<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">6m3ZZMyBDXQLmQD4RCfsPKM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000300199</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20180026</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Heart of Physically Active Young Individuals can be Remodeled with an Intense 35-Week Military Training</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Gil Soares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Research Director of Exercise Medicine Clinic</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
            <state>RJ</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Research Director of Exercise Medicine Clinic - CLINIMEX - Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo</bold>. Rua Siqueira Campos, 93, salas 101-103. Postal Code: 22031-070 - Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>cgaraujo@iis.com.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>May-Jun</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>199</fpage>
      <lpage>200</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Movement Techniques</kwd>
        <kwd>Aolescents</kwd>
        <kwd>High-Intensity Internal Training</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Remodeling/physiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac/diagnostic imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Physicians are educated and trained to treat diseases and save lives. This is particularly noticeable and valued among cardiologists. However, not every physician, living a busy professional life, manages to see the other "extreme". We quite often fall ill because we do not properly take care of our health, by failing to adopt a healthy lifestyle and to embrace the most recommended preventive strategies. It seems increasingly important to anticipate the disease and act to prevent it. In such context, the regular practice of physical exercise becomes a significant, if not the major priority. However, there is this natural clinical concern about "excessive" exercise practice, which would jeopardize the health and the physical integrity of the individuals. The study by our Portuguese and Swedish coleagues<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> published in this issue of the International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences is worth reading.</p>
    <p>Dinis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> have studied 76 young Portuguese individuals who had already achieved high levels of regular physical activity (&gt; 10 hours/weeks) before entering a special military training program. That special training program consisted of 20 hours of different types of exercise practice at a purposely high intensity, divided into five days a week for 35 weeks. Because of the extremely rigorous characteristic of that special program, only 17 of those young individuals, all with previous experience on sports competition, managed to complete the 35-week training.</p>
    <p>The training caused several changes in the young participants, such as marked muscle mass gain and significant body fat loss, producing a very healthy body composition profile. As expected, mild reductions in heart rate and blood pressure at rest were observed when comparing the pre- and post-intervention mean values. However, the most relevant finding of that study was the significant left ventricular structural remodeling, identified by use of echocardiographic measurements taken before and after the special military training program, indicating that, even in physically fit young individuals with normal cardiac function, the heart can undergo morphofunctional adaptations of physiological nature, observed at rest.</p>
    <p>The question posed by Dinis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> is certainly relevant and original, and its results contribute to the body of knowledge on exercise and sports cardiology. However, as in any study, some limitations exist, many of which have been reported by the authors. The first is the lack of a control group. However, with such obvious variations in the comparison between the pre- and post-training results, that limitation relates to the scientific methodology theory rather than to the practical and objective significance for the clinician. Nevertheless, it would have been advisable to perform a functional assessment of the aerobic and non-aerobic components of physical fitness,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and, exceptionally, a cardiopulmonary exercise test to quantify the changes in maximum oxygen consumption and anaerobic threshold resulting from the training, widening the range of possibilities of interpreting the functional implications of physical exercise practice on the cardiac remodeling reported by those authors. Another relevant point is that only 22% of the young participants completed the training. If such individuals can or cannot be classified as athletes, as the authors have, can be argued.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> However, it would be more important to investigate whether any cardiac morphofunctional aspect obtained on the initial assessment could predict who would be able to complete such a rigorous physical training. Finally, a more detailed assessment of some other cardiac aspects, such as right ventricular function and structure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> and the occurrence of arrhythmias (particularly the supraventricular ones), would be interesting.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Briefly, Dinis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> are to be congratulated on the relevance of the subject studied and the results obtained, from which it is worth noting that more than 700 hours of high-intensity physical training for 35 weeks caused no morphostructural damage to the heart of healthy young individuals. Such data corroborate the increasingly prevalent impression that, at least from the cardiac viewpoint, it seems unlikely that healthy individuals can reach the true "over-exercise" point that can harm their hearts.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> The truly deleterious factor for health is a sedentary lifestyle, and, thus, cardiologists and particularly those interested in exercise and sports cardiology should focus their attention and priority on sedentary individuals or those who exercise insufficiently or incompletely rather than on the extremely rare individuals who, due to a personal option, choose to exercise as much as four hours a day.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
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        <mixed-citation>4 Scharhag J, Thunenkotter T, Urhausen A, Schneider G, Kindermann W. Echocardiography of the right ventricle in athlete's heart and hearts of normal size compared to magnetic resonance imaging: which measurements should be applied in athletes? Int J Sports Med. 2010;31(1):58-64.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Thunenkotter</surname>
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        <mixed-citation>5 Ricci C, Gervasi F, Gaeta M, Smuts CM, Schutte AE, Leitzmann MF. Physical activity volume in relation to risk of atrial fibrillation: a non-linear meta-regression analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol.2018 Jan 1:2047487318768026 [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Schutte</surname>
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              <surname>Leitzmann</surname>
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          <article-title>Physical activity volume in relation to risk of atrial fibrillation: a non-linear meta-regression analysis</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Prev Cardiol</source>
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          <comment>2047487318768026</comment>
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        <mixed-citation>6 Araujo CGS, Castro CLB, Franca JF, Souza-Silva CG. Aerobic exercise and the heart: discussing doses. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017;108(3):271-5.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Castro</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Franca</surname>
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          <article-title>Aerobic exercise and the heart: discussing doses</article-title>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>&#201; Poss&#237;vel Remodelar o Cora&#231;&#227;o com Seis Meses de Treinamento Militar Intenso em Jovens j&#225; Fisicamente Ativos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Gil Soares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Diretor de Pesquisa da Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio - CLINIMEX - Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo</bold>. Rua Siqueira Campos, 93, salas 101-103. CEP: 22031-070 - Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>cgaraujo@iis.com.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnicas de Exerc&#237;cio e de Movimento</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescentes</kwd>
        <kwd>Treinamento Intervalado de Alta Intensidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodelamento Atrial/fisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas/diagn&#243;stico por imagem</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Os m&#233;dicos s&#227;o formados e capacitados para tratar doen&#231;as e salvar vidas. Isso &#233; particularmente not&#225;vel e valorizado nos cardiologistas. No entanto, nem todos conseguem ver ou pensar na outra "ponta" no cotidiano de suas vidas profissionais atribuladas. Na realidade, muito frequentemente adoecemos porque n&#227;o promovemos adequadamente nossa sa&#250;de, com um estilo de vida adequado, e por n&#227;o adotarmos as estrat&#233;gias preventivas mais recomendadas. Parece ser cada vez mais importante atuar antes da doen&#231;a e, nesse sentido, a pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico passa a ser uma grande ou a maior prioridade. Todavia, h&#225; uma natural preocupa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica com a possibilidade dessa pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio ser "exagerada" e por em risco a sa&#250;de e a integridade f&#237;sica dos exercitantes. Nesse contexto, &#233; oportuno ler o artigo escrito pelos colegas portugueses e suecos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e publicado nesse n&#250;mero do <italic>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</italic>.</p>
      <p>Dinis et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> estudaram 76 jovens portugueses que j&#225; tinham patamares bastante altos de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular - &gt; 10 horas/semanais -, e que foram participar de um programa especial de treinamento militar. Esse treinamento especial consistiu de 20 horas de exerc&#237;cios de diversos tipos e de uma intensidade propositadamente muito alta, divididos em cinco dias da semana por 35 semanas. Provavelmente, em fun&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel muito alto de exig&#234;ncia desse treinamento especial, somente 17 dos jovens, todos com atua&#231;&#227;o e experi&#234;ncia desportiva competitiva pr&#233;via, conseguiram completar as 35 semanas.</p>
      <p>O treinamento produziu diversas modifica&#231;&#245;es nos jovens, incluindo acentuado ganho de massa muscular e expressiva perda de gordura corporal, produzindo um perfil bem saud&#225;vel de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal. Como esperado, discretas redu&#231;&#245;es de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e de press&#227;o arterial em repouso foram tamb&#233;m observadas na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os valores m&#233;dios antes e ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o. Todavia, o achado mais interessante do estudo foi o significativo remodelamento estrutural identificado no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, atrav&#233;s das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas realizadas antes e ao final do per&#237;odo de treinamento militar especial, indicando que, mesmo em jovens j&#225; fisicamente treinados e com fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca normal, o cora&#231;&#227;o ainda &#233; capaz de gerar adapta&#231;&#245;es morfofuncionais de natureza fisiol&#243;gica, observ&#225;veis em repouso.</p>
      <p>A quest&#227;o proposta por Dinis et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> &#233; certamente relevante e, dentro do contexto em que se insere, &#233; original, trazendo os seus resultados uma potencial contribui&#231;&#227;o para o corpo do conhecimento existente na cardiologia do exerc&#237;cio e do esporte. N&#227;o obstante, como acontece com qualquer estudo, e esse n&#227;o &#233; exce&#231;&#227;o, h&#225; algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, muitas delas explicitadas pelos pr&#243;prios autores. A primeira seria a aus&#234;ncia de um grupo controle. Contudo, a meu ver, com varia&#231;&#245;es t&#227;o &#243;bvias na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os resultados pr&#233; e p&#243;s-treinamento, essa &#233; uma limita&#231;&#227;o muito mais da teoria da metodologia cient&#237;fica do que de significado pr&#225;tico e objetivo para o cl&#237;nico. Por outro lado, teria sido bastante oportuno ter obtido dados de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional dos componentes aer&#243;bicos e n&#227;o aer&#243;bicos da aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e, em car&#225;ter especial, de um teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio para quantificar as modifica&#231;&#245;es do consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio e do limiar anaer&#243;bico com o treinamento, e ampliar as possibilidades de interpreta&#231;&#227;o das implica&#231;&#245;es funcionais ao exerc&#237;cio do remodelamento card&#237;aco observado pelos autores. Outro ponto relevante &#233; o fato de que apenas 22% dos jovens completaram o treinamento. Se esses jovens podem ser ou n&#227;o classificados como atletas, como foi feito pelos autores, pode ser alvo de cr&#237;ticas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Contudo, o mais importante seria tentar saber se h&#225; algum aspecto morfofuncional card&#237;aco obtido na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial que poderia predizer quem iria conseguir completar esse per&#237;odo de treinamento f&#237;sico t&#227;o intenso. Finalmente, teria sido bastante interessante se alguns outros aspectos card&#237;acos tivessem sido analisados em mais detalhes, tais como a fun&#231;&#227;o e a estrutura do ventr&#237;culo direito <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> e a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias (em particular, as supraventriculares).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Em suma, Dinis et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> merecem os cumprimentos pela relev&#226;ncia da quest&#227;o estudada e pelos resultados obtidos, nos quais n&#227;o se pode esquecer de salientar que mais de 700 horas de treinamento f&#237;sico de alta intensidade em nove meses n&#227;o produziram danos morfoestruturais ao cora&#231;&#227;o de jovens saud&#225;veis. Em verdade, esses dados corroboram a impress&#227;o cada vez mais prevalente de que, pelo menos do ponto de vista card&#237;aco, parece ser muito dif&#237;cil alcan&#231;armos um verdadeiro "exagero" no exerc&#237;cio em pessoas saud&#225;veis que possa danificar o cora&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Posto isso, o que &#233; realmente delet&#233;rio para a sa&#250;de &#233; o sedentarismo e, assim, os cardiologistas e, em particular, aqueles que se interessam pela cardiologia do exerc&#237;cio e do esporte, devem focar suas aten&#231;&#245;es e prioridades nos indiv&#237;duos que s&#227;o sedent&#225;rios ou que se exercitam de forma insuficiente ou incompleta e n&#227;o nos rar&#237;ssimos indiv&#237;duos que, por op&#231;&#227;o pessoal, escolhem se exercitar at&#233; quatro horas/dia.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
