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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.7" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ijcs</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2359-4802</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2359-5647</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Pw3shn56GHmrhpLGxkY4RCg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S2359-56472018000200163</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20180004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Factors Associated with Post-Sternotomy Mediastinitis. Case-Control Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>D&#233;bora Cristine Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bahia</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Fernandino de Castro</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via Lage</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sternick</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Back</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra Maciel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jentzsch</surname>
            <given-names>Nulma Souto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Minas Gerais</city>
            <state>MG</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
          <institution content-type="normalized">Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Isabel Cristina Gomes</bold>, Rua Jos&#233; Ferreira da Luz, 44. Postal Code 30750-480, Cai&#231;aras, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>icgomes04@yahoo.com.br</email>, <email>isabel.gomes@feluma.org.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Pinto DCG, Jentzsch NS. Acquisition of data: Pinto DCG, Gon&#231;alves FL, Jentzsch NS. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Pinto DCG, Bahia Neto AFC, Gomes IC, Sternick EB, Almeida AM, Jentzsch NS. Statistical analysis: Gomes IC, Almeida AM. Writing of the manuscript: Pinto DCG, Bahia Neto AFC, Almeida AM. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Pinto DCG, Bahia Neto AFC, Gomes IC, Sternick EB, Almeida AM, Jentzsch NS. Supervision / as the major investigador: Almeida AM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Mar-Apr</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>31</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>163</fpage>
      <lpage>172</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>3</day>
          <month>8</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>9</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>9</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Mediastinitis is a severe post-median sternotomy infection with poor prognosis, even with early diagnosis and treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the profile of patients submitted to sternotomy, identify the risk factors for the development of mediastinitis and evaluate the bacteriological diagnosis of patients with this infection.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Case-control study carried out in a large hospital in Belo Horizonte (MG, Brazil) in patients submitted to median sternotomy, from January 2015 to January 2018. The sample consisted of 65 patients, of which 13 were cases and 52, controls (1:4). For the statistical analysis, Student&#8217;s t test, Mann-Whitney test and Fisher exact test were used, in addition to logistic regression, with a level of significance of 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>There was a predominance of males (63.1%), and the mean age was 58.8 &#177; 10.3 years. Evolution to death occurred in 9.2% of the patients and in 23.1% of those with mediastinitis. Myocardial revascularization was performed in 75.4% of the cases. Predominance of male gender, longer hospitalization time, post-surgical fever and death, and a greater number of risk factors were more frequent characteristics in patients who developed mediastinitis. The most common microorganism found in patients with mediastinal infection was Staphylococcus aureus (30.7%), in addition to a high occurrence of Gram-negative bacteria (46,2%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The results are in accordance with the literature. Efforts should be focused on the control of risk factors prior to the procedure, in addition to improving measures that can decrease or eliminate the onset of mediastinitis, aiming at infection prevention and control.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Mediastinitis</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Thoracic surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Surgical wound infection</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Mediastinitis is a severe post-median sternotomy infection, affecting the adjacent deep tissues, with clinical and/or microbiological evidence of retrosternal space involvement, which may be associated with sternal osteomyelitis, with or without instability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> It has an incidence of 0.4% to 5% and high mortality (14% to 47%)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>. Even with early diagnosis and treatment, it does not have a good prognosis, especially in the presence of sepsis and other health problems<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>.</p>
      <p>The risk factors associated with mediastinitis are pre-surgical, surgical and post-surgical ones.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Pre-surgical factors include older age, male gender, malnutrition, obesity, smoking, Diabetes mellitus (DM) and other diseases,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> as well as chronic renal failure (CRF) and/or creatinine serum levels &gt; 1.5mg/dL and Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) &lt; 40%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Surgical risk factors include the type of surgery (elective or urgent), prolonged surgical time, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) using bilateral mammary arteries, and intra-aortic balloon insertion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>. Routine procedures such as hair removal and the time elapsed between hair removal and the surgical incision, in addition to the sterilization of the surgical materials and the number of people in the operating rooms, are also mentioned.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Other mentioned conditions are antibiotic prophylaxis, intraoperative complications,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> excessive electrocautery use and previous corticosteroid therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Postoperative risk factors include prolonged hospital stay and length of stay in Intensive Care Units (ICU), bleeding, respiratory, nephrological and gastrointestinal complications, and the need for surgical reintervention, as well as tracheostomy and sternal instability.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Many risk factors have been associated with the development of mediastinitis; however, they vary among institutions, disclosing the need for studies in different hospitals. It is also necessary to verify the bacteriological diagnosis, generally with presence of <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> or <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis</italic>, responsible for 70% to 80% of cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the profile of patients submitted to sternotomy for the treatment of heart diseases and identify the risk factors for the development of mediastinitis, as well as to evaluate the bacteriological diagnosis of these cases, in a large hospital in Belo Horizonte, state of Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a case-control study, carried out in a large hospital in the city of Belo Horizonte (MG), with data obtained from medical records of patients older than 18 years submitted to cardiac surgery from January 2015 to January 2016. The sample consisted of 65 patients, with and 52 controls paired by gender and age at a ratio of 1:4.</p>
      <p>The case group consisted of patients diagnosed with post-sternotomy mediastinitis confirmed by the Hospital Infection Control Service and by the attending surgeon. The control group consisted of patients submitted to sternotomy during the same period, who did not develop mediastinitis.</p>
      <p>A data collection form was created, which contained information on the patient&#8217;s characteristics (gender and age), pre-surgical conditions (date of hospital admission and surgery), and pre-surgical risk factors (alcohol consumption, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, DM, dyslipidemia, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), CRF, class III congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular accident, coronary artery disease and previous cardiac surgery), in addition to the LVEF value. The assesses trans-surgical condition was time of Extracorporeal Circulation (ECC). In relation to the postoperative period, the following were assessed: date of hospital admission and hospital and ICU discharges; fever (&gt; 38.3&#176;C); post-surgical creatinine and death. Prophylactic drugs and bacteriological diagnosis were also evaluated in the cases.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Qualitative variables were described as counts and percentages, and the quantitative variables were described as mean &#177; standard deviation or median &#177; interquartile range, according to data normality, tested by the Shapiro-Wilks test. For the comparison of means, Student's <italic>t</italic>-tests and Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney tests were used for independent samples, when appropriate. The association between categorical variables was assessed using Fisher's exact test. The level of significance was established at 5%.</p>
        <p>The combined effect of the variables on the groups was assessed using the logistic regression model. The variables with p &lt; 0.20 in the bivariate analysis were included in the multiple model, and the backward strategy was used for variable selection. The final model included the variables with p &lt; 0.05 and the variable age, maintained at the researchers&#8217; discretion. The results are shown as Odds Ratio (OR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals. (95%CI). The quality of the adjustment was assessed by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. The analyses were performed using the free software R, version 3.1.3.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The sample consisted of 65 patients. There was a predominance of the male gender (63.1%) with a mean age of 58.8 years (&#177; 10.3). The most common type of surgery was coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (78.5%), followed by valve replacement (27.4%). The median number of preoperative risk factors was 4 (&#177; 2). The most commonly used prophylactic antibiotics were cefuroxime (67.7%) and vancomycin (67.7%). Regarding cefuroxime, its use was lower in patients who had a diagnosis of mediastinitis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Regarding diabetes mellitus, 45.2% of the cases were diabetic and 33.3% were insulin-dependent, although no statistically significant differences were observed between the groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characterization of the study patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total (n = 65)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Controls (n = 52)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Cases (n = 13)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Gender, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>0.526<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">24 (36.9)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (34.6)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (46.2)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">41 (63.1)</td>
              <td align="center">34 (65.4)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (53.8)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">58.8 &#177; 10.3</td>
              <td align="center">58.1 &#177; 10.4</td>
              <td align="center">61.6 &#177; 9.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.265<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Obesity, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (20)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (21.2)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (15.4)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Number of pre-surgical risk factors</td>
              <td align="center">4 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">3 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center">4 &#177; 1</td>
              <td align="center">0.056<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Use of prophylactic antibiotics, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cefuroxime</td>
              <td align="center">44 (67.7)</td>
              <td align="center">39 (75)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (38.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.019<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Vancomycin</td>
              <td align="center">44 (67.7)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (69.2)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (61.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.742<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cefazolin</td>
              <td align="center">15 (23.1)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (17.3)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (46.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.059<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous catheterization<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#167;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">61 (93.8)</td>
              <td align="center">49 (94.2)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (92.3)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF, %</td>
              <td align="center">60 &#177; 19.3</td>
              <td align="center">60 &#177; 16</td>
              <td align="center">54 &#177; 29</td>
              <td align="center">0.300<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Type of surgery, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CABG</td>
              <td align="center">51 (78.5)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (76.9)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (84.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.717<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Valve replacement</td>
              <td align="center">17 (27.4)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (24.5)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (38.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.319<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mitral</td>
              <td align="center">7 (11.3)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (8.2)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (23.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.153<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aortic</td>
              <td align="center">6 (9.7)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (8.2)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (15.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.597<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Double replacement</td>
              <td align="center">4 (6.5)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (8.2)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">0.571<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Valve replacement reoperation<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#167;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">3 (4.8)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (6)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mitral</td>
              <td align="center">2 (3.2)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (4)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Double replacement</td>
              <td align="center">1(1.6)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">1.000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CABG + valve replacement</td>
              <td align="center">6 (9.7)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (6.1)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (23.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.100<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Post-surgical hospitalization time, days</td>
              <td align="center">13 &#177; 15</td>
              <td align="center">12 &#177; 4.8</td>
              <td align="center">40 &#177; 21</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Extracorporeal circulation time<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#167;</xref>, minutes</td>
              <td align="center">80 &#177; 40.3</td>
              <td align="center">77.5 &#177; 43.5</td>
              <td align="center">82 &#177; 18.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.770<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Post-surgical creatinine, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">0.86 &#177; 0.36</td>
              <td align="center">0.80 &#177; 0.32</td>
              <td align="center">1.13 &#177; 2.12</td>
              <td align="center">0.004<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Death, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (9.2)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (5.8)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (23.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.089<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Tests for p values:</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Fisher exact test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Student's t test for independent samples; and</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>&#167;</label>
            <p>the variable has missing data. LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Previous cardiac catheterization was performed in 93.8% of the patients. A median LVEF of 60 (&#177; 19.3%) and mean ECC time of 80 &#177; 40.3 minutes were observed. The median time of post-surgical hospitalization was 13 days (&#177; 15), and this time was longer in patients diagnosed with mediastinitis. The median creatinine level observed after surgery was 0.86 mg/dL (&#177; 0.36), and it was significantly higher in the mediastinitis group. Death occurred in 9.2% of the patients and in 23.1% of those who had post-sternotomy mediastinitis.</p>
      <p>No differences were observed in relation to gender and age, which confirms the pairing effectiveness. A greater median number of pre-surgical risk factors were observed among those with a diagnosis of mediastinitis, in addition to a higher proportion of patients who were submitted to CABG.</p>
      <p>The most common microorganism found in the bacteriological diagnosis of patients with mediastinitis was <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (30.7%) and there was a high occurrence of Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) (46.2%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Microorganisms found in the bacteriological diagnosis of patients with mediastinitis</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Microorganism</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n = 13 n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"><italic>Gram</italic>-positive</td>
              <td align="center">6 (46.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Staphylococcus aureus</td>
              <td align="center">4 (30.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"><italic>Coagulase-</italic>negative <italic>Staphylococcus</italic></td>
              <td align="center">1 (7.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"><italic>Coagulase-</italic>negative <italic>Staphylococcus</italic>, <italic>Streptococcus agalactiae<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref></italic></td>
              <td align="center">1 (7.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"><italic>Gram</italic>-negative</td>
              <td align="center">6 (46.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"><italic>Enterobacter</italic> sp</td>
              <td align="center">1 (7.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Acinetobacter baumannii</td>
              <td align="center">1 (7.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</td>
              <td align="center">1 (7.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"><italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic>, <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref></italic></td>
              <td align="center">1 (7.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Klebsiella pneumoniae</td>
              <td align="center">1 (7.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left"><italic>Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis</italic> and <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref></italic></td>
              <td align="center">1 (7.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No information</td>
              <td align="center">1 (7.7)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Patients with more than one microorganism.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Factors associated with mediastinitis that were observed in the logistic model: longer time of post-surgical hospitalization, occurrence of post-surgical fever and higher number of pre-surgical risk factors. Each increase of 1 day in post-surgical hospitalization increased the chance of developing mediastinitis by 3.2% and, with each increase of one pre-surgical risk factor, this chance increased by 57.3%. The occurrence of fever after surgery increases the chance of developing mediastinitis by more than ten-fold (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Variables associated with the occurrence of mediastinitis</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">OR (n = 65)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">95% CI OR (n = 52)</th>
              <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">p-value*</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Intercept</td>
              <td align="center">0.008</td>
              <td align="center">(4.3e<sup>-5</sup>-0582)</td>
              <td align="center">0.042</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">0.997</td>
              <td align="center">(0.918-1.086)</td>
              <td align="center">0.952</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Post-surgical hospitalization time, days</td>
              <td align="center">1.032</td>
              <td align="center">(1.008-1.067)</td>
              <td align="center">0.019</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Fever</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">10.316</td>
              <td align="center">(2.124-61.738)</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Number of risk factors</td>
              <td align="center">1.573</td>
              <td align="center">(0.978-2.640)</td>
              <td align="center">0.065</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <p>The p-values refer to the significance tests of the regression coefficients. Hosmer-Lemeshow test: p = 0.620 (non-rejection of model adequacy). OR = odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This work was motivated by a case-control study carried out in the same institution from January 2005 to January 2007, with 54 patients, with a mean age of 59.7 years, submitted to sternotomy (18 with mediastinitis). Most patients were males (72.2% for the whole sample and 66.7% among those who developed mediastinitis), and 86% were submitted to CABG. Mortality was 22.2% in the sample and 33.3% among those with mediastinitis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The results of the present study showed similar results to those of the previous study regarding age, male predominance and type of surgery (CABG), with higher proportions among those who developed mediastinitis. Regarding death, mortality was lower than that previously observed, including among patients who had mediastinitis, but these values are still high, as shown in the literature (14% to 47%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The median time of post-surgical hospitalization was higher in patients diagnosed with mediastinitis in both studies, showing greater severity of the cases and impact on hospital costs. The results indicate the need to investigate the factors responsible for the development of this complication, aiming at the prevention and control of health care-associated infections, aiming to improve quality of care, patient safety and to reduce costs.</p>
      <p>Regarding the patient profile, incidence of mediastinitis and mortality, Souza et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> evaluated patients submitted to surgical interventions between 1991 and 2000 and found a mean age of 51.9 years, most of them submitted to CABG (also among those who developed mediastinitis) and a predominance of female patients. The incidence of post-sternotomy mediastinitis was 1.6% and the mortality rate was 21.6%. S&#225; et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> evaluated patients submitted to CABG between 2007 and 2010, in whom the mean age was 62.14 years, with a predominance of males. The incidence of mediastinitis was 5.6% and the mortality rate was 32.1%. Magalh&#227;es et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> evaluated patients submitted to cardiac surgery, from 2007 to 2009; the mean age was 60 years and most of them were males. CABG was performed in 76.2% of the patients who developed mediastinitis; only 2.3% of the patients developed post-sternotomy mediastinitis and 33% died.</p>
      <p>Similar results were observed in studies conducted in Brazil: Guaragna et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> evaluated patients submitted to cardiac surgery from 1997 to 2000. Most of them were males (also in the mediastinitis group, 71.1%). The incidence of mediastinitis was 2.9% and the mortality rate was 15.8%. Moreover, a study of patients submitted to CABG from 1996 to 2007 showed an incidence of mediastinitis of 3.3% and a 6% mortality rate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Another study carried out in patients submitted to cardiac surgery, from 2007 to 2009, had 68.5% of the sample submitted to CABG and 31.5% to valve replacement. The mean age was 59.9 years and most of them were males. The incidence of post-sternotomy mediastinitis was 1.3%, and mortality was 42.8%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A study carried out in the United Kingdom evaluated patients submitted to CABG from 1999 to 2009. The mean age was 67 years and 77.3% were males. The incidence of patients who developed post-sternotomy mediastinitis was 0.59%. Mortality was higher in patients who developed mediastinitis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding the profile of the patients described in these studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> most of them were males, mean age was around 52 to 67 years, and CABG was the most often performed surgery. Similar results were observed in both studies performed at the institution mentioned here, that is, the present study and the one by Coelho et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>, regarding gender, mean age and type of surgery.</p>
      <p>Male patients are more likely to develop mediastinitis and gender is even considered an independent risk factor for its development.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> One of the probable mechanisms is related with the anatomical aspects of the male chest (hair follicles in the region of the sternotomy), favoring bacterial growth and infection. Guaragna et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> verified this association: most patients who developed mediastinitis were males. In the present study, it was not possible to evaluate this association, as gender was used for pairing of the controls.</p>
      <p>Regarding the type of surgery, the correlation between CABG and the development of mediastinitis is well documented in the literature. More than 80% of the cases of infection were mentioned as a surgery-associated complication.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The studies by Souza et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>, S&#225; et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> and Magalh&#227;es et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> verified this association, as observed in this study in which CABG, besides being the most often performed surgery, showed a higher proportion of patients with mediastinitis, although it did not show statistical difference.</p>
      <p>The incidence of mediastinitis in the evaluated studies, as described in the guideline of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) in 2012,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> is between 0.4 and 4.0%. In this study, it was not possible to evaluate the incidence of mediastinitis, due to the study design. However, in the cohort studies, the lowest incidence of mediastinitis was observed in the study of Ariyaratnam et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>, carried out in the United Kingdom. Studies performed in Brazil showed an incidence varying from 1.3% to 3.3%, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> except for the study by S&#225; et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>, which showed an incidence of 5.6%. The authors justified the high incidence for having considered all types of cardiac surgeries including CABG, which is, according to them, associated with a greater risk of mediastinitis. Other studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> also found an association between CABG and increased risk of mediastinitis, but they showed an incidence within the reference values indicated by the ACC/AHA guideline.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Regarding mortality, high rates have been described in the literature, with rates ranging between 14% and 47%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In Brazilian studies of patients submitted to cardiac surgeries, mortality rates ranged from 15.8% to 42.8%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>. An international study showed a lower mortality rate (9.1%),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> but it was higher in patients who developed mediastinitis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> as observed in the present study. This variation suggests that both the incidence of mediastinitis and mortality rates may be related to the evaluated institution, and may be influenced by the routine of the institution, the use of prophylactic antimicrobials or the standardization of aseptic techniques.</p>
      <p>Regarding the preoperative risk factors, no significant differences were observed in this study when the factors were evaluated alone, as in the previous study performed in this same institution.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> However, in the logistic regression model, a greater chance of developing mediastinitis was attributed to the higher number of preoperative risk factors. Each increase of one risk factor increased the chance of having mediastinitis by 57.3%.</p>
      <p>A literature review aimed to identify the risk factors associated to the occurrence of post-sternotomy mediastinitis in adult patients submitted to CABG. The main risk factors identified were age over 65 years, DM, obesity, COPD and surgical reintervention.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Tiveron et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> verified the pre-operative risk factors in patients (most submitted to CABG) and the occurrence of mediastinitis, and identified intra-aortic balloon, hemodialysis and extracardiac vascular intervention. Oliveira and Paula<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> found DM, hospitalization time of more than seven 7 days preoperatively, smoking and obesity as risk factors. Guaragna et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> evaluated patients submitted to cardiac surgery, and the preoperative risk factors were: obesity, DM, COPD, previous cardiac surgery, smoking and gender &#8211; with obesity, COPD and DM being independent risk factors, even when analyzed by gender and age.</p>
      <p>A study carried out in patients submitted to CABG showed independent preoperative risk factors related to mediastinitis, such as DM, obesity and smoking<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>. In a study carried out in the UK,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> the following factors were listed: age, body mass index, DM and COPD.</p>
      <p>Many risk factors have been associated with the development of mediastinitis after cardiac surgery. However, it has been observed there is no definite consensus about the most important risk factors associated with mediastinitis, nor even if each factor can be considered an independent predictor of risk in the postoperative period. In general, the studies only describe the main risk factors associated with the disease in different health services.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Studies carried out in different health services<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> showed similar results to those observed in the literature review,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> which showed age, DM, obesity, surgical reintervention and COPD as the main risk factors related to the occurrence of mediastinitis in adult patients submitted to CABG. COPD was identified as a risk factor for mediastinitis by Ariyaratnam et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> and Guaragna et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> who emphasize that patients with COPD are more susceptible to surgical wound infection due to tissue hypoxemia and the need for corticosteroid therapy in the pre- and/or postoperative period, facilitating the onset of infections.</p>
      <p>Another risk factor related to mediastinitis is obesity, although it shows controversial results in cardiac surgeries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Obese patients may have worse evolution when submitted to major surgeries. Obesity can impair the healing of the surgical wound, due to the rupture of the surgical sutures, facilitating bacterial invasion of the surgical site.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> This is due to the propagation of high lateral traction forces at the edges of the skin incision in the supine position, as well as the folding of the skin in the distal third of the surgical incision in the inframammary region (area of extensive colonization of microorganisms) in the sitting position.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Since obesity is a modifiable risk factor, it is important that measures for weight reduction be adopted in the preoperative period. Additionally, it must be considered that obesity can make it difficult to adjust antibiotic doses to the body mass, consequently leading to low tissue concentrations of the antibiotic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> In this study, the association between obesity and mediastinitis (p = 1,000) was not observed.</p>
      <p>Two studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> demonstrated that obesity and DM were associated with the occurrence of post-sternotomy mediastinitis. A multicenter study, called the Parisian Mediastinitis Study Group,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> also verified this association, in addition to showing that obesity was the only independent risk factor for mediastinitis. Regarding DM, Ledur et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> declared that high glucose levels were associated with an increase in the inflammatory process, leading to a significant increase in infection and organ dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Smoking, mainly associated with COPD, has also been considered one of the risk factors associated with mediastinitis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Some authors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> found smoking as an independent risk factor for the development of mediastinitis.</p>
      <p>Considering the trans- and postoperative variables, it was also demonstrated there was no consensus on the risk factors associated with mediastinitis. The increase in the time of post-surgical hospitalization and occurrence of fever after surgery were more common in patients with mediastinitis. The mean creatinine level was also considered an independent and higher risk factor in patients with mediastinitis. Other trans-operative and post-surgical risk factors, such as the use of pediculated internal thoracic arteries and CABG with ECC, have also been mentioned in the literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>, as well as a mammary bridge when associated with obesity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> However, in this study, no difference was observed between the groups in relation to ECC (p = 0.770).</p>
      <p>The trans-operative period of cardiac surgery is critical because of its complexity and the procedures inherent to it, such as ECC and prolonged intraoperative time. Several factors influence the onset of surgical wound infection, such as invasive procedures and insufficient primary defense caused by surgical trauma and ECC, which, in turn, causes physiological changes in the immune system, especially due to the use of hypothermia and hemodilution, predisposing to the onset of infections.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Health professionals should be aware of them and prepared to intervene in situations of fluid volume imbalance, impaired gas exchange, protection changes due to coagulation system inhibition with systemic heparinization and sequestration of leukocytes from the circulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>As for the bacteriological diagnosis in this study, the most prevalent among gram-positive bacteria was <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (30.7%) in patients with mediastinitis. High occurrence of Gram-positive bacteria (46.2%) was also observed. Studies carried out in Brazil indicate <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> as the predominant causal agent in mediastinitis. International studies have shown a predominance of <italic>Staphylococcus</italic>
 <italic>epidermidis</italic> and a variety of Gram-positive bacteria in 40% of cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Fungal infections are infrequent.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> and <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis</italic> account for 70% to 80% of cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> The presence of <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> causes the infections to show a rapid clinical course and more aggressive characteristics; therefore, its elimination and the care required by the surgical team during the preoperative period are of utmost importance. In the study by Gib et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>, who carried out a study in patients with postoperative mediastinitis, <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> was also the most prevalent microorganism (58.1%). The same was observed by S&#225; et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>, who evaluated the files of patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery from 2007 to 2009. The culture of the exudate was positive in 84% of the cases of mediastinitis, with <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> being the most often identified pathogen (28.8%).</p>
      <p>Souza et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> who evaluated the files of patients submitted to cardiac surgeries between 1991 and 2000, verified that <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> was the most frequently isolated microorganism from the surgical wound (46.0%), followed by <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic> (21.6%) and <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis</italic> (8.1%). The cases with <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis</italic> isolation developed chronic mediastinitis.</p>
      <p>Charbonneau et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> carried out a study in patients with cardiac mediastinitis admitted to the ICU from 2000 to 2008 in two hospitals in France, and found that 309 patients developed post-sternotomy mediastinitis, of which 29.4% had Gram-positive bacteria. The presence of Gram-positive bacteria was associated with drainage failure, secondary infection, need for prolonged mechanical ventilation and/or use of vasopressor agents.</p>
      <p>There are several possibilities regarding the entry points for pathogens in patients submitted to thoracic or cardiac surgery, such as the sternal irrigation impairment using internal thoracic arteries during myocardial revascularization, use of prostheses in contact with the bloodstream, organic weakness and, in some cases, poor hemodynamic status in the patients' postoperative period, causing low immunological deficits, especially in diabetic, and elderly patients and/or those with severe myocardial dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Thus, preventive measures<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> are crucial to avoid patient colonization by microorganisms, such as reducing hospitalization time, especially before surgery, avoiding colonization by microorganisms selected from the hospital environment; performing stringent patient asepsis; using the electrocautery as little as possible in the dieresis; handling tissues carefully; avoiding surgical trauma to the sternum as much as possible; performing rigorous hemostasis; periodically guiding the team and evaluating the equipment used in the surgical center or in the ICU; in addition to adequately handling drains, catheters and operative dressings.</p>
      <p>This study had as limitations the short period of evaluation of an infection with low prevalence, which resulted in the recording of few cases. The use of data obtained from paper medical records can show weaknesses such as missing data and inaccurate information. Additionally, the study was performed with data from a single hospital, and is not a representative sample of the state of Minas Gerais.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Many risk factors have been associated with the development of mediastinitis after cardiac surgery. However, it has been observed there is no definite consensus about the most important risk factors associated with mediastinitis and whether each factor can be considered an independent risk predictor for mediastinitis in the postoperative period.</p>
      <p>This study showed a male predominance, mean age of 58.8 years, and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) as the most common type of surgery, in agreement with the literature findings. The characteristics of the patients who had a diagnosis of mediastinitis comprised a higher proportion of males, a higher number of myocardial revascularization surgeries, and a higher death rate. Regarding the risk factors, the following were observed: a higher mean number of preoperative risk factors, longer time of hospital stay and greater occurrence of postoperative fever. The microorganism most frequently found in patients with mediastinitis was <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>, and the presence of Gram-positive bacteria was elevated.</p>
      <p>The results indicate the need to investigate the factors responsible for the onset of this complication, aiming at the prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections to improve patient quality of care and safety. Efforts should focus on risk factor control prior to the procedure, as well as the improvement of measures that may reduce or eliminate the complication onset, aiming at the prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections. Therefore, it is necessary to train the health teams to control the risk factors associated with mediastinitis, as well as reinforcing preventive measures, to avoid patient colonization by microorganisms.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by D&#233;bora Cristine Gomes Pinto, from Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Hospital Universit&#225;rio S&#227;o Jos&#233;/ Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, in Belo Horizonte (MG), under CAAE number 36416014.1.0000.5134.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fatores Associados &#224; Mediastinite P&#243;s-Esternotomia. Caso-Controle</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>D&#233;bora Cristine Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bahia</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Fernandino de Castro</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via Lage</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sternick</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Back</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra Maciel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jentzsch</surname>
            <given-names>Nulma Souto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Isabel Cristina Gomes</bold>, Rua Jos&#233; Ferreira da Luz, 44. CEP: 30750-480, Cai&#231;aras, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>icgomes04@yahoo.com.br</email>, <email>isabel.gomes@feluma.org.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Pinto DCG, Jentzsch NS. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Pinto DCG, Gon&#231;alves FL, Jentzsch NS. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Pinto DCG, Bahia Neto AFC, Gomes IC, Sternick EB, Almeida AM, Jentzsch NS. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Gomes IC, Almeida AM. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Pinto DCG, Bahia Neto AFC, Almeida AM. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Pinto DCG, Bahia Neto AFC, Gomes IC, Sternick EB, Almeida AM, Jentzsch NS. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal: Almeida AM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p> A mediastinite &#233; uma infec&#231;&#227;o grave p&#243;s-esternotomia mediana com progn&#243;stico ruim, mesmo com diagn&#243;stico e tratamento precoces.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p> Avaliar o perfil dos pacientes submetidos &#224; esternotomia, identificar fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento da mediastinite e avaliar o diagn&#243;stico bacteriol&#243;gico dos pacientes com esta infec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos: </title>
          <p>Estudo caso-controle realizado em um hospital de Belo Horizonte (MG) com pacientes submetidos &#224; esternotomia mediana entre janeiro de 2015 e janeiro de 2016. A amostra foi de 65 pacientes, sendo 13 casos e 52 controles (1:4). Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foram adotados os testes <italic>t</italic> de Student, Mann-Whitney e exato de Fisher, al&#233;m de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, ao n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> Houve predomin&#226;ncia do sexo masculino (63,1%), e a idade m&#233;dia foi 58,8 &#177;10,3 anos. A evolu&#231;&#227;o a &#243;bito ocorreu em 9,2% dos pacientes e em 23,1% dos que apresentaram mediastinite. A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio foi realizada em 75,4% dos casos. Predomin&#226;ncia do sexo masculino, maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, febre p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgica, &#243;bitos e maior n&#250;mero de fatores de risco foram caracter&#237;sticas mais observadas nos pacientes que desenvolveram mediastinite. O microrganismo mais encontrado em pacientes com infec&#231;&#227;o mediastinal foi <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (30,7%), al&#233;m de elevada ocorr&#234;ncia de bact&#233;rias <italic>Gram</italic>-negativas (46,2%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> Esfor&#231;os devem ser concentrados para o controle dos fatores de risco antes do procedimento, al&#233;m do aprimoramento de medidas que possam diminuir ou eliminar o surgimento da mediastinite, visando &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o e ao melhor controle de infec&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Mediastinite / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Esternotomia / mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Staphylococcus Aureus</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A mediastinite &#233; uma infec&#231;&#227;o grave p&#243;s-esternotomia mediana, que acomete os tecidos adjacentes profundos, com evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica e/ou microbiol&#243;gica do comprometimento do espa&#231;o retroesternal, e que pode estar associada &#224; osteomielite do esterno, com ou sem instabilidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Apresenta incid&#234;ncia de 0,4 a 5% e elevada mortalidade (14 a 47%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Mesmo com o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento precoces, n&#227;o tem bom progn&#243;stico, sobretudo se houver sepse e outros agravos &#224; sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os fatores de risco associados &#224; mediastinite s&#227;o pr&#233;-cir&#250;rgicos, cir&#250;rgicos e p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> S&#227;o considerados fatores pr&#233;-cir&#250;rgicos idade avan&#231;ada, sexo masculino, desnutri&#231;&#227;o, obesidade, tabagismo, Diabetes Melito (DM) e outras doen&#231;as;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> tamb&#233;m o s&#227;o a Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica (IRC) e/ou creatinina s&#233;rica &gt; 1,5 mg/dL e a Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (FEVE) &lt; 40%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os fatores de risco cir&#250;rgicos incluem o tipo de cirurgia (eletiva ou urg&#234;ncia), o tempo cir&#250;rgico prolongado, a Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio (CRM) utilizando art&#233;rias mam&#225;rias bilaterais e a inser&#231;&#227;o de bal&#227;o intra&#243;rtico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> S&#227;o citadas ainda rotinas como a raspagem dos pelos, e o tempo decorrido entre a tonsura dos pelos e a incis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, al&#233;m da esteriliza&#231;&#227;o dos materiais cir&#250;rgicos e do n&#250;mero de pessoas nas salas de cirurgia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Outras condi&#231;&#245;es apontadas s&#227;o a profilaxia com antibi&#243;ticos, complica&#231;&#245;es intraoperat&#243;rias,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> uso abusivo de eletrocaut&#233;rio e corticoterapia pr&#233;via.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Como fatores de risco p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgicos, destacam-se os tempos prolongados de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e de perman&#234;ncia nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI), sangramento, complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias, nefrol&#243;gicas e gastrintestinais e necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, al&#233;m de traqueostomia e da instabilidade esternal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Muitos fatores de risco t&#234;m sido associados ao desenvolvimento da mediastinite, mas variam entre institui&#231;&#245;es, revelando a necessidade de estudos em diferentes centros hospitalares. Faz-se necess&#225;ria ainda a verifica&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico bacteriol&#243;gico, em geral, com presen&#231;a de <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> ou <italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis</italic>, respons&#225;veis por 70 a 80% dos casos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil dos pacientes submetidos &#224; esternotomia para tratamento de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas e identificar os fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de mediastinite, al&#233;m de avaliar o diagn&#243;stico bacteriol&#243;gico destes casos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo caso-controle, realizado em um hospital de grande porte em Belo Horizonte (MG), com dados de prontu&#225;rios em papel, de pacientes maiores de 18 anos submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2015 a janeiro de 2016. A amostra foi composta por 65 pacientes, sendo 52 controles, pareados por sexo e idade em uma raz&#227;o 1:4.</p>
        <p>O grupo caso foi composto por pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de mediastinite p&#243;s-esternotomia confirmado pelo Servi&#231;o de Controle e Infec&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar e pelo cirurgi&#227;o respons&#225;vel. No grupo controle, foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes submetidos &#224; esternotomia no mesmo per&#237;odo, que n&#227;o desenvolveram mediastinite.</p>
        <p>Foi elaborado um formul&#225;rio de coleta de dados contendo informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as caracter&#237;sticas do paciente (sexo e idade), condi&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-cir&#250;rgicas (data de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e realiza&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia) e fatores de risco pr&#233;-cir&#250;rgicos (consumo de &#225;lcool, tabagismo, sedentarismo, obesidade, DM, dislipidemia, hipertens&#227;o arterial, Doen&#231;a Pulmonar Obstrutiva Cr&#244;nica - DPOC, IRC, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva classe III, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via), al&#233;m do valor da FEVE. A condi&#231;&#227;o transcir&#250;rgica avaliada foi o tempo de Circula&#231;&#227;o Extracorp&#243;rea (CEC). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao per&#237;odo p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgico, foram avaliados: data de admiss&#227;o e das altas hospitalar e da UTI; febre (&gt; 38,3&#176;C); creatinina p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgica e &#243;bito. Nos casos, foram avaliados tamb&#233;m os medicamentos utilizados em car&#225;ter profil&#225;tico e o diagn&#243;stico bacteriol&#243;gico.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram descritas como contagens e porcentuais, e as quantitativas foram descritas por meio de m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana &#177; dist&#226;ncia interquart&#237;lica, conforme normalidade dos dados, testada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Para compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias, foram adotados os testes <italic>t</italic> de Student e Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney para amostras independentes, quando adequados. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi avaliada via teste exato de Fisher. Foi adotado n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
          <p>O efeito conjunto das vari&#225;veis sobre os grupos foi avaliado pelo modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. As vari&#225;veis com p &lt; 0,20 na an&#225;lise bivariada foram inclu&#237;das no modelo m&#250;ltiplo e, para sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis, foi adotada a estrat&#233;gia <italic>backward</italic>. O modelo final incluiu as vari&#225;veis com p &lt; 0,05 e a vari&#225;vel idade, mantida por op&#231;&#227;o dos pesquisadores. Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados como Raz&#227;o de Chances (RC) e seus respectivos intervalos de 95% de confian&#231;a. A qualidade do ajuste foi avaliada pelo teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas no software livre R vers&#227;o 3.1.3.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A amostra foi composta de 65 pacientes. Houve predomin&#226;ncia do sexo masculino (63,1%) com idade m&#233;dia de 58,8 anos (&#177; 10,3). O tipo de cirurgia mais comum foi a de CRVM (78,5%), seguida por troca valvar (27,4%). A mediana do n&#250;mero de fatores de risco pr&#233;-cir&#250;rgicos foi 4 (&#177; 2). Os antibi&#243;ticos mais utilizados em car&#225;ter profil&#225;tico foram cefuroxima (67,7%) e vancomicina (67,7%). Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; cefuroxima, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o foi menor nos pacientes que tiveram diagn&#243;stico de mediastinite (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>). Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao DM, 45,2% dos casos eram diab&#233;ticos e 33,3% insulino-dependentes, mas n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Total (n = 65)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Controles (n = 52)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Casos (n = 13)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sexo, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,526<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">24 (36,9)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (34,6)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (46,2)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">41 (63,1)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (65,4)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (53,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">58,8 &#177; 10,3</td>
                <td align="center">58,1 &#177; 10,4</td>
                <td align="center">61,6 &#177; 9,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,265<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obesidade, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (21,2)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (15,4)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero de fatores de risco pr&#233;-cir&#250;rgicos</td>
                <td align="center">4 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">3 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">4 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">0,056<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Uso de antibi&#243;ticos profil&#225;ticos, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cefuroxima</td>
                <td align="center">44 (67,7)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (75)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (38,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,019<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vancomicina</td>
                <td align="center">44 (67,7)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (69,2)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (61,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,742<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cefazolina</td>
                <td align="center">15 (23,1)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (17,3)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (46,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,059<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cateterismo pr&#233;vio<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#167;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">61 (93,8)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (94,2)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (92,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE, %</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 19,3</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">54 &#177; 29</td>
                <td align="center">0,300<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tipo de cirurgia, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CRVM</td>
                <td align="center">51 (78,5)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (76,9)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (84,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,717<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Troca valvar<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#167;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">17 (27,4)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (24,5)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (38,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,319<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mitral</td>
                <td align="center">7 (11,3)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (8,2)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (23,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,153<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A&#243;rtica</td>
                <td align="center">6 (9,7)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (8,2)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (15,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,597<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dupla troca</td>
                <td align="center">4 (6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (8,2)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">0,571<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Retroca valvar<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#167;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,8)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mitral</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,2)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dupla troca</td>
                <td align="center">1(1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1,000<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CRVM + troca valvar</td>
                <td align="center">6 (9,7)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6,1)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (23,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,100<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgica, dias</td>
                <td align="center">13 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">12 &#177; 4,8</td>
                <td align="center">40 &#177; 21</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#167;</xref>, minutos</td>
                <td align="center">80 &#177; 40,3</td>
                <td align="center">77,5 &#177; 43,5</td>
                <td align="center">82 &#177; 18,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,770<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgica, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">0,86 &#177; 0,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 &#177; 0,32</td>
                <td align="center">1,13 &#177; 2,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,004<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#211;bito, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (9,2)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (5,8)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (23,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,089<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>Testes referentes aos valores de p:</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>teste exato de Fisher;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>t de Student para amostras independentes; e</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>a vari&#225;vel apresenta missings. FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; CRVM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O cateterismo card&#237;aco pr&#233;vio foi realizado em 93,8% dos pacientes. Observou-se FEVE mediana de 60 (&#177; 19,3%) e tempo mediano de CEC de 80 &#177; 40,3 minutos. O tempo mediano de interna&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgica foi 13 dias (&#177; 15), e este tempo foi maior nos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de mediastinite. O n&#237;vel mediano de creatinina observado ap&#243;s a cirurgia foi 0,86 mg/dL (&#177; 0,36), tendo sido significativamente maior no grupo mediastinite. A evolu&#231;&#227;o a &#243;bito ocorreu em 9,2% dos pacientes e em 23,1% dos que apresentaram mediastinite p&#243;s-esternotomia.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo e &#224; idade, o que confirma a efic&#225;cia do pareamento. Observou-se maior n&#250;mero mediano de fatores de risco pr&#233;-cir&#250;rgicos entre os que tiveram diagn&#243;stico de mediastinite, al&#233;m de maior propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que realizaram CRVM.</p>
        <p>O microrganismo mais encontrado no diagn&#243;stico bacteriol&#243;gico dos pacientes com mediastinite foi o <italic>S. aureus</italic> (30,7%) e houve elevada ocorr&#234;ncia de bact&#233;rias <italic>Gram</italic>-negativas (46,2%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Microrganismos encontrados no diagn&#243;stico bacteriol&#243;gico dos pacientes com mediastinite</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Microrganismo</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">n = 13 n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><italic>Gram</italic>-positivos</td>
                <td align="center">6 (46,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Staphylococcus aureus</td>
                <td align="center">4 (30,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><italic>Staphylococcus coagulase</italic> negativo</td>
                <td align="center">1 (7,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><italic>Staphylococcus coagulase</italic> negativo, <italic>Streptococcus agalactiae<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></italic></td>
                <td align="center">1 (7,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><italic>Gram</italic>-negativos</td>
                <td align="center">6 (46,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><italic>Enterobacter</italic> sp</td>
                <td align="center">1 (7,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acinetobacter baumannii</td>
                <td align="center">1 (7,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</td>
                <td align="center">1 (7,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic>, <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></italic></td>
                <td align="center">1 (7,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Klebsiella pneumoniae</td>
                <td align="center">1 (7,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><italic>Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis</italic> e <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></italic></td>
                <td align="center">1 (7,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem informa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1 (7,7)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Pacientes com mais de um microrganismo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>No modelo log&#237;stico, observaram-se, como fatores associados &#224; mediastinite: maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgica, ocorr&#234;ncia de febre p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgica e maior n&#250;mero de fatores de risco pr&#233;-cir&#250;rgicos. Cada aumento de 1 dia de interna&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgica aumentou em 3,2% a chance de desenvolver mediastinite e, a cada acr&#233;scimo de um fator de risco pr&#233;-cir&#250;rgico, aumentou esta chance em 57,3%. A ocorr&#234;ncia de febre ap&#243;s a cirurgia aumentou em mais de dez vezes a chance de desenvolver mediastinite (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de mediastinite</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">RC (n = 65)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">IC95% RC (n = 52)</th>
                <th align="center" style="background-color:#C5C6C8">Valor de p*</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intercepto</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
                <td align="center">(4,3e<sup>-5</sup>-0582)</td>
                <td align="center">0,042</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">0,997</td>
                <td align="center">(0,918-1,086)</td>
                <td align="center">0,952</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgica, dias</td>
                <td align="center">1,032</td>
                <td align="center">(1,008-1,067)</td>
                <td align="center">0,019</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Febre</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">10,316</td>
                <td align="center">(2,124-61,738)</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero de fatores de risco</td>
                <td align="center">1,573</td>
                <td align="center">(0,978-2,640)</td>
                <td align="center">0,065</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <p>Os valores de p referem-se aos testes de signific&#226;ncia dos coeficientes da regress&#227;o. Teste Hosmer-Lemeshow: p = 0,620 (n&#227;o rejei&#231;&#227;o da adequa&#231;&#227;o do modelo). RC = raz&#227;o de chances; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este trabalho foi motivado por um estudo de caso-controle realizado na mesma institui&#231;&#227;o de janeiro de 2005 a janeiro de 2007, com 54 pacientes, com idade m&#233;dia de 59,7 anos, submetidos &#224; esternotomia (18 com mediastinite). A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (72,2% para toda a amostra e 66,7% entre os que desenvolveram mediastinite) e 86% foram submetidos &#224; CRVM. A mortalidade foi de 22,2% na amostra e de 33,3% entre os que apresentaram mediastinite.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> J&#225; os resultados do presente estudo foram semelhantes aos do trabalho anterior com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, &#224; predomin&#226;ncia do sexo masculino e do tipo de cirurgia (CRVM), com maiores propor&#231;&#245;es entre os que desenvolveram mediastinite. Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#243;bito, a mortalidade foi inferior &#224; observada anteriormente, inclusive entre os pacientes que apresentaram mediastinite, mas estes valores ainda continuam elevados, como observado na literatura (14 a 47%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O tempo mediano de interna&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgica foi maior nos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de mediastinite, em ambos os estudos, revelando maior gravidade dos casos e impacto nos custos hospitalares. Faz-se necess&#225;ria a investiga&#231;&#227;o dos fatores respons&#225;veis pelo surgimento desta complica&#231;&#227;o, visando &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o e ao controle de infec&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de, a fim de melhorar a qualidade da assist&#234;ncia e a seguran&#231;a do paciente, e reduzir custos.</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao perfil dos pacientes, incid&#234;ncia de mediastinite e mortalidade, Souza et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> avaliaram pacientes submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas entre 1991 e 2000 e verificaram idade m&#233;dia de 51,9 anos, maioria submetida &#224; CRVM (tamb&#233;m entre os que desenvolveram mediastinite) e predom&#237;nio de pacientes do sexo feminino. A incid&#234;ncia de mediastinite p&#243;s-esternotomia foi de 1,6% e a taxa de mortalidade 21,6%. S&#225; et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> avaliaram pacientes submetidos &#224; CRVM entre 2007 e 2010, com idade m&#233;dia de 62,14 anos e predomin&#226;ncia do sexo masculino. A incid&#234;ncia da mediastinite foi 5,6% e a taxa de mortalidade, 32,1%. J&#225; Magalh&#227;es et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> avaliaram pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca, de 2007 a 2009; a idade m&#233;dia foi 60 anos e a maioria era do sexo masculino. A CRVM foi realizada em 76,2% dos pacientes que desenvolveram a mediastinite; apenas 2,3% dos pacientes desenvolveram mediastinite p&#243;s-esternotomia e 33% foram a &#243;bito.</p>
        <p>Resultados semelhantes foram observados em estudos realizados no Brasil: Guaragna et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> avaliaram pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca, de 1997 a 2000. A maioria era do sexo masculino (tamb&#233;m no grupo mediastinite; 71,1%). A incid&#234;ncia de mediastinite foi 2,9% e a taxa de mortalidade, 15,8%. Ainda, estudo realizado de 1996 a 2007 em pacientes submetidos &#224; CRVM apresentou incid&#234;ncia de mediastinite de 3,3% e taxa de mortalidade de 6%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Outro estudo realizado em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca, de 2007 a 2009, teve 68,5% da amostra submetida &#224; CRVM e 31,5% &#224; troca valvar. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 59,9 anos e a maioria foi do sexo masculino. A incid&#234;ncia da mediastinite p&#243;s-esternotomia foi de 1,3%, e a mortalidade foi de 42,8%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudo realizado no Reino Unido avaliou pacientes submetidos &#224; CRVM, de 1999 a 2009. A idade m&#233;dia foi 67 anos e 77,3% eram do sexo masculino. A incid&#234;ncia dos pacientes que desenvolveram mediastinite p&#243;s-esternotomia foi de 0,59%. A mortalidade foi maior nos pacientes que tiveram mediastinite.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao perfil dos pacientes descritos nestes estudos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>a maioria era do sexo masculino, a idade m&#233;dia girou em torno de 52 a 67 anos, e a CRVM foi a cirurgia mais realizada. Resultados semelhantes foram observados em ambos os estudos realizados na institui&#231;&#227;o aqui citados, ou seja, este estudo e em Coelho et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> com rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo, &#224; idade m&#233;dia e ao tipo de cirurgia.</p>
        <p>O paciente do sexo masculino tem maior propens&#227;o ao desenvolvimento de mediastinite, sendo inclusive considerado um fator de risco independente para seu desenvolvimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Um dos mecanismos prov&#225;veis se relaciona com os aspectos anat&#244;micos do homem (fol&#237;culos pilosos na regi&#227;o da esternotomia), favorecendo o crescimento e a infec&#231;&#227;o bacteriana. Guaragna et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> verificaram tal rela&#231;&#227;o: a maioria dos pacientes que desenvolveu mediastinite era do sexo masculino. No presente estudo, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel avaliar esta rela&#231;&#227;o, pois o sexo foi utilizado para pareamento dos controles.</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de cirurgia, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre CRVM e o desenvolvimento de mediastinite &#233; bem documentada na literatura. Foram mencionados mais de 80% dos casos da infec&#231;&#227;o como complica&#231;&#227;o associada &#224; cirurgia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Estudos de Souza et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> S&#225; et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e Magalh&#227;es et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> verificaram esta rela&#231;&#227;o, assim como observado neste estudo em que a CRVM, al&#233;m de ter sido a cirurgia mais realizada, apresentou maior propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com mediastinite, apesar da n&#227;o apresentar diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica.</p>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de mediastinite nos estudos avaliados, como descrito na diretriz da <italic>American College of Cardiology/American Heart Associtaion</italic> (ACC/AHA),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> encontra-se entre 0,4 e 4,0%. Neste estudo, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel avaliar a incid&#234;ncia de mediastinite, devido ao delineamento utilizado. No entanto, nos estudos de coorte, a menor incid&#234;ncia de mediastinite foi observada no estudo de Ariyaratnam et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> realizado no Reino Unido. Estudos conduzidos no Brasil apresentaram incid&#234;ncia variando de 1,3 a 3,3%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> com exce&#231;&#227;o de S&#225; et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> que apresentaram incid&#234;ncia de 5,6%. Os autores justificam a elevada incid&#234;ncia por terem considerado todos os tipos de cirurgias card&#237;acas, inclusive CRVM, segundo eles associada &#224; maior risco de mediastinite. Outros estudos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> tamb&#233;m verificaram associa&#231;&#227;o entre CRVM e risco aumentado de mediastinite, mas demonstraram incid&#234;ncia dentro do limite apontado pela diretriz da ACC/AHA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade, altos &#237;ndices t&#234;m sido descritos na literatura, com dados variando entre 14 e 47%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Em estudos brasileiros de pacientes que realizaram cirurgias card&#237;acas, observaram-se taxas de mortalidade de 15,8 a 42,8%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Foram observadas, em estudo internacional, taxas mais baixas de mortalidade (9,1%),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> por&#233;m mais elevadas nos pacientes que desenvolveram mediastinite,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> tal como neste estudo. Esta varia&#231;&#227;o sugere que tanto a incid&#234;ncia da mediastinite quanto a mortalidade possam estar relacionadas com a institui&#231;&#227;o avaliada, podendo ser influenciadas pela rotina da institui&#231;&#227;o, pelo uso de antimicrobianos profil&#225;ticos ou pela padroniza&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas ass&#233;pticas.</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios, neste estudo, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas quando os fatores foram avaliados isoladamente, assim como no estudo anterior realizado nesta mesma institui&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Por&#233;m, no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, maior chance de desenvolver mediastinite foi atribu&#237;da ao maior n&#250;mero de fatores de risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios. Cada acr&#233;scimo de fator de risco aumentou a chance de ter mediastinite em 57,3%.</p>
        <p>Revis&#227;o da literatura buscou identificar os fatores de risco relacionados &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de mediastinite p&#243;s-esternotomia em pacientes adultos submetidos &#224; CRVM. Os principais fatores de risco identificados foram idade acima de 65 anos, DM, obesidade, DPOC e reinterven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Tiveron et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> verificaram os fatores de risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios em pacientes (maioria submetida &#224; CRVM) e ocorr&#234;ncia de mediastinite, e identificaram bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, hemodi&#225;lise e interven&#231;&#227;o vascular extracard&#237;aca. J&#225; Oliveira e Paula,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> encontraram DM, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o superior a 7 dias no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, tabagismo e obesidade. Guaragna et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> por sua vez, avaliaram pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca, e os fatores de risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios foram: obesidade, DM, DPOC, cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, tabagismo e sexo - sendo fatores de risco independentes (obesidade , DPOC e DM), mesmo quando analisados por sexo e idade.</p>
        <p>Estudo realizado em pacientes submetidos &#224; CRVM apresentaram fatores de risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios independentes relacionados &#224; mediastinite, como DM, obesidade e tabagismo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Em estudo realizado no Reino Unido,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> foram listados os seguintes fatores: idade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, DM e DPOC.</p>
        <p>Muitos fatores de risco t&#234;m sido associados ao desenvolvimento de mediastinite p&#243;s-cirurgia card&#237;aca. No entanto, tem-se percebido n&#227;o haver consenso definido sobre os mais importantes associados &#224; mediastinite, e nem se cada fator pode ser considerado um preditor independente de risco no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. De maneira geral, os estudos apenas descrevem os principais fatores de risco associados &#224; doen&#231;a em diferentes servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos realizados em diferentes servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> apresentaram resultados semelhantes aos observados na revis&#227;o de literatura,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> que apontou idade, DM, obesidade, reinterven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e DPOC como os principais fatores de risco relacionados &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de mediastinite em pacientes adultos submetidos &#224; CRVM. A DPOC foi identificada como fator de risco relacionado &#224; mediastinite em Ariyaratnam et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> e Guaragna et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> que ressaltam que pacientes com DPOC s&#227;o mais suscet&#237;veis &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o da ferida operat&#243;ria, devido &#224; hipoxemia tecidual e &#224; necessidade de corticoterapia no pr&#233; e/ou p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, facilitando o aparecimento de infec&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Outro fator de risco relacionado &#224; mediastinite diz respeito &#224; obesidade, embora apresente resultados controversos em cirurgias card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Pacientes obesos podem apresentar pior evolu&#231;&#227;o quando submetidos a cirurgias de grande porte. A obesidade pode prejudicar a cicatriza&#231;&#227;o da ferida operat&#243;ria, devido ao rompimento das suturas cir&#250;rgicas, facilitando a invas&#227;o bacteriana do s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Isto se deve &#224; propaga&#231;&#227;o de altas for&#231;as mec&#226;nicas de tra&#231;&#227;o lateral nas bordas da pele da incis&#227;o, quando na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, bem como &#224; dobradura da pele do ter&#231;o distal da incis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica na regi&#227;o inframam&#225;ria (&#225;rea de ampla coloniza&#231;&#227;o de microrganismos), quando na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Sendo a obesidade um fator de risco modific&#225;vel, &#233; importante que medidas para redu&#231;&#227;o de peso sejam adotadas no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. Al&#233;m disto, deve-se considerar que a obesidade pode dificultar o ajuste de doses de antibi&#243;tico &#224; massa corporal, levando, consequentemente, &#224; baixa concentra&#231;&#227;o tecidual do antibi&#243;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Neste estudo, n&#227;o foi observada a rela&#231;&#227;o entre obesidade e mediastinite (p = 1,000).</p>
        <p>Dois estudos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> demonstraram obesidade e DM associadas &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de mediastinite p&#243;s-esternotomia. Estudo multic&#234;ntrico, denominado <italic>Parisian Mediastinitis Study Group</italic>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> tamb&#233;m verificou tal associa&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de verificar que a obesidade foi o &#250;nico fator de risco independente para mediastinite. No que tange &#224; DM, Ledur et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> afirmam que n&#237;veis elevados de glicose t&#234;m sido associados com aumento do processo inflamat&#243;rio, levando ao aumento significativo de infec&#231;&#227;o e de disfun&#231;&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Tabagismo, principalmente associado &#224; DPOC, tem sido tamb&#233;m considerado um dos fatores de risco associado &#224; mediastinite.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Alguns autores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> verificaram o tabagismo como fator de risco independente para o desenvolvimento de mediastinite.</p>
        <p>Considerando as vari&#225;veis trans e p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgicas, tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado n&#227;o haver consenso sobre os fatores de risco associados &#224; mediastinite. O aumento no tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgica e a ocorr&#234;ncia de febre ap&#243;s a cirurgia foram mais comuns em pacientes com mediastinite. O n&#237;vel m&#233;dio de creatinina tamb&#233;m foi considerado fator de risco independente e maior nos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de mediastinite. Outros fatores de risco transoperat&#243;rios e p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgicas, como uso de art&#233;rias tor&#225;cicas internas pediculadas e CRVM com CEC, tamb&#233;m j&#225; foram mencionados na literatura,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> al&#233;m de ponte mam&#225;ria quando associada &#224; obesidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> No entanto, neste estudo, n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a entre os grupos com rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo de CEC (p = 0,770).</p>
        <p>O per&#237;odo transoperat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca &#233; cr&#237;tico, devido &#224; sua complexidade e aos procedimentos a ela inerentes, como CEC e tempo intraoperat&#243;rio prolongado. V&#225;rios fatores influenciam no surgimento de infec&#231;&#227;o na ferida operat&#243;ria, como procedimentos invasivos e defesa prim&#225;ria insuficiente provocada pelo trauma cir&#250;rgico e pela CEC, que, por sua vez, acarreta altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas no sistema imunol&#243;gico, especialmente pelo uso da hipotermia e hemodilui&#231;&#227;o, predispondo ao aparecimento de infec&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Profissionais da sa&#250;de devem estar atentos e preparados para intervir em situa&#231;&#245;es de desequil&#237;brio no volume de l&#237;quidos, troca de gases prejudicada, altera&#231;&#245;es da prote&#231;&#227;o por conta da inibi&#231;&#227;o do sistema de coagula&#231;&#227;o com a hepariniza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e sequestro de leuc&#243;citos da circula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Quanto ao diagn&#243;stico bacteriol&#243;gico, neste estudo, em pacientes com mediastinite, a mais prevalente entre as bact&#233;rias <italic>Gram</italic>-positivas foi <italic>S. aureus</italic> (30,7%). Foi tamb&#233;m observada elevada ocorr&#234;ncia de bact&#233;rias <italic>Gram</italic>-positivas (46,2%). Estudos realizados no Brasil indicam <italic>S. aureus</italic> como agente causal predominante na mediastinite. Estudos internacionais t&#234;m demonstrado uma predomin&#226;ncia de <italic>S. epidermidis</italic> e uma variedade de bact&#233;rias <italic>Gram</italic>-positivas em 40% dos casos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Infec&#231;&#245;es por fungos s&#227;o pouco frequentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><italic>S. aureus</italic> e <italic>S. epidermidis s&#227;o</italic> respons&#225;veis por 70 a 80% dos casos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> A presen&#231;a de <italic>S. aureus</italic> faz com que as infec&#231;&#245;es apresentem um curso cl&#237;nico r&#225;pido e caracter&#237;sticas mais agressivas; assim, sua elimina&#231;&#227;o e os cuidados requeridos pela equipe cir&#250;rgica durante o per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio s&#227;o de suma import&#226;ncia. Em Gib et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> que realizaram um estudo em pacientes com mediastinite p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, <italic>S. aureus</italic> tamb&#233;m foi o microrganismo mais prevalente (58,1%) dos casos. O mesmo foi observado por S&#225; et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> que avaliaram os prontu&#225;rios de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia cardiovascular de 2007 a 2009. A cultura do exsudato foi positiva em 84% dos casos de mediastinite, sendo <italic>S. aureus</italic> o pat&#243;geno mais observado (28,8%).</p>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m Souza et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> que avaliaram prontu&#225;rios de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgias card&#237;acas entre 1991 e 2000, verificaram <italic>S. aureus</italic> como o microrganismo mais frequentemente isolado na ferida operat&#243;ria (46,0%), seguido por <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic> (21,6%) e <italic>S. epidermidis</italic> (8,1%). Os casos com isolamento de <italic>S. epidermidis</italic> desenvolveram mediastinite cr&#244;nica.</p>
        <p>Charbonneau et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> realizaram estudo em pacientes com mediastinite p&#243;s-cirurgia card&#237;aca internados em UTI, de 2000 a 2008, em dois hospitais na Fran&#231;a, e verificaram que 309 pacientes desenvolveram mediastinite p&#243;s-esternotomia, sendo 29,4% com bact&#233;rias <italic>Gram</italic>-positivas. A presen&#231;a de bact&#233;rias <italic>Gram</italic>-positivas foi associada a falhas de drenagem, infec&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica prolongada e/ou uso de vasopressores.</p>
        <p>V&#225;rias s&#227;o as possibilidades de portas de entrada para agentes patog&#234;nicos nos pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia tor&#225;cica ou card&#237;aca, como comprometimento da irriga&#231;&#227;o do esterno com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de art&#233;rias tor&#225;cicas internas durante a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, utiliza&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;teses em contato com a corrente sangu&#237;nea, debilidade org&#226;nica e, em alguns casos, prec&#225;ria condi&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica nos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio dos pacientes, ocasionando baixa debilidade no sistema imunol&#243;gico, principalmente nos pacientes diab&#233;ticos, idosos e/ou com grave disfun&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Assim, medidas preventivas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> s&#227;o fundamentais para evitar a coloniza&#231;&#227;o do paciente por microrganismos, como reduzir ao m&#225;ximo o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, principalmente antes da cirurgia, evitando a coloniza&#231;&#227;o por microrganismos selecionados do ambiente hospitalar; realizar assepsia rigorosa do paciente; utilizar o m&#237;nimo poss&#237;vel o eletrocaut&#233;rio na di&#233;rese; manipular cuidadosamente os tecidos; evitar ao m&#225;ximo o trauma cir&#250;rgico do esterno; fazer hemostasia rigorosa; orientar periodicamente a equipe e avaliar os equipamentos utilizados no centro cir&#250;rgico ou na UTI; al&#233;m de manipular adequadamente os drenos, os cateteres e os curativos operat&#243;rios.</p>
        <p>Este estudo teve como limita&#231;&#245;es o curto per&#237;odo de avalia&#231;&#227;o de uma infec&#231;&#227;o com baixa preval&#234;ncia, o que resultou no registro de poucos casos. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de dados de prontu&#225;rios em papel pode apresentar fragilidades como <italic>missings</italic> e imprecis&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m disto, o estudo foi realizado com dados de um &#250;nico hospital, n&#227;o sendo uma amostra representativa do Estado de Minas Gerais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Muitos fatores de risco t&#234;m sido associados com o desenvolvimento de mediastinite p&#243;s-cirurgia card&#237;aca. No entanto, tem-se percebido n&#227;o haver consenso definido sobre os mais importantes associados &#224; mediastinite e tamb&#233;m se cada fator pode ser considerado um preditor independente de risco para mediastinite no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo observou-se predomin&#226;ncia do sexo masculino, idade m&#233;dia de 58,8 anos e cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio como o tipo cir&#250;rgico mais comum , estando de acordo com os achados da literatura. As caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes que tiveram diagn&#243;stico de mediastinite foram maior propor&#231;&#227;o de homens, maior realiza&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e maior ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito. Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco, foram observados: maior n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de fatores de risco pr&#233;-cir&#250;rgicos, maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e maior ocorr&#234;ncia de febre p&#243;s-cirurgia. O microrganismo mais frequentemente observado em pacientes com mediastinite foi <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>, e a presen&#231;a de bact&#233;rias <italic>Gram</italic>-positivas foi elevada.</p>
        <p>Os resultados apontam a necessidade de investiga&#231;&#227;o dos fatores respons&#225;veis pelo surgimento desta complica&#231;&#227;o, visando &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o e ao controle de infec&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de, para melhorar a qualidade da assist&#234;ncia e a seguran&#231;a do paciente. Esfor&#231;os devem ser concentrados para o controle dos fatores de risco antes do procedimento, al&#233;m do aprimoramento de medidas que possam diminuir ou eliminar o surgimento da complica&#231;&#227;o, com vistas &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o e ao controle de infec&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de. Para tanto, &#233; necess&#225;rio treinamento das equipes de sa&#250;de para o controle dos fatores de risco associados &#224; mediastinite, al&#233;m do refor&#231;o das medidas preventivas, para evitar a coloniza&#231;&#227;o do paciente por microrganismos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de D&#233;bora Cristine Gomes Pinto pela Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O estudo obteve aprova&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio S&#227;o Jos&#233;/Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, em Belo Horizonte (MG), sob o n&#250;mero CAAE 36416014.1.0000.5134.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
