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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KRRzY8TvSnddBtcrJnB4Wxx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000200190</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20170089</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Reports</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Severe Mitral Regurgitation by Hyperthyroidism in the Absence of Left Ventricular Dilatation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Wolney de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gripp</surname>
            <given-names>Eliza de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Breno Mac&#234;do de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueroa</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Cez&#225;rio Rocha Paz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sabino</surname>
            <given-names>C&#237;ntia Lobo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
            <state>RJ</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro Jorge</bold>, Avenida Marques de Paran&#225;, 303. Postal Code: 24033-900, Centro, Niter&#243;i, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>lagoeiro@cardiol.br</email>; <email>lagoeiro@globo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Jorge AJL, Martins WA, Almeida BM. Acquisition of data: Gripp EA, Almeida BM, Figueroa CCRP, Sabino CL. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Jorge AJL, Martins WA. Writing of the manuscript: Jorge AJL, Martins WA, Gripp EA, Almeida BM, Figueroa CCRP, Sabino CL. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Jorge AJL, Martins WA, Gripp EA. Supervision / as the major investigador: Jorge AJL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Mar-Apr</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>190</fpage>
      <lpage>192</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>5</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>7</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Hyperthyroidism</kwd>
        <kwd>Graves&#8217; Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Pregnant Women</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Graves&#8217; disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease and the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> with multisystem involvement, that mainly affects women between 40 and 60 years of age. It is the most prevalent cause of autoimmune hyperthyroidism in pregnancy,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and it can be distinguished from gestational thyrotoxicosis due to the presence of diffuse goiter and previous history of hyperthyroidism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Clinical hyperthyroidism occurs in 0.2% of pregnant women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) is a rare manifestation of decompensated GD and it represents a diagnostic challenge due to low clinical suspicion of this etiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We report a case of a pregnant woman with GD who presented thyrotoxicosis and HF with severe mitral dysfunction towards the end of pregnancy, but without ventricular dilatation.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A 23 year-old female patient, 37 weeks pregnant, with a history of previous GD, under irregular treatment of Propylthiouracil for four years, was admitted into the emergency department due to dry cough and high fever. She was admitted to the maternity section at the hospital for investigation, where a FT4 level of 6.0 mg/dL and a TSH of 0.011 ng/dL were found. She denied previous surgeries, high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, rheumatic fever, tuberculosis, illicit drug use, alcoholism or smoking. She progressed to labor and after four days a caesarean was indicated due to acute fetal distress. She was discharged five days after delivery on Tapazole 20 mg per day and Propranolol 80 mg per day. She was readmitted two days after discharge complaining of tiredness, prostration, orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. She was lucid, oriented, emaciated, tachydyspneic with accessory muscle use, pale (2+/4+), febrile and with mild tremor of the extremities. Blood pressure of 150/80 mmHg; HR 110 bpm; RR 32rpm; axillary temp 101.12&#176;F (38.4&#176;C); exophthalmos and goiter with fibroelastic consistency and no nodulation; regular heart rate, hyperphonetic sound, systolic murmur +++/6 in the mitral focus; fine crackles heard at the lung bases, without edema.</p>
        <p>Hemoglobin of 7.4 g/dL; 18.800 leukocytes; TSH: 0.034 ng/dL and FT4: 1.92 ng/dL. Chest radiograph showing consolidation of the right hemithorax and pulmonary congestion. A transthoracic echocardiography was performed, which showed preservation of the ventricular cavity size and function, mildly increased biatrial size and severe mitral valve regurgitation, without structural damage, with eccentric jet. Severe mitral regurgitation (MR) was characterized by an eccentric jet, which occupied greater than 40% of the left atrial area. Color Doppler showed prominent holosystolic flow. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Initial color echocardiogram showing severe mitral regurgitation (maximum area greater than 8 cm<sup>2</sup>).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0190-70089-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>An antibiotic was started, furosemide 80 mg/day, methyldopa 750 mg/day, propranolol 120 mg/day and the tapazole dose was increased to 30 mg/day. On the eighth day of hospitalization, the patient was asymptomatic and a new echocardiography showed expressive regression of mitral regurgitation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). The patient was discharged from the hospital asymptomatic, in NYHA functional class I, and clinically stable.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Color echocardiogram performed one week after the first examination showing the disappearance of the regurgitant jet.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0190-70089-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>It is reported the case of a pregnant woman, with previous hyperthyroidism without adequate treatment, who presented pulmonary infection and HF associated with severe mitral regurgitation, confirmed by echocardiography, and who, after treatment optimization, showed complete regression. It is possible that anemia and lung infection have contributed to exacerbate the hemodynamic changes that caused the patient's high output.</p>
      <p>The development of heart failure in these patients occurs due to changes in contractility, caused by poor oxygen supply optimization and changes in the myosin isoform expression in the cardiomyocyte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In addition, there is an increase in blood volume and in the final diastolic pressure and, therefore, increased cardiac work.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The presence of functional RM in GD may occur secondary to an accumulation of glycosaminoglycans or intrinsic papillary muscle dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The patient presented elevated FT4 levels. However, the cardiovascular manifestations of hyperthyroidism may occur due to minimal changes in hormone levels and include an increased heart rate at rest, in myocardial contractility, in ventricular muscle mass and a predisposition to atrial arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>HR in GD is unusual and, when it occurs, it is often due to high biventricular rate with regular or reduced pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance. It affects mostly patients at extremes of age or those with previous heart disease - conditions not presented by the patient in this case.</p>
      <p>MR in GD may be caused by ventricular dilatation. However, it is important to highlight that, unlike the case report written by NG Cravos et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>, there was no evidence of such increase in this patient. The cause of MR, in this case, must be associated with an increased synthesis of glycosaminoglycans of the endocardium or with an intrinsic dysfunction of papillary muscle activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this case, there was a relation between the levels of circulating thyroid hormone and the severity of RM and HR. The use of diuretics and antithyroid agents led to regression of the clinical picture within one week, with the disappearance of mitral regurgitation.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the line of research on heart failure of the Postgraduate Course in Cardiovascular Sciences of the Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <article-title>Reversible mitral regurgitation and congestive heart failure complicating thyrotoxicosis</article-title>
          <source>Am J Med Sci</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>311</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>142</fpage>
          <lpage>144</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8615390</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relatos de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Insufici&#234;ncia Mitral Grave por Hipertireoidismo na Aus&#234;ncia de Dilata&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jorge</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Wolney de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gripp</surname>
            <given-names>Eliza de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Breno Mac&#234;do de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueroa</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Cez&#225;rio Rocha Paz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sabino</surname>
            <given-names>C&#237;ntia Lobo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Antonio Jos&#233; Lagoeiro Jorge</bold>, Avenida Marques de Paran&#225;, 303. CEP: 24033-900, Centro, Niter&#243;i, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>lagoeiro@cardiol.br</email>; <email>lagoeiro@globo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Jorge AJL, Martins WA, Almeida BM. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Gripp EA, Almeida BM, Figueroa CCRP, Sabino CL. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Jorge AJL, Martins WA. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Jorge AJL, Martins WA, Gripp EA, Almeida BM, Figueroa CCRP, Sabino CL. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Jorge AJL, Martins WA, Gripp EA. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal: Jorge AJL.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertireoidismo</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Graves</kwd>
        <kwd>Gestantes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a de Graves (DG) &#233; uma doen&#231;a autoimune, causa mais comum de tireotoxicose,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> com envolvimento multissist&#234;mico, que acomete principalmente mulheres entre os 40 e 60 anos de idade. &#201; a causa mais prevalente de hipertireoidismo autoimune na gravidez<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e pode ser distinguida da tireotoxicose gestacional pela presen&#231;a de b&#243;cio difuso e hist&#243;ria de hipertireoidismo pr&#233;vio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O hipertireoidismo cl&#237;nico ocorre em 0,2 % das mulheres gr&#225;vidas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma rara manifesta&#231;&#227;o da DG descompensada e representa um desafio diagn&#243;stico devido &#224; baixa suspei&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica desta etiologia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Relata-se caso de uma mulher gr&#225;vida com DG que apresentou tireotoxicose e IC com grave disfun&#231;&#227;o mitral no final da gesta&#231;&#227;o, por&#233;m sem dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Relato do caso</title>
          <p>Paciente feminina, 23 anos, gestante de 37 semanas, com hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de DG, em tratamento irregular com Propiltiouracil h&#225; quatro anos, deu entrada no servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia devido &#224; tosse seca e febre alta. Foi internada no setor de obstetr&#237;cia do hospital para investiga&#231;&#227;o onde se constatou T4 livre de 6,0 ng/dL e TSH 0,011 ng/dL. Negou cirurgias pr&#233;vias, hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes mellitus, febre reum&#225;tica, tuberculose, uso de drogas il&#237;citas, etilismo ou tabagismo. Evoluiu com trabalho de parto e ap&#243;s quatro dias foi indicada a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cesariana por sofrimento fetal agudo. Recebeu alta hospitalar cinco dias ap&#243;s o parto em uso de Tapazol 20 mg/dia e propranolol 80mg/dia. Retornou ao hospital dois dias ap&#243;s a alta, queixando-se de cansa&#231;o, prostra&#231;&#227;o, ortopneia e dispneia parox&#237;stica noturna. Apresentava-se l&#250;cida, orientada, emagrecida, taquidispneica com uso de musculatura acess&#243;ria, hipocorada (2+/4+), febril e tremor leve de extremidades. Press&#227;o arterial de 150x80 mmHg; FC: 110 bpm; FR: 32 irpm; TAX: 38,4&#176;C; exoftalmia e b&#243;cio de consist&#234;ncia fibroel&#225;stica e sem nodula&#231;&#245;es; ritmo card&#237;aco regular, bulhas hiperfon&#233;ticas, sopro sist&#243;lico de +++/6 em foco mitral; ausculta pulmonar com estertores finos em ambas as bases, sem edemas.</p>
          <p>Hemoglobina de 7,4 g/dL; 18800 leuc&#243;citos; TSH: 0,034 ng/dL e T4 Livre: 1,92 ng/dL. Radiografia tor&#225;cica com consolida&#231;&#227;o em hemit&#243;rax direito e congest&#227;o pulmonar. Realizado ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, que mostrou fun&#231;&#227;o e dimens&#245;es das cavidades ventriculares preservadas, com leve aumento biatrial e grave refluxo valvar mitral, sem les&#227;o estrutural, com jato exc&#234;ntrico. Insufici&#234;ncia mitral (IM) grave foi caracterizada pelo jato exc&#234;ntrico, que ocupava &#225;rea maior que 40% do &#225;trio esquerdo, e com fluxo holossist&#243;lico denso ao <italic>color Doppler.</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Ecocardiograma colorido inicial, mostrando jato regurgitante mitral grave (&#225;rea m&#225;xima superior a 8 cm<sup>2</sup>).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0190-70089-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Foi iniciado antibi&#243;tico, furosemida 80 mg/dia, metildopa 750 mg/dia, propranolol 120 mg/dia e aumentada a dose do tapazol para 30 mg/dia. No oitavo dia de interna&#231;&#227;o, a paciente encontrava-se assintom&#225;tica e novo ecocardiograma mostrou regress&#227;o expressiva da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>). Recebeu alta assintom&#225;tica, em classe funcional I da NYHA, e est&#225;vel clinicamente.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Ecocardiograma colorido, realizado uma semana ap&#243;s o primeiro exame, mostrando o desaparecimento do jato regurgitante.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="2359-5647-ijcs-31-02-0190-70089-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Apresenta-se o caso de uma gestante com hipertireoidismo pr&#233;vio, sem tratamento adequado, que apresentou quadro de infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e IC associado &#224; regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral grave, confirmada pelo ecocardiograma e que, ap&#243;s otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento, mostrou regress&#227;o completa do quadro cl&#237;nico. &#201; poss&#237;vel que a anemia e a infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar tenham contribu&#237;do para exacerbar as altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas que concorreram para o alto d&#233;bito nessa paciente.</p>
        <p>O desenvolvimento de IC nesses pacientes ocorre por altera&#231;&#245;es da contratilidade, atrav&#233;s da baixa otimiza&#231;&#227;o do aporte de oxig&#234;nio e da modifica&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o das isoformas de miosina do cardiomi&#243;cito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; aumento da volemia e da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica final e, por conseguinte, intensifica&#231;&#227;o do trabalho card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A presen&#231;a de IM funcional na DG pode ocorrer secund&#225;ria a um ac&#250;mulo de glicosaminoglicanos ou disfun&#231;&#227;o intr&#237;nseca no m&#250;sculo papilar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A paciente apresentava valores elevados do T4 livre. Entretanto, as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares do hipertireoidismo podem ocorrer devido a altera&#231;&#245;es m&#237;nimas nos n&#237;veis hormonais e incluem um aumento na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso, na contratilidade do mioc&#225;rdio, na massa muscular ventricular e uma predisposi&#231;&#227;o para arritmias atriais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A IC na DG &#233; pouco comum e, quando ocorre, geralmente &#233; devido ao alto d&#233;bito biventricular com resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar e sist&#234;mica normal ou diminu&#237;da. Acomete, na maior parte das vezes, os pacientes em extremos de idade ou aqueles com cardiopatia pr&#233;via, condi&#231;&#245;es essas n&#227;o apresentadas pela paciente do presente caso.</p>
        <p>A IM na DG pode ocorrer por dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular. No entanto, &#233; importante ressaltar que, diferentemente do relato de caso feito por NG Cavros et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> n&#227;o houve evid&#234;ncias deste aumento na paciente. A causa da IM no presente caso deve estar associada ao aumento da s&#237;ntese de glicosaminoglicanos no endoc&#225;rdio ou a uma disfun&#231;&#227;o intr&#237;nseca na atividade do m&#250;sculo papilar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nesse caso, houve rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de horm&#244;nio tireoidiano circulante e a gravidade da IM e da IC. O emprego de diur&#233;ticos e agentes antitireoidianos levou &#224; regress&#227;o do quadro cl&#237;nico em uma semana, com desaparecimento da insufici&#234;ncia mitral.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente artigo faz parte da linha de pesquisa em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca do curso de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
