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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">mhgkcwHwxJgLdJgh8XKZjCw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000200193</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170100</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Improvement of Pacing-Induced Dyssynchrony by Right Ventricular Septal Stimulation in a Child with Tetralogy of Fallot</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guillen</surname>
            <given-names>Alexander Gonz&#225;lez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ortega</surname>
            <given-names>Michel Cabrera</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ram&#237;rez</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco D&#237;az</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Dunia B&#225;rbara Ben&#237;tez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Cardiocentro Pedi&#225;trico "William Soler"</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Boyeros</city>
            <state>Havana</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CU">Cuba</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Cardiocentro Pedi&#225;trico "William Soler", Boyeros, Havana &#8211; Cuba</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Michel Cabrera Ortega</bold>, Calle 100 y Perla, Postal Code: 10800. Altahabana. Boyeros. La Habana, Boyeros &#8211; Cuba, E-mail: <email>michel@cardiows.sld.cu</email>; <email>anrossca@yahoo.es</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Guillen AG, Ortega MC. Acquisition of data: Ortega MC, Ramos DBB. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Ramos DBB, Ram&#237;rez FD. Writing of the manuscript: Guillen AG, Ortega MC. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Guillen AG, Ortega MC, Ram&#237;rez FD, Ramos DBB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Mar-Apr</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>193</fpage>
      <lpage>195</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>1</day>
          <month>1</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>5</day>
          <month>6</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>7</day>
          <month>7</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Defects, Congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>Tetralogy of Fallot / surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrioventricular Block</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction, Right</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Complete atrioventricular block (CAVB) is not an uncommon complication after surgical correction of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). The choice of the ventricular pacing site in patients requiring pacemaker therapy depends on factors such as age, weight, presence of a venous anomaly, and intracardiac short -circuit. The harmful effects of ventricular pacing are most pronounced during right ventricular (RV) stimulation. Even then, RV pacing sites have been determined to be optimal in some patients with and without congenital heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Case report</title>
        <p>A 4-year-old boy with a history of surgically repaired TOF had a single-chamber pacemaker with rate response mode (VVIR) implanted in the left ventricular (LV) epicardium due to a postoperative CAVB (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1a</xref>). During LV pacing, the electrocardiogram (ECG) demonstrated an increased QRS complex duration and a marked right bundle-branch block (RBBB) pattern with negative paced QRS complexes in inferior leads (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1b</xref>). Subsequent echocardiographic evaluations showed interventricular and right intraventricular dyssynchrony, which was associated with progressive RV dilatation. After 1 year of ventricular pacing, the patient developed RV dysfunction with a fractional area change (FAC) of 28% and a tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) of 12 mm. Furthermore, two-dimensional strain reflected an RV dyssynchrony index of 56 msec, with the worse QS delay at the RV mid-septum (195 msec). Considering the beneficial effects of septal stimulation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> the patient underwent lead and pacemaker replacement. An active ventricular lead (Medtronic CapSureFix, Medtronic Limited, Watford, UK) was fixed in the RV mid-septum (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>), obtaining appropriate sensing and pacing thresholds. Following single-site RV midseptal pacing, a 12-lead surface ECG revealed a shorter duration of the QRS complex and a left bundle-branch block pattern with positive paced QRS complexes in inferior leads. Additionally, there was an immediate decrease in interventricular dyssynchrony to 31 msec and RV dyssynchrony index to 27 msec. An echocardiographic assessment showed an increase in FAC (39%) and TAPSE (15 mm), with a reduction in the RV diameters 3 months after the therapy.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A 12-lead electrocardiogram showing (A) complete atrioventricular block with a right bundle-branch block, (B) VVIR pacing mode from the left ventricle with a wide QRS complex of 160 msec and a marked right bundle-branch block, and (C) VVIR pacing mode from the right ventricular mid-septum with a QRS complex of 120 msec and left bundle-branch block pattern.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0193-70100-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluoroscopic appearance showing the final position of the lead in the right ventricular mid-septum.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0193-70100-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The LV is the optimal pacing site in the pediatric population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> However, Karpawich et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> demonstrated that the optimal lead implantation site varies among patients and congenital heart diseases (CHD). In our case, LV pacing produced a dyssynchronous RV contraction, evidenced by an increased QRS duration and echocardiographic parameters.</p>
      <p>Correction of TOF is often followed by RV conduction delay and RBBB. A study in an animal model of repaired TOF evidenced the activation sequence related with RBBB, first with activation of the basolateral LV region and last with activation of the area of the RV free wall.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Moreover, LV pacing enhances a baseline RBBB, and the delayed electrical activation observed may induce a dyssynchronous RV contraction with a negative impact on the RV function. This RBBB may actually respond better with pacing in the RV when compared with the LV. Placement of the pacing electrode in close proximity to the normal conduction system reestablishes the intraventricular synchrony and offers the potential to improve the ventricular function. Karpawich et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> evaluated the physiological variables of contractility (dP/dt and dP/dt/p) at various sites in younger patients with and without CHD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Their results demonstrated that the mid-septal ventricular implantation site offers the best paced ventricular contractility.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In addition, the authors recommend that biventricular (Biv) pacing may not be necessary if the pacing site associated with the best contractility response can be established.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Moreover, two studies evidenced that both RV and Biv pacing improved RV dP/dt in patients with repaired TOF and clinical signs of RV failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> These findings confirm the beneficial effects of RV stimulation in subjects with right heart dysfunction and RBBB, with a preference for Biv pacing when concomitant LV failure is present.</p>
      <p>We advocate the use of single-site pacing based on the advantage that a single ventricular lead in small children prolongs battery longevity and reduces vascular complications and lead-associated problems. Data in children with LV failure suggest that single-site pacing may be sufficient for resynchronization therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Changing the site of pacing should be considered if routine echocardiographic tests demonstrate ventricular dilatation or dysfunction. Nevertheless, an individual approach may be best to identify the optimal pacing site in order to prevent future negative effects on electrical activation and cardiac performance.</p>
      <p>Stimulation from a midseptal site is associated with the best hemodynamic responses and ventricular synchrony compared with other RV pacing sites. This explains the successful resynchronization observed in our patient and confirms that the ventricular pacing site is the major determinant of cardiac pump function.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relatos de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Melhora de Dissincronia Induzida por Estimula&#231;&#227;o Septal do Ventr&#237;culo Direito em uma Crian&#231;a com Tetralogia de Fallot</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guillen</surname>
            <given-names>Alexander Gonz&#225;lez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ortega</surname>
            <given-names>Michel Cabrera</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ram&#237;rez</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco D&#237;az</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Dunia B&#225;rbara Ben&#237;tez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Cardiocentro Pedi&#225;trico "William Soler", Boyeros, Havana &#8211; Cuba</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Michel Cabrera Ortega</bold>, Calle 100 y Perla, Postal Code: 10800. Altahabana. Boyeros. La Habana, Boyeros &#8211; Cuba, E-mail: <email>michel@cardiows.sld.cu</email>; <email>anrossca@yahoo.es</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Guillen AG, Ortega MC. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Ortega MC, Ramos DBB. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Ramos DBB, Ram&#237;rez FD. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Guillen AG, Ortega MC. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Guillen AG, Ortega MC, Ram&#237;rez FD, Ramos DBB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Tetralogia de Fallot / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Bloqueio Atrioventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Direito</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia de Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O bloqueio atrioventricular total (BAVT) n&#227;o &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o incomum ap&#243;s cirurgia para corre&#231;&#227;o de tetralogia de Fallot (TdF). A escolha do s&#237;tio de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pacientes que necessitam de terapia com marca-passo depende de fatores como idade, peso, presen&#231;a de anomalia venosa e curto-circuito intracard&#237;aco. Os efeitos nocivos da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular s&#227;o mais acentuados durante estimula&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), mas mesmo sim, a estimula&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;tios no VD foi definida como sendo &#243;tima em alguns pacientes com e sem cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Relato do caso</title>
          <p>Um menino de 4 anos com hist&#243;ria de TdF corrigida cirurgicamente recebeu um marca-passo de c&#226;mara &#250;nica em modo de resposta (VVIR) implantado no epic&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) devido a um BAVT p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1a</xref>). Durante a estimula&#231;&#227;o do VE, o eletrocardiograma (ECG) demonstrou aumento na dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS e um padr&#227;o acentuado de bloqueio de ramo direito (BRD) com complexos QRS estimulados negativos em deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1b</xref>). Avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas subsequentes mostraram dissincronia interventricular e intraventricular direita, associada a uma dilata&#231;&#227;o progressiva do VD. Ap&#243;s 1 ano de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular, o paciente desenvolveu disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD com uma fra&#231;&#227;o de varia&#231;&#227;o de &#225;rea (FVA) de 28% e uma excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide (TAPSE) de 12 mm. Al&#233;m disso, um <italic>strain</italic> bidimensional refletiu um &#237;ndice de dissincronia de VD de 56 ms, com o pior retardo QS na por&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dio-septal do VD (195 ms). Considerando os efeitos ben&#233;ficos da estimula&#231;&#227;o septal,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> o paciente foi submetido a uma substitui&#231;&#227;o de eletrodo e marca-passo. Um eletrodo ventricular ativo (Medtronic CapSureFix, Medtronic Limited, Watford, Reino Unido) foi fixado na regi&#227;o m&#233;dio-septal do VD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>), obtendo limiares adequados de detec&#231;&#227;o e estimula&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s estimula&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dio-septal do VD em s&#237;tio &#250;nico, um ECG de superf&#237;cie de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es revelou complexos QRS com dura&#231;&#227;o mais curta e um padr&#227;o de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo com complexos QRS estimulados positivos nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores. Al&#233;m disso, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o imediata da dissincronia interventricular para 31 ms e o &#237;ndice de dissincronia do VD para 27 ms. Uma avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica mostrou um aumento no FVA (39%) e TAPSE (15 mm), com uma redu&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros do VD 3 meses ap&#243;s a terapia.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es mostrando (A) bloqueio atrioventricular total com bloqueio de ramo direito, (B) modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o VVIR a partir do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com um complexo QRS amplo de 160 ms e bloqueio de ramo direito acentuado e (C) modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o VVIR a partir da regi&#227;o m&#233;dio-septal do ventr&#237;culo direito com um complexo QRS de 120 ms e padr&#227;o de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0193-70100-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Aspecto fluorosc&#243;pico mostrando a posi&#231;&#227;o final do eletrodo na localiza&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dio-septal do ventr&#237;culo direito.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0193-70100-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O VE &#233; o melhor local de estimula&#231;&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> No entanto, Karpawich et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> demonstraram que o melhor local para implanta&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo varia de acordo com o paciente e a cardiopatia cong&#234;nita. Em nosso caso, a estimula&#231;&#227;o do VE produziu uma contra&#231;&#227;o dissincr&#244;nica do VD, evidenciada por um aumento da dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS e por par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
        <p>A corre&#231;&#227;o da TdF &#233; muitas vezes seguida de um atraso na condu&#231;&#227;o do VD e BRD. Um estudo em um modelo animal de TdF corrigida evidenciou a sequ&#234;ncia de ativa&#231;&#227;o relacionada ao BRD, primeiro com a ativa&#231;&#227;o da regi&#227;o VE basolateral e, por &#250;ltimo, ativa&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea da parede livre do VD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a estimula&#231;&#227;o do VE intensifica um BRD basal e o atraso observado na ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica pode induzir uma contra&#231;&#227;o dissincr&#244;nica do VD com um impacto negativo sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita. Este BRD pode, na realidade, responder melhor com estimula&#231;&#227;o do VD quando comparado com a do VE. Coloca&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo do marca-passo em estreita proximidade com o sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o normal reestabelece a sincronia intraventricular e oferece um potencial de melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Karpawich et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> avaliaram as vari&#225;veis fisiol&#243;gicas de contratilidade (dP/dt e dP/dt/p) em v&#225;rios locais em pacientes mais jovens com e sem cardiopatia cong&#234;nita. Os resultados demonstraram que o s&#237;tio de implanta&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dio-septal ventricular oferece a melhor contratilidade ventricular estimulada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Al&#233;m disso, os autores recomendam que a estimula&#231;&#227;o biventricular (Biv) pode n&#227;o ser necess&#225;ria se o local da estimula&#231;&#227;o associado &#224; melhor resposta contr&#225;til puder ser estabelecido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Adicionalmente, dois estudos evidenciaram que tanto a estimula&#231;&#227;o do VD quanto a Biv melhoram o dP/dt do VD em pacientes com TdF corrigida e os sinais cl&#237;nicos de insufici&#234;ncia do VD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Estas conclus&#245;es confirmam os efeitos ben&#233;ficos da estimula&#231;&#227;o do VD em indiv&#237;duos com disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca direita e BRD, com prefer&#234;ncia para a estimula&#231;&#227;o Biv quando h&#225; fal&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda concomitante.</p>
        <p>Recomendamos a estimula&#231;&#227;o em s&#237;tio &#250;nico com base na vantagem de um eletrodo ventricular &#250;nico em crian&#231;as pequenas prolongar a vida &#250;til da bateria e reduzir complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares e problemas associados ao eletrodo. Dados em crian&#231;as com insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda sugerem que a estimula&#231;&#227;o de um &#250;nico local possa ser suficiente para a terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A altera&#231;&#227;o do local de estimula&#231;&#227;o deve ser considerada se exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de rotina demonstrarem dilata&#231;&#227;o ou disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. No entanto, uma abordagem individual pode ser melhor para identificar o local &#243;timo de estimula&#231;&#227;o, a fim de evitar futuros efeitos negativos sobre a ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica e o desempenho card&#237;aco.</p>
        <p>Est&#237;mulo a partir de um s&#237;tio m&#233;dio-septal est&#225; associado com as melhores respostas hemodin&#226;micas e sincronia ventricular em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros s&#237;tios de estimula&#231;&#227;o do VD. Isto explica o sucesso da ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca observada em nosso paciente e confirma que o local de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#233; o principal determinante da fun&#231;&#227;o de bomba card&#237;aca.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
