas especiais, eles suspenderam o treinamento pr&#233;vio, sendo que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico realizado foi unicamente o decorrente do treinamento ministrado no curso militar.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais da amostra em estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Carater&#237;sticas basais da amostra</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Militares (n = 17)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (20-24)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Masculino, %</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (100)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Caucasiano, %</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (100)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso, kg</td>
                  <td align="center">75,2 &#177; 7,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Massa magra, %</td>
                  <td align="center">41,3 &#177; 2,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Massa gorda, %</td>
                  <td align="center">19,1 &#177; 3,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">128 &#177; 10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">73 &#177; 7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC, bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">66 &#177; 12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria desportiva</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Anos de competi&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">7,4 &#177; 3,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Horas de treino/dia, hist&#243;ria desportiva</td>
                  <td align="center">2,3 &#177; 0,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Horas de treino/dia, curso militar</td>
                  <td align="center">4,0 &#177; 0,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Modalidades praticadas no passado</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Atletismo</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Corredor de fundo 5.000 e 10.000 m</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Velocista de 100 e 200 m</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Arremessador de peso</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Futebol de 11</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Futsal</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">R&#250;gbi</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Canoagem</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Nata&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Andebol</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Artes marciais</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas do treinamento f&#237;sico militar em um curso de tropas especiais</title>
          <p>O curso de tropas especiais era constitu&#237;do por um componente de treinamento f&#237;sico geral e outro de treinamento f&#237;sico militar. No treinamento f&#237;sico geral, os militares eram sujeitos a exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos din&#226;mico e est&#225;tico, praticando v&#225;rias modalidades, como atletismo, esportes coletivos (futebol ou basquetebol), nata&#231;&#227;o e esportes de combate (boxe, por exemplo).</p>
          <p>O treinamento f&#237;sico militar combinava a vertente de educa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica ajustada &#224;s especificidades militares. Para isto, os militares realizavam exerc&#237;cios din&#226;micos (corrida de longas dist&#226;ncias, corridas longas intercaladas com corrida de velocidade e marcha), est&#225;ticos (transporte de cargas e levantamento de pesos) e mistos (pistas de obst&#225;culos, entre outras atividades).</p>
          <p>O programa de treinamento do curso de tropas especiais foi realizado em duas fases. A primeira foi de 10 semanas, e os militares estavam sujeitos a exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico de intensidade vigorosa, procurando atingir aproximadamente 77 a 95% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) m&#225;xima,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> com frequ&#234;ncia de cinco vezes por semana e durante m&#233;dia de 4 horas di&#225;rias, combinando diferentes tipos de exerc&#237;cio. A segunda fase teve dura&#231;&#227;o de 15 semanas de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico de intensidade vigorosa (cerca de 77 a 95% da FC m&#225;xima) intercalando com per&#237;odos de exerc&#237;cio de intensidade quase m&#225;ximo ou m&#225;ximo (&gt; 96% da FC m&#225;xima),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> frequ&#234;ncia de cinco vezes por semana, durante uma m&#233;dia de 4 horas di&#225;rias, alternando diferentes tipos de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</title>
          <p>Todos os participantes foram submetidos a um exame f&#237;sico e hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, com an&#225;lise dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares (FRCV), h&#225;bitos farmacol&#243;gicos e alimentares, horas de treinamento durante o curso militar e hist&#243;ria esportiva.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o antropom&#233;trica foi realizada sob a coordena&#231;&#227;o da equipe de enfermagem, sendo os militares avaliados com uma balan&#231;a digital de corpo inteiro com bioimped&#226;ncia (HBF510W, OMRON<sup>&#174;</sup>, que permitiu determinar o peso, porcentagem de massa gorda (MG) e massa muscular (MM) e altura (determinada por meio de fita m&#233;trica). As medi&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e da diast&#243;lica (PAD), bem como a FC, foram avaliadas com um medidor de press&#227;o arterial de bra&#231;o (HEM 7113, OMRON<sup>&#174;</sup>, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Para predi&#231;&#227;o da FC m&#225;xima foi utilizado o modelo indireto a partir da equa&#231;&#227;o FC m&#225;xima = 220 - idade. Foram calculadas vari&#225;veis: varia&#231;&#227;o (&#916;)peso, &#916;MM, &#916;MG; &#916;PAS, &#916;PAD, &#916;FC pela f&#243;rmula: [(par&#226;metro final - par&#226;metro inicial)/par&#226;metro inicial x 100].</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
          <p>Todos os ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es foram realizados por t&#233;cnicos cardiopneumologistas (eletrocardi&#243;grafo modelo 1200HR, NORAV<sup>&#174;</sup> e interpretados por dois cardiologistas, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios refinados,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> sendo que um deles estava cegado para as condi&#231;&#245;es do estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
          <p>Todos os ETT (Vivid 7, GE Healthcare<sup>&#174;</sup> foram realizados por um cardiologista e revistos por um especialista em ecocardiografia cegado para as condi&#231;&#245;es do estudo. O estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi completo, com as janelas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas obtidas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Os dados foram gravados digitalmente para an&#225;lise off-line com o <italic>software</italic> Echopac GE Healthcare (Horton, Norway<sup>&#174;</sup>. As medi&#231;&#245;es das paredes do VE, septo interventricular (SIV) e parede posterior do VE (PPVE), tal como o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE (DDVE), foram adquiridas na janela paraesternal eixo longo. A espessura relativa das paredes (ERP) foi calculada pela f&#243;rmula [(2* PPVE)/DDVE].</p>
          <p>Utilizou-se a regra de Simpson modificada para determinar os volumes e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (FEVE) e volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE). Indexaram-se os resultados &#224; &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal (ASC). A massa do VE foi calculada pela f&#243;rmula de Devereux's.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O Doppler pulsado foi adquirido em janela apical de quatro c&#226;maras. As imagens do Doppler tecidular do anel mitral e tric&#250;spide foram obtidas, e foram determinadas as ondas E, e' e a velocidade da onda S', respectivamente.</p>
          <p>Utilizou-se a ecocardiografia bidimensional com <italic>speckle tracking</italic> para calcular a deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal clobal (DLG) do VE. As imagens foram adquiridas em janela apical de quatro, duas e tr&#234;s c&#226;maras, com monitoramento electrocardiogr&#225;fico. Em modo <italic>off-line</italic>, com <italic>software</italic> dedicado para o efeito (EchoPAC 9.0; GE Healthcare<sup>&#174;</sup>, Horten, Norway), realizaram-se o <italic>tracking</italic> mioc&#225;rdico e posterior convers&#227;o para <italic>Lagrangian</italic>, utilizando-se um programa de dete&#231;&#227;o semiautom&#225;tica do bordo endoc&#225;rdico. Este sistema permitiu a realiza&#231;&#227;o de corre&#231;&#245;es manuais, de modo a assegurar o correto tra&#231;ado entre a cavidade e parede do VE. Utilizando as tr&#234;s janelas apicais efetuadas, de quatro, duas e tr&#234;s c&#226;maras, calculou-se a m&#233;dia de deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal regional para, posteriormente, calcular a m&#233;dia da DLG. A qualidade do exame foi considerada boa quando at&#233; no m&#225;ximo dois segmentos foram exclu&#237;dos e excelente quando todos os segmentos eram analisados.</p>
          <p>Foram calculadas as seguintes vari&#225;veis: &#916;SIV, &#916;massa do VE, &#916;ERP, &#916;DDVE, &#916;volume AE, &#916;FEVE, &#916;S', Delta do Plano de Excurs&#227;o Sist&#243;lica do Anel Tric&#250;spide (&#916;TAPSE) e &#916;DLG. O c&#225;lculo de cada uma destas vari&#225;veis foi realizado pela f&#243;rmula [(par&#226;metro final - par&#226;metro inicial) / par&#226;metro inicial x 100].</p>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref> exemplifica um ETT de um militar ap&#243;s o curso de tropas especiais.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Cora&#231;&#227;o com espessura parietal e dimens&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo dentro dos limites considerados normais, com valores de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica supranormais e deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal global normal.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-03-0209-80012-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi verificada pelo teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov. A homogeneidade das vari&#225;veis individuais foi avaliada pelo teste de Levene. As vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, e o teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> emparelhado com an&#225;lise bicaudal foi utilizado para a compara&#231;&#227;o de grupos. Vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram expressas como mediana e intervalos interquartil, e os grupos foram comparados com o teste de Wilcoxon emparelhado. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncia e porcentagem, e o teste qui quadrado e teste de Fisher foram utilizados quando apropriados.</p>
          <p>Valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo, com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. Utilizou-se o <italic>Statistical Package for Social Sicence</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 20 (SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup> Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), para c&#225;lculo e an&#225;lise de todos os dados.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>As carater&#237;sticas da amostra, os dados antropom&#233;tricos, a hist&#243;ria esportiva e as diferentes modalidades praticadas s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>. A amostra era composta por jovens caucasianos do sexo masculino, com idade mediana de 20 (20 a 24) anos e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) de 25,3 &#177; 2,7 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
          <p>Quase um quinto da amostra (20,6%) apresentava pelo menos um FRCV, sendo o tabagismo o mais frequente (17,6%), seguido da dislipidemia (5,9%). Nenhum dos indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos apresentou hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, hipertens&#227;o arterial ou diabetes melito.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Varia&#231;&#227;o dos dados antropom&#233;tricos</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s o curso de tropas especiais, os militares tiveram um aumento significativo do peso corporal, com ganho de MM e diminui&#231;&#227;o de MG. Tamb&#233;m se verificaram diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o ao perfil tensional, com diminui&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia da PAS, PAD e da FC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Dados antropom&#233;tricos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Dados antropom&#233;tricos</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Militares (n = 17)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Inicial</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Final</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso, kg</td>
                  <td align="center">75,2 &#177; 7,8</td>
                  <td align="center">77,4 &#177; 6,6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Massa magra, %</td>
                  <td align="center">41,3 &#177; 2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">44,4 &#177; 1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Massa gorda, %</td>
                  <td align="center">19,1 &#177; 3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">13,1 &#177; 3,5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">128 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">122 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">73 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">66 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (57-73)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (53-62)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">+</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Teste de t de Student emparelhado;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <label>+</label>
                <p>teste de Wilcoxon emparelhado.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
          <p>Todos os ECG estavam em ritmo sinusal e foram considerados normais ou apenas com altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas. A altera&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica mais prevalente foi o padr&#227;o de repolariza&#231;&#227;o precoce (41,2%), seguida da hipertrofia VE (29,4%), bradicardia sinusal (17,6%) e bloqueio incompleto do ramo direito (17,6%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
          <p>Os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>. Verificou-se aumento, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, das dimens&#245;es das cavidades esquerdas, tanto do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE como do volume do AE, al&#233;m de aumento da massa VE e diminui&#231;&#227;o da ERP. Nas vari&#225;veis funcionais, houve redu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE em repouso e aumento da onda S'. Apesar da DLG n&#227;o apresentar diferen&#231;as significativas, observou-se uma tend&#234;ncia para a diminui&#231;&#227;o de seu valor absoluto.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Varia&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Par&#226;metros</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Militares (n = 17)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Inicial</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Final</th>
                  <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Septo interventricular, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">9,7 &#177; 1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">9,9 &#177; 1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,39<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Parede posterior, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">9,7 &#177; 0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">9,6 &#177; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,39<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Massa ventr&#237;culo esquerdo_ indexada, g/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">93,1 &#177; 7,7</td>
                  <td align="center">100,2 &#177; 11,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Espessura relativa das paredes</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">49,7 &#177; 3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">52,8 &#177; 3,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">33,2 &#177; 3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">35,1 &#177; 2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,3 &#177; 4,5</td>
                  <td align="center">28,2 &#177; 4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">54 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E' lateral (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">19 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E/E'</td>
                  <td align="center">5,3 &#177; 1,0</td>
                  <td align="center">5,3 &#177; 0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S' (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (13-16)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (16-18)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,01<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">+</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Plano de excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">25 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">26 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Strain longitudinal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-21,3 &#177; 0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">-20,5 &#177; 1,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Teste de t de Student emparelhado;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <label>+</label>
                <p>teste de Wilcoxon emparelhado.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diferen&#231;as porcentuais entre in&#237;cio e final do curso</title>
          <p>As diferen&#231;as na remodelagem verificadas entre o in&#237;cio e o final do curso de tropas especiais relativamente aos dados antropom&#233;tricos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos est&#227;o representadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>. Verificaram-se o aumento do peso (3,1 &#177; 3,3%; p &lt; 0,01) e da MM (7,7 &#177; 4,1%; p &lt; 0,01), e a redu&#231;&#227;o da MG (-30 &#177; 15,7%; p &lt; 0,01). O perfil tensional alterou-se com diminui&#231;&#227;o da PAS (-4,8 &#177; 3,0%; p &lt; 0,01) e da PAD (-8,6 &#177; 7,4%; p &lt; 0,01). Entre os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, verificaram-se o aumento da massa do VE (10,2 &#177; 10,8%; p &lt; 0,01), do DDVE (6,4 &#177; 14,3%; p &lt; 0,01) e do volume AE (10,6 &#177; 21,1%, p = 0,02), e diminui&#231;&#227;o da ERP (-7,0 &#177; 14,3 %; p = 0,05). Funcionalmente, ocorreram diminui&#231;&#227;o da FEVE (-11,0 &#177; 12,8 %; p &lt; 0,01) e aumento do S' [13,3 (6,3-19,4) %; p &lt; 0,01].</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-03-0209-80012-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, realizado em atletas submetidos a um programa de treinamento militar exigente em um curso de tropas especiais, foi observada remodelagem card&#237;aca adicional, estrutural e funcional, al&#233;m de antropom&#233;trica.</p>
        <p>Relativamente aos sinais vitais, houve diminui&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias da PAS, PAD e da FC em repouso. Este fato deve-se &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico e ao aumento do parassimp&#225;tico, durante o repouso em jovens treinados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Nos dados antropom&#233;tricos, constatou-se um aumento m&#233;dio do peso corporal, com ganho de MM e redu&#231;&#227;o marcada da MG. No in&#237;cio do programa de treinamento, os militares tinham valores de MG considerados acima do desej&#225;vel para sua faixa et&#225;ria e sexo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> e estes valores diminu&#237;ram para n&#237;veis considerados adequados com o programa de treinamento militar. A diminui&#231;&#227;o de MG relaciona-se com o aumento de intensidade e/ou dura&#231;&#227;o do treinamento,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> fato tamb&#233;m demonstrado neste estudo.</p>
        <p>As adapta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas encontradas foram compat&#237;veis com remodelagem card&#237;aca exc&#234;ntrica. Observaram-se aumento significativo das dimens&#245;es e da massa do VE, e tend&#234;ncia para o aumento do volume do AE. Sabe-se que a remodelagem card&#237;aca condicionada pelo exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico relaciona-se com o aumento e a hipertrofia harmoniosa das cavidades card&#237;acas, influenciando tamb&#233;m as cavidades direitas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Durante o curso de tropas especiais, a porcentagem de militares com carater&#237;sticas de hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica (ERP &lt; 0,42 e IMVE &gt; 115g/m<sup>2</sup>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> praticamente duplicou (de 5,9% para 11,8%). As altera&#231;&#245;es verificadas resultam da intensidade, da frequ&#234;ncia e do m&#233;todo de treinamento. Embora o programa de treinamento de tropas especiais seja composto por exerc&#237;cios din&#226;micos e est&#225;ticos, o treinamento din&#226;mico predomina. A frequ&#234;ncia e a intensidade s&#227;o outros fatores que contribuem para elevados d&#233;bitos card&#237;acos, com a correspondente sobrecarga de volume e a dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A n&#237;vel funcional, foi notada uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da FEVE, altera&#231;&#227;o esta de acordo com o descrito previamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Isto porque atletas sujeitos a esfor&#231;os intensos e prolongados podem apresentar redu&#231;&#227;o ligeira da FEVE em repouso. V&#225;rios fatores podem contribuir para este fen&#244;meno, como capacidade que os atletas t&#234;m de aumentar consideravelmente a FEVE durante o esfor&#231;o &#224; custa do aumento das dimens&#245;es diast&#243;licas do VE que, pelo mecanismo de Frank-Starling, associa-se a aumento do <italic>preload</italic>, enchimento diast&#243;lico mais eficaz e menor volume sist&#243;lico do VE, permitindo eleva&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel do volume de eje&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Outra poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o &#233; o fato de a FEVE representar uma estimativa da fun&#231;&#227;o do VE e n&#227;o diretamente da contratilidade do mioc&#225;rdio, podendo subestimar sua capacidade quando submetido a esfor&#231;o intenso. Tamb&#233;m a f&#243;rmula matem&#225;tica utilizada para o c&#225;lculo da FEVE (100 x volume de eje&#231;&#227;o/DDVE), em cora&#231;&#245;es com aumento das cavidades, subestima a desempenho do VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Neste estudo, apesar das adapta&#231;&#245;es verificadas, podemos afirmar que estas se situavam dentro de intervalos considerados normais (nenhum militar apresentou FEVE &lt; 50% nas avalia&#231;&#245;es iniciais ou finais). No entanto, ap&#243;s o programa de treinamento militar, 12 indiv&#237;duos (cerca de 70% da popula&#231;&#227;o) apresentavam FEVE em repouso entre 50 e 55%.</p>
        <p>Estudou-se a DLG do mioc&#225;rdio, por meio da t&#233;cnica de <italic>speckle tracking</italic>, e verificou-se que os militares apresentavam valores dentro dos intervalos considerados normais. Assistiu-se a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do valor absoluto da DLG, mas sem alcan&#231;ar diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa, provavelmente pelo reduzido n&#250;mero da amostra. Este par&#226;metro pode ser importante para diferenciar hipertrofia ventricular esquerda associada ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e doen&#231;a, nomeadamente a miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, j&#225; que valores de mec&#226;nica mioc&#225;rdica, dentro de valores normais, sugerem altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>&#201; vasta a literatura sobre a remodelagem card&#237;aca condicionada pelo exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico em atletas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> mas a bibliografia existente na popula&#231;&#227;o militar &#233; menor. Os autores n&#227;o encontraram, na literatura, trabalho que abordasse as varia&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares em atletas de competi&#231;&#227;o quando sujeitos a um programa de treinamento militar intenso. Particularmente em Portugal, no grupo de tropas especiais do Ex&#233;rcito, trata-se do primeiro trabalho que relaciona o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico militar com a remodelagem cardiovascular provocada por ele.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>O presente estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. A primeira &#233; a reduzida amostra avaliada. As grandes exig&#234;ncias f&#237;sica e mental deste tipo de curso fazem com que o n&#250;mero de militares que o completam com sucesso seja pequeno. A segunda resulta da n&#227;o exist&#234;ncia de um grupo de controle, e os militares que desistiram do curso n&#227;o foram reavaliados, para compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados com os militares que finalizaram o curso militar. A terceira deve-se ao fato de os militares n&#227;o terem sido tamb&#233;m avaliados com indicadores de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica aer&#243;bica, teste de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar, e testes de for&#231;a/pot&#234;ncia muscular, antes e no final do curso, para avaliar o real impacto do treinamento sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o e ganhos em capacidade f&#237;sica e funcional. A prova de esfor&#231;o cardiopulmonar seria importante para determinar com mais precis&#227;o a faixa de treinamento com base na FC m&#225;xima. Em quarto, a quantifica&#231;&#227;o do treinamento n&#227;o programado praticado pelos militares durante o curso de tropas especiais, muito comum neste contexto, limita a determina&#231;&#227;o mais objetiva desta vari&#225;vel, estando provavelmente subestimada. Durante o curso, estes indiv&#237;duos est&#227;o permanentemente envolvidos em atividades e avalia&#231;&#245;es em que o componente f&#237;sica &#233; fulcral, al&#233;m do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico convencional ou programado. Em quinto, n&#227;o foi contemplado, no protocolo de estudo, que o n&#237;vel de hidrata&#231;&#227;o dos militares avaliados fosse similar nos dois momentos de avalia&#231;&#227;o e, por fim, apesar eles negarem a toma de subst&#226;ncias estimulantes, este fato tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi comprovado.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O treinamento f&#237;sico militar intenso provoca remodelagem card&#237;aca adicional em atletas de n&#237;vel competitivo, tanto estrutural como funcional. As caracter&#237;sticas do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico s&#227;o fatores condicionadores da remodelagem card&#237;aca, devendo ser valorizadas durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o destes indiv&#237;duos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Paulo Dinis pela Universidade de Coimbra.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 087/2015. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
