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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Mjk74f7wzwkqRnPSmkhh5bg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000300201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S2359-56472018005001103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20180009</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance by HOMA-IR in Menopause</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>&#201;rika Joseth Nogueira da Cruz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>T&#226;nia Pav&#227;o Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Iara Ant&#244;nia Lustosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Jorgileia Braga de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Bianca Lima e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Elenice Jardim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serra</surname>
            <given-names>Claudiana Batalha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Vaneide Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Surama Maria Bandeira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueredo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Albuquerque de</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</city>
            <state>MA</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA - Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: &#201;rika Joseth Nogueira da Cruz Fonseca</bold>. Hospital Universit&#225;rio Unidade Materno Infantil, Rua Silva Jardim, s/n. Postal Code: 65021-000, Centro, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA - Brazil. E-mail: <email>erikajoseth@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Fonseca EJNC, Figueredo Neto JA. Acquisition of data: : Fonseca EJNC, Silva BL, Figueredo Neto JA, Rocha TPO, Melo JB, Andrade MVG, Sousa SMB, Lopes EJ, Lopes EJ. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Fonseca EJNC, Serra CB, Figueredo Neto JA. Statistical analysis: Fonseca EJNC, Nogueira IAL, Figueredo Neto JA. Obtaining financing: Fonseca EJNC, Nogueira IAL, Figueredo Neto JA, Melo JB. Writing of the manuscript: Fonseca EJNC, Figueredo Neto JA. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Fonseca EJNC, Nogueira IAL, Figueredo Neto JA, Rocha TPO.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>201</fpage>
      <lpage>208</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Metabolic syndrome is an important cardiovascular risk factor, and its prevalence increases after menopause. However, it is still uncertain whether menopause is an independent risk factor for metabolic syndrome. One of the pathophysiological basis for metabolic syndrome is insulin resistance, which can be calculated by the Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) method, and the association between insulin resistance and menopause is little known.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the association between metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in menopausal women.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>Descriptive study, which evaluated 150 women, aged 40 to 65, treated at a Gynecology Outpatient Clinic of a tertiary public hospital, from May to December of 2013. The sample was divided into two groups: Group I, comprising women in the premenopausal period and Group II, comprising women in the post-menopausal period. The presence of metabolic syndrome and its components were evaluated, as well as occurrence of insulin resistance in both groups. The association of menopausal status and the assessed variables was assessed using the Mann-Whitney, Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. The significance level was set at 5%. The statistical analysis was performed using STATA 12.0.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Metabolic syndrome and its components were more prevalent in postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women also had a higher prevalence of insulin resistance, but no statistical association was observed between the findings.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The menopausal status was not significantly associated with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. Insulin resistance was considered an independent risk factor for the development of metabolic syndrome only in the postmenopausal group.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Metabolic Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Insulin Resistance</kwd>
        <kwd>Menopause</kwd>
        <kwd>Climacteric</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Approximately 40 million women were menopausal in the United States in 2010 and there was an estimate of 60 million menopausal women by 2020.&#185; In Brazil, 28% of the women (24.3 million) are over 40 years of age, and in the city of S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, state of Maranh&#227;o, the estimated female population in 2010 was 538,138, of which 39% was in the age group between 40 and 59 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A set of cardiovascular risk factors related to visceral obesity and Insulin Resistance (IR) defines Metabolic Syndrome (MS),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> which is established in the presence of three or more of the following components: glucose intolerance with fasting glycemia &#8805; 100 mg/dL; abdominal obesity or greater amount of visceral fat, with waist circumference &gt; 90 cm in men and &gt; 80 cm in women; triglycerides &#8805; 150 mg/dL; high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol &lt; 40 mg/dL for men and &lt; 50 mg/dL for women; current antihypertensive therapy or blood pressure &gt;130 x 85 mmHg.</p>
      <p>IR represents a decrease in the ability of insulin to stimulate glucose use. Pancreatic b-cells increase insulin production and secretion as a compensatory mechanism, while glucose tolerance remains normal. This has been pointed out as a collective health problem, affecting several age groups, especially menopausal-aged women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index predicts the level of IR according to the glycemia and basal insulinemia. It has been widely used and represents one of the several alternatives for IR assessment, mainly because it is a simple, fast, easy to apply and low-cost method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The prevalence of MS and its association with IR in menopausal women is still poorly studied in our country. The identification of the main components of MS and their association with IR can be very useful in terms of public health, for instance, by allowing greater specificity for cardiovascular disease primary and secondary prevention actions.</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of MS, its components, and its association with IR in menopause.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This was a descriptive study, which evaluated 150 menopausal patients, aged 40 to 65 years, who agreed to participate in the study by signing the Free and Informed Consent form (FICF) at the Gynecology Outpatient Clinic of Hospital Universit&#225;rio Materno Infantil of Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, from May to December 2013. Patients who did not authorize their participation in the study; pregnant women; statin users; those who had undergone coronary angioplasty or myocardial revascularization, or those with a history of previous acute myocardial infarction; those who did not have information on the cause of menopause and the age at which it occurred; or cases of menopause caused by medical interventions (surgeries, radiotherapy or chemotherapy), were not included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups: Group I: premenopausal women and Group II: postmenopausal women.</p>
      <p>The sociodemographic variables were: age (in full years), ethnicity, family income, schooling, marital status and occupation. Personal history data were also obtained (such as: date of last menstrual period, and time of menopause); comorbidities (Systemic Arterial Hypertension - (SAH), Diabetes Mellitus - (DM) and Cerebrovascular Accident - (CVA); daily use of medications and family history of coronary artery disease before age 60; and Information on social and life habits (regular physical activity, and the reporting of smoking status and alcohol intake).</p>
      <p>The anthropometric variables were collected through a physical examination, including weight, height and Waist Circumference (WC). The WC measurement was made at the midpoint between the iliac crest and the lowest rib, using a simple fiberglass measuring tape with a latch (manufacturer: Sanny), in the orthostatic position, without clothes covering the chest and at the end of expiration.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Blood pressure (BP) was obtained using the mean of two measurements, obtained through the standardized auscultatory method. Patients were classified according to the VI Brazilian Hypertension Guideline (VI Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Participants who had a previous diagnosis of hypertension and/or used antihypertensive drugs were considered hypertensive, and those with a previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus or undergoing treatment with hypoglycemic agents were considered diabetic, according to the consensus of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The presence of MS was defined according to the criterion of Albert et al., which requires the presence of three or more of the following components: WC &gt; 80 cm; systolic BP &gt; 130 mmHg and/or diastolic BP &gt; 85 mmHg or undergoing pharmacological treatment for arterial hypertension; fasting triglyceride levels &gt; 150 mg/dL or undergoing pharmacological treatment for hypertriglyceridemia; HDL-cholesterol levels &lt; 50 mg/dL or pharmacological treatment; fasting glycemia &gt; 100 mg/dL or pharmacological treatment for hyperglycemia.</p>
      <p>The biochemical tests were: fasting glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, creatinine and glycated hemoglobin by the colorimetric method. All examinations were analyzed in the laboratory of Hospital Universit&#225;rio Materno Infantil of Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o.</p>
      <p>HOMA-IR was also calculated using the formula (insulin mUI/L x blood glucose mmol/L/22.5) to evaluate the insulin resistance (IR) of the participants. As reference values, HOMA-IR &gt; 4.65 was used if Body Mass Index (BMI) was &gt;28.9 kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and HOMA-IR &gt; 3.60 if BMI &gt; 27.5 kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, according to Stern et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The collection of anthropometric measures and blood samples after a 12-hour fasting was performed at the same time and according to this sequence.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney and chi-square tests. A statistically significant value of p &lt; 0.05 was considered, using the STATA&#174; software, version 12.0</p>
        <p>This study is part of a larger project, entitled "Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Menopausal Women", which was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (REC) of Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, under Opinion n. 182/11, according to Resolution 196/96 and its complementary regulations of the National Health Council (CNS/MS).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 150 women were evaluated, 75 in the premenopausal Group I and 75 in the postmenopausal Group II, aged 40 to 59 years, and mean age of 49.6 (&#177; 6.7 years). Metabolic syndrome (MS) was diagnosed in 57 women (38%), of which 24 (32%) were premenopausal and 33 (44%) were postmenopausal women. There was no statistical difference between menopause and MS. When studying the association between MS components and menopausal status, higher mean values of blood pressure (BP), triglycerides, fasting glucose and waist circumference were found, as well as lower values of HDL-cholesterol in group II. The menopausal status was an independent risk factor only for the increase in BP and fasting glycemia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of metabolic syndrome components, according to the menopausal status, in women treated at a gynecology outpatient clinic. S&#227;o Lu&#237;s (MA), Brazil, 2015 </title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">General</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Menopausal status</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Premenopausal</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Postmenopausal</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Arterial hypertension</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">66.67</td>
              <td align="center">60</td>
              <td align="center">80.00</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">53.33</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">33.33</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">20.00</td>
              <td align="center">35</td>
              <td align="center">46.67</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Triglycerides</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.212</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">45</td>
              <td align="center">30.00</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">34.67</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">25.33</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High</td>
              <td align="center">105</td>
              <td align="center">70.00</td>
              <td align="center">49</td>
              <td align="center">65.33</td>
              <td align="center">56</td>
              <td align="center">74.67</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>HDL cholesterol</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.400</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">93</td>
              <td align="center">62.00</td>
              <td align="center">49</td>
              <td align="center">65.33</td>
              <td align="center">44</td>
              <td align="center">58.67</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low</td>
              <td align="center">57</td>
              <td align="center">38.00</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">34.67</td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">41.33</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Fasting glucose</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.031<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">89</td>
              <td align="center">59.33</td>
              <td align="center">51</td>
              <td align="center">68.00</td>
              <td align="center">38</td>
              <td align="center">50.67</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Altered</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">40.67</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">32.00</td>
              <td align="center">37</td>
              <td align="center">49.33</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Waist circumference</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.597</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No risk</td>
              <td align="center">47</td>
              <td align="center">31.33</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">33.33</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">29.33</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Risk</td>
              <td align="center">103</td>
              <td align="center">68.67</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">66.67</td>
              <td align="center">53</td>
              <td align="center">70.67</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Metabolic syndrome</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.130</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">93</td>
              <td align="center">62.00</td>
              <td align="center">51</td>
              <td align="center">68.00</td>
              <td align="center">42</td>
              <td align="center">56.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Present</td>
              <td align="center">57</td>
              <td align="center">38.00</td>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="center">32.00</td>
              <td align="center">33</td>
              <td align="center">44.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05, chi-square test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>When evaluating the prevalence of IR calculated by the HOMA-IR Index, 28 participants had insulin resistance. In Group I, ten women (13.3%) had IR, while in Group II, 18 participants (24%) had IR, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 2</xref>. In this analysis, the menopausal status was once again not a direct predictor for the IR presence.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence of overall insulin resistance and according to the menopausal state in women treated in a Gynecology Outpatient Clinic. S&#227;o Lu&#237;s (MA), Brazil, 2015</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
            <col width="12%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Insulin resistance</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">General</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Menopausal status</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Premenopausal</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Postmenopausal</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">122</td>
              <td align="center">81.33</td>
              <td align="center">65</td>
              <td align="center">86.67</td>
              <td align="center">57</td>
              <td align="center">76.00</td>
              <td align="center">0.094</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Present</td>
              <td align="center">28</td>
              <td align="center">18.67</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">13.33</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">24.00</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>*p &lt; 0.05, chi-square test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The study also assessed whether IR alone may be considered an independent risk factor for the development of MS and its components in both groups of assessed women. IR was statistically different from the increase in triglycerides and fasting glucose in the premenopausal group.</p>
      <p>The study showed the association between the presence of IR and MS in both groups. The IR, calculated by the HOMA-IR index, differed from the statistically significant result in the presence of MS, only in the postmenopausal group, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">table 4</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Statistically significant difference between HOMA-IR and metabolic syndrome and its components, according to menopausal status in women treated in a Gynecology Outpatient Clinic. S&#227;o Lu&#237;s (MA), Brazil, 2015</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Premenopausal</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Postmenopausal</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">HOMA-IR</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">HOMA-IR</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Mean &#177; Standard deviation</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Mean &#177; Standard deviation</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Metabolic syndrome</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.1294</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.0025<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">2.17 &#177; 1.15</td>
              <td align="center">2.62 &#177; 1.77</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gift</td>
              <td align="center">3.16 &#177; 2.45</td>
              <td align="center">4.64 &#177; 3.27</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>HDL cholesterol</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.7426</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.0114<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">2.33 &#177; 1.32</td>
              <td align="center">2.72 &#177; 1.76</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low</td>
              <td align="center">2.78 &#177; 2.30</td>
              <td align="center">4.39 &#177; 3.40</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Blood Pressure</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.1751</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.2470</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">2.17 &#177;1.10</td>
              <td align="center">3.04 &#177; 2.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Altered</td>
              <td align="center">3.20 &#177; 2.54</td>
              <td align="center">3.76 &#177; 3.15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Waist circumference</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.0835</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.0871</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">2.01 &#177; 1.28</td>
              <td align="center">2.89 &#177; 2.45</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cardiovascular risk</td>
              <td align="center">2.73 &#177; 1.87</td>
              <td align="center">3.63 &#177; 2.76</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Triglycerides</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.2073</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">1.65 &#177; 1.00</td>
              <td align="center">2.89 &#177; 2.28</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">High</td>
              <td align="center">2.93 &#177; 1.86</td>
              <td align="center">3.59 &#177; 2.79</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Fasting glucose</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt; 0.0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.0531</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">1.92 &#177; 1.02</td>
              <td align="center">2.73 &#177; 1.76</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Altered</td>
              <td align="center">3.69 &#177; 2.25</td>
              <td align="center">4.12 &#177; 3.24</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05, chi-square test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Association between insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in premenopausal and postmenopausal women treated in a Gynecological Outpatient Clinic. S&#227;o Lu&#237;s (MA), Brazil, 2015.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
            <col width="9%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="4" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Insulin Resistance</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Premenopausal</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="4" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Postmenopausal</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="4" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Metabolic syndrome</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Metabolic syndrome</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Absent</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Present</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Absent</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Present</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Absent</td>
              <td align="center">46</td>
              <td align="center">90.20</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">79.17</td>
              <td align="center">0.190</td>
              <td align="center">39</td>
              <td align="center">92.86</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">54.55</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Present</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">9.80</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">20.83</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">7.14</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">45.55</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>chi-square test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>p &lt; 0.05 Fisher's exact test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The prevalence of MS in women of different populations varies considerably. Differences in genetic profile, eating habits, physical activity level, age and lifestyle influence the prevalence of MS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> It is postulated that, among the several risk factors for the syndrome development, menopause is a direct predictor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> In our study, the prevalence of MS was 24% in premenopausal women and 44% in the postmenopausal group, with no statistically significant association. Figueiredo Neto et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> in a study carried out in the State of Maranh&#227;o, Brazil, using the National Cholesterol Education Program's (NCEP) criteria, found a prevalence of 24% in premenopausal women and 44.4% in postmenopausal ones, also without a statistically significant association. As for the study carried out by Ali et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> in Tunisia, with 2,680 women between 2004 and 2005, using NCEP criteria, they found a prevalence of 25.6% and 45.7% in the pre- and postmenopausal groups, respectively, with the menopausal status being an independent risk factor for the development of MS.</p>
      <p>In our study, we evaluated the prevalence of MS components and the possible association with menopausal status. Among them, the most frequent in both groups was the increase in triglycerides, with a prevalence of 65.3% and 74.6% in the pre- and postmenopausal groups, respectively. After that, the increase in the waist circumference was the most often observed, with a frequency of 66.6% in the premenopausal period and 70.6% in the postmenopausal one. However, neither showed a statistical association with menopausal status. Cho et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> in a study carried out in South Korea, with 1,003 women, identified the increase in WC and the reduction in HDL-cholesterol as the most prevalent components of premenopausal MS, reaching 46.1% and 22.5%; respectively. In the postmenopausal period, the increase in WC was the most common (78.9%), followed by an increase in BP (40.6%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Arthur et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> in a study carried out with African women, using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria, identified as the most prevalent factors in the premenopausal group the increase in WC (79%) and in BP (49.7%). Jouyandesh et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> based on the National Cholesterol Education Program - The Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III), studying 118 postmenopausal women from January 2011 to January 2012 at a clinic for menopause follow-up, found as the most prevalent components, once again, an increase in WC (64.3%) and BP (47.9%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> However, the authors suggest that the frequencies observed in the prevalence of MS components may vary among populations due to environmental, nutritional, economic and genetic diversity, characteristic of women in each area.</p>
      <p>Furthermore, when we evaluated the association between the MS components and the menopausal status, we observed that the occurrence of menopause was considered an independent risk factor for the increase of both BP and blood glucose levels. Kim et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>, when studying 3,219 Korean women, found a statistically significant association only between the following syndrome components: WC, BP and triglycerides. Linet al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> in a study developed in the northern region of Taiwan, with 597 women, based on NCEP criteria, demonstrated that menopause is a direct predictor for the development of four of the five MS components, including: WC, BP, triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol. Again, the authors believe that the divergent associations found in their study are consequences of the genetic, socioenvironmental and sociocultural differences of the studied populations.</p>
      <p>It is known that MS has IR among its pathophysiological bases,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> but for some time, the influence of menopause has been discussed on the onset of insulin resistance. To date, literature data are unclear regarding whether menopause is associated with increased IR, but evidence indicates that the role of aging and body fat redistribution (central adiposity) in IR increase in postmenopausal women is well established.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> This study evaluated the presence of IR through the HOMA-IR index in pre- and postmenopausal women, as well as the association between the MS components with the HOMA-IR value, observing a prevalence of IR in 13.3% premenopausal and 24% postmenopausal women, with no statistically significant association. Lejskov&#225; et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> studying 909 pre- and postmenopausal women in the Czech Republic, found a slight increase in HOMA-IR values after menopause, but no significant association with menopausal status. These findings are corroborated by the study by Toth et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> which evaluated the association between menopausal status and insulin sensitivity through the direct and more reliable method to evaluate IR - the glycemic clamp - and demonstrated that menopause is not an independent risk factor for the development of IR.</p>
      <p>The presence of IR was associated with the development of MS in the pre- and post-menopause, and it was observed that IR behaved as a direct predictor of MS only in the group of women who had already undergone the menopausal transition. This observation is consistent with what was found in the Czech study carried out by Lejskov&#225; et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>. However, in a European study, the association occurred only in those women who already had a high HOMA-IR index in the reproductive period. These findings indicate that the menopausal transition alone did not result in an IR increase, and that the IR only determined MS in postmenopausal women.</p>
      <p>This thesis is reinforced by the finding of Manco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> study, carried out in several European countries, with 523 participants, which analyzed IR in men and women of different ages. They observed that IR proportionally increases in both genders from middle age on, suggesting that menopause does not significantly affect IR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Among the components of the MS, the association with IR occurs in the premenopausal period only with elevated triglyceride levels and with altered glycemic levels. In the postmenopausal period, IR is an independent risk factor only for the reduction of HDL-cholesterol. No similar data were found in the recent articles on MS and IR for the studied population.</p>
      <p>This study had as limitation a non-probabilistic sample with a relatively small number of assessed individuals, and further studies with larger sample sizes are necessary.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In the analyzed sample, menopause was not considered a risk factor for the development of metabolic syndrome, as well as for insulin resistance. However, the menopausal status was shown to be an independent risk predictor for fasting blood glucose and blood pressure components.</p>
      <p>Insulin resistance was considered a risk factor for the development of metabolic syndrome only in the postmenopausal period.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) e &#224; Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico do Maranh&#227;o (FAPEMA).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by &#201;rika Joseth Nogueira da Cruz Fonseca, from Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o under the protocol number 005900/2011-00. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>We are grateful to Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) and to Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico do Maranh&#227;o (FAPEMA) for the financial support provided and to Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o for authorizing the study performance in the Gynecology Outpatient Clinic and for the support of the clinical analysis laboratory.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Gold EB, Crawford SL, Avis NE, Crandall CJ, Matthews KA, Waetjen LE, et al. Factors related to age at natural menopause: longitudinal analyses from SWAN. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;178(1):70-83. doi: 10.1093/aje/kws421.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gold</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crawford</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Avis</surname>
              <given-names>NE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crandall</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matthews</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waetjen</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Factors related to age at natural menopause: longitudinal analyses from SWAN</article-title>
          <source>Am J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>178</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>70</fpage>
          <lpage>83</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/aje/kws421</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica e Resist&#234;ncia Insul&#237;nica pelo Homa-IR no Climat&#233;rio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>&#201;rika Joseth Nogueira da Cruz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>T&#226;nia Pav&#227;o Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Iara Ant&#244;nia Lustosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Jorgileia Braga de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Bianca Lima e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Elenice Jardim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serra</surname>
            <given-names>Claudiana Batalha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Vaneide Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Surama Maria Bandeira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueredo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Albuquerque de</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: &#201;rika Joseth Nogueira da Cruz Fonseca</bold>. Hospital Universit&#225;rio Unidade Materno Infantil, Rua Silva Jardim, s/n. CEP: 65021-000, Centro, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA - Brasil. E-mail: <email>erikajoseth@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Fonseca EJNC, Figueredo Neto JA. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Fonseca EJNC, Silva BL, Figueredo Neto JA, Rocha TPO, Melo JB, Andrade MVG, Sousa SMB, Lopes EJ, Lopes EJ. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Fonseca EJNC, Serra CB,Figueredo Neto JA. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Fonseca EJNC, Nogueira IAL, Figueredo Neto JA. Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Fonseca EJNC, Nogueira IAL, Figueredo Neto JA, Melo JB. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Fonseca EJNC, Figueredo Neto JA. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Fonseca EJNC, Nogueira IAL, Figueredo Neto JA, Rocha TPO.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica &#233; um importante fator de risco cardiovascular, e sua preval&#234;ncia aumenta ap&#243;s a menopausa. Ainda &#233; incerto, por&#233;m, se a menopausa &#233; fator de risco independente para a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Uma das bases fisiopatol&#243;gicas para s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica &#233; a resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica, que pode ser calculada pelo m&#233;todo <italic>Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insulin Resitance</italic> (HOMA-IR), sendo pouco conhecida a rela&#231;&#227;o entre resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica e menopausa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica em mulheres climat&#233;ricas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo descritivo, que avaliou 150 mulheres, com idades entre 40 e 65 anos, atendidas em um ambulat&#243;rio de ginecologia em um hospital terci&#225;rio p&#250;blico, entre maio e dezembro de 2013. A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos, sendo o Grupo I com pacientes na pr&#233;-menopausa e o II com pacientes na p&#243;s-menopausa. Foi avaliada a presen&#231;a de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, bem como de seus componentes, al&#233;m da ocorr&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica nos dois grupos. A associa&#231;&#227;o do estado menopausal e as vari&#225;veis estudadas foi realizada com os testes Mann-Whitney, qui quadrado e exato de Fisher. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi de 5%. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi feita por meio do STATA 12.0.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica foi mais prevalente nas mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa, bem como todos seus componentes tiveram maior frequ&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m nesse grupo. As mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa tamb&#233;m apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica, mas n&#227;o foi observada rela&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica entre os achados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O estado menopausal n&#227;o se associou significativamente com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica. A resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica foi considerada fator de risco independente para o desenvolvimento de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica apenas no grupo p&#243;s-menopausa.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Insulina</kwd>
        <kwd>Menopausa</kwd>
        <kwd>Climat&#233;rio</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Aproximadamente 40 milh&#245;es de mulheres estavam no climat&#233;rio nos Estados Unidos em 2010 e havia uma perspectiva de 60 milh&#245;es em 2020.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> No Brasil, 28% das mulheres (24,3 milh&#245;es) t&#234;m mais de 40 anos e na cidade de S&#227;o Lu&#237;s (MA), a estimativa da popula&#231;&#227;o feminina de 2010 foi de 538.138, sendo que, destas, 39% encontravam-se na faixa et&#225;ria entre 40 a 59 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um conjunto de fatores de risco cardiovasculares relacionados &#224; obesidade visceral e &#224; Resist&#234;ncia Insul&#237;nica (RI) define a S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica (SM),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> sendo estabelecida quando apresenta tr&#234;s ou mais dos seguintes componentes: intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose com glicemia de jejum &#8805; 100 mg/dL; obesidade abdominal ou maior quantidade de gordura visceral com circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura &gt; 90 cm para homens e &gt; 80 cm para mulheres; triglicer&#237;deos &#8805; 150 mg/dL; lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL) colesterol &lt; 40 mg/dL para homens e 50 mg/dL para mulheres; terapia anti-hipertensiva vigente ou press&#227;o &#8805; 130 x 85 mmHg.</p>
        <p>A RI representa a diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade da insulina de estimular a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de glicose. As c&#233;lulas betapancre&#225;ticas aumentam a produ&#231;&#227;o e a secre&#231;&#227;o de insulina, como mecanismo compensat&#243;rio, enquanto a toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose permanece normal. Esta tem sido apontada como um problema de sa&#250;de coletiva, acometendo v&#225;rias faixas et&#225;rias, sobretudo, mulheres em idade climat&#233;rica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O &#237;ndice <italic>Homeostases Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance</italic> (HOMA-IR) prediz o n&#237;vel de RI de acordo com a glicemia e a insulinemia basal. Ele tem sido amplamente utilizado e representa uma das diversas alternativas para avalia&#231;&#227;o da RI, principalmente por figurar como um m&#233;todo simples, r&#225;pido, de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o e baixo custo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia da SM e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com a RI em mulheres climat&#233;ricas ainda &#233; pouco estudada em nosso meio. A identifica&#231;&#227;o dos principais componentes da SM e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a RI pode ser de grande utilidade em termos de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, por exemplo, ao possibilitar maior especificidade para a&#231;&#245;es de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo consistiu na avalia&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia da SM e seus componentes, e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a RI, no climat&#233;rio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Estudo descritivo, que avaliou 150 pacientes climat&#233;ricas, com idade entre 40 e 65 anos, que concordaram em participar da pesquisa mediante assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) no Ambulat&#243;rio de Ginecologia do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Materno Infantil da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, no per&#237;odo de maio a dezembro de 2013. Pacientes que n&#227;o autorizaram sua participa&#231;&#227;o na pesquisa; gestantes; em uso de estatinas; que tinham sido submetidas &#224; angioplastia coronariana ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, ou com hist&#243;ria de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio; que n&#227;o possu&#237;am informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a causa da menopausa e a idade em que ocorreu; ou casos de menopausa causada por interven&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas (cirurgias, radioterapia ou quimioterapia) n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;das na pesquisa. As pacientes foram divididas em dois grupos: Grupo I, de mulheres na pr&#233;-menopausa, e Grupo II, de mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas abordadas foram idade (em anos completos), cor, renda familiar, escolaridade, estado civil e ocupa&#231;&#227;o. Tamb&#233;m foram registrados dados referentes aos antecedentes pessoais (data da &#250;ltima menstrua&#231;&#227;o e tempo de menopausa); comorbidades (Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica &#8722; HAS, Diabetes Melito &#8722; DM e Acidente Vascular Cerebral &#8722; AVE); uso di&#225;rio de medicamentos e hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana antes dos 60 anos; e informa&#231;&#245;es quanto aos h&#225;bitos sociais e de vida (pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica regular, e o relato de tabagismo e ingest&#227;o de &#225;lcool).</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis antropom&#233;tricas foram coletadas por meio do exame f&#237;sico, incluindo peso, altura e Circunfer&#234;ncia Abdominal (CA). A medida da CA foi feita no ponto m&#233;dio entre a crista il&#237;aca e a face externa da &#250;ltima costela, com trena de fibra de vidro simples com trava (fabricante: Sanny), em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, sem roupa no t&#243;rax e no final da expira&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A Press&#227;o Arterial (PA) foi obtida pela m&#233;dia de duas medidas pelo m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio padronizado. As pacientes foram classificadas de acordo com a VI Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Consideraram-se, tamb&#233;m como hipertensa, as participantes que tinham diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de HAS e/ou usavam anti-hipertensivos. Classificaram-se como diab&#233;ticas aquelas com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de DM ou em tratamento com hipoglicemiantes, conforme consenso da Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de SM foi definida de acordo com o crit&#233;rio de Albert et al., o qual requer a presen&#231;a de tr&#234;s ou mais dos seguintes componentes: CA &gt; 80 cm; PA sist&#243;lica &gt; 130 mmHg e/ou PA diast&#243;lica &gt; 85 mmHg ou em tratamento farmacol&#243;gico para hipertens&#227;o arterial; n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos em jejum &gt; 150 mg/dL ou em tratamento farmacol&#243;gico para hipertrigliceridemia; n&#237;veis de colesterol em part&#237;culas HDL &lt; 50 mg/dL ou tratamento farmacol&#243;gico; glicemia de jejum superior a 100 mg/dL ou tratamento farmacol&#243;gico para hiperglicemia.</p>
        <p>Os exames bioqu&#237;micos realizados foram glicose em jejum, colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, triglicer&#237;deos, ureia, creatinina e hemoglobina glicada pelo m&#233;todo colorim&#233;trico. Todos os exames foram analisados no laborat&#243;rio do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Materno Infantil da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m foi calculado o HOMA-IR, utilizando a f&#243;rmula (insulina mUI/L x glicemia mmol/L/22,5) para avaliar a RI das participantes. Como valores de refer&#234;ncia, adotou-se HOMA-IR &gt; 4,65 se &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) &gt; 28,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e Homa- R &gt; 3,60 se IMC &gt; 27,5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, segundo Stern et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A obten&#231;&#227;o das medidas antropom&#233;tricas e a coleta de sangue em jejum de 12 horas foram realizadas todas em um mesmo momento e nesta sequ&#234;ncia.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada por meio dos testes exato de Fisher, Mann-Whitney e qui quadrado. Foi considerado estatisticamente significativo valor de p &lt; 0,05, utilizando o STATA&#174;, vers&#227;o 12.0</p>
          <p>Este estudo &#233; parte de um projeto maior, intitulado <italic>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial e Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Risco Cardiovascular em Mulheres Climat&#233;ricas</italic>, que possui aprova&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa (CEP) do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, sob parecer 182/11, obedecendo &#224; Resolu&#231;&#227;o196/96 e suas complementares do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de (CNS/MS).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram avaliadas 150 mulheres, sendo 75 pertencentes ao Grupo I e 75 ao II, com idade entre 40 a 59 anos, e m&#233;dia de idade de 49,6 (&#177; 6,7 anos). A SM foi diagnosticada em 57 mulheres (38%), sendo 24 (32%) na pr&#233;-menopausa e 33 (44%) na p&#243;s-menopausa. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre menopausa e SM. Ao se estudar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os componentes da SM com o estado menopausal, foram encontradas m&#233;dias dos valores de PA, triglicer&#237;deos, glicemia de jejum e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura maiores, bem como valores inferiores de HDL-colesterol no Grupo II. O estado menopausal constituiu-se de fator de risco independente apenas para o aumento da PA e da glicemia de jejum (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos componentes da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, segundo o estado menopausal, em mulheres atendidas em um ambulat&#243;rio de ginecologia. S&#227;o Lu&#237;s (MA), Brasil, 2015</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Geral</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Estado menopausal</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Pr&#233;-menopausa</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">P&#243;s-menopausa</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">66,67</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">80,00</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">53,33</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">33,33</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">20,00</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">46,67</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Triglicer&#237;deos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,212</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">30,00</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">34,67</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">25,33</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alto</td>
                <td align="center">105</td>
                <td align="center">70,00</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">65,33</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">74,67</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>HDL colesterol</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,400</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">93</td>
                <td align="center">62,00</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">65,33</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">58,67</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixo</td>
                <td align="center">57</td>
                <td align="center">38,00</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">34,67</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">41,33</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Glicemia em jejum</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,031<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">89</td>
                <td align="center">59,33</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center">68,00</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">50,67</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alterado</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">40,67</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">32,00</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">49,33</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,597</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o risco</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">31,33</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">33,33</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">29,33</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco</td>
                <td align="center">103</td>
                <td align="center">68,67</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">66,67</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">70,67</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,130</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">93</td>
                <td align="center">62,00</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center">68,00</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">56,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Presente</td>
                <td align="center">57</td>
                <td align="center">38,00</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">32,00</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">44,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05, teste qui quadrado.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ao se avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de RI calculada pelo HOMA-IR, encontrou-se que 28 participantes possu&#237;am RI. No Grupo I, dez mulheres (13,3%) apresentavam RI; no Grupo II, 18 participantes (24%) possu&#237;am RI, conforme representado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabela 2</xref>. Nessa an&#225;lise, o estado menopausal, novamente, n&#227;o foi preditor direto para a presen&#231;a de RI.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia de resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica geral e de acordo com o estado menopausal, em mulheres atendidas em um ambulat&#243;rio de ginecologia. S&#227;o Lu&#237;s (MA), Brasil, 2015</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
              <col width="12%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Geral</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Estado menopausal</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Pr&#233;-menopausa</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">P&#243;s-menopausa</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">122</td>
                <td align="center">81,33</td>
                <td align="center">65</td>
                <td align="center">86,67</td>
                <td align="center">57</td>
                <td align="center">76,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,094</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Presente</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">18,67</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">13,33</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">24,00</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05, teste qui quadrado.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O estudo tamb&#233;m avaliou se a RI pode ser considerada fator de risco independente para o desenvolvimento da SM e de seus componentes isoladamente, nos dois grupos de mulheres estudadas. A RI diferenciou-se estatisticamente do aumento dos triglicer&#237;deos e da glicemia de jejum no grupo pr&#233;-menopausa.</p>
        <p>No estudo, foi observada a rela&#231;&#227;o entre presen&#231;a de RI e SM nos dois grupos estudados. A RI, calculada pelo HOMA-IR, diferenciou-se do resultado estatisticamente significante &#224; presen&#231;a de SM apenas no grupo p&#243;s-menopausa, conforme observado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">tabela 4</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre HOMA-IR e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, e seus componentes, segundo o estado menopausal, em mulheres atendidas em um ambulat&#243;rio de ginecologia. S&#227;o Lu&#237;s (MA), Brasil, 2015</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Pr&#233;-menopausa</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">P&#243;s-menopausa</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">HOMA-IR</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">HOMA-IR</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">M&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">M&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,1294</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,0025<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">2,17 &#177; 1,15</td>
                <td align="center">2,62 &#177; 1,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Presente</td>
                <td align="center">3,16 &#177; 2,45</td>
                <td align="center">4,64 &#177; 3,27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>HDL colesterol</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,7426</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,0114<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">2,33 &#177; 1,32</td>
                <td align="center">2,72 &#177; 1,76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixo</td>
                <td align="center">2,78 &#177; 2,30</td>
                <td align="center">4,39 &#177; 3,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Press&#227;o arterial</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,1751</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,2470</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">2,17 &#177;1,10</td>
                <td align="center">3,04 &#177; 2,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alterada</td>
                <td align="center">3,20 &#177; 2,54</td>
                <td align="center">3,76 &#177; 3,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,0835</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,0871</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">2,01 &#177; 1,28</td>
                <td align="center">2,89 &#177; 2,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risco cardiovascular</td>
                <td align="center">2,73 &#177; 1,87</td>
                <td align="center">3,63 &#177; 2,76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Triglicer&#237;deos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,2073</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">1,65 &#177; 1,00</td>
                <td align="center">2,89 &#177; 2,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alto</td>
                <td align="center">2,93 &#177; 1,86</td>
                <td align="center">3,59 &#177; 2,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Glicemia em jejum</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt; 0,0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,0531</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">1,92 &#177; 1,02</td>
                <td align="center">2,73 &#177; 1,76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alterado</td>
                <td align="center">3,69 &#177; 2,25</td>
                <td align="center">4,12 &#177; 3,24</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05, teste qui quadrado.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica em mulheres na pr&#233;-menopausa e na p&#243;s menopausa, em mulheres atendidas em um ambulat&#243;rio de ginecologia. S&#227;o Lu&#237;s (MA), Brasil, 2015</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
              <col width="9%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="4" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Pr&#233;-menopausa</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="4" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">P&#243;s-menopausa</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="4" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">S&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Ausente</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Presente</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Ausente</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;background-color:#C5C6C8">Presente</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ausente</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">90,20</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">79,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,190</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">92,86</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">54,55</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Presente</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">9,80</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">20,83</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">7,14</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">45,55</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>teste qui quadrado;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0,05 teste exato de Fisher.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de SM entre as mulheres de diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es varia consideravelmente. Diferen&#231;as no perfil gen&#233;tico, h&#225;bitos de alimenta&#231;&#227;o, n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, idade e estilo de vida influenciam na preval&#234;ncia da SM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Postula-se que, dentre os diversos fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento da s&#237;ndrome, a menopausa &#233; um preditor direto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Em nosso estudo, a preval&#234;ncia da SM encontrada foi de 24% nas mulheres do grupo em pr&#233;-menopausa e 44% no grupo em p&#243;s-menopausa, sem que houvesse associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa. Figueiredo Neto et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> em estudo realizado no estado do Maranh&#227;o, utilizando crit&#233;rios do <italic>National Cholesterol Education Program's</italic> (NCEP), encontraram preval&#234;ncia de 24% nas mulheres em pr&#233;-menopausa e entre 44,4% naquelas em p&#243;s-menopausa, tamb&#233;m sem associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante. J&#225; estudo realizado por Ali et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> na Tun&#237;sia, com 2.680 mulheres, entre 2004 e 2005, utilizando crit&#233;rios da NCEP, obteve preval&#234;ncia de 25,6 e 45,7% nos grupos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-menopausa, respectivamente, sendo o estado menopausal fator de risco independente para o desenvolvimento da SM.</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, foi avaliada a preval&#234;ncia dos componentes da SM e a poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o com o estado menopausal. Dentre eles, o mais frequente, em ambos os grupos, foi a eleva&#231;&#227;o dos triglicer&#237;deos, com preval&#234;ncia de 65,3% e 74,6% nos grupos em pr&#233; e p&#243;s-menopausa, respectivamente. Em seguida, o aumento da CA foi o mais observado, com frequ&#234;ncia de 66,6% na pr&#233;-menopausa e 70,6% na p&#243;s-menopausa. No entanto, ambos n&#227;o apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica com o estado menopausal. Cho et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> em estudo realizado na Coreia do Sul, com 1.003 mulheres, identificaram o aumento da CA e a redu&#231;&#227;o do HDL-colesterol como os componentes mais prevalentes da SM na pr&#233;-menopausa, atingindo 46,1% e 22,5%; respectivamente. J&#225; na p&#243;s-menopausa, o aumento da CA foi o mais encontrado (78,9%), seguido pelo aumento da PA (40,6%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Arthur et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> em estudo desenvolvido com mulheres africanas, utilizando crit&#233;rios do IDF, identificaram como fatores mais prevalentes, no grupo pr&#233;-menopausa, os aumentos da CA (79%) e da PA (49,7%). Jouyandesh et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> tendo como base o crit&#233;rio <italic>National Cholesterol Education Program - The Adult Treatment Panel III</italic> (NCEP- ATP III), estudando 118 mulheres p&#243;s-menop&#225;usicas de janeiro 2011 a janeiro de 2012 em uma cl&#237;nica para acompanhamento da menopausa, encontraram como componentes mais prevalentes, novamente, os aumentos da CA (64,3%) e da PA (47,9%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> No entanto, os autores sugerem que as frequ&#234;ncias observadas na preval&#234;ncia dos componentes da SM possam variar entre as diversas popula&#231;&#245;es devido &#224; diversidade ambiental, nutricional, econ&#244;mica e gen&#233;tica caracter&#237;sticas das mulheres de cada localidade.</p>
        <p>Ainda, ao avaliarmos a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os componentes da SM e o estado menopausal, observamos que a ocorr&#234;ncia da menopausa foi considerada fator de risco independente para o aumento tanto da PA quanto dos n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos. Kim et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> ao estudarem 3.219 mulheres coreanas, encontraram associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa apenas entre os seguintes componentes da s&#237;ndrome: CA, PA e triglicer&#237;deos. J&#225; Linet al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> em trabalho desenvolvido na regi&#227;o norte de Taiwan, com 597 mulheres, a partir dos crit&#233;rios da NCEP, demonstraram que a menopausa &#233; preditor direto para o desenvolvimento de quatro dos cinco componentes da SM, entre eles CA, PA, triglicer&#237;deos e HDL-colesterol. Novamente, os autores acreditam que as divergentes associa&#231;&#245;es encontradas s&#227;o consequ&#234;ncias das diferen&#231;as gen&#233;ticas, socioambientais e socioculturais das popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas.</p>
        <p>Sabe-se que a SM tem entre suas bases fisiopatol&#243;gicas a RI,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> mas h&#225; algum tempo, tem sido discutida a influ&#234;ncia da menopausa no aparecimento de RI. Dados da literatura, at&#233; o momento, n&#227;o s&#227;o claros quanto ao fato da menopausa estar associada ao aumento da RI, mas as evid&#234;ncias apontam que est&#227;o bem estabelecidos os pap&#233;is do envelhecimento e da redistribui&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal (adiposidade central) no aumento da RI nas mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Este estudo avaliou a presen&#231;a de RI pelo HOMA-IR em mulheres na pr&#233; e p&#243;s-menopausa e tamb&#233;m a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os componentes da SM com o valor do HOMA-IR, observando preval&#234;ncia de RI em 13,3% na pr&#233;-menopausa e 24% na p&#243;s-menopausa, sem haver associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa. Lejskov&#225; et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> ao estudarem 909 mulheres na pr&#233; e p&#243;s-menopausa, na Rep&#250;blica Tcheca, encontraram discreto aumento dos valores do HOMA-IR ap&#243;s a menopausa, massem associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com o estado menopausal. Estes achados s&#227;o corroborados pelo estudo de Toth et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> que, ao estudarem a rela&#231;&#227;o do estado menopausal com a sensibilidade &#224; insulina, por meio do m&#233;todo direto e mais confi&#225;vel para avaliar a RI - clamp glic&#234;mico - demonstraram que a menopausa n&#227;o &#233; fator de risco independente para o desenvolvimento de RI.</p>
        <p>Relacionou-se a presen&#231;a da RI com o desenvolvimento de SM na pr&#233; e p&#243;s-menopausa, e foi observado que a RI se comportou como preditor direto para SM apenas no grupo de mulheres que j&#225; passaram pela transi&#231;&#227;o menopausal. Esta observa&#231;&#227;o &#233; consistente com o que foi encontrado no estudo tcheco, conduzido por Lejskov&#225; et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Em estudo europeu, por&#233;m, a associa&#231;&#227;o ocorreu apenas naquelas mulheres que j&#225; apresentavam elevado &#237;ndice HOMA-IR no per&#237;odo reprodutivo. Tais achados apontam que a transi&#231;&#227;o menopausal, por si s&#243;, n&#227;o determinou aumento da RI, bem como a RI determinou SM apenas nas mulheres em p&#243;s-menopausa.</p>
        <p>Refor&#231;a esta tese o achado do estudo de Manco et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> realizado em diversos pa&#237;ses europeus, com 523 participantes, que ao analisarem a RI em homens e mulheres com diferentes idades. Eles observaram que a RI aumenta em ambos os sexos, de forma proporcional, a partir da meia idade, sugerindo que a menopausa afeta pouco a RI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Dentre os componentes da SM, a associa&#231;&#227;o com RI, ocorre na pr&#233;-menopausa apenas com os valores de triglic&#233;rideos elevados e com os n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos alterados. J&#225; na p&#243;s-menopausa, a RI &#233; fator de risco independente apenas para a redu&#231;&#227;o do HDL-colesterol. N&#227;o foram encontrados dados semelhantes, para a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, nos recentes artigos sobre SM e RI.</p>
        <p>Este estudo teve como limita&#231;&#227;o amostra n&#227;o probabil&#237;stica com um n&#250;mero relativamente pequeno de indiv&#237;duos, tornando necess&#225;rios estudos com maior tamanho amostral.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Na amostra analisada, a menopausa n&#227;o foi considerada fator de risco para o desenvolvimento da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e tamb&#233;m para a resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica. No entanto, o estado menopausal mostrou-se preditor de risco independente para os componentes glicemia de jejum e press&#227;o arterial.</p>
        <p>J&#225; a resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica foi considerada fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica somente na p&#243;s-menopausa.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) e &#224; Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico do Maranh&#227;o (FAPEMA).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de &#201;rika Joseth Nogueira da Cruz Fonseca pela Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 005900/2011-00 Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>&#192; Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) e &#224; Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico do Maranh&#227;o (FAPEMA), pelo apoio financeiro, e ao Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, por autorizar a realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo no ambulat&#243;rio de ginecologia e pelo apoio do laborat&#243;rio de an&#225;lises cl&#237;nicas.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
